CYBS6101 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE PRELIM

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of using LEXMED?

Select one:

a. Improved patient care

b. Improved legal compliance

c. Improved efficiency in legal matters

d. Improved understanding of medical terminology

Z
What is the name of the godelized system of logic that is based on the axioms of set theory?

Select one:

a. ZF set theory
EN
b. PA+ set theory

c. PA set theory

d. ZFC set theory

Which of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have
influenced the field of philosophy?
R

Select one:

a. They have sparked debates about the limits of knowledge

b. They have led to the development of new philosophical systems

c. They have led to new discussions about the nature of reality

d. They have led to the abandonment of the use of reasoning

What is the relationship between the Shannon entropy and the probability distribution in
maximum entropy without explicit

constraints?
Select one:

a. The Shannon entropy is maximized when the probability distribution is uniform

b. The Shannon entropy is the probability distribution

c. The Shannon entropy is proportional to the probability distribution

d. The Shannon entropy is the inverse of the probability distribution

In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to
infer the truth of a statement based on the

falsehood of its opposite?

Select one:

Z
a. Modus ponens

b. Affirming the consequent

EN
c. Modus tollens

d. Denying the antecedent

Question 8

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

R

What is the main goal of supervised machine learning?

Select one:

a. To identify patterns and relationships in data

b. To understand the underlying structure of the data

c. To make predictions or decisions based on data

d. To model the relationship between input and output variables

What is the process of adding new nodes to the search tree in A* search called?
Select one:

a. Node expansion

b. Pathfinding

c. Graph traversal

d. Route planning

How is the principle of maximum entropy related to the second law of thermodynamics?

Select one:

a. It is a more general form of the second law

Z
b. It is independent of the second law

c. It is equivalent to the second law

d. It is used to prove the second law

EN
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

If there are two equally likely outcomes, what is the probability of both occurring?

Select one:

a. 0%

b. 100%
R

c. 50%

d. 25%

Which of the following is NOT an example of a problem that could be solved using a greedy
search algorithm?

Select one:

a. Finding the shortest path between two points on a map

b. Sorting a list of numbers in ascending order

c. Solving a puzzle such as the Tower of Hanoi

d. Solving the knapsack problem (choosing a set of items to maximize value while staying
within a weight limit)

What is subjective probability?

Select one:

a. A probability based on an individual's beliefs, opinions, and experiences

b. A probability based on statistical analysis

c. A probability based on a coin flip

d. A probability based on objective, observable data

Z
Which of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have
influenced the field of mathematics education?

Select one:
EN
a. They have led to the development of new teaching methods

b. They have led to the abandonment of the study of mathematics

c. They have led to the development of new mathematics curricula

d. They have sparked debates about the importance of proof in mathematics

If the probability of event A occurring is 0.5 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.5,
R

what is the probability of both event A and

B occurring?

Select one:

a. 1

b. 0

c. 0.25

d. 0.5

What is a cost matrix in the context of machine learning?

Select one:

a. A matrix that represents the cost of deploying a model

b. A matrix that represents the cost of making predictions

c. A matrix that represents the cost of training a model

d. A matrix that represents the cost of implementing a model

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Question 17

Z
Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

If there are 10 equally likely outcomes, what is the probability of any one of them occurring?
EN
Select one:

a. 100%

b. 0%

c. 25%

d. 10%
R

What is the name of the godelized system of logic that is based on the axioms of intuitionistic
type theory?

Select one:

a. PA+ set theory

b. ZFC set theory

c. ZF set theory

d. PA set theory
In what way is the principle of maximum entropy related to the principle of minimum
information?

Select one:

a. The principle of minimum information is a special case of the principle of maximum

entropy

b. The principle of maximum entropy is a special case of the principle of minimum

information

c. They are equivalent

d. They are independent of each other

Z
Can subjective probabilities be used to make predictions about future events?
EN
Select one:

a. Yes, subjective probabilities can be used to make predictions based on an individual's

beliefs, opinions, and experiences

about the likelihood of certain events occurring

b. No, subjective probabilities are not based on objective, observable data and statistical
analysis and cannot be used to make
R

predictions

c. Yes, subjective probabilities can be used to make predictions based on the outcome of a
coin flip

d. No, subjective probabilities are not based on a coin flip and cannot be used to make
predictions

In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to
infer the truth of a statement based on the

falsehood of another statement and the truth of a third statement?

Select one:
a. Disjunctive syllogism

b. Affirming the consequent

c. Modus ponens

d. Modus tollens

What is the name of the godelized system of logic that is based on the axioms of first-order
predicate calculus?

Select one:

a. PA+ set theory

b. ZFC set theory

Z
c. PA set theory

d. ZF set theory
EN
3/15/24, 7:43 PM Prelim Exam: Attempt review

What is the relationship between the Shannon entropy and the information in a distribution in
maximum entropy without explicit

constraints?

Select one:
R

a. The Shannon entropy is the inverse of the information in a distribution

b. The Shannon entropy is proportional to the information in a distribution

c. The Shannon entropy is maximized when the information in a distribution is uniform

d. The Shannon entropy is the information in a distribution

What is probability?

Select one:
a. A measure of the likelihood of an event occurring

b. A measure of the likelihood of an event occurring divided by the total number of events

c. A measure of the likelihood of an event NOT occurring divided by the total number of
events

d. A measure of the likelihood of an event NOT occurring

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Can Bayes' theorem be used to calculate the probability of an event occurring given multiple
other events that are not independent of

each other?

Z
Select one:

a. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) * P(C|A) * ...

b. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) + P(C|A) + ...

EN
c. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
independently of any other events

d. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
given another event

In which of the following scenarios would a heuristic search algorithm be most useful?

Select one:
R

a. When the search space is small and the optimal solution is not important

b. When the search space is large and the optimal solution is not important

c. When the search space is large and the optimal solution is important

d. When the search space is small and the optimal solution is important

Can subjective probabilities be biased?

Select one:

a. Yes, subjective probabilities are based on an individual's beliefs, opinions, and

experiences, which can be influenced by
personal biases

b. No, subjective probabilities are based on statistical analysis, which is unbiased

c. No, subjective probabilities are objective and unbiased

d. It depends on the individual's beliefs, opinions, and experiences

In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is NOT a valid inference rule?

Select one:

Z
a. Affirming the consequent

b. Modus ponens

c. Modus tollens
EN
d. Denying the antecedent

What is the main advantage of heuristic search over other search algorithms?

Select one:

a. It is faster

b. It is more accurate
R

c. It can find solutions to problems with a small search space more efficiently

d. It can find solutions to problems with a large search space more efficiently

Which of the following is NOT a way in which godelization can be used in practice?

Select one:

a. To verify the correctness of software programs

b. To prove the consistency of mathematical theories

c. To create unbreakable codes for secure communication

d. To generate random numbers

What is an example of a real-world application of fuzzy logic?

Select one:

a. Automatic stock trading systems

b. Automatic image recognition systems

c. Automatic temperature control systems

d. Automatic traffic control systems

Z
What is the time complexity of a breadth-first search algorithm when applied to a graph with
V vertices and E edges?
EN
Select one:

a. O(V)

b. O(E)

c. O(V + E)

d. O(V * E)

How might subjective probabilities be used in risk assessment?

R

Select one:

a. By taking into account an individual's beliefs, opinions, and experiences about the
likelihood and consequences of

potential risks

b. By calculating objective, observable data and statistical analysis

c. By relying solely on objective, observable data and statistical analysis

d. By using a coin flip to determine the likelihood of potential risks

How does minmax search handle tie situations?

Select one:

a. By selecting the move with the highest score

b. By selecting the move that leads to the lowest score for the player and the highest score
for the opponent

c. By selecting the move that leads to the highest score for the player and the lowest score
for the opponent

d. By selecting the move with the lowest score

Z
What is a defuzzification process in the context of fuzzy logic?

Select one:
EN
a. A process for converting fuzzy input and output values into precise values

b. A process for converting precise input and output values into fuzzy values

c. A process for converting fuzzy input values into precise values

d. A process for converting fuzzy output values into precise values

What is the main disadvantage of using iterative deepening over a depth-first search
R

algorithm?

Select one:

a. It requires more memory to store the visited nodes

b. It requires less memory to store the visited nodes

c. It requires less computation time to search the tree

d. It requires more computation time to search the tree

In Dempster-Shafer theory, the "belief function" is defined as:

Select one:
a. The likelihood that an event will occur

b. The level of uncertainty about an event

c. The probability that an event will occur

d. The degree of belief that an event will occur

If the probability of event A occurring is 0.5 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.5,
what is the probability of event A occurring

given that event B has already occurred?

Select one:

a. 0.25

Z
b. 0.5

c. 0
EN
d. 1

What is a potential drawback of data mining?

Select one:

a. It can be time-consuming and resource-intensive

b. All of the above

c. It can be inaccurate if the data is not properly cleaned and processed

R

d. It can be biased if the data is not representative of the population

If the probability of event A occurring is 0.6 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.4,
what is the probability of event A occurring

given that event B has already occurred?

Select one:

a. 0.6
b. 0

c. 0.4

d. 1

Can heuristic search be used to solve problems with no clear goal or solution?

Select one:

a. It depends on the specific search algorithm being used

b. It depends on the specific problem and the heuristic function being used

c. Yes, heuristic search can be used to solve any type of problem

Z
d. No, heuristic search can only be used to solve problems with a clear goal and solution

What does "P(A|B)" represent in Bayes' theorem?

EN
Select one:

a. The probability of event B occurring given that event A has occurred

b. The probability of event A occurring regardless of whether event B has occurred or not

c. The probability of event A occurring given that event B has occurred

d. The probability of event A occurring given that event B has not occurred
R

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Can minmax search handle games with more than two players?

Select one:

a. No, minmax search can only be used for two-player games

b. Yes, by using the same algorithm as for two-player games

c. Yes, by using a modified version of the algorithm

d. It depends on the game

In Dempster-Shafer theory, the "normalization rule" is used to:

Select one:

a. Determine the level of uncertainty about an event

b. Ensure that the belief and plausibility functions are properly normalized

c. Combine the beliefs and plausibilities of multiple events

d. Calculate the probability of an event occurring

In Dempster-Shafer theory, the "combination rule" is used to:

Z
Select one:

a. Determine the level of uncertainty about an event

b. Calculate the level of disagreement about the likelihood of an event

EN
c. Combine the beliefs and plausibilities of multiple events

d. Calculate the probability of an event occurring

In first-order predicate logic, what is a closed formula?

Select one:

a. A formula that contains a free variable

R

b. A formula that contains only predicates

c. A formula that contains only closed terms

d. A formula that is always true

What is the relationship between the maximum entropy distribution and the underlying
distribution in maximum entropy without

explicit constraints?

Select one:

a. The maximum entropy distribution is similar to the underlying distribution

b. The maximum entropy distribution is different from the underlying distribution

c. The maximum entropy distribution is independent of the underlying distribution

d. The maximum entropy distribution is the same as the underlying distribution

What is the primary purpose of LEXMED?

Select one:

a. To provide medical guidance to legal professionals

b. To provide a platform for the exchange of legal data

c. To provide legal guidance to medical professionals

Z
d. To provide a platform for the exchange of medical data

What is a common application of data mining in business?

EN
Select one:

a. To improve customer service

b. To optimize production processes

c. To increase sales

d. All of the above

R

Dempster-Shafer theory is commonly used in which of the following fields?

Select one:

a. Decision making

b. Probability and statistics

c. Artificial intelligence

d. Quantum mechanics

Which of the following is NOT a reason why godelization is important in the field of computer
science?
Select one:

a. It allows for the representation of all possible computations within a system

b. It allows for the verification of the correctness of software programs

c. It allows for the generation of random numbers

d. It allows for the creation of secure codes and algorithms

What is an advantage of depth-first search over breadth-first search?

Select one:

a. Depth-first search is more flexible and can be easily modified to solve different types of
problems

Z
b. Depth-first search uses less memory

c. Depth-first search is more efficient

EN
d. Depth-first search is faster

In what type of machine learning problems is a cost matrix typically used?

Select one:

a. Dimensionality reduction problems

b. Regression problems

c. Classification problems
R

d. Clustering problems

Which of the following is NOT a common application of heuristic search algorithms?

Select one:

a. Planning and scheduling

b. Solving puzzles and games

c. Image recognition

d. Natural language processing

In what year did Kurt Godel first present his incompleteness theorems?

Select one:

a. 1975

b. 1952

c. 1931

d. 1879

In a binary cost matrix, what is the sum of all elements called?

Z
Select one:

a. The median cost

b. The total cost

EN
c. The average cost

d. The maximum cost

What is the relationship between the maximum entropy distribution and the available
information in maximum entropy without

explicit constraints?

Select one:
R

a. The maximum entropy distribution is independent of the available information

b. The maximum entropy distribution incorporates none of the available information

c. The maximum entropy distribution incorporates all the available information

d. The maximum entropy distribution incorporates some of the available information

Can subjective probabilities be measured or quantified?

Select one:

a. Yes, by using objective, observable data and statistical analysis

b. Yes, by using a scale or rating system

c. No, subjective probabilities are subjective and cannot be measured or quantified

d. It depends on the individual's beliefs, opinions, and experiences

What is the primary goal of risk management using cost matrices?

Select one:

a. To maximize the likelihood of risks occurring

b. To minimize the cost of risks

c. To minimize the probability of risks occurring

Z
d. To minimize the impact of risks

Which of the following is NOT one of Gödel's incompleteness theorems?

EN
Select one:

a. The consistency of arithmetic

b. The incompleteness of formal systems

c. The completeness of formal systems

d. The consistency of formal systems

R

What is the primary disadvantage of heuristic search algorithms?

Select one:

a. They may not find any solution at all

b. They use more memory

c. They are slower

d. They may not find the optimal solution

What is a cost matrix in the context of machine learning?

Select one:

a. A matrix that represents the cost of training a model

b. A matrix that represents the cost of deploying a model

c. A matrix that represents the cost of making predictions

d. A matrix that represents the cost of implementing a model

What is the main disadvantage of IDA* search?

Select one:

a. It can be computationally expensive

Z
b. It is prone to getting stuck in local minima

c. It requires a lot of memory to store the search tree

d. It is slow to find the optimal solution

EN
How is the principle of maximum entropy related to the second law of thermodynamics?

Select one:

a. It is used to prove the second law

b. It is a more general form of the second law

c. It is independent of the second law

R

d. It is equivalent to the second law

In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is NOT a valid inference rule?

Select one:

a. Denying the antecedent

b. Modus tollens

c. Modus ponens

d. Affirming the consequent

How do subjective probabilities differ from objective probabilities?

Select one:

a. Subjective probabilities are based on statistical analysis, while objective probabilities are
based on an individual's beliefs,

opinions, and experiences

b. Subjective probabilities are based on a coin flip, while objective probabilities are based on
an individual's beliefs, opinions,

and experiences

c. Subjective probabilities are based on objective, observable data, while objective

probabilities are based on an individual's

Z
beliefs, opinions, and experiences

d. Subjective probabilities are based on an individual's beliefs, opinions, and experiences,

while objective probabilities are
EN
based on objective, observable data

What is a defuzzification process in the context of fuzzy logic?

Select one:

a. A process for converting precise input and output values into fuzzy values
R

b. A process for converting fuzzy input and output values into precise values

c. A process for converting fuzzy input values into precise values

d. A process for converting fuzzy output values into precise values

Which of the following statements about iterative deepening is NOT true?

Select one:

a. It requires more computation time to search the tree than a breadth-first search algorithm

b. It requires more memory to store the visited nodes than a breadth-first search algorithm
c. It is a depth-first search algorithm

d. It is a breadth-first search algorithm

What is the formula for Bayes' theorem?

Select one:

a. P(A|B) = P(B) / P(A|B)

b. P(A|B) = P(A) / P(B)

c. P(A|B) = P(B|A) / P(A)

d. P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A)

Z
If the probability of event A occurring is 0.3 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.7,
what is the probability of either event A or
EN
B occurring?

Select one:

a. 1

b. 0.3

c. 0

d. 0.7
R

What is the time complexity of depth-first search in terms of the number of nodes, n, and the
number of edges, m?

Select one:

a. O(n * m)

b. O(m)

c. O

d. O(n + m)
Alpha-beta pruning is used in minimax algorithms for two-player games, where one player is
trying to maximize the score and the

other player is trying to minimize the score. In this context, alpha represents:

Select one:

a. The minimum score that the maximizing player is assured of

b. The minimum score that the minimizing player is trying to achieve

c. The maximum score that the maximizing player is trying to achieve

d. The maximum score that the minimizing player is assured of

In a cost matrix, what does the likelihood of a risk occurring refer to?

Z
Select one:

a. The duration of the risk

EN
b. The impact of the risk

c. The probability of the risk occurring

d. The frequency of the risk

Can Bayes' theorem be used to calculate the probability of an event occurring given multiple
other events that are independent of

each other?
R

Select one:

a. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
independently of any other events

b. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
given another event

c. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) + P(C|A) + ...

d. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) * P(C|A) * ...

In first-order predicate logic, what is a Herbrand theorem?

Select one:

a. A statement that is always false in a given Herbrand interpretation

b. A statement that is true in some Herbrand interpretations and false in others

c. A statement that is always true in a given Herbrand interpretation

d. A statement that is provable from the axioms of first-order predicate logic

Which of the following is NOT a key concept in Dempster-Shafer theory?

Select one:

a. Plausibility

Z
b. Uncertainty

c. Belief

d. Conflict
EN
In first-order predicate logic, what is a Herbrand universe?

Select one:

a. A set of predicates that satisfy a given formula

b. A set of objects that satisfy a given formula

c. A set of functions that satisfy a given formula

R

d. A set of logical symbols that satisfy a given formula

3/15/24, 7:43 PM Prelim Lab Exam: Attempt review

In a binary cost matrix, what is the cost of predicting the positive class when the actual class
is negative called?

Select one:

a. The true positive cost

b. The false negative cost

c. The false positive cost

d. The true negative cost

How is the principle of maximum entropy related to the maximum likelihood principle in
statistics?

Select one:

a. They are independent of each other

b. The maximum likelihood principle is a special case of the principle of maximum entropy

c. The principle of maximum entropy is a special case of the maximum likelihood principle

d. They are equivalent

Z
If the probability of event A occurring is 0.3 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.7,
what is the probability of neither event A
EN
nor B occurring?

Select one:

a. 1

b. 0.3

c. 0.7

d. 0
R

In a cost matrix, what does the rows represent?

Select one:

a. The actual class

b. The predicted class

c. The cost of making a prediction

d. The probability of a prediction

What is the probability of an event occurring if it is twice as likely to happen as not happen?

Select one:

a. 50%

b. 0%

c. 25%

d. 75%

Which of the following is NOT a factor that can impact the performance of heuristic search
algorithms?

Select one:

Z
a. The size of the search space

b. The type of problem being solved

EN
c. The quality of the heuristic function

d. The number of processors in the computer

What is the name of the godelized system of logic that is based on the axioms of set theory?

Select one:

a. PA+ set theory

b. ZFC set theory

R

c. ZF set theory

d. PA set theory

If the probability of event A occurring is 0.5 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.5,
what is the probability of both event A and

B occurring?

Select one:

a. 0.5
b. 1

c. 0.25

d. 0

How often is the legal guidance in LEXMED updated?

Select one:

a. Monthly

b. Daily

c. Annually

Z
d. Weekly

Which of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have
EN
influenced the field of mathematics?

Select one:

a. They have led to the abandonment of the axiomatic method

b. They have sparked debates about the nature of truth and proof

c. They have led to the development of new proof techniques

d. They have led to the development of new mathematical systems

R

Which of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have
influenced the field of artificial intelligence?

Select one:

a. They have led to the development of new artificial intelligence algorithms

b. They have led to the abandonment of the use of artificial intelligence

c. They have sparked debates about the possibility of creating a truly intelligent machine

d. They have led to new discussions about the limitations of machine learning
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of using LEXMED?

Select one:

a. Improved understanding of medical terminology

b. Improved patient care

c. Improved legal compliance

d. Improved efficiency in legal matters

Question 41

Z
Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Can minmax search handle games with more than two players?
EN
Select one:

a. Yes, by using a modified version of the algorithm

b. It depends on the game

c. Yes, by using the same algorithm as for two-player games

d. No, minmax search can only be used for two-player games

R

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of greedy search algorithms?

Select one:

a. They are optimal (meaning they will always find the best solution)

b. They are systematic (meaning they consider all possible options before making a
decision)

c. They are complete (meaning they will always find a solution if one exists)

d. They are efficient (meaning they can search large spaces quickly)
In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to
infer the truth of a statement based on the

truth of at least one of multiple other statements?

Select one:

a. Disjunction

b. Modus tollens

c. Affirming the consequent

d. Modus ponens

What is the relationship between the maximum entropy distribution and the constraints in

Z
maximum entropy without explicit

constraints?

Select one:
EN
a. The maximum entropy distribution is independent of the constraints

b. The maximum entropy distribution satisfies none of the constraints

c. The maximum entropy distribution satisfies all the constraints

d. The maximum entropy distribution satisfies some of the constraints

What is the main difference between depth-first search and breadth-first search?
R

Select one:

a. Depth-first search is more efficient than breadth-first search

b. Breadth-first search is more efficient than depth-first search

c. Depth-first search explores all the children of a node before exploring its siblings, while
breadth-first search explores all

the siblings of a node before exploring its children

d. Depth-first search is only used to search trees, while breadth-first search is only used to
search graphs

What is the space complexity of a breadth-first search algorithm when applied to a graph
with V vertices and E edges?

Select one:

a. O(V)

b. O(E)

c. O(V + E)

d. O(V * E)

Z
In a binary cost matrix, what do the elements in the second row and first column represent?

Select one:
EN
a. The cost of predicting the negative class when the actual class is negative

b. The cost of predicting the positive class when the actual class is negative

c. The cost of predicting the negative class when the actual class is positive

d. The cost of predicting the positive class when the actual class is positive

What is a heuristic function in the context of search algorithms?

R

Select one:

a. A function that estimates the cost of the longest path from the current node to the goal

b. A function that estimates the cost of the most expensive path from the current node to the
goal

c. A function that estimates the cost of the cheapest path from the current node to the goal

d. A function that estimates the cost of the shortest path from the current node to the goal

What does "P(A|B)" represent in Bayes' theorem?

Select one:
a. The probability of event A occurring given that event B has not occurred

b. The probability of event B occurring given that event A has occurred

c. The probability of event A occurring regardless of whether event B has occurred or not

d. The probability of event A occurring given that event B has occurred

In a cost matrix, what does the risk priority refer to?

Select one:

a. The severity of the risk

b. The duration of the risk

Z
c. The risk rating

d. The probability of the risk occurring

EN
In Dempster-Shafer theory, the "uncertainty function" is defined as:

Select one:

a. The probability that an event will occur

b. The degree of belief that an event will occur

c. The likelihood that an event will occur

d. The level of uncertainty about an event

R

What is an example of a data mining task?

Select one:

a. Organizing data into a database

b. Visualizing data on a chart

c. Determining the best location for a new store based on population data

d. Collecting data from multiple sources

Which of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have
influenced the field of mathematics?

Select one:

a. They have led to the development of new proof techniques

b. They have led to the development of new mathematical systems

c. They have sparked debates about the nature of truth and proof

d. They have led to the abandonment of the axiomatic method

How does minmax search handle tie situations?

Select one:

Z
a. By selecting the move that leads to the lowest score for the player and the highest score
for the opponent

b. By selecting the move with the highest score

EN
c. By selecting the move with the lowest score

d. By selecting the move that leads to the highest score for the player and the lowest score
for the opponent

What is the primary purpose of LEXMED?

Select one:
R

a. To provide legal guidance to medical professionals

b. To provide a platform for the exchange of medical data

c. To provide medical guidance to legal professionals

d. To provide a platform for the exchange of legal data

Why are subjective probabilities important in decision-making?

Select one:

a. Because they take into account an individual's beliefs, opinions, and experiences, which
can affect their decision-making
b. Because they are based on statistical analysis

c. Because they are based on objective, observable data

d. Because they are based on a coin flip

In first-order predicate logic, what is a predicate?

Select one:

a. A function that returns a value based on its input

b. A logical symbol that represents a negation

c. A statement that is either true or false

Z
d. A logical symbol that represents a relationship between objects

Which of the following is NOT a way that the principle of maximum entropy can be used in
EN
information theory?

Select one:

a. To model communication channels

b. To compress data

c. To calculate the probability of different outcomes

d. To determine the accuracy of a prediction

R

How does the order of events in Bayes' theorem affect the calculation of probability?

Select one:

a. The order matters, as Bayes' theorem calculates the probability of events occurring
simultaneously, so the order in which they

are listed affects the final probability

b. The order matters, as the probability of one event occurring given another event is not the
same as the probability of the

other event occurring given the first event

c. The order does not matter, as Bayes' theorem calculates the probability of events
occurring sequentially, so the order in

which they are listed does not affect the final probability

d. The order does not matter, as Bayes' theorem calculates the probability of events
occurring independently of each other

What is a disadvantage of fuzzy logic compared to traditional logical reasoning?

Select one:

a. It is less accurate and reliable

b. It is more computationally expensive

Z
c. It is less flexible and adaptable

d. It is more difficult to implement and understand

EN
Can heuristic search be used to solve problems with no clear goal or solution?

Select one:

a. It depends on the specific problem and the heuristic function being used

b. It depends on the specific search algorithm being used

c. No, heuristic search can only be used to solve problems with a clear goal and solution

d. Yes, heuristic search can be used to solve any type of problem

R

If there are 10 equally likely outcomes, what is the probability of any one of them occurring?

Select one:

a. 10%

b. 0%

c. 100%

d. 25%
In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to
infer the truth of a statement based on the

falsehood of its opposite?

Select one:

a. Modus ponens

b. Affirming the consequent

c. Denying the antecedent

d. Modus tollens

What is a cost matrix in the context of machine learning?

Z
Select one:

a. A matrix that represents the cost of deploying a model

EN
b. A matrix that represents the cost of making predictions

c. A matrix that represents the cost of implementing a model

d. A matrix that represents the cost of training a model

What is the name of the godelized system of logic that is based on the axioms of intuitionistic
type theory?

Select one:
R

a. ZFC set theory

b. ZF set theory

c. PA set theory

d. PA+ set theory

What is the formula for Bayes' theorem?

Select one:

a. P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A)

b. P(A|B) = P(B) / P(A|B)

c. P(A|B) = P(B|A) / P(A)

d. P(A|B) = P(A) / P(B)

What is a common method used in data mining to discover patterns and relationships in
data?

Select one:

a. Data collection

b. Machine learning

c. Data visualization

Z
d. Data storage and organization
EN
In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to
infer the truth of a statement based on the

truth of its opposite?

Select one:

a. Modus ponens

b. Affirming the consequent

c. Denying the antecedent

R

d. Modus tollens

What is the relationship between the Shannon entropy and the information in a distribution in
maximum entropy without explicit

constraints?

Select one:

a. The Shannon entropy is the information in a distribution

b. The Shannon entropy is the inverse of the information in a distribution

c. The Shannon entropy is proportional to the information in a distribution

d. The Shannon entropy is maximized when the information in a distribution is uniform

In Dempster-Shafer theory, the "normalization rule" is used to:

Select one:

a. Ensure that the belief and plausibility functions are properly normalized

b. Calculate the probability of an event occurring

c. Determine the level of uncertainty about an event

d. Combine the beliefs and plausibilities of multiple events

Z
In what way is the principle of maximum entropy related to the principle of minimum
information?

Select one:
EN
a. The principle of minimum information is a special case of the principle of maximum
entropy

b. The principle of maximum entropy is a special case of the principle of minimum

information

c. They are independent of each other

d. They are equivalent

R

What is the main goal of data mining?

Select one:

a. To store and organize data efficiently

b. To discover patterns and relationships in data

c. To collect as much data as possible

d. To visualize data in a meaningful way

In first-order predicate logic, what is a closed formula?

Select one:
a. A formula that contains only predicates

b. A formula that contains only closed terms

c. A formula that contains a free variable

d. A formula that is always true

What is fuzzy logic?

Select one:

a. A form of artificial intelligence that uses approximate reasoning

b. A form of artificial intelligence that uses logical reasoning

Z
c. A form of artificial intelligence that uses probabilistic reasoning

d. A form of artificial intelligence that uses heuristic reasoning

EN
In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is NOT a valid inference rule?

Select one:

a. Affirming the consequent

b. Modus tollens

c. Denying the antecedent

d. Modus ponens
R

Which of the following is NOT a type of heuristic search algorithm?

Select one:

a. Hill climbing

b. Best-first search

c. A* search

d. Dijkstra's algorithm
In supervised learning, which of the following is NOT a common problem that can occur
during the training process?

Select one:

a. Class imbalance

b. Data leakage

c. Underfitting

d. Overfitting

What is Shannon entropy?

Select one:

Z
a. The amount of information in a distribution

b. The amount of randomness in a distribution

EN
c. The amount of uncertainty in a distribution

d. The amount of symmetry in a distribution

What does "P(A|B)" represent in Bayes' theorem?

Select one:

a. The probability of event A occurring given that event B has occurred

b. The probability of event A occurring given that event B has not occurred
R

c. The probability of event A occurring regardless of whether event B has occurred or not

d. The probability of event B occurring given that event A has occurred

How does the heuristic function in A* search work?

Select one:

a. It estimates the cost of the longest path from the current node to the goal node

b. It estimates the cost of the shortest path from the current node to the goal node

c. It estimates the cost of all possible paths from the current node to the goal node
d. It estimates the cost of the most efficient path from the current node to the goal node

What is A* search used for?

Select one:

a. To find the most efficient path between two nodes in a graph

Z
b. To find the longest path between two nodes in a graph

c. To find the shortest path between two nodes in a graph

d. To find all possible paths between two nodes in a graph

EN
What is the primary goal of risk management using cost matrices?

Select one:

a. To minimize the cost of risks

b. To minimize the impact of risks

c. To minimize the probability of risks occurring

R

d. To maximize the likelihood of risks occurring

What is the time complexity of a breadth-first search algorithm when applied to a graph with
V vertices and E edges?

Select one:

a. O(V + E)

b. O(E)

c. O(V * E)

d. O(V)
Can Bayes' theorem be used to calculate the probability of an event occurring given multiple
other events that are not independent of

each other?

Select one:

a. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) + P(C|A) + ...

b. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
given another event

c. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
independently of any other events

d. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) * P(C|A) * ...

Z
Which of the following is NOT a feature of LEXMED?
EN
Select one:

a. Medical diagnosis assistance

b. Medical terminology lookup

c. Legal precedent search

d. Legal case search

R

What is an advantage of depth-first search over breadth-first search?

Select one:

a. Depth-first search is more flexible and can be easily modified to solve different types of
problems

b. Depth-first search is faster

c. Depth-first search is more efficient

d. Depth-first search uses less memory

Beta represents:
Select one:

a. The maximum score that the minimizing player is assured of

b. The minimum score that the maximizing player is assured of

c. The minimum score that the minimizing player is trying to achieve

d. The maximum score that the maximizing player is trying to achieve

Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of using LEXMED?

Select one:

a. Limited scope of legal guidance

Z
b. Limited accessibility

c. Limited user support

d. Limited scope of medical guidance

EN
Can Bayes' theorem be used to calculate the probability of an event occurring given multiple
other events that are both independent

and not independent of each other?

Select one:

a. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) + P(C|A) + ...

b. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
R

independently of any other events

c. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) * P(C|A) * ...

d. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
given another event

In a binary cost matrix, what do the elements in the second row and first column represent?

Select one:

a. The cost of predicting the negative class when the actual class is positive

b. The cost of predicting the positive class when the actual class is negative
c. The cost of predicting the positive class when the actual class is positive

d. The cost of predicting the negative class when the actual class is negative

In what type of machine learning problems is a cost matrix typically used?

Select one:

a. Dimensionality reduction problems

b. Clustering problems

c. Classification problems

d. Regression problems

Z
Which of the following is NOT a key concept in Dempster-Shafer theory?

Select one:
EN
a. Conflict

b. Belief

c. Plausibility

d. Uncertainty

What is the primary disadvantage of heuristic search algorithms?

R

Select one:

a. They may not find the optimal solution

b. They may not find any solution at all

c. They are slower

d. They use more memory

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of Gödel's incompleteness theorems for the
formal system of Peano arithmetic?

Select one:
a. There are always unprovable statements within the system

b. The system cannot prove its own completeness

c. The system cannot prove its own consistency

d. The consistency of the system cannot be proven within the system

What is an example of a problem that can be solved using depth-first search?

Select one:

a. Finding the shortest path between two nodes in a graph

Z
b. Finding the largest number in a list

c. Sorting a list of numbers

d. Determining if a graph is bipartite

EN
If there are two equally likely outcomes, what is the probability of both occurring?

Select one:

a. 25%

b. 0%

c. 50%
R

d. 100%

In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to
infer the truth of a statement based on the

falsehood of another statement and the truth of a third statement?

Select one:

a. Affirming the consequent

b. Modus tollens

c. Modus ponens
d. Disjunctive syllogism

In first-order predicate logic, what is a quantifier?

Select one:

a. A logical symbol that represents a negation

b. A logical symbol that represents a relationship between objects

c. A symbol that specifies the scope of a variable

d. A function that returns a value based on its input

Z
Can Bayes' theorem be used to calculate the probability of an event occurring based on
multiple other events?

Select one:
EN
a. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) + P(C|A) + ...

b. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
given another event

c. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
independently of any other events

d. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) * P(C|A) * ...

R

In a binary cost matrix, what is the sum of all elements called?

Select one:

a. The total cost

b. The average cost

c. The maximum cost

d. The median cost

What is the name of the godelized system of logic that is based on the axioms of set theory?

Select one:
a. ZFC set theory

b. PA set theory

c. ZF set theory

d. PA+ set theory

What is the formula for Bayes' theorem?

Select one:

a. P(A|B) = P(B|A) / P(A)

b. P(A|B) = P(A) / P(B)

Z
c. P(A|B) = P(B) / P(A|B)

d. P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A)

EN
If there are 10 equally likely outcomes, what is the probability of any one of them occurring?

Select one:

a. 0%

b. 10%

c. 25%

d. 100%
R

In a binary cost matrix, what is the cost of predicting the positive class when the actual class
is negative called?

Select one:

a. The true negative cost

b. The false positive cost

c. The true positive cost

d. The false negative cost

Which of the following is NOT a feature of LEXMED?

Select one:

a. Legal precedent search

b. Legal case search

c. Medical terminology lookup

d. Medical diagnosis assistance

In first-order predicate logic, what is a closed formula?

Select one:

Z
a. A formula that contains only predicates

b. A formula that contains a free variable

c. A formula that is always true

EN
d. A formula that contains only closed terms

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of greedy search algorithms?

Select one:

a. They are complete (meaning they will always find a solution if one exists)

b. They are systematic (meaning they consider all possible options before making a
decision)
R

c. They are efficient (meaning they can search large spaces quickly)

d. They are optimal (meaning they will always find the best solution)

What is the time complexity of depth-first search in terms of the number of nodes, n, and the
number of edges, m?

Select one:

a. O(n + m)

b. O(m)
c. O(n * m)

d. O

In supervised learning, which of the following is NOT a common evaluation metric?

Select one:

a. Mean squared error

b. Accuracy

c. Recall

d. Precision

Z
What is the probability of an event occurring if it is certain to happen?

Select one:
EN
a. 100%

b. 0%

c. 50%

d. It cannot be determined

What is the primary disadvantage of heuristic search algorithms?

R

Select one:

a. They may not find the optimal solution

b. They use more memory

c. They may not find any solution at all

d. They are slower

What is the probability of an event occurring if it is equally likely to happen or not happen?

Select one:
a. 50%

b. 25%

c. 75%

d. 0%

Can Bayes' theorem be used to calculate the probability of multiple events occurring
simultaneously?

Select one:

a. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) * P(C|A) * ...

b. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) + P(C|A) + ...

Z
c. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
independently of any other events

d. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
EN
given another event

In Dempster-Shafer theory, the "uncertainty function" is defined as:

Select one:

a. The likelihood that an event will occur

b. The probability that an event will occur

R

c. The degree of belief that an event will occur

d. The level of uncertainty about an event

Which of the following best describes the process of greedy search?

Select one:

a. Starting at the end and working towards the beginning, always choosing the optimal next
step

b. Starting at the beginning and working towards the end, always choosing the optimal next
step
c. Starting at the beginning and working towards the end, always choosing the next step that
leads to the highest cost

d. Starting at the end and working towards the beginning, always choosing the next step that
leads to the highest cost

Which of the following is NOT a type of supervised learning algorithm?

Select one:

a. Clustering

b. Decision trees

c. Neural networks

Z
d. K-nearest neighbors

In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to
EN
infer the falsehood of a statement based on

the falsehood of another statement?

Select one:

a. Affirming the consequent

b. Modus tollens

c. Modus ponens
R

d. Denying the antecedent

Which of the following is NOT one of Gödel's incompleteness theorems?

Select one:

a. The incompleteness of formal systems

b. The consistency of arithmetic

c. The completeness of formal systems

d. The consistency of formal systems

If there are three events, each with a probability of 50%, what is the probability that none of
them will occur?

Select one:

a. 75%

b. 25%

c. 0%

d. 50%

Z
How is the maximum entropy distribution found in maximum entropy without explicit
constraints?

Select one:
EN
a. By fitting the data to a specific distribution

b. By maximizing the Shannon entropy of the distribution

c. By minimizing the error between the model and the data

d. By maximizing the likelihood function

How does minmax search handle tie situations?

R

Select one:

a. By selecting the move that leads to the highest score for the player and the lowest score
for the opponent

b. By selecting the move that leads to the lowest score for the player and the highest score
for the opponent

c. By selecting the move with the highest score

d. By selecting the move with the lowest score

If the probability of event A occurring is 0.6 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.4,
what is the probability of event B occurring
given that event A has already occurred?

Select one:

a. 0.6

b. 0.4

c. 1

d. 0

What does LEXMED stand for?

Select one:

Z
a. Linux Extension for Medical Devices

b. Legal and Medical Expert System

c. Legal and Ethical Medical Decision-Making

EN
d. Local Exchange for Medical Data

What is the relationship between the maximum entropy distribution and the available
information in maximum entropy without

explicit constraints?

Select one:

a. The maximum entropy distribution is independent of the available information

R

b. The maximum entropy distribution incorporates none of the available information

c. The maximum entropy distribution incorporates all the available information

d. The maximum entropy distribution incorporates some of the available information

What is the purpose of fuzzy logic in control systems?

Select one:

a. To provide heuristic control over system variables

b. To provide probabilistic control over system variables

c. To provide precise, binary control over system variables

d. To provide imprecise, approximate control over system variables

What is the main advantage of using iterative deepening over a depth-first search algorithm?

Select one:

a. It allows the search to cover more nodes in more time

b. It allows the search to cover fewer nodes in more time

c. It allows the search to cover fewer nodes in less time

d. It allows the search to cover more nodes in less time

Z
EN
If there are two events, each with a probability of 50%, what is the probability that both will
occur?

Select one:

a. 0%

b. 75%

c. 50%

d. 25%
R

Can Bayes' theorem be used to calculate the probability of an event occurring given multiple
other events that are independent of

each other?

Select one:

a. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
independently of any other events

b. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) + P(C|A) + ...

c. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) * P(C|A) * ...

d. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
given another event

In first-order predicate logic, what is a predicate?

Select one:

a. A function that returns a value based on its input

b. A logical symbol that represents a relationship between objects

c. A logical symbol that represents a negation

d. A statement that is either true or false

Z
In a binary cost matrix, what is the cost of predicting the positive class when the actual class
is positive called?
EN
Select one:

a. The false positive cost

b. The false negative cost

c. The true negative cost

d. The true positive cost

R

Which of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have
influenced the field of mathematics?

Select one:

a. They have led to the development of new proof techniques

b. They have led to the abandonment of the axiomatic method

c. They have sparked debates about the nature of truth and proof

d. They have led to the development of new mathematical systems

What is A* search used for?

Select one:

a. To find the longest path between two nodes in a graph

b. To find the most efficient path between two nodes in a graph

c. To find the shortest path between two nodes in a graph

d. To find all possible paths between two nodes in a graph

Can Bayes' theorem be used to calculate the probability of an event occurring based on
multiple other events?

Select one:

a. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) + P(C|A) + ...

Z
b. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
given another event

c. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) * P(C|A) * ...

EN
d. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
independently of any other events

How is LEXMED typically accessed by medical professionals?

Select one:

a. Through a command-line interface

R

b. Through a mobile app

c. Through a web browser

d. Through a desktop application

What does "P(A|B)" represent in Bayes' theorem?

Select one:

a. The probability of event A occurring given that event B has not occurred

b. The probability of event B occurring given that event A has occurred

c. The probability of event A occurring regardless of whether event B has occurred or not
d. The probability of event A occurring given that event B has occurred

What is the disadvantage of using maximum entropy without explicit constraints?

Select one:

a. It can only handle a small number of variables

b. It cannot handle missing data

c. It makes a lot of assumptions about the data

d. It cannot handle outliers

Z
In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to
infer the truth of a statement based on the

falsehood of another statement and the truth of a third statement?

EN
Select one:

a. Disjunctive syllogism

b. Affirming the consequent

c. Modus tollens

d. Modus ponens
R

What is Bayes' theorem used for?

Select one:

a. To calculate the probability of an event occurring based on previous events

b. To calculate the probability of an event occurring based on the probability of all other
events

c. To calculate the probability of an event occurring based on the probability of its opposite
occurring

d. To calculate the probability of an event occurring based on the likelihood of other events
What is a cost matrix in the context of machine learning?

Select one:

a. A matrix that represents the cost of making predictions

b. A matrix that represents the cost of implementing a model

c. A matrix that represents the cost of training a model

d. A matrix that represents the cost of deploying a model

Which of the following is NOT a common method of mitigating risks?

Select one:

Z
a. Transferring the risk to another party

b. Accepting the risk

c. Reducing the likelihood of the risk occurring

EN
d. Increasing the impact of the risk

What is the main concept of Dempster-Shafer theory?

Select one:

a. Probability

b. Statistics
R

c. Belief

d. Decision making

What is fuzzy logic?

Select one:

a. A form of artificial intelligence that uses probabilistic reasoning

b. A form of artificial intelligence that uses heuristic reasoning

c. A form of artificial intelligence that uses logical reasoning

d. A form of artificial intelligence that uses approximate reasoning

In which of the following scenarios would a heuristic search algorithm be least useful?

Select one:

a. When the search space is large and the optimal solution is not important

b. When the search space is small and the optimal solution is not important

c. When the search space is small and the optimal solution is important

d. When the search space is large and the optimal solution is important

Z
Which of the following is NOT a reason why godelization is important in the field of computer
science?

Select one:
EN
a. It allows for the verification of the correctness of software programs

b. It allows for the creation of secure codes and algorithms

c. It allows for the generation of random numbers

d. It allows for the representation of all possible computations within a system

In what way is the principle of maximum entropy related to the principle of minimum
information?
R

Select one:

a. The principle of maximum entropy is a special case of the principle of minimum

information

b. The principle of minimum information is a special case of the principle of maximum

entropy

c. They are equivalent

d. They are independent of each other

What type of information is used in maximum entropy without explicit constraints?

Select one:

a. Only the mean and standard deviation of the data

b. Only the median and mode of the data

c. Any information that is available about the data

d. Only the shape of the data

What is a fuzzy rule in the context of fuzzy logic?

Select one:

a. A rule that defines an imprecise relationship between input and output variables

Z
b. A rule that defines a probabilistic relationship between input and output variables

c. A rule that defines a precise relationship between input and output variables

d. A rule that defines a heuristic relationship between input and output variables
EN
What is the space complexity of a breadth-first search algorithm when applied to a graph
with V vertices and E edges?

Select one:

a. O(V)

b. O(V * E)

c. O(V + E)
R

d. O(E)

In a binary cost matrix, how many rows and columns are there?

Select one:

a. 2 rows and 2 columns

b. 2 rows and 1 column

c. 1 row and 1 column

d. 1 row and 2 columns

What is maximum entropy without explicit constraints?

Select one:

a. A statistical model that makes the least amount of assumptions about the data

b. A statistical model that assumes the data is random

c. A statistical model that makes the most amount of assumptions about the data

d. A statistical model that assumes the data follows a specific distribution

Which of the following statements about the principle of maximum entropy is NOT true?

Z
Select one:

a. It assumes that the system is in a state of maximum disorder

b. It can be used to predict the probability of different outcomes in a system

EN
c. It is based on the idea that the probability of a state is proportional to its energy

d. It is used to predict the behavior of a system in equilibrium

Which of the following statements about the principle of maximum entropy is NOT true?

Select one:

a. It is based on the idea that the probability of a state is inversely proportional to its energy
R

b. It can be used to predict the probability of different outcomes in a system

c. It is used to predict the behavior of a system in equilibrium

d. It assumes that the system is in a state of maximum order

Dempster-Shafer theory is commonly used in which of the following fields?

Select one:

a. Quantum mechanics

b. Artificial intelligence
c. Decision making

d. Probability and statistics

If the probability of event A occurring is 0.5 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.5,

what is the probability of neither event A

nor B occurring?

Select one:

a. 0

b. 0.5

Z
c. 1

d. 0.25
EN
What is the purpose of fuzzy logic in control systems?

Select one:

a. To provide precise, binary control over system variables

b. To provide imprecise, approximate control over system variables

c. To provide probabilistic control over system variables

d. To provide heuristic control over system variables

R

Which of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have
influenced the field of cognitive science?

Select one:

a. They have sparked debates about the possibility of creating a truly intelligent machine

b. They have led to new discussions about the limitations of human reasoning

c. They have led to the development of new theories about the nature of thought

d. They have led to the abandonment of the study of cognition

What is the process of adding new nodes to the search tree in A* search called?

Select one:

a. Pathfinding

b. Node expansion

c. Graph traversal

d. Route planning

Which of the following is NOT a step in the process of using a cost matrix to assess and
manage risks?

Z
Select one:

a. Identifying potential risks

EN
b. Implementing risk mitigation measures

c. Evaluating the likelihood and impact of each risk

d. Determining the cost of each risk

How often is the legal guidance in LEXMED updated?

Select one:

a. Monthly
R

b. Annually

c. Daily

d. Weekly

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of greedy search algorithms?

Select one:

a. They are efficient (meaning they can search large spaces quickly)

b. They are optimal (meaning they will always find the best solution)
c. They are systematic (meaning they consider all possible options before making a
decision)

d. They are complete (meaning they will always find a solution if one exists)

What is the goal of maximum entropy without explicit constraints?

Select one:

a. To maximize the likelihood of the data

b. To find the most probable distribution of the data given the available information

c. To fit the data as closely as possible

d. To make the most accurate predictions about the data

Z
What is the main disadvantage of using iterative deepening over a breadth-first search
algorithm?
EN
Select one:

a. It requires more memory to store the visited nodes

b. It requires less memory to store the visited nodes

c. It requires more computation time to search the tree

d. It requires less computation time to search the tree

R

Which of the following is NOT a criterion for a statement to be considered provable within a
godelized system of logic?

Select one:

a. It is a theorem of the system

b. It is a negation of a theorem of the system

c. It is a contradiction of a theorem of the system

d. It is a combination of theorems of the system

Which of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have
influenced the field of artificial intelligence?

Select one:

a. They have led to the abandonment of the use of artificial intelligence

b. They have led to new discussions about the limitations of machine learning

c. They have sparked debates about the possibility of creating a truly intelligent machine

d. They have led to the development of new artificial intelligence algorithms

In first-order predicate logic, what is a Herbrand universe?

Select one:

Z
a. A set of predicates that satisfy a given formula

b. A set of logical symbols that satisfy a given formula

EN
c. A set of objects that satisfy a given formula

d. A set of functions that satisfy a given formula

In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to
infer the falsehood of a statement based on

the falsehood of another statement?

Select one:
R

a. Denying the antecedent

b. Affirming the consequent

c. Modus ponens

d. Modus tollens

In Dempster-Shafer theory, the "conflict resolution rule" is used to:

Select one:

a. Resolve conflicts between the beliefs and plausibilities of multiple events

b. Calculate the probability of an event occurring

c. Combine the beliefs and plausibilities of multiple events

d. Ensure that the belief and plausibility functions are properly normalized

Which of the following best describes the process of greedy search?

Select one:

a. Starting at the beginning and working towards the end, always choosing the next step that
leads to the highest cost

b. Starting at the beginning and working towards the end, always choosing the optimal next
step

Z
c. Starting at the end and working towards the beginning, always choosing the optimal next
step

d. Starting at the end and working towards the beginning, always choosing the next step that
leads to the highest cost
EN
In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to
infer the truth of a statement based on the

truth of at least one of multiple other statements?

Select one:

a. Modus ponens
R

b. Disjunction

c. Modus tollens

d. Affirming the consequent

In a cost matrix, which of the following represents the highest priority risk?

Select one:

a. Low likelihood, high impact

b. High likelihood, low impact

c. Low likelihood, low impact

d. High likelihood, high impact

In first-order predicate logic, what is an open formula?

Select one:

a. A formula that contains only predicates

b. A formula that contains a free variable

c. A formula that contains only closed terms

d. A formula that is always true

Z
In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to
infer the truth of a statement based on the

truth of another statement and the truth of a third statement?

EN
Select one:

a. Modus tollens

b. Affirming the consequent

c. Modus ponens

d. Hypothetical syllogism

Which of the following is NOT a factor that can impact the performance of heuristic search
R

algorithms?

Select one:

a. The quality of the heuristic function

b. The type of problem being solved

c. The number of processors in the computer

d. The size of the search space

In a binary cost matrix, how many rows and columns are there?
Select one:

a. 2 rows and 1 column

b. 2 rows and 2 columns

c. 1 row and 1 column

d. 1 row and 2 columns

In a binary cost matrix, what is the cost of predicting the negative class when the actual
class is negative called?

Select one:

a. The true negative cost

Z
b. The true positive cost

c. The false negative cost

EN
d. The false positive cost

In a cost matrix, which of the following represents the lowest priority risk?

Select one:

a. High likelihood, high impact

b. Low likelihood, high impact

R

c. Low likelihood, low impact

d. High likelihood, low impact

Which of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have
influenced the field of philosophy of mind?

Select one:

a. They have led to the abandonment of the study of the philosophy of mind

b. They have led to the development of new theories about the nature of mind
c. They have sparked debates about the possibility of artificial intelligence

d. They have led to new discussions about the nature of consciousness

What is a fuzzy rule in the context of fuzzy logic?

Select one:

a. A rule that defines a heuristic relationship between input and output variables

b. A rule that defines a precise relationship between input and output variables

c. A rule that defines a probabilistic relationship between input and output variables

d. A rule that defines an imprecise relationship between input and output variables

Z
What is the probability of an event occurring if it is certain to happen?

Select one:
EN
a. 50%

b. 0%

c. 100%

d. It cannot be determined
R

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of fuzzy logic?

Select one:

a. It can handle uncertainty and imprecision

b. It can provide a more human-like approach to decision making

c. It is based on precise, binary values

d. It can handle complex, non-linear relationships

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a godelized system of logic?

Select one:

a. It is able to prove all false statements within the system

b. It is able to prove its own consistency

c. It is able to prove all true statements within the system

d. It is able to represent all possible statements within the system

Which of the following is NOT a criterion for a formal system to be subject to Gödel's
incompleteness theorems?

Select one:

a. The system must be consistent

Z
b. The system must be capable of expressing basic arithmetic

c. The system must be complete

EN
d. The system must be finite

What is the name of the godelized system of logic that is based on the axioms of set theory?

Select one:

a. PA set theory

b. ZF set theory

c. PA+ set theory

R

d. ZFC set theory

What is the purpose of using a cost matrix in the binary case?

Select one:

a. To penalize incorrect predictions differently based on the predicted class

b. To penalize correct predictions differently based on the actual class

c. To penalize incorrect predictions differently based on the actual class

d. To penalize correct predictions differently based on the predicted class

What is the primary advantage of using a breadth-first search algorithm over a depth-first
search algorithm?

Select one:

a. It is more accurate and reliable

b. It explores the entire search space more thoroughly

c. It is faster and requires less processing power

Z
d. It is easier to implement and understand
EN
In first-order predicate logic, what is a Herbrand model?

Select one:

a. A set of logical symbols that satisfy a given formula

b. A set of functions that satisfy a given formula

c. A set of objects that satisfy a given formula

d. A set of predicates that satisfy a given formula

R

In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to
infer the truth of a statement based on the

truth of multiple other statements?

Select one:

a. Affirming the consequent

b. Modus ponens

c. Conjunction

d. Modus tollens
Which of the following is NOT one of Gödel's incompleteness theorems?

Select one:

a. The completeness of formal systems

b. The consistency of formal systems

c. The consistency of arithmetic

d. The incompleteness of formal systems

Which of the following is NOT a way that the principle of maximum entropy can be used in
economics?

Z
Select one:

a. To model market equilibrium

EN
b. To predict consumer behavior

c. To calculate the cost of production

d. To model risk and uncertainty

What is the main concept of Dempster-Shafer theory?

Select one:

a. Decision making
R

b. Statistics

c. Belief

d. Probability

If the probability of event A occurring is 0.5 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.5,
what is the probability of both event A and

B occurring?

Select one:
a. 0.5

b. 0

c. 1

d. 0.25

What is the primary goal of godelization?

Select one:

a. To encode information in a way that is resistant to tampering or corruption

b. To create a system of logic that is consistent but incomplete

Z
c. To create a system of logic that is consistent and complete

d. To prove the existence of God

EN
What is the goal of maximum entropy without explicit constraints?

Select one:

a. To fit the data as closely as possible

b. To find the most probable distribution of the data given the available information

c. To make the most accurate predictions about the data

d. To maximize the likelihood of the data

R

Which of the following is NOT a factor that can impact the performance of heuristic search
algorithms?

Select one:

a. The number of processors in the computer

b. The quality of the heuristic function

c. The size of the search space

d. The type of problem being solved

How does the heuristic function in A* search work?

Select one:

a. It estimates the cost of the shortest path from the current node to the goal node

b. It estimates the cost of all possible paths from the current node to the goal node

c. It estimates the cost of the longest path from the current node to the goal node

d. It estimates the cost of the most efficient path from the current node to the goal node

In first-order predicate logic, what is a quantifier?

Select one:

Z
a. A logical symbol that represents a negation

b. A symbol that specifies the scope of a variable

c. A function that returns a value based on its input

EN
d. A logical symbol that represents a relationship between objects

In a cost matrix, what does the impact of a risk refer to?

Select one:

a. The probability of the risk occurring

b. The severity of the risk

R

c. The frequency of the risk

d. The duration of the risk

Which of the following is NOT a factor that is typically considered when evaluating the
impact of a risk?

Select one:

a. Reputational impact

b. Financial impact

c. Legal impact
d. Frequency of occurrence

In a binary cost matrix, what is the cost of predicting the negative class when the actual
class is negative called?

Select one:

a. The false positive cost

b. The true negative cost

c. The true positive cost

d. The false negative cost

Z
Which of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have
influenced the field of artificial intelligence?

Select one:
EN
a. They have sparked debates about the possibility of creating a truly intelligent machine

b. They have led to the abandonment of the use of artificial intelligence

c. They have led to the development of new artificial intelligence algorithms

d. They have led to new discussions about the limitations of machine learning

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of supervised learning?

R

Select one:

a. The learning algorithm is able to learn from unstructured data

b. The learning algorithm is given examples of correct input-output pairs

c. The learning algorithm is able to learn from small amounts of data

d. The input and output variables are known in advance

What is an advantage of depth-first search over breadth-first search?

Select one:

a. Depth-first search is more efficient

b. Depth-first search is faster

c. Depth-first search uses less memory

d. Depth-first search is more flexible and can be easily modified to solve different types of
problems

What is subjective probability?

Select one:

a. A probability based on an individual's beliefs, opinions, and experiences

Z
b. A probability based on statistical analysis

c. A probability based on objective, observable data

EN
d. A probability based on a coin flip

What is the probability of an event occurring if it is impossible to happen?

Select one:

a. 100%

b. It cannot be determined
R

c. 50%

d. 0%

What is the advantage of using maximum entropy without explicit constraints over other
statistical models?

Select one:

a. It can handle outliers

b. All of the above

c. It can handle a large number of variables

d. It can handle missing data

In which type of games is minmax search commonly used?

Select one:

a. Games with random elements

b. Single-player games

c. Multiplayer games

d. Games with perfect information, such as chess and tic-tac-toe

What is the main goal of data mining?

Select one:

Z
EN
a. To visualize data in a meaningful way

b. To discover patterns and relationships in data

c. To collect as much data as possible

d. To store and organize data efficiently

Which of the following is NOT a criterion for a statement to be considered unprovable within
a godelized system of logic?
R

Select one:

a. It is not a theorem of the system

b. It is not a combination of theorems of the system

c. It is not a negation of a theorem of the system

d. It is not a contradiction of a theorem of the system

What is the main advantage of using iterative deepening over a breadth-first search
algorithm?

Select one:

a. It allows the search to cover fewer nodes in less time

b. It allows the search to cover more nodes in less time

c. It allows the search to cover fewer nodes in more time

d. It allows the search to cover more nodes in more time

How is the Shannon entropy calculated in maximum entropy without explicit constraints?

Select one:

Z
a. By summing the logarithms of the probabilities of all the events in the distribution

b. By taking the mean of the probabilities of all the events in the distribution
EN
c. By summing the probabilities of all the events in the distribution

d. By taking the median of the probabilities of all the events in the distribution

In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to
infer the truth of a statement based on the

truth of its opposite?

Select one:
R

a. Modus ponens

b. Modus tollens

c. Denying the antecedent

d. Affirming the consequent

What are some factors that can influence an individual's subjective probability?

Select one:

a. Personal beliefs, opinions, and experiences

b. Objective, observable data and statistical analysis

c. The outcome of a coin flip

d. All of the above

Which of the following data structures is typically used to implement a breadth-first search
algorithm?

Select one:

a. Stack

b. Queue

c. Hash table

Z
d. Heap
EN
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of Gödel's incompleteness theorems?

Select one:

a. There are always true but unprovable statements within a given formal system

b. There are always provable statements within a given formal system

c. There are always unprovable statements within a given formal system

d. There are always false but unprovable statements within a given formal system
R

Which of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have
influenced the field of cognitive science?

Select one:

a. They have sparked debates about the possibility of creating a truly intelligent machine

b. They have led to new discussions about the limitations of human reasoning

c. They have led to the abandonment of the study of cognition

d. They have led to the development of new theories about the nature of thought
Which of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have
influenced the field of philosophy?

Select one:

a. They have led to the development of new philosophical systems

b. They have led to the abandonment of the use of reasoning

c. They have led to new discussions about the nature of reality

d. They have sparked debates about the limits of knowledge

What is an example of a data mining task?

Select one:

Z
a. Determining the best location for a new store based on population data

b. Collecting data from multiple sources

EN
c. Visualizing data on a chart

d. Organizing data into a database

In first-order predicate logic, what is a substitution instance of a formula?

Select one:

a. A formula obtained by negating the original formula

b. A formula obtained by replacing some or all of the quantifiers in the original formula with
R

logical symbols

c. A formula obtained by replacing some or all of the variables in the original formula with
constants

d. A formula obtained by replacing some or all of the predicates in the original formula with
functions

What is an example of a problem that can be solved using depth-first search?

Select one:
a. Determining if a graph is bipartite

b. Sorting a list of numbers

c. Finding the shortest path between two nodes in a graph

d. Finding the largest number in a list

If the probability of event A occurring is 0.6 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.4,
what is the probability of neither event A

nor B occurring?

Select one:

a. 1

Z
b. 0.4

c. 0.6
EN
d. 0

In a binary cost matrix, what is the cost of predicting the negative class when the actual
class is positive called?

Select one:

a. The false negative cost

b. The true positive cost

R

c. The false positive cost

d. The true negative cost

In Dempster-Shafer theory, the "combination rule" is used to:

Select one:

a. Calculate the level of disagreement about the likelihood of an event

b. Determine the level of uncertainty about an event

c. Combine the beliefs and plausibilities of multiple events

d. Calculate the probability of an event occurring

Which of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have
influenced the field of computer science?

Select one:

a. They have sparked debates about the limitations of computation

b. They have led to the abandonment of the use of computers

c. They have led to the development of new algorithms

d. They have led to the development of new programming languages

Z
In what way is the principle of maximum entropy related to the principle of maximum
ignorance?
EN
Select one:

a. The principle of maximum entropy is a special case of the principle of maximum ignorance

b. They are independent of each other

c. The principle of maximum ignorance is a special case of the principle of maximum entropy

d. They are equivalent

R

In Dempster-Shafer theory, the "plausibility function" is defined as:

Select one:

a. The likelihood that an event will occur

b. The probability that an event will occur

c. The degree of belief that an event will occur

d. The level of uncertainty about an event

Which of the following is NOT a criterion for a formal system to be subject to Gödel's
incompleteness theorems?

Select one:

a. The system must be complete

b. The system must be consistent

c. The system must be capable of expressing basic arithmetic

d. The system must be finite

Which of the following is NOT a factor that is typically considered when evaluating the
likelihood of a risk?

Z
Select one:

a. Duration of the risk

b. Probability of occurrence
EN
c. Severity of the risk

d. Likelihood of detection

In Dempster-Shafer theory, the "conflict function" is defined as:

Select one:

a. The degree of belief that an event will occur

R

b. The likelihood that an event will occur

c. The level of disagreement about the likelihood of an event

d. The probability that an event will occur

Which of the following is NOT a way in which godelization can be used in practice?

Select one:

a. To create unbreakable codes for secure communication

b. To generate random numbers

c. To prove the consistency of mathematical theories

d. To verify the correctness of software programs

In first-order predicate logic, what is a Herbrand base?

Select one:

a. A set of objects that satisfy a given formula

b. A set of logical symbols that satisfy a given formula

c. A set of predicates that satisfy a given formula

d. A set of functions that satisfy a given formula

Z
Which of the following is NOT a step in the process of using a cost matrix to assess and
manage risks?
EN
Select one:

a. Determining the cost of each risk

b. Implementing risk mitigation measures

c. Identifying potential risks

d. Evaluating the likelihood and impact of each risk

If the probability of event A occurring is 0.6 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.4,
R

what is the probability of either event A or

B occurring?

Select one:

a. 0.1

b. 0.4

c. 1

d. 0.6
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of fuzzy logic?

Select one:

a. It is based on precise, binary values

b. It can handle complex, non-linear relationships

c. It can handle uncertainty and imprecision

d. It can provide a more human-like approach to decision making

What is the principle of maximum entropy used for in statistical mechanics?

Select one:

Z
a. To determine the probability distribution of a system's energy states

b. To predict the movement of particles in a system

c. To estimate the temperature of a system

EN
d. To calculate the pressure of a gas

What is a disadvantage of fuzzy logic compared to traditional logical reasoning?

Select one:

a. It is less flexible and adaptable

b. It is less accurate and reliable

R

c. It is more difficult to implement and understand

d. It is more computationally expensive

What is the main principle behind greedy search algorithms?

Select one:

a. Minimizing the cost of the path

b. Minimizing the number of steps in the path

c. Maximizing the number of steps in the path

d. Maximizing the cost of the path

In a cost matrix, what does the likelihood of a risk occurring refer to?

Select one:

a. The frequency of the risk

b. The duration of the risk

c. The impact of the risk

d. The probability of the risk occurring

Z
What is the primary goal of risk management using cost matrices?

Select one:
EN
a. To maximize the likelihood of risks occurring

b. To minimize the cost of risks

c. To minimize the probability of risks occurring

d. To minimize the impact of risks

How might an individual's subjective probabilities change over time?

R

Select one:

a. They will remain constant, as subjective probabilities are based on objective, observable
data and statistical analysis

b. They may change based on new beliefs, opinions, and experiences

c. They will remain constant, as subjective probabilities are based on a coin flip

d. They may change based on the outcome of a coin flip

What is a potential drawback of data mining?

Select one:
a. All of the above

b. It can be time-consuming and resource-intensive

c. It can be biased if the data is not representative of the population

d. It can be inaccurate if the data is not properly cleaned and processed

If there are two events, each with a probability of 50%, what is the probability that at least
one of them will occur?

Select one:

a. 25%

b. 0%

Z
c. 75%

d. 50%
EN
Which of the following is NOT a typical application of breadth-first search?

Select one:

a. Traversing a tree or graph data structure

b. Pathfinding in a maze or grid

c. Searching a database for a specific record

d. Sorting a list of numbers

R

What is the main difference between IDA* search and depth-first search (DFS)?

Select one:

a. IDA* search is faster than DFS

b. IDA* search is more memory-efficient than DFS

c. IDA* search is more accurate than DFS

d. IDA* search uses a heuristic function to guide the search, while DFS does not
What does "P(B|A)" represent in Bayes' theorem?

Select one:

a. The probability of event A occurring given that event B has occurred

b. The probability of event A occurring regardless of whether event B has occurred or not

c. The probability of event A occurring given that event B has not occurred

d. The probability of event B occurring given that event A has occurred

What is a fuzzy set in the context of fuzzy logic?

Select one:

Z
a. A set of values that are defined with imprecise boundaries

b. A set of values that are defined with probabilistic boundaries

c. A set of values that are defined with precise boundaries

EN
d. A set of values that are defined with heuristic boundaries

What is the main difference between depth-first search and breadth-first search?

Select one:

a. Depth-first search explores all the children of a node before exploring its siblings, while
breadth-first search explores all

the siblings of a node before exploring its children

R

b. Breadth-first search is more efficient than depth-first search

c. Depth-first search is more efficient than breadth-first search

d. Depth-first search is only used to search trees, while breadth-first search is only used to
search graphs

Can Bayes' theorem be used to calculate the probability of an event occurring given multiple
other events that are not independent of
each other?

Select one:

a. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) + P(C|A) + ...

b. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) * P(C|A) * ...

c. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
given another event

d. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
independently of any other events

In Dempster-Shafer theory, the "normalization rule" is used to:

Z
Select one:

a. Ensure that the belief and plausibility functions are properly normalized

b. Determine the level of uncertainty about an event

EN
c. Calculate the probability of an event occurring

d. Combine the beliefs and plausibilities of multiple events

Which of the following is NOT a type of heuristic search algorithm?

Select one:

a. A* search
R

b. Hill climbing

c. Best-first search

d. Dijkstra's algorithm

What is the time complexity of a breadth-first search algorithm when applied to a graph with
V vertices and E edges?

Select one:

a. O(E)

b. O(V * E)
c. O(V)

d. O(V + E)

What is a common application of data mining in business?

Select one:

a. To increase sales

b. To optimize production processes

c. All of the above

d. To improve customer service

Z
If the probability of event A occurring is 0.5 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.5,
what is the probability of both event A and
EN
B occurring?

Select one:

a. 1

b. 0.25

c. 0.5

d. 0
R

What is a common method used in data mining to discover patterns and relationships in
data?

Select one:

a. Data visualization

b. Machine learning

c. Data collection

d. Data storage and organization

Which of the following is NOT a way that the principle of maximum entropy can be used in
economics?

Select one:

a. To calculate the cost of production

b. To predict consumer behavior

c. To model risk and uncertainty

d. To model market equilibrium

In a cost matrix, what does the cost of a risk refer to?

Select one:

Z
a. The duration of the risk

b. The severity of the risk

EN
c. The probability of the risk occurring

d. The estimated cost of mitigating the risk

In a cost matrix, what does the risk priority refer to?

Select one:

a. The risk rating

b. The duration of the risk

R

c. The severity of the risk

d. The probability of the risk occurring

In Dempster-Shafer theory, the "belief function" is defined as:

Select one:

a. The probability that an event will occur

b. The degree of belief that an event will occur

c. The likelihood that an event will occur

d. The level of uncertainty about an event

What is maximum entropy without explicit constraints?

Select one:

a. A statistical model that assumes the data is random

b. A statistical model that makes the least amount of assumptions about the data

c. A statistical model that assumes the data follows a specific distribution

d. A statistical model that makes the most amount of assumptions about the data

Z
How do subjective probabilities differ from objective probabilities?

Select one:

a. Subjective probabilities are based on a coin flip, while objective probabilities are based on
EN
an individual's beliefs, opinions,

and experiences

b. Subjective probabilities are based on statistical analysis, while objective probabilities are
based on an individual's beliefs,

opinions, and experiences

c. Subjective probabilities are based on an individual's beliefs, opinions, and experiences,

while objective probabilities are
R

based on objective, observable data

d. Subjective probabilities are based on objective, observable data, while objective

probabilities are based on an individual's

beliefs, opinions, and experiences

What is the main advantage of heuristic search over other search algorithms?

Select one:

a. It is faster
b. It can find solutions to problems with a large search space more efficiently

c. It can find solutions to problems with a small search space more efficiently

d. It is more accurate

What is the name of the godelized system of logic that is based on the axioms of intuitionistic
type theory?

Select one:

a. PA set theory

b. ZFC set theory

c. PA+ set theory

Z
d. ZF set theory
EN
How does minmax search work?

Select one:

a. By evaluating all possible moves and selecting the one with the highest score

b. By evaluating all possible moves and selecting the one that leads to the lowest score for
the player and the highest score for

the opponent
R

c. By evaluating all possible moves and selecting the one with the lowest score

d. By evaluating all possible moves and selecting the one that leads to the highest score for
the player and the lowest score

for the opponent

In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to
infer the truth of a statement based on the

truth of at least one of multiple other statements?

Select one:

a. Affirming the consequent

b. Disjunction

c. Modus tollens

d. Modus ponens

Alpha-beta pruning is based on the idea that:

Select one:

a. When the alpha value is greater than the beta value, the search can be stopped because
the maximizing player will not

Z
choose a move that leads to a worse score
EN
b. None of the above

c. When the alpha and beta values are equal, the search can be stopped because both
players will choose the same move

d. When the beta value is greater than the alpha value, the search can be stopped because
the minimizing player will not

choose a move that leads to a worse score

R

In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to
infer the truth of a statement based on the

truth of another statement and the truth of a third statement?

Select one:

a. Affirming the consequent

b. Modus ponens

c. Hypothetical syllogism
d. Modus tollens

In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is NOT a valid inference rule?

Select one:

a. Modus ponens

b. Affirming the consequent

c. Denying the antecedent

d. Modus tollens

Z
What makes A* search different from other search algorithms?

Select one:

a. It uses a heuristic function to guide the search

EN
b. It only considers paths that are at least as good as the current path

c. It only considers paths that are better than the current path

d. It considers all possible paths, regardless of their cost

What is the space complexity of depth-first search in terms of the maximum depth of the
search tree, d?
R

Select one:

a. O

b. O(m)

c. O(d)

d. O(1)

Which of the following is NOT a requirement for using LEXMED?

Select one:
a. A valid medical license

b. A valid LEXMED subscription

c. A stable internet connection

d. A valid legal license

In a cost matrix, what does the columns represent?

Select one:

a. The cost of making a prediction

b. The predicted class

Z
c. The probability of a prediction

d. The actual class

EN
What is the purpose of using a cost matrix in the binary case?

Select one:

a. To penalize correct predictions differently based on the actual class

b. To penalize correct predictions differently based on the predicted class

c. To penalize incorrect predictions differently based on the predicted class

d. To penalize incorrect predictions differently based on the actual class

R

How might subjective probabilities be used in risk assessment?

Select one:

a. By relying solely on objective, observable data and statistical analysis

b. By taking into account an individual's beliefs, opinions, and experiences about the
likelihood and consequences of

potential risks
c. By calculating objective, observable data and statistical analysis

d. By using a coin flip to determine the likelihood of potential risks

In a cost matrix, what does the rows represent?

Select one:

a. The cost of making a prediction

b. The predicted class

c. The probability of a prediction

d. The actual class

Z
In supervised learning, which of the following is NOT a common problem that can occur
during the training process?
EN
Select one:

a. Overfitting

b. Data leakage

c. Underfitting

d. Class imbalance

Which of the following is NOT a factor that should be considered when deciding whether or
R

not to use LEXMED?

Select one:

a. The specific needs of the medical practice

b. The legal and ethical implications of using LEXMED

c. The preferences of the medical professionals

d. The cost of the LEXMED subscription

If the probability of event A occurring is 0.6 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.4,
what is the probability of either event A or B
occurring?

Select one:

a. 1

b. 0.6

c. 0.4

d. 0.1

In a binary cost matrix, what do the elements in the second row and second column
represent?

Select one:

Z
a. The cost of predicting the positive class when the actual class is negative

b. The cost of predicting the positive class when the actual class is positive
EN
c. The cost of predicting the negative class when the actual class is positive

d. The cost of predicting the negative class when the actual class is negative

In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to
infer the truth of a statement based on the

falsehood of all other statements in a given set?

Select one:
R

a. Exclusive disjunction

b. Modus ponens

c. Affirming the consequent

d. Modus tollens

What is the process of using A* search to find the shortest path between two nodes called?

Select one:

a. Pathfinding
b. Node expansion

c. Route planning

d. Graph traversal

IDA* search is a type of search algorithm used for what purpose?

Select one:

a. Solving problems involving game trees

b. Sorting data in ascending or descending order

c. Finding patterns in large datasets

Z
d. Storing and retrieving data from a database

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of greedy search algorithms?

EN
Select one:

a. They are complete (meaning they will always find a solution if one exists)

b. They are efficient (meaning they can search large spaces quickly)

c. They are optimal (meaning they will always find the best solution)

d. They are systematic (meaning they consider all possible options before making a
decision)
R

Alpha-beta pruning is a technique used in:

Select one:

a. Graph traversal algorithms

b. Search algorithms

c. Hash table algorithms

d. Sorting algorithms

IDA* search is an example of what type of search algorithm?

a. Depth-first search

b. Iterative deepening search

c. Breadth-first search

d. Best-first search

Can Bayes' theorem be used to calculate the probability of multiple events occurring
simultaneously?

a. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) * P(C|A) * ...

b. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
independently of any other events

Z
c. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) + P(C|A) + ...

d. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
given another event
EN
In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to
infer the truth of a statement based on the

truth of its opposite?

Select one:

a. Modus tollens

b. Affirming the consequent

R

c. Denying the antecedent

d. Modus ponens

What is the advantage of using maximum entropy without explicit constraints over other
statistical models?

Select one:

a. It can handle missing data

b. It can handle outliers

c. It can handle a large number of variables

d. All of the above

Which of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have
influenced the field of philosophy of language?

Select one:

a. They have led to the development of new theories about the nature of language

b. They have sparked debates about the relationship between language and thought

c. They have led to new discussions about the nature of meaning

d. They have led to the abandonment of the study of the philosophy of language

Z
IDA* search is used in what type of problems?

a. Problems with a large number of possible solutions

EN
b. Problems with a small number of solutions

c. Problems with a known solution

d. Problems with a fixed number of steps

If the probability of event A occurring is 0.6 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.4,
what is the probability of either event A or

B occurring?
R

a. 1

b. 0.6

c. 0.4

d. 0.1

What is an example of a real-world application of fuzzy logic?

Select one:

a. Automatic temperature control systems

b. Automatic traffic control systems

c. Automatic image recognition systems

d. Automatic stock trading systems

In a binary cost matrix, what do the elements in the first row and first column represent?

a. The cost of predicting the negative class when the actual class is negative

b. The cost of predicting the negative class when the actual class is positive

c. The cost of predicting the positive class when the actual class is positive

d. The cost of predicting the positive class when the actual class is negative

Z
In a binary cost matrix, what do the elements in the second row and second column
represent?
EN
a. The cost of predicting the positive class when the actual class is negative

b. The cost of predicting the positive class when the actual class is positive

c. The cost of predicting the negative class when the actual class is negative

d. The cost of predicting the negative class when the actual class is positive

In which of the following scenarios would a heuristic search algorithm be least useful?

Select one:
R

a. When the search space is small and the optimal solution is important

b. When the search space is large and the optimal solution is important

c. When the search space is large and the optimal solution is not important

d. When the search space is small and the optimal solution is not important

What is the main advantage of heuristic search algorithms over traditional search algorithms,
such as breadth-first or depth-first

search?
Select one:

a. They use less memory

b. They can find solutions more quickly in some cases

c. They are faster

d. They can find solutions more accurately in some cases

What is an example of a heuristic search algorithm?

Select one:

a. A* search

Z
b. Depth-first search

c. Breadth-first search

d. Dijkstra's algorithm
EN
What is the primary benefit of using a cost matrix to assess and manage risks?

Select one:

a. It allows for the identification of previously unrecognized risks

b. It provides a comprehensive analysis of risks

c. It allows for the quantification of risks

R

d. It allows for quick and easy comparison of risks

What are some factors that can influence an individual's subjective probability?

Select one:

a. The outcome of a coin flip

b. Personal beliefs, opinions, and experiences

c. All of the above

d. Objective, observable data and statistical analysis

In Dempster-Shafer theory, the "conflict resolution rule" is used to:

Select one:

a. Ensure that the belief and plausibility functions are properly normalized

b. Combine the beliefs and plausibilities of multiple events

c. Calculate the probability of an event occurring

d. Resolve conflicts between the beliefs and plausibilities of multiple events

In first-order predicate logic, what is a Herbrand interpretation?

Z
a. A set of logical symbols that satisfy a given formula

b. A set of objects that satisfy a given formula

c. A set of functions that satisfy a given formula

EN
d. A set of predicates that satisfy a given formula

Can subjective probabilities be used to make decisions in a group setting?

a. Yes, subjective probabilities can be used to make group decisions by relying on a majority
vote

b. Yes, subjective probabilities can be used to inform group decisions by taking into account
the beliefs, opinions, and
R

experiences of all group members

c. No, subjective probabilities are based on a coin flip and cannot be used to make group
decisions

d. No, subjective probabilities are based on individual beliefs, opinions, and experiences and
cannot be used to make group

decisions
In Dempster-Shafer theory, the "plausibility function" is defined as:

a. The likelihood that an event will occur

b. The degree of belief that an event will occur

c. The probability that an event will occur

d. The level of uncertainty about an event

In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to
infer the truth of a statement based on the

truth of another statement?

Select one:

Z
a. Affirming the consequent

b. Modus ponens
EN
c. Denying the antecedent

d. Modus tollens

How do you calculate the probability of multiple events occurring independently of each
other using Bayes' theorem?

a. By using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) / P(B) + P(C) / P(D) + ...

b. By using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) * P(C|A) * ...

R

c. By using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) / P(B) * P(C) / P(D) * ...

d. By using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) + P(C|A) + ...

If the probability of event A occurring is 0.6 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.4,
what is the probability of event B

occurring given that event A has already occurred?

a. 0.6

b. 0

c. 0.4
d. 1

If the probability of event A occurring is 0.6 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.4,
what is the probability of either event A or

B occurring?

Select one:

a. 0.4

b. 0.1

c. 0.6

d. 1

Z
In what type of search problem is it guaranteed that a heuristic search algorithm will find the
optimal solution?
EN
Select one:

a. Constraint satisfaction problems

b. Decision tree problems

c. None of the above

d. Traveling salesman problems

R

What is the purpose of minmax search?

Select one:

a. To find the minimum value in a set of numbers

b. To find the optimal move in a two-player game by minimizing the maximum possible loss

c. To find the maximum value in a set of numbers

d. To find the optimal move in a two-player game by maximizing the minimum possible gain

If the probability of event A occurring is 0.5 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.5,
what is the probability of neither event A
nor B occurring?

Select one:

a. 0

b. 0.5

c. 1

d. 0.25

What is the main disadvantage of using a greedy search algorithm?

Select one:

Z
a. They are not guaranteed to find the optimal solution

b. They are not guaranteed to find a solution

c. They can be slow when searching large spaces

EN
d. They may not consider all possible options before making a decision

In what type of search problem is it guaranteed that a heuristic search algorithm will find the
optimal solution in a reasonable amount

of time?

Select one:

a. None of the above

R

b. Decision tree problems

c. Constraint satisfaction problems

d. Traveling salesman problems

Which of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have
influenced the field of philosophy of

mathematics?

Select one:
a. They have sparked debates about the relationship between mathematics and reality

b. They have led to new discussions about the nature of mathematical truth

c. They have led to the development of new philosophical theories about mathematics

d. They have led to the abandonment of the study of the philosophy of mathematics

How is the maximum entropy distribution found in maximum entropy without explicit
constraints?

Select one:

a. By using a gradient descent algorithm

b. By using a support vector machine algorithm

Z
c. By using a least squares algorithm

d. By using an iterative optimization algorithm

EN
If the probability of event A occurring is 0.6 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.4,
what is the probability of event B

occurring given that event A has already occurred?

a. 0.6

b. 0

c. 0.4
R

d. 1

How often is the medical terminology in LEXMED updated?

a. Weekly

b. Monthly

c. Annually

d. Daily