Oral Communication

Communication  Exchanging of ideas

- Descended from the Latin noun  Exchanging of feelings
communication/communicate which meant a  Exchanging of information
sharing or imparting.  Exchanging of data
- It is also a means of sharing and exchanging  Exchanging of values
messages, information, ideas, and feelings for
mutual understanding Encode
- transmit a message
FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
 Control – To control behavior; to control is to Decode
influence other people - Interpret a message
 Social Interaction – To allow individuals to
interact with others Feedback
 Motivation – To motivate or encourage people - response sent to the original source of
to live better; be careful with your words, you communication
might either “make or break a person” ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
 Information Dissemination – Facilitates  Sender - is the one who initiates the
people’s expression of their feelings and communication process; producer of message
emotions  Message -
 Others:  Receiver - decoder of message from the signal
 Feedback - response sent to the original
source of communication
 Encoding - when an idea or information is
translated into words and expressed to others.
 Decoding - when this idea or information is
understood and interpreted by the receiver.
Verbal Communication  Channel - is the vehicle through which a
- it is a communication that are done with the use message is carried from the communicator to
of words to convey a message. the receiver

Nonverbal Communication Barriers to Communication

- it is a type of communication that are done by the  Physical Barriers - are the natural or
use of body language or facial expressions to environmental condition that act as a barrier
convey a message in communication in sending the message
from sender to receiver.
Paralanguage
- when you are emphasizing something for ex.
raising or halting when no one's paying attention.  Psychological Barriers - are called as mental
barriers. These refer to social and personal
issues of a speaker towards communicating
with others.
NATURE OF COMMUNICATION
 Cultural Barriers - pertain to communication 3. Consideration - direct or straight to the
problems encountered by people regarding point and should be expressed in the least
their intrinsic values, beliefs, and traditions in possible numbers of words
conflict with others. People’s culture affect the 4. Courtesy - show respect to his/her receivers
way they communicate and relate to others through understanding their culture, values,
 Linguistic Barriers - pertain conflicts with and beliefs
regard to language and word meanings. 5. Concreteness - communication is backed up
3 TYPES OF NOISES by facts, figures, and real-life examples or
1. External - are the “sight, sound and other situations
stimuli that draw people’s attention away 6. Clearness - implies the use of simple words
from intended meaning.” to express ideas, will not confuse the
2. Internal - are the “thoughts and feelings audience
that interfere with meaning.” 7. Correctness – avoid any mistakes in
3. Semantic – are the “alternate meanings grammar
aroused by a speaker’s symbols.”
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION PROCESS
5 WAYS TO AVOID COMMUNICATION
BREAKDOWN 1. Linear communication - focusing on the
 Have Clarity of thought before speaking transmission of a message to a receiver who
 Learn to Listen
 Take Care of your Body Language and Tone
 Build up your confidence by asking for
feedback and observing others
 Communicate Face to Face on the
important issues

Strategies to Avoid Communication Breakdown never responds or has no way of

 Keep Focused responding to the information conveyed
 Speak Intelligibly
 Listen with your Ears and Eyes 2. Interactive - two-way communication
process where a response is given after a
 Minimize Distractions
message is sent.
 Be Specific
 Do not Jump to Conclusions

7Cs of Communication (Broom, Cutlip and Center)

-2012
1. Completeness - Speaker should include
everything that the receiver needs to hear,
respond, react, or evaluate properly;
complete details
2. Conciseness - direct or straight to the point
and should be expressed in the least
possible numbers of words
 3. Transactional Model - It has a complex  Dyad Communication – communication
nature. It takes place among individuals at that happens between two people.
any given time with any given subject.  Small Group– This applies to interactions
However, there are tendencies that barriers involving at least three but not more than
would interfere which may create a sudden twelve people engaged in face-to-face
impact and change in the processing of interactions to achieve the desired goal.
information. 3. Public– This type refers to a communication that
enables you to send or deliver a message before a
crowd. The message can be transmitted for
informative or persuasive purposes.

4. Mass Communication – This refers to

communication through television, radio,
newspapers, magazines, books, billboards, the
internet, and other types of media.
Speech act - an utterance that a speaker
makes to achieve an intended effect.
J.L Austin (1962) – A philosopher of language and
Context the developer of the Speech Act Theory, there are
- DeVito (2005): “Context refers to the setting in three types of acts in every utterance, given the
which the communication takes place. Context right circumstances or context.
helps to establish meaning and can influence
what is said and how it is said.” Three Types of Speech Act
Speech Context 1. Locutionary act
- helps you communicate appropriately, - is the actual act of uttering or saying
understand the meaning of any message conveyed, something; this act happens with the
and respond accordingly. utterances of a sound, a word or even a
phrase as a natural unit of speech.
- Ex. “Doh!”, “Wow?”, “Hello!”, “Get out!”
TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXT
1.Intrapersonal 2. Illocutionary act
– This refers to a type of communication that is - is the social function of what is said;
focused on one person, where the speaker acts - intention: state an opinion, confront,
both as the sender and as the receiver of the deny, make a prediction, a promise, a
message. The message is made up of thoughts and request, issue an order or decision, or to
feelings while the medium is the brain that give advice or permission
processes what you think and feel. - Ex.
 It’s more fun in the Philippines.
(opinion)
2. Interpersonal  I’ll help you clean the house
– This refers to the type of communication that tomorrow. (promise)
takes place between and among people and  Get my things in the office. (order)
creates a personal relationship between and
among them. 3. Perlocutionary act
–Two Types of Interpersonal Communication
 - refers to the consequent effect of what - It is an informal communication between groups
was said. This is based on the particular and peers who have something to share and have
context in which the speech act was shared background information but do not have
mentioned. close relations. Ex. classmates
- intention: to inspire, insult, persuade or - note: Jargon, slang, and vernacular language are
convince, deter, and scare used
- Ex. “We can do this. We heal and win as 3. Consultative
one!” - It is used in semi-formal and standard
John Searle (1976) - a professor from the communication. Ex. teacher and student
University of California, Berkeley, classified - note: Professional or mutually acceptable
illocutionary acts into five distinct categories. language is a must in this style.
SEARLE’S CLASSIFICATION OF SPEECH ACT 4. formal
- It is a one-way straightforward speech.
1. Assertive – a type of illocutionary act in which
Ex. State of the Nation Address
the speaker expresses belief about the truth of a
- note: What the speaker says is something that has
proposition. Some examples of an assertive act are
been prepared beforehand.
suggesting, putting forward, swearing, boasting and
5. frozen
concluding.
- is the most formal communicative style that is
2. Directive – a type of illocutionary act in which
usually used during solemn ceremonies and events.
the speaker tries to make the addressee perform
Ex: pledges
an action. Some examples of a directive act are
- note: It does not require any feedback from the
asking, ordering, requesting, inviting, advising, and
audience.
begging.
COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES
3. Commissive – a type of illocutionary act which
1. Nomination - Opening a topic with people
commits the speaker to doing something in the
you are talking to.
future. Examples of a commissive act are
2. Restriction - limitation you may have as a
promising, planning, vowing, and betting.
speaker
4. Expressive – a type of illocutionary act in which
3. Turn-taking - people decides who takes the
the speaker expresses his/her feelings or emotional
conversational floor
reactions. Some examples of an expressive act
4. Topic control - Actively engaging in the
are thanking, apologizing, welcoming and
conversation. The use of minimal responses
deploring.
like "yes" go on" "continue"
5. Declaration– a type of illocutionary act which
5. Topic shifting - moving from topic to
brings a change in the external situation. Simply
another
put, declarations bring into existence or cause the
6. Repair - address the problems in speaking,
state of affairs which they refer to. Some examples
listening, and comprehending.
of declarations are blessing, firing, baptizing,
7. Termination - participants close initiating
bidding, passing a sentence, and excommunicating.
expression to end the discussion.
TYPES OF SPEECH STYLE
1. Intimate
- It is used for very close relationships. Ex. couple
- note: Language used in this style may not be
shared in public.
2. Casual