Design of Reinforced Concrete II Lec.

12 Columns

Eccentrically-Loaded Short Columns

Uniaxial Bending:
Members that are concentrically compressed occur rarely if ever, in buildings and other
structures, bending moments are caused by:
 Continuity, by the fact that building columns are parts of monolithic frames.
 Transverse loads such as wind load.
 Loads carried eccentrically on column brackets.
In such cases, the column shall resist both axial load and bending moments.
ØPn ≥ Pu and ØMn ≥ Mu

The behaviour under both axial load and bending moment can be visualized in
rectangular sections as shown below:

(a) Loaded column, (b) strain distribution at section a-a, and (c) stresses and forces at nominal
strength.

Prof. Dr. Sallal R. Abid Wasit University - Civil Engineering Department. 39

Design of Reinforced Concrete II Lec.12 Columns
From strain diagram:

εs = 0.003 → fs = 600 ≤ fy

εs' = 0.003 → fs' = 600 ≤ fy

where: εu = 0.003, Es = 200000 MPa

a = β1 c
From equilibrium between external and internal forces:
Pn = 0.85 f c a b + As'fs' – Asfs ..... (1)

Mn = 0.85 f c a b ( - + As'fs'( - d') + Asfs(d - ) ..... (2)

A better approach to solve the above equations is to construct a strength interaction diagram
defining the failure load and the failure moment.

Failure mechanism:
A-Balanced failure:- The concrete reaching its limit strain εu at the same time where tensile steel
reaching its yield strain εy.

cb = =

fs = fy and ab = β1 cb
Pnb = 0.85 f c ab b+ As'fs'- Asfy

Mnb= 0.85 f c ab b ( ) + As'fs' ( )+ Asfy (d - )

eb=

Prof. Dr. Sallal R. Abid Wasit University - Civil Engineering Department. 39

Design of Reinforced Concrete II Lec.12 Columns

B- Tension failure:
e > eb , c < cb , Pn < Pnb

C- Compression failure:
e < eb , c > cb , Pn > Pnb

Construction of load-moment interaction diagram:

1. Calculate cb, ab, fs' and then find Pnb, Mnb and eb.
2. Choose c > cb (e < eb) then find fs, fs', a, Pn, Mn and e (compression zone).
3. Choose c < cb (e > eb) then find fs', a, Pn, Mn and e (tension zone).
4. Find Po = 0.85 fc' (Ag – Ast) + Ast fy assuming (e = 0) where Ast = As + As'

5. Find Mo = ρ b d2 fy (1 – 0.59 ρ ) assuming pure bending case (e = ∞), where ρ =

f c

6. Plot the curve passing through the (Pn, Mn) points.

Ex.1)
A 500×300 mm column is reinforced with 4Ø32 mm, one bar in each corner, f c = 25 MPa, fy =
420 MPa, find:
a) The interaction diagram
b) The strength of the column when e = 600 mm

Sol.)
a)
1) c = cb

cb= d and d = 500-40-10- = 434 mm

cb = (434) = 255.3 mm

ab= β1 cb = 0.85 (255.3) = 217 mm and fs = fy = 420 MPa

Prof. Dr. Sallal R. Abid Wasit University - Civil Engineering Department. 39

Design of Reinforced Concrete II Lec.12 Columns

fs' = 600 = 600 = 444.9 MPa > fy

fs' = fy = 420 MPa

Pnb= 0.85 fc' a b + As'fy - Asfy
Pnb= 0.85 (25) 217 (300) + 2 (804) 420 – 2(804) 420
Pnb= 1383.4 kN

Mn = 0.85 f c a b ( - + As'fy( - d')+ Asfy (d - )

Mnb=0.85(25) 217 (300) ( – ) + 2(804) 420 ( ) + 2(804) 420 (434 - )

= 195.7 + 124.3 + 124.3 = 444.3 kN.m

eb= = = 0.321 m = 321 mm

2) c > cb (compression zone)

Assume c = 320 mm thus, a = β1 c = 272 mm

fs = 600 = 213.7 MPa < fy

fs' = 600 = 476.25 MPa > fy thus, fs' = fy = 420 MPa

Pn = 0.85(25)272(300) + 2(804)420 - 2(804)213.7

Pn = 1734 + 675.4 - 343.6 = 2065.8 kN

Mn = 0.85 f c a b ( - + As'fy( - d')+ Asfs (d - )

Mn = 0.85(25)272(300) ( ) + 2(804)420( - 66 ) + 2(804)213.7(434 - )

Mn = 197.7 + 124.3 + 63.2 = 385.2 kN.m

e= = = 0.1865= 186.5 mm < eb

3) Choose c < cb (tension zone)

Assume c = 200 mm
Thus, a = β1 c = 170 mm
fs = 702 > fy thus, fs = fy = 420 MPa
and fs' = 402 < fy
Pnb= 0.85 (25) 170 (300) + 2 (804) 402 – 2(804) 420
Pn = 1083.8 + 646.4 - 675.4 = 1054.8 kN

Mn = 0.85(25)170(300) ( ) + 2(804)402( - 66 ) + 2(804)420(434 - )

Prof. Dr. Sallal R. Abid Wasit University - Civil Engineering Department. 39

Design of Reinforced Concrete II Lec.12 Columns
Mn = 178.8 + 118.9 + 124.3 = 422 kN.m

e= = = 0.4 = 400 mm > eb

4) Find Po
Po = 0.85fc'(Ag – Ast) + Ast fy
Po = 0.85(25)(300×500 – 4×804) + 4(804) 420 = 4470 kN

5) Find Mo

ρ= = 0.01235

Mo = ρbd2fy(1 – 0.59ρ )

Mo = 0.01235(300)(434)2(420)(1-0.59(0.01235) )×10-6 = 257.2 kN.m

Po = 4470
(385.2, 2065.8)
Compression
Zone
(444.3, 1383.4)
e =186.5
e =321
(422, 1054)
e=400
Tension
Zone

Mo = 257.2

b)
e = 600 e > eb (Tension failure)

c < cb and a = 0.85 c, fs = fy = 420 MPa, and fs' = 600

Pn= 0.85(25)0.85c(300) + 2(804)600 - 2(804)420

Pn c = 5418.8 c2 + 289440 c – 63676800 ..... (1)

Mn = Pn × e

Prof. Dr. Sallal R. Abid Wasit University - Civil Engineering Department. 39

Design of Reinforced Concrete II Lec.12 Columns

Mn = 600 Pn = 0.85 f c a b ( - + As' fs'( - d')+ As fy (d - )

600 Pn = 0.85(25)0.85c(300)( - ) + 2(804) 600 ( - 66) + 2(804)420(434-

600Pnc = 1354687.5c2-2303c3+177523200c+124266240c-11716553120 ÷ (600)

Pnc = -3.833c3 + 2257.8c2 + 502982.4c - 19527588 ..... (2)

Substitute Equation (1) into equation (2),
-3.833c3 - 3161c2 + 213542c + 44149212 = 0
c3 + 824.6c2 - 55706.6c - 11517185 = 0

C < Cb (255.2)
By trial and error
c c3 + 824.6c2 - 55706.6c - 11517185 Decision
150 2055325 Use smaller c
130 -2626303 Use larger c
140 -409949 Use larger c
142 63000 Use smaller c
141.74 952 OK.

Use c = 141.74 mm
a = 120.5 mm

fs' = 600 = 320.6 MPa < fy OK.

Pn= 0.85(25)120.78(300) + 2(804)320.6 - 2(804)420 = 608.3 kN

Mn = Pne = 365 kN.m

Prof. Dr. Sallal R. Abid Wasit University - Civil Engineering Department. 39