THESIS

ON
AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON WELDING ASPECTS OF
STAINLESS STEEL (SS304) USING GTAW

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of degree of

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
Manufacturing Technology
Submitted by

LALIT KUMAR TYAGI

(Roll No. 2K18MEPN01004)

Under the guidance of

GIANENDER KAJAL
Assistant Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MANAV RACHNA UNIVERSITY

FARIDABAD

SESSION 2020-2021

i
 CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION

I hereby declare that work done in this Thesis Report entitled, “AN EXPERIMENTAL
INVESTIGATION ON WELDING ASPECTS OF STAINLESS STEEL (SS304) USING
GTAW” submitted towards partial fulfilment for the award of Master of Technology degree in
Manufacturing Technology in Mechanical Engineering Department of MRU, Faridabad, is
an authentic record of work carried out by me under the supervision and guidance of
GIANENDER KAJAL, Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering Department,
MRCE, Faridabad.

The matter embodied in this report has not been submitted in part or full to any other university
or institute for the award of any degree.

LALIT KUMAR TYAGI

ii
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Dissertation entitled, “AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION

ON WELDING ASPECTS OF STAINLESS STEEL (S304) DURING GTAW” submitted
by Lalit Kumar Tyagi, having Roll No. 2K18MEPN01004 for the partial fulfilment of the
requirements of M.TECH (Manufacturing Technology) degree of Manav Rachna University,
Faridabad embodies the bonafide work done by her under my supervision during the session
2020-2021.

Signature of the Supervisor

Gianender Kajal

Assistant Professor

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Manav Rachna University

Faridabad, Haryana

Date:

Place: Faridabad

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am highly grateful to the authorities of MRCE, Faridabad for providing the opportunity to carry
out the thesis work titled “An Experimental Investigation On Welding Aspects Of Stainless
Steel(SS 304) during GMAW”.

I express my deep gratitude and a very sincere thanks to my guide Mr. Gianender Kajal,
Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, Manav Rachna University,
Faridabad, for his indefatigable guidance and full support which helped me in the
accomplishment of my thesis report. I am highly indebted to him for his painstaking efforts and
invaluable suggestions during the period of work.

I want to express my sincere gratitude to Mrs. Sujata Nayak without whom this project would
have been a distant reality.

Lalit Kumar Tyagi

2K18MEPN01004

Date:

Place: Faridabad

iv
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 1

1.1 General 1

1.2 Introduction 1

1.3 Taguchi Method 2

1.4 Different Type Of Welding Process 3

1.5 Gtaw Welding 4

1.5 Design Of Experiment 8

1.6 Process Parameters Design Orthogonal Array 8

1.7 Analyzing Experiment Data 10

1.8 Advantages And Disadvantages Of Taguchi Method 12

CHAPTER 2 14

2.1 Past Studies 14

2.2 Problem Identification And Objective Of The Work 21

2.3 Present Work 21

CHAPTER 3 23

3.1 Material Used 23

Chemical Composition 23

3.2 Process Variables And Their Limits 24

3.3 Experimental Procedures 24

3.4weld Testing Procedure 28

3.4.1 Tensile Test 28

3.4.2 Brinnel Hardness Test 30

3.5data Collection 32

CHAPTER 4 35

v
 4.1 Tensile Test 35

4.2 Hardness Test 36

4.3 Chemical Composition 38

CHAPTER 5 43

5.1. Conclusions For Tensile Strength And Hardness Value 43

5.2 Future Scope 43

REFERENCES 45

vi
 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig 1. 1 Gtaw Welding 5

Fig 3. 1:Sample dimension for GTAW 25
Fig 3. 2: Sample ready for welding 26
Fig 3. 3: Sample after welding 27
Fig 3. 4: Test setup 29
Fig 3. 5: Process setup for tensile test 30
Fig 4. 1: Graph for S/N Ratio of Different parameters 35
Fig 4. 2: Graph for S/N Ratio of Different parameters For Hardness Test 37

vii
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. 1 Array Selectors 9

Table 1. 2 Experimental Plans 10
Table 1. 3Experimental Plans with S/N Ratio 11
Table 1. 4 Effect variable table 12
Table 3. 1: Process variables and their limits 24
Table 3. 2: Experimental planning 25
Table 3. 3:Tensile test result 32
Table 3. 4:Brinnel hardness test result 33
Table 4. 1Response Table for Signal to Noise Ratios 36
Table 4. 2Response Table for Signal to Noise Ratios 37
Table 4. 3 Chemical composition of sample 1 38
Table 4. 4 Chemical composition of sample 2 38
Table 4. 5 Chemical composition of sample 3 39
Table 4. 6 Chemical composition of sample 4 39
Table 4. 7 Chemical composition of sample 5 40
Table 4. 8 Chemical composition of sample 6 41
Table 4. 9 Chemical composition of sample 7 41
Table 4. 10 Chemical composition of sample 8 42
Table 4. 11 Chemical composition of sample 9 42

viii
 List of Abbreviations

SMAW Shielded Metal Arc Welding

GMAW Gas Metal Arc Welding

GTAW Gas Tungsten Arc Welding

TIG Tungsten Inert Gas

CO2 carbon dioxide

UTM Universal Testing Machine

OA Orthogonal Array

AC Alternate Current

ix
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

Welding is a process of joining two materials. It is a faster and cheaper process than both casting
and riveting. Welding finds applications in the manufacture of many products around us.
Mention some ships, railway equipment, launch vehicles, boilers, nuclear power plants, building
constructions, pipelines, aircraft, automobiles, etc. "Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding, Metal
Inert Gas (MIG) welding, Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW), Plasma Arc Welding (PAW),
Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW) and Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)), Gas Metal Arc
Welding (GMAW), Electrical Slag Welding (ESW) and Oxyacetylene (OA) are various welding
techniques available."Welding processes play an important role in the metal fabrication
industries. There are several welding techniques, but the most commonly used types are the
welding process with inert tungsten gas (TIG) and metallic inert gas (MIG / MAG). In the TIG
welding process a non-consumable electrode is used, but in the case of MIG welding a
consumable wire is used to join the metal.

1.2 INTRODUCTION
Welding It is a mechanism which is used by the heat and pressure which permanently connect
various materials like metals, alloys or plastics onto a touch surfaces. The sections to still be
connected become melted mostly during weld metal and a durable joint can indeed be produced
through solidification of the whole molten metal. A material's welding potential varies a lot,
including the metallurgical changes that arise throughout welding, their hardness changes
throughout the weld zone leading to sudden solidification, the degree for oxidation caused by
atmospheric oxygen reaction of both the materials, as well as the propensity to crack at the joint
position.

Welding is really a production cost by which applying heat, compression or maybe both creating
a joint as when the parts cool, two or more elements are fused together. Welding are commonly
used against thermoplastics including metals, but may also be also used wood. The finished
welded portion can be known as a welding joint.
1.3 TAGUCHI METHOD
The Taguchi technique is really a mathematical approach to boost quality efficiency and
consistency of goods established by Genichi Taguchi. Centered on Taguchi, their key argument
seems to be the establishment of both the experiment right before the study. Just with this
approach will the efficiency of the operation be increased,this strategy will obtain the ultimate
production value but decrease the uncertainty at minimum expense around the output value. The
claimed that designing that and integrating this into the product was really the best way to
improve quality. That key aim of this technique is to deliver a high quality product for both the
producer at a low cost. Taguchi have discovered a procedure of conducting tests to investigate
why the variance of a process output function is influenced by different parameters. Taguchi's
latest concept requires the positioning with orthogonal matrices to improve the rules that
influence their procedure as well as how diverse they can be. Rather than experimenting to
evaluate all possible combinations such as factorial design, Taguchi's current approach tests
people for combinations. “The following will reveal the amount of data needed to find out That
what variables, that use the least amount with experimentation, just about always have an impact
mostly on superior quality of the products, saving time and resources. Taguchi agreements are
sometimes developed or perhaps even investigated in smaller arrangements which often take a
long time to handle; it’s indeed possible to structure large arrays on deterministic algorithms.
Normally, matrices could be acquired online. The number with patterns (variables) plus the
number of ranges were also merely selected by arrays(levels).”

The Taguchi Quality Management System is indeed an engineering technique which always
stresses the roles of research and development (R&D), design and development to minimize the
incidence with errors or deficiencies in consumer products.

The whole technique, invented by that of the Japanese engineer & statistician Genichi Taguchi,
considers architecture to be even more significant than with the quality control development
process, aimed at reducing production discrepancies before they would occur.

1.4 DIFFERENT TYPE OF WELDING PROCESS

Tig welding system can be categorized the follows depending also on heating element utilized:
1.4.1 Arc Welding:"In the arc welding phase, an electric power supply was used to create an arc
seen between the electrode and the work-piece material to be connected because "the work-piece
metals melt at the interface so that welding can be accomplished. Either AC or DC can be the
power supply and arc welding system. When connecting two or different work parts there,
external feeler materials are often used.
1.4.2 Gas Welding:A concentrated high-temperature flame created through gas or gas mixture
combustion has been used to melt several work parts to still be joined and in gas machining
operation. For optimal welding, an additional filler material was being used. Oxy-acetylene gas
welding has been the most general form of gas machining operation whereby acetylene or
oxygen react and create heat to melt their materials.

1.4.3 Resistance Welding:Result of the passage of high amounts of present (1000-100,000 A)

through the resistance created either by communication between three metal surfaces; heat is
produced through resistance welding. Spot-welding is the most commonly chosen welding
procedure during which a point electrode has already been used. “Besides seam-welding,
common reasons spot friction welding can also be used in where a wheel-shaped electrode may
have been used.”

1.4.4 High Energy Beam Welding:A highly oriented energy beam with high strength has been
used to heat the work piece and tie them together for this form of welding. This types of welding
are primarily used as the precise welding or welding of specialized components, or often because
of welding of various materials, which isn't really feasible via traditional welding methods.

1.4.5 Solid-State Welding:The method of solid-state welding doesn't really require melting the
components to still be connected to both the workpiece. “Ultrasonic welding, blast welding,
electromagnetic pulse welding, friction welding, friction-stir-welding” and the like are typical
forms of solid-state welding.

1.4.6 Arc Welding:For various kinds of materials, arc welding becomes commonly utilized by
all of these types of welding methods. Important varieties of method of arc welding are:

A) Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) or Manual Metal Arc Welding: This is the most
“

popular type of arc welding in which a flux-coated consumable electrode has been used. The flux
disintegrates as the electrode melts and creates shielding gas that protects the welding area from
ambient oxygen. That slag rests on the solder pool surface and covers the solder from of the
atmosphere because it solidifies.

b) Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) or Metal inert or active gas welding
“

(MIG/MAG):A continuous or consumable wire electrode becomes utilized throughout this

method of welding operation. A shielding gas, normally argon although occasionally argon with
carbon dioxide mixture, is blasted to both the weld zone by a welding device.

c) Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) or Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG): GTAW or TIG
welding Even so, the method is indeed an arc welding system involving a non-consumable
tungsten electrode which really produces this same weld. Usually Argon or Helium, or more
often a combined effect of Argon and Helium with that kind of a shielding gas, that weld region
is shielded from both the atmosphere.” In proper welding, a filler metal can even feed manually.
And during Second World War, GTAW, often typically known the TIG welding process, became
invented. Along with advancement of both the TIG welding technique, welding materials that are
hard to weld, e.g. It is possible to make aluminum but magnesium. Today, use of TIG also
extended to the number of metals such as “stainless steel, mild steel, high tensile steels, Al alloy,
titanium alloy”. TIG welding power sources have advanced by simple forms of transformer to
today's increasingly electronic regulated power supply, along with other welding systems.

1.5 GTAW WELDING

Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding, Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) is essentially an arc
welding method that produces welds with a non-consumable tungsten electrode.
Tungsten inert gas (TIG) In the 1940s, welding had become an overnight sensation with the
synthesis of magnesium with aluminum. The technique was an extremely attractive gas but
manual metal arc welding replacement, using an atmospheric gas mask instead of a slag to cover
the weld pool. Throughout the adoption of aluminum for high quality welding including
structural uses, TIG played an important role.
 FIG 1.1 Gtaw Welding
Process characteristics
Mostly in TIG welding process, an arc was created during an inert argon or helium atmosphere
here between pointed tungsten electrodes. For high quality and precision welding, that tiny
extreme arc supplied either by pointed electrode is perfect. Because, during welding, that
electrode also isn't consumed, The TIG welder doesn't want to offset that heat input from arc,
since the melting electrode deposits the metal. This must be applied separately to welding pool if
filler metal becomes needed.

Power source
For a continuous downstream power source, DC or AC, TIG welding will be used. And avoid
producing extremely high currents whereas the electrode becomes shortened to both the work
piece surface, a steady current power supply becomes necessary. It might occur purposely
throughout arc activation or unintentionally throughout welding. When a flat power source is
being used, like in MIG welding, some interaction with both the work piece's surface will harm a
tip of both the electrode or melt the electrode also on work piece's surface. Through DC, as the
arc energy is produced to both the cathode (negative) by roughly one third and also to the anode
by 1/3 (positive), In order to prevent overheating but freezing, the electrode still is negatively
polar. Even so, that DC electrode's positive polarity opposing power relation does have the
advantage that now the surface becomes cleaned from oxide corrosion while the cathode is now
on the work piece. For such a purpose, AC can be used to weld materials like aluminum with
either a resistant surface oxide film.

Arc starting
It is possible to start that welding arc through scratching that wall, creating a short circuit. The
key welding current flow can occur unless the short circuit is disrupted. There has been,
nevertheless, a chance of both the electrode sticking to both the surface thereby allowing
tungsten to be inserted into the weld. And using the "lift arc" technique where even the short
happens at a rather low current level, this possibility can indeed be reduced. HF is by far the
most common place to restart the TIG arc (high frequency). HF comprises with sparks from
several thousand volts of high voltage which last only a few microseconds. Low frequency
sparks allow that distance to crack or ionize here between electrode as well as the working piece.
When an electron/ion cloud is created, energy will flow from of the power source.

Note:Since HF emits abnormally high electromagnetic emissions (EM), welders must be mindful
that the use of will interact with electronic equipment for particular. Since EM emissions may
well be transmitted by air, such as radio waves, or transmitted by power cables, caution must
also be avoided to ensure interaction between control systems & instruments near welding.

HF is indeed critical for stabilizing the AC arc; "electrode polarity is altered at such a frequency
of almost 50 times per second throughout AC, allowing the arc to still be extinguished between
each polarity change." In order to ensure that maybe the arc is reignited with each degenerative,
HF sparks are generated around the electrode/work piece distance to match the start of each half-
cycle.

Electrodes
To boost arc ignition, electrodes of DC welding were usually made from pure tungsten and 1 - 4
percent thorium. Neither lanthanum oxide nor cerium oxide were substitute compounds who
were claimed to have superior performance (arc ignition and lower electrode consumption). The
right electrode diameter but tip angle for both the welding initial point must be chosen. The
smaller that current, therefore smaller its diameter of both the electrode as well as the tip angle,
as just a rule. In AC welding, tungsten and added zirconium is used to minimize electrode
corrosion when the electrode becomes working at a much higher temperature..It really should be
remembered that this is hard to secure a pointing tip due to the vast amount of heat produced also
at electrode as well as the end of the electrode takes over a spherical or 'ball' profile.

Shielding gas
And per the material getting welded, shielding gas becomes chosen. The guidelines below can
assist:

 Argon is perhaps the most widely employed shielding gas when welding a wide range of
products, comprising concrete, stainless steel, aluminum even titanium.
 Argon + 2 to 5 percent H2 - The addition to hydrogen with argon can reduce the gas
marginally, helping to create cleaner-looking welds without oxidizing the surface.
Because as arc becomes hotter and much more constrained, higher welding speeds are
allowed. Disadvantages also include possibility of cracking hydrogen to carbon steels as
well as the porosity for welded metal throughout aluminum alloys.
 Mixtures between helium including helium/argon - applying helium to argon will
increase that arc's temperature. Which encourages faster welding rates and penetration of
deeper welds? An downside of just using helium or a combination of helium and argon
seems to be the high gas expense and the complexity of starting its arc.

APPLICATIONS
In certain industrial industries, TIG welding sees use, or are especially suited for high-quality
welding. A comparatively small arc becomes suitable with thin sheet materials or controlled
penetration through manual welding (at the root of pipe welds). MMA or MIG may also be
preferred with thicker material but fill passages in thick-walled walls so because deposition rate
can become very poor (using a different fill rod,pipe welds).
In mechanized structures, TIG welding has still been commonly utilized, on both autogenously
mode even with filler metal. There have been, however, many "ready-to-use" orbital pipe
welding systems which are being used in the manufacture of chemical plants or boilers. No
handling skills are required and for systems, however the operator has to be well qualified. Since
the welder has less control over the behavior of the arc and the weld hole, special attention
should be paid to preparing the edges (machined rather than hand prepared), adjusting the joint
and controlling the welding parameters.
1.5 DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT
Assess the welding parameters to ever be influenced mostly by FSW parameters, including such
“

spindle speed, feed rate or profile of both the instrument, etc. A technique could also be a
minimal or maximum prospective, such as; that future potential could be to raise their hardness
value.

 Define the strategic factors influencing of welding. Variables include parameters that
could be simply regulated and within technique that affect success metrics including such
cutting speed, feed rate, etc. It is necessary to determine that number of amounts with
which the variables can differ. Similarly, a feed rate can vary to a low or high value.
 Perform several experiments seen during the assembled array to collect information also
on performance agreement's effect.
 Absolute data analysis can assess and an after from numerous factors on output
assessment.

1.6 PROCESS PARAMETERS DESIGN ORTHOGONAL ARRAY

In such a compressed series of experiments, this same secondary effect of a series of parameters
on performance characteristics could be evaluated using the experimental design of both the
orthogonal matrix proposed either by orthogonal matrix. Taguchi.” As a result of certain variables
that influence a previously manageable process, certainly one must determine the levels at which
these variables must be varied. Decide which degrees of parameters require a deep understanding
of the process, such as the parameter's minimum, maximum, and recent value. If there is indeed a
significant disparity involving a parameter's range of values, the values to still be measured may
well be farther apart, or several values may also be tested. If another number of parameters
becomes small, it is possible to measure a smaller value or even to close both tested values
together. While determining the number or grades of even a parameter to still be integrated into
to the experimental design, that price of performing experiments should definitely be put into
account. It particular, that number of levels throughout the experimental architecture over several
parameters is chosen precisely the very same to better choose the right orthogonal matrix. The
proper orthogonal matrix can indeed be chosen by an appreciation of the number of variables and
the number of stages. The proper matrix name is found and use the matrix selection table below,
holding that column or the row in mind in a manner close to both the number of variables and a
set of stages. The default matrix will appear after the title was already established (the subscript
indicates the series of research that definitely have to be completed). For several of the
predefined arrays given in the array selection table, hyperlinks are generated. These matrices
became generated with Taguchi's algorithm and generate each vector and location to be
evaluated in the same manner.

Table 1.1Array Selectors

The array selector takes the view and each and every parameter does have the same level
number. This was not the case often. The higher value should usually be included or the variance
will also be divided.

1.7 ANALYZING EXPERIMENT DATA

The calculated output level in each test is used to analyze the cumulative efficacy of the several
criteria since the experimental design was already determined and even the experiments are
already transferred out. “The next L9 array would soon be shown; therefore the concepts may
well be transferred to another kind of array. Inside this array, it can be proved that it is difficult
using a set of replicated experiments (trials). With I = experiment number and j = trial number,
Tij reflects the different trials”.
The signal-to-noise ratio, or even the SN figure, must also be determined for each experiment
“

performed to find out the effects of the each variable also on output.”
Table 1.2Experimental Plans

Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Taguchi's focus on minimizing the deviation from the goal led him to gather the final results of
both the estimation of the technique that comes with each place of output and also the edition.
Such measures are also called signal-to-noise ratios. The special sign-to-noise ratio measures the
efficiency effect of noise variables. The higher the S/N, the more noise-sensitive the materials
are. The S/N equation also relies on the experimental purpose of all the:
Bigger-the-Better

1
𝑆 𝑦 𝑖2
= −10 log
𝑁(𝐵𝑖𝑔𝑔𝑒𝑟 ) 𝑛

Smaller-the-Better:
“

𝑆 𝑦 𝑖2
= −10 log m
𝑁𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 ) 𝑛

Nominal-is-best:
 𝑆 𝑦2
= 10 log
𝑁(𝑁𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 ) 𝑆2

The overall SN price is assumed with each element and degree while measuring the SN ratio
with each experiment. These were achieved in the list as shown below for parameter 3 (P3):”

Table 1.3Experimental Plans with S/N Ratio

As these SN ratio values are determined at each variable and degree, they are tabulated as
“

shown, and for each parameter, the below SN range R (R= high SN-low SN) is calculated as well
as the final values are entered into the map. The greater the R value for the parameter and the
greater the R value for the parameter, the greater the influence of the variable on the process. It's
because the same signal shift produces a greater impact on the calculated output component.

Table 1.4Effect variable table

1.8 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF TAGUCHI METHOD
The Taguchi approach has the benefit of highlighting the total value of performance
characteristics relative to the target value rather than just a value outside those specification
limits, thereby increasing the quality of its product. In addition, with numerous engineering
problems, Taguchi's solution is quick and easy to use for just an eye-catching design, making it a
useful and simple tool. It can be used in either a planning phase to conveniently outline the
essence of even a research project or to identify issues from existing knowledge. In addition, the
Taguchi method facilitates the study of many different parameters without the need for a
prohibitive sequence of experiments.For e.g., to measure all variables, a process of 8 variables,
each of which has 3 states, might require 6561 (38) experiments.Having said all that, also 18
studies were appropriate to use Taguchi orthogonal arrangements and much less than 3% were
linked to the first stage of experiments. “The main concern with both the Taguchi approach is
generally that the procedure is captured results are simply distant relatives and do not accurately
show which parameter has the main effect on the value of the functionality attributes.
Furthermore, since orthogonal arrangements never occurs many different combinations, it is not
necessary to take them into account, it will be necessary to operate romantic relationships
between many parameters. Taguchi's particular technique was criticized during the reading
regarding the problems of explaining the among parameter interactions. Under general, Taguchi's
solutions are standard and thus incorrect for just about any dynamic shift strategy, including the
analysis of emulators. Also, because the Taguchi technique is concerned with developing internal
superiority rather than increasing inferiority, these are more competently employed in the early
stages of developing the technique. Immediately after defining the design parameters, using a
new design may have a lower actual quantity value.”
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 PAST STUDIES

Natrayan et al. (2020)In order to analyze the tensile strength of both AISI 4140 stainless steel
welded joints, the optimization technique was implemented for both tungsten inert gas
processing parameters provided by either Taguchi system. Three separate welding process
parameters have been selected, including current density, welding speed, including fill diameter,
to conduct experiments using this orthogonal matrix L9. The regression model was used to create
a bond between weld input penetration parameters in the tungsten inert gas welding of AISI 4140
stainless steel plates. The ideal tensile strength end method parameter is the welding speed at
level 1 (A1), the welding speed at level 3 (B3), the filling diameter at level 3. (C3). Results from
ANOVA showed that welding speed is the key contributor to tensile strength attainment.

Rizvi, Saadatet al. (2020)“The Taguchi technique has been used to refine its welding parameters
or the characterization of both the fracture mode became examined through optimizing the
various welding parameters influencing the welding capability of SS304H. There have been
many studies performed.” The orthogonal matrix L9 (3 × 3) was requested. Variance Analysis
(ANOVA) A statistical technique was used to evaluate the effect of different welding
parameters, including welding speed, wire feed rate or gas flow rate, also on SS304H welding
power, or signal to noise ratio (SNR). The tensile strength, stiffness, micro hardness or fracture
mode was examined or the concentration was determined that the welding stress now seems to
have a greater impact in order to assess the welding potential of SS304H, although the gas flow
seems to have a lower effect on the final tensile strength of both the welded joints as well as the
optimum conditions is considered to be 23 V.

Das, A. Danielet al. (2020)Taguchi L9 orthogonal array also defined the rating system proposed
and the particular contribution becomes recognized through statistical analysis of variance. That
optimum tensile strength in FSW samples becomes known to be a stronger joining strength.

Kanakavalli et al. (2020)In order to find the correct material properties with MIG welding, the
presented formulation of Taguchi or Gray's relational analysis methodologies becomes
described. In planning optimal tests, the Taguchi approach is commonly used, while grey ratio
analysis is useful in the process whenever various criteria are taken into consideration, such
hybrid serves as an important technique for deciding optimal process parameters. In the current
work of input parameters developed between two separate metals (AISI1010 and AISI1018),
welding pressure, voltage, velocity and bevel angle were evaluated as some of these affect the
power output, such as tensile strength.

Chandra Siddhardha et al. (2020) Featured Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding It is among the
successful methods for welding to produce welded joints of flawless consistency. TIG wilding’s
arc stability and strength is higher than in other welding methods. The maximum strength alloy
manufactured using the TIG welding technique was aluminum 7068. Various sets of input
variables, including current, voltage but welding speed, were used to measure weld resistance.
Parametric optimization was accomplished using the Taguchi approach. Study of variance
through contour plot surveys analyzed the involvement of both the variables and the impact.

Sathish et al. (2020) “The GTAW method is known as Gas Activated Tungsten Arc Welding (A-
GTAW). Answer Surface Methodology (RSM) or Taguchi Technique have been used for both
the experiment design (DOE) methodology. "To refine welding conditions, penetration depth in
a single pass." Input variables were selected to be current, torch velocity, or arc width. PDO was
regarded as a response variable,The growth of the both optimization strategies influences the
number of the operation. These were validated through plate-based bead tests in order to define
the optimum method parameters. DOP statistics are determined then forecast with RMS error
with both the optimization technique of RSM (D-optimal) but Taguchi. Therefore, it was
observed that RSM (D-Optimal) predicted the optimized parameters of the welding process to
obtain the maximum DOP with best accuracy during the A-GTAW process.

Stalinet al. (2020)Utilizing Taguchi optimization to L9 orthogonal collection, signal and noise
ratio and analysis reports, they addressed approximation of both the material properties included
in brazing operations. MATLAB programme is used to perform those optimization operations.
That results found would be useful to for brazing industry to join their brass plates.

Sivakumaret al. (2020)The optimization of the welding process parameters for the inert gas
welding of the 6.5 mm thick Inconel 625 plate activated tungsten was implemented. The
experimental design of the L25 was carried out to achieve optimum input parameters, including
welding current, speed of travel of the torch and distance from the arc to penetration depth.
Various mathematical optimization methods, such as Relational Gray Analysis (GRA) and the
order preference method, were used to investigate the cross-sectional area of the weld, the micro-
hardness, and the width and height of the weld bead for the resemblance to the ideal solution. To
define the value of each input parameter, ANOVA was used. The measured GRA performance
results given the following recommended settings through experimentation with the bead test,
such as a welding current of 300A, a torch stroke speed of 90mm / min, and an arc distance of 5
mm as the best optimized parameters. For a complete study of the lava phase in the interdendrite
regions of both welding sites, the customized samples were examined using only a scanning
electron microscope involving energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy techniques. The X-ray
diffraction analysis then showed that Ni was really the main factor in the weld region, as the
activated flux accelerated the rate of solidification and reduced the formation of both weld zones.

Ahmad, Asif et al. (2020) presented the optimization according to the Taguchi philosophy of the
parameters of the pulsed TIG welding technique. 4 mm AISI 316 / 3136L austenite stainless steel
the required weld joint should have the optimum seam width or minimum thermal zone (HAZ),
etc., depending also on the functional requirements of the weld joint, for welding and also to
determine the optimum combination of characteristics. Using different welding conditions,
further research was carried out and mathematical models were focused primarily on the
orthogonal matrix Taguchi L25 using the experimental data. The optimal parameters achieved
for cable width, the pulse frequency of 125 Hz and the pulse time of 40 percent are the average
voltage of 180 amps and the foundation current of 100 amps.

Das, A. Daniel et al. (2020)Input parameters are indeed the speed of both the tool (rpm), plunge
depth (mm) but welding time (sec), while hardness seems to be the desired output parameter
(Hv). In order to confirm the consistency of both the weld joints, Taguchi optimization analysis
was performed as well as the rating process was performed and define the affecting process
parameters. The methodology which is used to verify the contribution of both the input
parameters becomes ANOVA. The maximum performance becomes regarded as that of the
optimal set of parameters which generate high-quality weld joints.
Shanmugasundar et al. (2019)The tests discussed were carried out using Austenitic Stainless
Steel (AISI 304L) using the tungsten inert gas welding quality (TIG). Throughout this study, butt
welded joints were designed to operate with three phases of current, gas flow or nozzle using the
part distance. The efficiency of the welding current, the gas flow, including the distance between
the nozzle and the workpiece on the welded joints, and the efficiency of both welds were
quantified in the maximum voltage units of the Taguchi experimental array design system's
welded samples L9 orthogonal matrix.

Benlamnouaret al. (2019)A method of improving the mechanical efficiency with TIG dissimilar
welding was proposed with two steel grades: high strength low alloy steel X70 and austenitic
stainless steel 304L. As per the Taguchi system L9, the experimental designs were selected.
Optical microscopy and SEM microscopy are used for the metallurgical characterization, EDX
studies including mechanical testing to develop a bond in various zones of a specific weld joint
among welding conditions, microstructures including mechanical conduct. The findings revealed
that now the hardness is far more directly connected to micro structural evolution than with the
dissimilar joint's tensile strength. That key important TIG welding parameter representing
multiple exact addresses was determined to be gas flow.

AzadiMoghaddam et al. (2019)In order to model and optimize the response parameters in the
A-TIG welding phase, the orthogonal matrix method provided by' Taguchi (OA-Taguchi), the
regression model and the analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used. In the manufacturing of
AISI316L austenitic stainless steel components, welding current (I), welding speed (S) and
welding gap (G) were considered as process input variables. "The penetration depth (DOP) and
weld bead width (WBW) "were considered to be the process response parameters. SiO2 nano-
particles have already been considered a trigger flux in this article.OA-Taguchi, focused on
Experiment Architecture (DOE), was being used to capture the requisite information for
statistical and modelling purposes. That method reaction parameters were then determined as
well as the resulting signal-to-noise values (S / N) were estimated. To model that DOP as well as
the WBW, multiple regression equations where added. Its most fitting models are chosen as true
representations of both the process, depending upon this ANOVA finding. In addition, the
welding current was estimated as being the most relevant parameter affecting DOP both WBW
with such a contribution of 68% and 88% respectively through ANOVA. Instead, the S/N
analysis has been used, thereby reducing WBW but maximizing DOP. Finally, preliminary
performance assessment experiments were performed, through it that can be inferred that now
the suggested technique is very successful in modelling but improving the A-TIG welding
process (with less than 7 percent error).

Avinash, Sriramoju et al. (2019)The presented PCGTA welding process Two dissimilar plates,
304 steel but Monel 400, were connected employing ERNiCrMo-3 as a filler. Which boost the
consistency characteristics of both the weld, that Taguchi technique was being used to design
and evaluate experimental effects. For both the configuration of process parameters and
orthogonal L-9 matrix can also be used to optimize their mechanical properties as well as the
thermally modified area of both the base metals. The GRA were conducted simultaneously also
for optimization of both the variables considering multiple summary statistics. In order to
identify the significant influence of both the parameters mostly on welding properties of both the
welds, a variance analysis has been carried out.
Kumar, Sanjayet al. (2019)presented the optimization of various parameters of the tungsten
inert gas welding process. AISI 304 stainless steel was used as the base metal. The Taguchi L27
orthogonal matrix was chosen for the design of the experiment. “The selected input parameters
are current, voltage, root space and gas flow. In addition, the mechanical test was performed. The
flexural strength and micro hardness as answer values, values are determined. That relationship
for regression involving input parameters or response values is constructed using the technique
of both the response surface.”

Ahmad, Asif et al. (2019)the tungsten inert gas optimization introduced (TIG). To address the
problem of optimizing process parameters throughout order to obtain the optimal processing
parameter, the Taguchi method is good or efficient, and it was discovered that now the
conventional Taguchi method may not be enough to address the problem with the multiple
answer problem for achieve optimal results and satisfy global requirements. Challenges for the
manufacturer because it's not feasible to obtain or more one optimal process parameter through
Taguchi. Advanced but modified optimization methods continue to be used to succeed
throughout the world economy. It's indeed completely important to combine this with the other
optimization technique in order to maximize the performance of the Taguchi process. Even so,
for solve that problem of multiple answer optimizations, it's indeed useful to integrate the
Taguchi method through Gray Retion Analysis (GRA). To evaluate the optimum value within
each parameter, that Taguchi approach is combined with both the Response Surface
Methodology (RSM). Using an orthogonal L9 matrix, the experiments were performed out.
Using Minitab18, experimental data has been used to determine the signal-to-noise ratio then a
solution surface plot becomes generated to determine the optimum level with each input
parameter. Furthermore, the procedure is combined with RSM to create a mathematical model by
complete factorial central composite (CCD) modelling utilizing statistical tools from 11 design
experts. RSM is really a helpful mathematical method to refine that operation in order to achieve
the desired consistency of the weld. That surface plot received from either the Modeling
Professional 11 app reveals that now the real response value is the actual response value, i.e. the
depth of penetration (DOP) Especially in comparison to both the predicted expected value, as
well as the width of penetration (WOP) were similar to one another and . The higher DOP and
WOP increased recognition higher resistance; Analysis of variance (ANOVA) gives the
maximum value between DOP and WOP of both the F ratio of both the welding speed; such
finding obtained through RSM shows that one of the most influential parameter influencing the
reaction characteristics would be the welding speed.

Chaudhariet al. (2019)Stainless steel 304 with mild steel content. The stainless steel products of
Wherein 304 have strong inter-regular corrosion resistance, and improves the service life for
pressure vessels including automotive parts. In order to maximise efficiency and fewer costs and
time restrictions, TIG welding is perhaps the most critical but common procedure used only to
join two identical or separate parts through heating the mixture or adding pressure using filler
material. An maximize different process parameters, we used the Taguchi optimization approach
to, such as current, voltage and gas flow rate (GFR), Affecting that joint's tensile stiffness. To
analyse that welding properties of different joints but optimise their welding parameters, the
orthogonal Taguchi matrix, signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) and variance analysis (ANOVA) are used
to optimize their welding parameters joints.

Sharma, Sameer et al. (2019) The optimization of the different TIG parameters presented was
focused on input parameters such as current, voltage and welding speed, such as bead geometry,
penetration and ZZ (heat affected areas). And the optimization was carried out using an
orthogonal matrix L 9 using the Taguchi method and then applying different formulas from the
Taguchi method and then checking them via gray ratio analysis. The optimization will provide
the best result by providing the best combination of input levels, as we use a three-level input
system. The higher level of S / N ratio decides the best combination of inputs and thus the
optimized result is obtained.
Moiet al. (2019)“According to the study of the relational gray, a research work has been started
on the improvement of the input process parameters and the use of the Response Surface
Methodology (RSM) to improve the welding quality responses of welding with inert gas of
tungsten from 316L austenitic steels. The process control parameters chosen for the survey were
the welding current, the welding speed and the gas flow”. The tests were performed on three
variables, three levels each, using RSM's Box-Behnken design. Experiments with output
responses were carried out: maximum tensile strength (UTS) and weld width (WW) were also
calculated. To transform a problem which multiple outputs into some kind of single-response
problem, the grey relational analysis was adopted to experimental results. Through graphic plots
of both the contours generated either by established mathematical model, some consequences of
the welding input parameters mostly on various performance requirements were studied. With
either a greater grey relational degree value, the optimized parametric method were achieved.
The ANOVA & contour plot results show that now the input parameters of both the weld
become greatly influenced either by output responses, UTS or WW. Concluding remarks from of
the report were taken.

Sivananthamet al. (2019)Featuring tungsten inert gas welding utilizing argon as shielding gas
and with no filling material.Welding is accomplished on the basis of a number of variations in
welding parameters, including some welding current (levels of 135,140,145 Amps), welding
speed (levels of 105, 110, 115 mm / min) Acquired by the Taguchi L9 orthogonal solution to
maximize the final tensile strength using the MiniTab program including gas flow shielding
(levels of 5,10,15 liters / min). An X-ray analysis was conducted to determine the durability of
both the welds. Tensile specimens were manufactured in compliance with ASTM E8 for tensile
testing. The micro structural observations of the weld were reported. Correlations were obtained
to observe the effects of welding speed, welding current & shielding gas flow on tensile strength,
but an optimum parameter level was achieved with a welding intensity of 145 Amp, a welding
speed of 115 mm/min or a shielding gas flow rate of 5 litres/min.
2.2 PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION AND OBJECTIVE OF THE WORK
It arose from either the literature review which welding stainless steel is a big obstacle and for
traditional method of arc welding. Again, its weld's repeatability depends mostly on welding
speed regulation as well as other processing parameters.

GTAW welding of 5 mm thick stainless steel was performed by welding installations in this
work. The soldering of the MS board was performed in order to achieve a high strength joint by
adjusting the soldering current, the gas flow rate and the distance between the nozzle and the
board. Soldering of the MS board is also carried out from both sides for better strength.The
impact mostly on tensile strength of both the welded joint, that micro stiffness of both the weld
pool or the macrostructure of both the joint were evaluated by the welding present, gas flow rate
or distance from either the nozzle to the plate.

2.3 PRESENT WORK

As discovered in the previous review of the literature, it arose from either the literature review
which welding stainless steel is indeed a big obstacle and for traditional method for arc welding.
Again, its weld's repeatability depends mostly on welding speed regulation and some other
processing parameters. MS 1079 series steels can be heat treated or aged, allowing them to have
high strength. “The main objective of this research was to find the effects on the mechanical
properties of the stainless steel plates of welding parameters such as welding current, gas flow
and VOLTAGE. Tensile strength and hardness were the mechanical properties considered for the
present work. UTE100, with an ability of 100 kN and Brinnel hardness, respectively, was used to
assess tensile strength and hardness.
 CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTATION

Inside this preceding chapter, the aims of both the current examination have already been stated.
The current investigation was therefore performed using the following experimental plans.

1. 1. Prepared to conduct the cutting process, testing then planning the power hack saw.
2. 2. Cutting of the SS plate mostly on power hack saw as per the appropriate duration.
3. 3. Through power hacksaw cutting, SS steel was cut into to the necessary size.
4. 4. MS plates were fixed and in working table following sample collection with flexible
clamp beside each other but welding completed such that a butt join could be
used formed.
5. 5. Samples are about to be welded.
6. 6. Perform Uniform Testing Machine (UTM) including Brinnel hardness testing machine
tensile tests including hardness tests.

3.1 MATERIAL USED

Stainless Steel
The corrosion resistance, that corresponds to the maximum chromium content, is much more
noticeable of stainless steels. Molybdenum additives improve corrosion resistance in chloride
solutions when reducing acids but against pitting attacks. Also there are various stainless steel
types for different contents of chromium and molybdenum to accommodate the condition that
the alloy should withstand. Corrosion or staining resistance of stainless steels, low maintenance
or familiar lustre make it a perfect material for several applications in which both steel hardness
and heat resistance are desired.
Chemical Composition

3.2 PROCESS VARIABLES AND THEIR LIMITS

The working ranges are chosen for both methods based on the architecture of Taguchi's L9
Orthogonal Array (OA) with subsequent experiment design. Throughout the current
experimental study, gas flow rate but soldering voltage (V) were known as system variables.
Some device variables, including the respective units, were specified in Table 3.3 but notes were
specified.

Table 3.1: Process variables and their limits

3.3 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

For both the original study, the industrial SS plate of 5 mm thickness been chosen also as
working piece material.

The welding process was performed in the TIG unit. TIG's welding method is shown in Fig. 1
During the project, studies on welded samples were carried out on the basis of product
parameters (soldering current, welding speed, filler diameter) and using the TIG method. The
welding specimens were intended for the manufacture of TIG welded joints; the welding
specimens of AISI 4140 Stainless Steel (100 mm 50 mm 10 mm) were intended for welding all
the necessary dimensions.Fig. Fig. 2 displays the specimens that were welded.

The chosen welding parameters for the very first trial of the study can be seen in Table 3.2. A
series of test tests were conducted even before final study was conducted to achieve the
sufficient parameter set whereby welding can be possible and thus no visible deficiencies such as
shafting or permeability existed.Experiments were carried out by using forward in of Taguchi's
L9 Orthogonal Array (OA) consisting between 9 variations of welding process, welding voltage
including electrode feed rate. Throughout the current analysis, that design catalogue preparation
through Taguchi's L9 Orthogonal array experimental study was considered sufficient. Three
method parameters (without interaction) are known to differ at 3 stages. In Table 3.4, the
experiment architecture is seen.

Since welding, welded specimens of dimensions of 100 mm x 25 mm were cut for tensile tests,
which would then be cut into another I form. Universal tensile measuring machines (Instron-600)
with such a full load capability of 600 KN were used to conduct the tensile test.

Table 3.2: Experimental planning

Experiment Welding voltage Gas flow rate

Welding current (I)
no. (V) (lit/min)
1 60 30 16

2 60 40 18

3 60 50 20

4 70 40 16

5 70 50 18

6 70 30 20

7 80 50 16

8 80 30 18

9 80 40 20

With both the help with band-saw or grinding performed only at edge, the SS plate was cut to
dimensions of 120 mm x 50 mm to smooth a surface to also be joined. Afterwards, surfaces were
finished to prevent some type of external material using emery paper.
Fig. 3.2:Sample dimension for GTAW
 Fig. 3.3: Sample ready for welding

As per Taguchi's experimental concept, welding would be performed during sample preparation
utilizing various welding parameter settings. Since welding nine samples, this was tested on a
UTM computer through Brinnel hardness test machine to assess hardness and toughness.
Fig 3. 1: Sample before welding
Fig. 3.5: Sample after welding
3.4WELD TESTING PROCEDURE

3.4.1 TENSILE TEST

The ultimate tensile strength of both the machined samples is calculated in the calibrated
Shimadzu AG-X plus universal testing machine with a 50KN power, shown in Fig. 3. "Tensile
testing was carried out at 0.5 mm/min crosshead level according to the ASTM specifications."
The tensile test includes the typical ones of both the weld joint such as withhold tension, ultimate
strength, stress-strain curve, fracture strain or fracture coefficients. In order to measure the
tensile properties that precisely provide the strength of both weld metals, both weld specimens
were used. Therefore, such welding metal samples were used to test variations in the properties
of welded metal due to a variation in the welded metal structure at the welding site.

Tensile measurements are carried out following GTAW welding on any of the universal
measuring devices. If A is really the cross-sectional area, but F is the maximum strength and
strength of tension described by:

Tensile strength=F/A
Fig. 3.6: Test setup
 Fig. 3.7: Process setup for tensile test

3.4.2 BRINNEL HARDNESS TEST

Hardness, not really a fundamental physical property, is now a trait of a substance. It's also
known as indentation resistance and has been calculated through measuring that indentation's
persistent depth.

The method for the Brinell hardness test is defined in ASTM E10. Mostly used for measuring the
hardness of Brinell. "It is most generally used to evaluate materials that tend to have a shape that
would be too coarse or have a surface that is too rough to be tested with some sort of testing,
such as castings or forgings. For Brinell testing (3000 kgf) and a 10 mm diameter indenter, in
which most surface or sub-surface variations are averaged by either subscription, a very high test
loading is also used.The Brinell process applies a specified test load (F) to a carbide ball with a
fixed diameter (D) that is retained for only a predetermined time and removed instead.That
resulting sensation becomes assessed that used a specially made Brinell microscope or optical
unit, normally at right angles to one another with at least two diameters, such findings appeared
clear (d). And while the Brinell number may be provided by the following equation, a graph was
mostly mainly used to convert the average diameter measurement to a Brinell hardness number.

Common test forces range from 500 kgf for non-ferrous materials often usually needed to use
3000 kgf for steels like cast iron. There are several other load indenter sizes of Brinell about
small as 1kgf and 1mm diameter, as these are seldom seen.”

Test Method Illustration

D = Ball diameter

d = impression diameter

F = load

HB = Brinell result

Throughout the Brinell test, that measurement of all indentations is typically the largest cause of
confusion. Now under optimum conditions, these results will vary due to variations here between
operators making such measurements. The optimum situations will then lead to improvements
that variance.Through the grinder, that test surface also is primed for remove surface conditions.
The jagged edge makes this indentation difficult to see. Furthermore, when operators understand
the limitations of requirements with rejections, the measurements can often be used in either a
way that increases the amount of "good" checks and much less re-testing.
And over the years, to counter Brinell calculation error problems, different types of technical
solutions have also been developed. Automatic Brinell optical scopes use computers with image
processing in a structured way to view their indentations, like the B.O.S.S. form. This
standardization helps to eliminate both the operator's same subjectivity; as such operators are far
less likely to immediately interpret in-tolerance outcomes whenever the outcome of both the
sample will be out.

The Brinell units, measured in accordance with The astm E103, evaluate the samples and use the
Brinell hardness parameters together with all the Brinell hardness parametersRockwell hardness
method. A most repeatable results (and higher speed) were also provided by that same method
because the vagaries with optical interpretations were also taken away using an automatic
mechanical data integrity.

3.5DATA COLLECTION
According the process parameter upon this GMAW welding unit, they effectively weld the SS
plate but instead conduct tensile strength testing to predict that consistency of both the welded
joints. Tables 3.6 and 3.7 had been tabulated in the results.

Table 3.3:Tensile test result

Welding Welding Gas flow rate Tensile strength

Sample no.
current (I) voltage (V) (lit/min) (MPa)

1 60 30 16 526.580

2 60 40 18 598.000

3 60 50 20 543.730

4 70 40 16 582.740

5 70 50 18 577.000

6 70 30 20 532.000

7 80 50 16 593.760
 8 80 30 18 558.930

9 80 40 20 587.370

Table 3.4:Brinnel hardness test result

Brinnel
Welding current Welding voltage Gas flow rate
Sample no. hardness test
(I) (V) (lit/min)
result

1 60 30 16 200.00

2 60 40 18 185.00

3 60 50 20 191.00

4 70 40 16 182.83

5 70 50 18 186.67

6 70 30 20 178.67

7 80 50 16 182.00

8 80 30 18 182.00

9 80 40 20 188.00

Analysis of variance

Variance analysis (ANOVA) This same relationship here between dependent variables one and
or perhaps more independent variables to be tested but also modelled, although it was
established, would be comparable with regression[11]. Analysis of variance, that is, shifts from
regression in many forms: the independent variables were either qualitative (categorical) or the
association's analysis is presumed, the model does not even contain coefficients for
variables[12].In impact, the variance analysis extends this same two sample t-testing this same
equality of two populations implies a more particular null hypothesis with trying to compare
upwards of 2 variables of equality, compared to not everyone in classmates to be equal. Even so,
models both of theoretical and practical variables are permitted by a few of the ANOVA
procedures provided by MINITAB. The ANOVA capabilities of MINITAB are including
processes to fit ANOVA models with multi-response designs and to fit ANOMA models to
multi-response designs (medium analysis) to calculating equal variances with error bars and
sample size plots but significant interaction but connection curves, models including
specialization graphs [13]
 CHAPTER 4

OPTIMIZATION OF PERFORMANCES
CHARACTERISTICS WITH TAGUCHI ANALYSIS

4.1 TENSILE TEST

Tensile testing also on welded specimens, this was completed. These were performed on the
Universal Test Machine (UTM). This same tensile strength rate was calculated and afterwards
the S/N ratio was properly calculated utilizing software called MINITAB. The influence of the
each parameter on welding was calculated and its mean value was also evaluated with both the
help of ANOVA.

Fig 4.1: Graph for S/N Ratio of Different parameters

 Table 4.1Response Table for Signal to Noise Ratios

Larger is better

Welding current Welding voltage Gas flow rate

Level (I) (V) (lit/min)
1 54.89 54.63 55.07
2 55.02 55.41 55.23
3 55.27 55.13 54.87
Delta 0.38 0.78 0.37
Rank 2 1 3

Also on welded specimens, this was completed. These were performed on the Universal Test
Machine (UTM). This same tensile strength rate was calculated and afterwards the S/N ratio was
properly computed utilizing software called MINITAB. The influence within each parameter on
welding was calculated as well as its mean value also was evaluated with help of ANOVA.

4.2 Hardness Test

The much more widely employed hardness test method seems to be the Brinnel hardness test
method, as described in ASTM E- 18. Even, with enhanced integration, the micro-structure of
each zone was already monitored and recorded. The specimens were taken individually as well
as the hardness of all 9 samples was measured. The 9 hardness test samples were tested using a
Bakelite Powder mould.
 Fig 4.2: Graph for S/N Ratio of Different parameters For Hardness Test

Table 4.2Response Table for Signal to Noise Ratios

Larger is better

Welding current Welding voltage Gas flow rate

Level (I) (V) (lit/min)
1 45.66 45.42 45.49
2 45.23 45.36 45.32
3 45.30 45.41 45.38
Delta 0.43 0.07 0.17
Rank 1 3 2

They also found according to the above table that if the arc pressure is sustained at 60 A, arc
voltage at 30V but gas flow rate at 16 L/min, the hardness of the taken sample would be higher,
so they consider certain parameters were ideal for the this experiment.
4.3 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

In the present study, the chemical composition is found by the test ASTM E 1086.Spark
Atomic Emission Spectrometry Standard Research System the Study of Austenitic Stainless
Steel

This research process is intended for both the regular examination of chill-cast discs and indeed
the examination with samples of stainless steel with a solid surface diameter of at least 13 mm
(0.5 in.). The specimens should be massive enough to avoid overheating and during discharge
and also have a metallurgical state with structure close with those of the reference materials.

The chemical composition found are mentioned in the below tables

Table 4.3 Chemical composition of sample 1

Table 4.4 Chemical composition of sample 2

Table 4.5 Chemical composition of sample 3

Table 4.6 Chemical composition of sample 4

Table 4.7 Chemical composition of sample 5

 Table 4.8 Chemical composition of sample 6

SAMPLE 6 Requirement
Name of test
0.069 0.08% Max.
Carbon (C)
0.423 0.75% Max.
Silicon(Si)
1.27 2.0% Max.
Manganese (Mn)
16.46 16.0-18% Max.
Chromium (Cr)
10.45 10-14% Max.
Nickel(Ni)
2.32 2-3% Max.
Molybednum (Mo)
0.01 0.03% Max.
Sulpher (S)
0.02 0.045% Max.
Phosphorus(P)
0.034 0.1% Max.
Nitrogen(N)

Table 4.9 Chemical composition of sample 7

Table 4.10 Chemical composition of sample 8
Table 4.11 Chemical composition of sample 9
 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE

5.1. CONCLUSIONS FOR TENSILE STRENGTH AND HARDNESS VALUE

Whilst also implementing Taguchi methodology throughout the experimental investigations of
both the GTAW SS plate, that following results were revealed.

1. To examine such problem as defined throughout this work, Taguchi's Grey relational
analysis is sufficient.
2. The parameter architecture of both the Taguchi study has been identified to provide such
a clear, systematic and effective technique for optimizing the parameters of GTAW
welding.
3. Welding current (I), soldering voltage (V), gas flow rate (lit/min) have such a major
influence also on tensile strength and stiffness of both the result obtained. These are in
keeping with both the results of the studies of other researchers.
4. The other biggest impact mostly on tensile strength seems to be the welding voltage (V),
and perhaps the most important aspect also on stiffness is the welding presents (I).
5. Because when current became 60, the maximum tensile strength became 18, the gas flow
rate became 18, as well as the arc voltage became 40V. That's the optimized result for
optimum tensile strength to be obtained.
6. 6. Whenever the arc latest is sustained at 60 A, arc voltage at 30V and gas flow rate at 16
L/min, optimum HARDNESS becomes attained. These are the optimized findings for
optimum Toughness achievement.

5.2 FUTURE SCOPE

In order to improve methods to optimize special characteristics for industrial applications, the
findings outlined in either section can be included. The selection of both the welding parameters
included completely decides the material's tensile conduct. Relevant parameter configurations
can therefore be selected for industrial applications throughout order to improve improved
welding properties throughout the SS material.
This report has many ideas. This provide more checks and sample reaction analyses for both
dynamic loading.

1. Execute tensile testing with many tests with each set of welding parameters on a wider
set with welding parameters.
2. To somehow establish the tensile and otherwise ductile new properties of this kind of
weld zone alone, tensile tests are carried out on samples constructed completely of DXZ.
3. With multiple sets with welding parameters, evaluate that residual pressure distribution
utilizing precise technique to measure how residual stresses shift through welding
parameters.
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 Lalit
by Lalit Lalit

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