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Course title: Linear Algebra and Vector Analysis Full marks: 100
Course No.: Math. Ed 445 Pass marks: 35
Nature of the course: Theory Periods per week: 6
Level: B.Ed. Total periods: 150
Year: Fourth Time per period: 55mins

1. Course Description
This is an introductory course in linear algebra and vector analysis which provides a
foundation for the further study of mathematics. The algebraic structures dealt in
this course are system of linear equations, matrices, determinants, vector spaces and
theory of polynomial equations. It also provides fundamental knowledge of linear
transformations, inner product spaces, eigen values , eigen vectors, product of vectors
and vector differentiation.
2. General Objectives
The general objectives of this course are as follows:
 To help students to understand the general concept of linear algebra ,
 To develop in the students the positive attitude towards linear algebra,
 To familiarize students the basic algebraic structures,
 To help students to develop the computational skills in matrices and
determinants,
 To provide computational skills to the students in solving linear and
polynomial equations,
 To enable students to relate theorems and problems of linear algebra,
 To provide knowledge on vector spaces , subspaces and their properties ,
 To familiarize students with eigen values and eigen vectors,
 To help students in finding the product of three and four vectors,
 To provide the students skills of vector differentiation and build up the concept
of gradient of scalar function and divergence and curl of vector function

3. Specific Objectives and Contents

Specific Objectives Contents

 Explain the basic concepts of linear Unit I: Introduction to Linear Algebra (15)
algebra 1.1 Brief historical information of linear
 Explain the historical scenario of linear algebra
algebra and its development 1.2 Concept of set, relations and functions
 Define algebraic structure of set and 1.3 Algebraic system and operations of sets
functions and functions
 Explain linear and non-linear equations, 1.4 Linear equations, non-linear equations.
linear transformation with examples 1.5 Linear transformations, application of
 Find the Cartesian product, relations and linear equations
functions with examples 1.6 Cartesian product, relations, functions
 Derive composite and inverse functions and their properties
with examples 1.7 Equivalence relation, quotient structures.
1.8 Composite functions, inverse function
 Explain equivalence relation and quotient
and their properties
structures

 Illustrate system of homogeneous and Unit II: System of Linear Equations (15)
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Specific Objectives Contents

non-homogeneous linear equations 2.1 System of homogeneous and non-
 Define rank of a matrix and reduce a homogeneous linear equations
matrix into an echelon form with 2.2 Rank of a matrix and reduction to
examples up to 3×3 matrix echelon form
 Test the consistency and solve the 2.3 Consistency and in-consistency of
homogeneous and non-homogeneous system of linear equations
system of linear equations 2.4 Solution of homogeneous and non-
 Explain the elementary transformation of homogeneous system of linear
matrix equations
 Explain and apply Gaussian Elimination 2.5 Gaussian elimination method for
method for solving linear equations solving linear equations
 Define matrix and operation of matrices. Unit III: Matrices and Determinants (20)
 Prove algebraic properties of matrices 3.1 Matrices:
 Discuss the special types of matrices and 3.1.1 Introduction of matrices
partitioned matrices and prove some 3.1.2 Operations on matrices
properties of nonsingular matrices 3.1.3 Algebraic properties of matrix operation
 Transfer matrices into reduced row 3.1.4 Special types of matrices and
echelon form partitioned matrices, echelon form of
 State row (column) equivalent matrix and matrices
prove some properties of equivalent 3.1.5 Elementary matrices
matrices 3.1.6 Inverse of matrices
 Identify elementary matrix and find 3.1.6 Equivalent matrices
inverse of a matrix by using elementary 3.2 Determinants:
operations 5.2.1 Properties of determinant co-factor
expansion
 Explain determinant as a function and
5.1.2Use of determinants to solve Linear
prove its properties
equations, Cramer’s rule and its profs and
 Find inverse of a matrix by using
verifications.
determinant and adjoint of the matrix
 Define points and perform algebraic Unit IV: Vectors in n-space (13)
operations on vectors in n- space 4.1 Definition and examples of points in n-
 Find norm, length of vectors and the space, algebraic operations (addition and
angles of two vectors with their properties multiplication) of points in n-space and
 Locate scalar and vector projections and their properties
interprete them geometrically 4.2 Norm, length, angle between two vectors
 State and prove that parallelogram law, and their properties
Cauchy Schwarz and triangle inequalities 4.3 Scalar and vector projections and their
 State Pythagorean identity and geometrical interpretations.
 Explain orthogonality of vectors and 4.4 Parallelogram law, Cauchy Schwarz
Gram Smith Orthogonalization process of inequality
vectors 4.5 Triangle inequality, Pythagorean identity.
4.6 Orthogonality of vectors
 Define and give examples of vector Unit V: Vector Spaces (20)
spaces and subspaces 5.1Vector spaces and sub spaces
 Explain the concept of generators, linear 5.2Elementary properties of vector spaces
space , dependence and independence of and subspaces
set of vectors 5.3Linear combination, linear hull,
 Prove the properties of linearly dependent dependence and independence of
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Specific Objectives Contents

and linearly independent set of vectors. vectors and their properties
 State the direct sum of sub spaces and 5.4Direct sum of vector sub spaces
theorem based on it. 5.5Basis and dimension of vectors
 Identify the basis and dimensions of 5.6Co-ordinates and isomorphism
vector spaces 5.7Scalar Product of vectors.
 Construct bases of subspaces and prove 5.8Orthogonal and orthonormal vectors and
theorems related to basis and dimension their properties
 State isomorphism of vector spaces and 5.9Orthogonal and orthonormal bases and
prove related theorem their properties
 Establish elementary properties of 5.10 Gram Smith orthogonalization process
subspaces of basis vectors
 Explain Gram Smith Orthogonalization
process for set of basis vectors
 Define linear transformation and give Unit VI: Linear Transformation (15)
examples 6.1 Definitions and examples of linear
 Identify the image and kernel of linear transformation
transformation and prove their properties 6.2 Algebra of linear transformations
 Discuss geometric linear transformation 6.3 Inverse of linear transformation.
in Euclidean spaces 6.4 Kernel and image of linear
 Represent a linear transformation by a transformation
matrix 6.5 Geometry of linear transformations
 Establish relationships among linear 6.6 Linear transformation and matrices
transformations, matrices and basis of 6.7 Vector space of linear transformation
vector spaces 6.8 Vector space of matrices
 Establish one to one correspondence 6.9 Singular and non-singular liner
between set of all linear transformations transformation
to the set of all m  n matrices
 Define scalar and Hermitian product on Unit VII: Inner Product Spaces (15)
vector spaces and give their examples and 7.1 Inner product and inner product spaces
prove the properties of inner products 7.2 Orthogonal basis
 Calculate the norm of a vector and prove 7.3 Application to linear equations
its properties 7.4 Bilinear matrices, general orthogonal base
 Compute orthogonal/orthonormal basis of , dual space
finite dimensional vector spaces 7.5 Eigen values and eigen vectors
 Calculate eigen values and eigen vectors 7.6 Concept of Caley Hamilton theorem and
its verification
 Define the scalar product of three and Unit VIII: Products of Vectors (13)
four vectors and prove their properties. 8.2 Scalar triple product
 Interprete scalar triple product 8.2 Geometrical meaning and properties of
geometrically scalar triple product
 Define the vector product of three and 8.3 Vector triple product
four vectors and establish the properties. 8.4 Geometrical meaning of vector triple
 Give the geometric meaning of a vector product
triple product. 8.5 Scalar product of four vectors
 Calculate the scalar product of four 8.6 Vector product of four vectors and linear
vectors relation of four vectors
 Explain reciprocal system of vectors and 8.7 Reciprocal system of vectors and its
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Specific Objectives Contents

prove its properties properties
 Discuss continuity and calculate the Unit IX: Vector Differentiation (11)
higher derivatives of vector functions. 9.1 Continuity and successive derivative
 Explain the geometrical interpretation of of vector functions
derivative of a vector 9.2 Geometrical interpretation of
 Prove necessary and sufficient condition derivative of vector function with
for the vector function to have a constant scalar variable
magnitude and to have a constant 9.3 Gradient, divergence and curl
direction
 Define gradient, divergence and curl and
establish the related deductions
 Define polynomial equation and prove its Unit X: Polynomial Equations of degree
properties greater than two and its properties. (13)
 Find the relation between roots and 10.1 Properties of polynomial equations
coefficients 10.2 Relation between roots and coefficients,
 Transform equations into different roots- 10.3Application to the solution of an
sign changed, reciprocal and multiple of a equation, symmetric function of roots
number 10.4 Transformation of equations, multiple
roots, sum of the power of roots, reciprocal of
roots
Note: The figures within the parentheses indicate the approximate periods for respective units.
4. Instructional Techniques
Because of the theoretical nature of the course, teacher-centered instructional
techniques will lead the teaching learning process. The teacher will adopt the
following techniques.

4.1 General Instructional Techniques

The general instructional techniques are suggested as follows:
 .Lecture with discussion
 Use of software and math labs
 Investigative approach in problem solving

4.2 Specific Instructional Techniques

Unit-wise specific instructional techniques are given below .:

Units Specific Instructional Techniques

I Groupwork and individual assignment
II Individual assignment and discussion
III Individual and group work
IV Group work and discussion
V Assignment and discussion
VI Assignment and presentation
VII Group work and presentation
VIII Individual assignment
IX Project work
X Individual assignment
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5.Evaluation
Students will be evaluated on the basis of the written test. The Office of the
Controller of the Examinations will conduct thefinal (annual ) examination at
the end of the academic session to evaluate the students' performance. The
types, number and marks of the subjective and objective questions will be
as follows.
Types of questions Total questions Number of questions Total
to be asked and marks allocated marks
Group A: Multiple choice items 20 questions 20 × 1 mark 20
Group B: Short answer questions 8 with 3 'or' 8 × 7 marks 56
questions
Group C: Long answer questions 2 with 1 'or' 2 × 12 marks 24
question
6. Recommended and References Books
6.1 Recommended Books:

Kolman, B. (1982). Elementary linear algebra. New York: Macmillan publishing

Company. Isaiah
Lang, S. (1973). Linear algebra. Addison Wesley, New York.
Prasad, L. (1995). Vector Analysis,Patna: Paramount publications
Lay, C. D. (2012). Linear Algebra (4th Edition). Pearson Education, Inc.

6.2 References
Bhattarai, B.N. (2074). A text book on linear algebra. Kathmandu: Cambridge
Publication .
Kumarersan, S. (2000). Linear algebra a geometric approach. New Delhi: Prentice
Hall of India.
Sheth, I. H. (2002). Abstract algebra. New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India.
Shrestha, R. M. and Bajracharya, S. (2006). Elementary linear algebra.
Kathmandu: Sukunda Pustak Bhawan.
Thomas, W. H. (1974). Algebra. New York: Springer Verlag Inc.
Vaidya, B. L. (1992). Vector analysis. Kathmandu: Ratna Pustak Bhandar.