PHONETICS QUESTION BANK - ELY

1. What are phonemes? How are they shown in transcription? Give examples.
Phonemes are sounds that can change the meaning of a word. They are shown in slant brackets in
transcription.
EXAMPLE: /r/ or /b/.
2. What are segments?
Segments are the combination of vowels and consonants.
3. Why is it important to achieve a pronunciation that can be easily understood?
To avoid irritating or distracting listeners. Also to avoid sound comical or make the listeners lose track of your
message. Furthermore, judgements of your overall ability in English are likely to be based on the impression
your pronunciation makes: if you sound like a beginner, you will be treated like a beginner.
4. What is a minimal pair? Give 2 examples using phonetic transcription of vowel contrasts and 2 of consonant
contrasts.
A set of two words with one phonemic difference.
EXAMPLE
- VOWELS: 1. red [´re:d] - rid [´rɪ:d] 2. buy [´baɪ] - boy [´bɔɪ]
- CONSONANTS: 1. pig [´pʰɪ: ɡ̊ ] - big [´bɪ: ɡ̊ ] 2. day [´deɪ] - they [´ðeɪ]
5. What are allophones? Give examples. How are they shown in transcription?
Allophones are variants that a phoneme has in its pronunciation, they could occur in free variation or in
complementary distribution and they cannot change the meaning of words. They are shown enclosed by
square brackets [ ] and using diacritics. EXAMPLES:
*Diacritics are marks placed above or below an allophone to indicate a particular pronunciation.
6. What is the difference between a phoneme and an allophone? Give 2 examples of phonemes and 2 of
allophones.
The difference between a phoneme and an allophone is that phonemes are sounds that can change the
meaning of words while allophones don’t change the meaning of words.
For example:

Phoneme : Cat – Bat AND "See" /si/ "Sea" /siː/ The /s/ sound in both words distinguishes between them,
changing the meaning from "see" to "sea."

Allophone: Cat - cad AND "Pat" /pʰæt/ (aspirated) "Spat" /spæt/ (unaspirated) The [pʰ] and [p] sounds are allophones of
the phoneme /p/, occurring in different phonetic contexts without changing meaning.

7. Why should language learners master all the phoneme contrasts?

Because phonemes change the meaning of the words so if leaners don’t master all the phoneme contrast it
could result in misunderstanding.
8. What is complementary distribution? Give 2 examples. What is free-variation? Give 2 examples.
Complementary distribution means that the different allophones complement each other; where one occurs,
the other cannot occur.
For example:
/d/ in door with rounded lips only before lip rounded sounds.
Vowels are shortened before voiceless consonants, like /s/. - the vowel s in "beast" is typically longer in
duration. the vowel in "beat" is typically pronounced with a shorter duration.

Free variation means that their occurrence cannot be predicted from the phonetic context.
For example:
/ t/ in a word final position as in hat. Here is possible to pronounce the t with or without glottal reinforcement
/ə/ "tomato" can be pronounced either as /təˈmeɪtəʊ/ or /tɒˈmeɪtəʊ/.
9. Why do phoneticians not rely on English orthography? Give examples.
Because phonemes can be spelled in many different ways, especially vowels. So instead of relying on the
orthography, phoneticians use transcriptions.
EXAMPLES:
Phoneme /i/ Me, See, Key, Pizza, Believe, etc.
10. What are homophones? Examples. What are homographs? Examples
Homophones Are words that have same pronunciation, but different meaning.
For example: Key and quay - Wait and weight - Know and no - Sea and see - Cite, sight, and site.
Homographs are words that have same spelling, but different pronunciation.
For example:
Letter: written paper –OR a-b-c
Bat: the animal OR the object to play baseball
11. What is phonemic transcription? Examples What is phonetic transcription? Examples. What are diacritics?
A phonemic transcription indicates only phonemes; this type is placed inside slant brackets.
Examples: /kôf/ /sôlt/ /trē/

A phonetic transcription shows more detailed allophonic distinctions, enclosed by square brackets.
Example: [phart] (with h that shows an allophone of “p”, is pronounced with aspiration)

Diacritics are marks added to symbols which indicate the allophonic distinctions; they provide extra
information.
Example: [ph]

12. What is a syllable? What parts does a syllable have? What is an open syllable and a closed syllable?
A syllable is a group of sounds that are pronounced together.

A syllable contains a vowel which is called the syllable nucleus. The nucleus may be preceded or followed by
one or more consonants. The consonant/s preceding the nucleus is known as the syllable onset, and the
consonants following the nucleus are called the coda. A group of consonants in a syllable onset or coda is
known as a cluster.

The open syllable is the one that ends with a vowel phoneme.
A closed syllable is a syllable that has a coda, or more closing consonants.

13. What is primary stress? How is it indicated? What is secondary stress? How is it indicated?
The term primary stress refers to the loudest syllable in the word. (the strongest accent in a word).
Primary stress is indicated with the usual stress mark. ‘ EXAMPLE: /ˈfoʊ.təˌɡræf/

Secondary stress refers to less prominent stresses in a word.

Secondary stress is indicated with a stress mark but at a lower level. , EXAMPLE: /ˈfoʊ.təˌɡræf/

14. What is the relationship between pitch and prominence?

The relationship is that pitch and prominence play an important role in leading an accented syllable. Taking in
mind the pronunciation (stress and unstressed). Stressed syllables are more prominence.
15. What is an accent? Types of accent. What is GA?
An accent is a pronunciation variety characteristic of a group of people.

Accents can be regional or social. In the USA, we find many different regional accents; examples are Texas,
Kentucky, New York, and Boston, spoken by most of the people who live in these areas.
GA (General American) is a social accent recommend to English learners because it is the one heard from
educated speakers throughout the USA (and also in Canada).
16. In a picture identify the parts of the vocal tract. What are the parts of the tongue?
1. Nasal cavity
2. Oral cavity
3. Pharynx
4. Lips
5. Teeth
6. Alveolar ridge
7. Hard palate
8. Soft palate
9. Uvula
10. Tip,vlade,front,back,root (the part of the
tongue in the pharynx) of the tongue
11. Epiglottis
12. Larynx, containing vocal cords
13. Trachea
14. Esophagus

The parts of the tongue are tip, blade, front, back and root.

17. What is a velic closure and what kind of sounds are produced with a velic closure?
A velic closure is a phenomenon that occurs when the soft palate forms a seal against the back wall of the
pharynx and closes off the entrance to the nasal cavity. So, the airstream cannot enter nasal cavity, only by
the oral cavity. The soft palate is raised and the velic closure is formed.
PRODUCE: Stops like [p] , [t] , [k], [g], [b], [d] , and [ts] , [d3].

18. What are consonants? What are the 3 most important criteria to describe consonants? Talk about each one.
A consonant is a speech sound that involves an obstruction of the airstream as it passes through the vocal
tract.
3 most important criteria to describe consonants:
1.Voicing: Voicing refers to the actions of the vocal folds during the articulation of a consonant. Different
actions of the vocal folds produce voiced and voiceless sounds.
2. Place of articulation This refers about where in the vocal tract the obstruction is made. Also it described in
terms of an active articulator that moves toward a passive articulator, which is in a fixed position.
3. Manner of articulation It describes the kind of obstruction involved in articulating a consonant.
There are five manners of articulation: a. Plosive b. Fricative c. Affricate d. Nasal e. Approximant

19. What is the position of the vocal folds when producing voiceless sounds? voiced sounds? Which sounds are
voiceless? Which ones are voiced?
Voiceless sounds: no vibration
the vocal folds are held apart similar to the position for normal breathing.
 f- k-p-s-t-chin- thick- pressure
Voiced sounds: vibration
the vocal folds are held gently together so that the airflow from the lungs causes them to vibrate.
V – g – b- z- d – gin – this - pleasure
20. What is an active articulator and a passive articulator? Examples
Active articulator: is the part of the mouth that carries out movement. The speech organ that moves.
For example: tongue, and lower lip.
/p/ voiceless bilabial plosive
The active articulator is the lower lip.

Passive articulator: is the part of the mouth where the moving part of the mouth is placed to produce a
particular sound, so it does not have movement.
For example: alveolar ridge.
/p/ voiceless bilabial plosive
The passive articulator is upper lip.
21. What are the places of articulation for English consonants? Describe the positions of the active articulator
and passive articulator at each place of articulation and the sounds that are produced.
The places of articulation for consonants:

22. What does manner of articulation describe? What are the manners of articulation for consonants? Talk
about each manner of articulation and the sounds that belong to each one.
It describes the kind of obstruction involved in articulating a consonant.
There are five manners of articulation in English: Plosive, fricative, affricate, nasal, and approximant.
1. Plosive: A complete closure is formed in the vocal tract, blocking the airstream, and then
released. P b t d
2. Fricative: A narrowing is formed in the vocal tract, causing turbulence and fricative noise as the airstream is
forced through. They can be prolonged because they involve partial obstruction of the airstream. S z v
3. Affricate: A complete closure is formed in the vocal tract, blocking the airstream, and
then released slowly, resulting in homorganic friction (fricative noise at the same place of articulation) chin -
gin
4. Nasal: A complete closure is formed in the oral cavity; the soft palate is in the lowered
position, and the air escapes through the nose. M n
5. Approximant: A narrowing is formed in the vocal tract, but one not narrow enough to cause turbulence and
noise as in the case of a fricative. J w l r

23. What is the difference between fricatives and approximants?

Both manner of articulation involves a narrowing formed in the vocal tract but in the case of
Fricative sounds it causes turbulence and fricative noise in the other hand in the case of
Approximant sounds does not cause turbulence or noise.
24. What is double articulation? Example
It means that two articulations of equal magnitude (two primary articulations) take place at the same time.
An approximant articulation between the back of the tongue and the soft palate and another approximant
articulation consisting of the rounding of the lips = /w/

25. What is secondary articulation? What types of secondary articulation are there? Examples
Secondary articulation refers to the additional articulatory features that modify a primary speech sound.
TYPES:
Labialization: (lip-rounding) accompanying /r/, /w/, etc.
Velarization: the approximation of the back of the tongue to the soft palate that accompanies /l/.

26. What are obstruents? Which sounds are obstruents? Which sounds are fortis and which ones are lenis?
What do these terms (fortis/lenis) refer to?
Obstruents sounds are those that typically come in voiceless and voiced pairs these are: Plosives, fricative, and
affricates. They involve a great degree of obstruction of the airstream.

Voiceless sounds are fortis (strong) and Voiced sounds are lenis(weak). These terms refer to that voiceless
obstruents are articulated more forcefully than voiced obstruents.
27. What are sonorants? Which sounds are sonorants? What is pre-fortis clipping? Give 2 examples.
Sonorants are the consonants that don’t come in pairs. Nasals and approximants are sonorants (as are vowels)
and are the least consonant-like of the consonants, involving a lesser degree of obstruction.

pre-fortis clipping means that Voiceless (also known as fortis) obstruents shorten sonorants that precede them
in the same syllable. It is most often discussed in relation to vowels, but it also affects sonorants consonants.
EXAMPLES: Cheat read heart
28. In what phonetic environment are voiced obstruents fully voiced? Give 2 examples. In what phonetic
environment are voiced obstruents devoiced? Give 4 examples (one of each case).
Phonetic environment are voiced obstruents fully voiced: English voiced obstruents are typically fully
voiced when they occur between voiced sonorants, i.e., nasals, approximants, and
vowels:
e..g /b/ rabbit [ˈræbət] is fully devoiced /b/ because is between two sonorants /æ ə/
/ð/ see this [ˈsi ˈðɪs] is fully devoiced /ð/ because is between two sonorants /i ɪ/
/z/ easy [ˈizi] is fully devoiced /z/ because is between two sonorants /i i/

(4 phonetic environment ) English voiced obstruents are typically partially or fully devoiced
/b d ɡ ʤ v ð z ʒ/
1 when they are preceded by a pause (i.e., silence) 2 or a voiceless consonant or 3 when a pause or 4
voiceless consonant follows:
1 when they are preceded by a pause
e.g. /d/ dog [ˈdɑɡ] /ʤ/ joke [ˈʤoʊk] /d / deal [dil] /ŋ/ bank [bæŋk]
2 or a voiceless consonant or /p t k ʧ f θ s ʃ/.
/b/ this book [ˈðɪs ˈbʊk] /ɡ/ that guy [ˈðæt ˈɡaɪ]
/v/ eight verbs [ˈeɪt ˈvərbz] /ð/ not that [ˈnɑt ˈðæt]
3 when a pause follows
/d/ load [loʊd] /b/ big [ˈbɪɡ] /ð/ bathe [beɪð] buzz /z/ [bəz]
4 voiceless consonant follows:
/b/ grab some [ˈɡræb ˈsəm]/ʤ/ stage fright [ˈsteɪʤ fraɪt]
/v/ save time [ˈseɪv ˈtaɪm] /ʒ/ beige top [ˈbeɪʒ ˈtɑp]

A devoiced consonant is normally shown by means of a subscript circle under the consonant (e.g.,
[b̥]), but with descending symbols, a superscript circle is used (e.g., [ɡ̊ ]).

29. What are stop sounds? Which sounds are stops? What are the stages of stops? How are affricates
produced? What is the difference between plosives and affricates?
Stop sounds are a combination of a velic closure and a closure in the oral cavity that results in a complete
obstruction to the airstream. Plosives and affricates make-up the category of stops.
stages of stops:
-Approach: The active articulator moves toward the passive articulator in order to form the closure.
-Hold: The closure is made, the airstream is blocked, and pressure builds up.
-Release: The active articulator moves away from the passive articulator, breaking the closure and releasing
the compressed air.

Affricates produce when a complete closure is formed in the vocal tract, blocking the airstream, and then
released slowly, resulting in homorganic friction (fricative noise at the same place of articulation).
What is the difference between plosives and affricates?
The difference between plosives and affricates is that the release stage of affricates is slower, and therefore,
the articulators spend a brief moment in the position for a fricative at the same place of articulation, resulting
in audible friction. Another key difference is that the fricative release stage of affricates is always present
while the release stage of plosives is very variable.
30. What should Spanish speakers avoid doing when pronouncing plosives in final position?
In Spanish, plosives are typically unaspirated, meaning there is no audible release of air following their
pronunciation.

Therefore, when pronouncing plosives such as /p/, /t/, and /k/ in final position in Spanish, speakers should
avoid producing a noticeable burst of air after the consonant. Instead, they should release the consonant
without any aspiration.
31. What is aspiration? How is it represented in transcription? Which sounds can be aspirated? In what
phonetic environment does it occur? In what 3 phonetic environments does aspiration not occur? Give
examples using phonetic transcription.
Aspiration is a brief puff or air that comes out.
Aspiration means that there’s a brief period of voicelessness between the release of the plosive and the
beginning of voicing for the next sounds.
Aspiration is shown with the symbol [ʰ].
In the sounds: voiceless plosives like /p/, /t/, and /k/ are aspirated in certain phonetic environments.
OCCUR:
• When the voiceless plosives /p, t, k/ are at the beginning of a stressed syllable, they are
released with aspiration. EXAMPLE:"Top" /tʰɑp/
DOESN’T OCCUR:
• When /p, t, k/ are not at the beginning of a stressed syllable, they are weakly aspirated or
unaspirated. EXAMPLE: "Stop" /stɒp/
• When aspirated /p, t, k/ are followed by approximants /l, r, w, j/ these causing turbulence and
fricative noise at the place of articulation of the approximant. For example, play /pleɪ/
• When /s/ precedes these clusters, there is no aspiration and therefore the approximants do
not become devoiced or fricative. For example, splay [spleI]
Aspiration does not occur at the end of stressed syllables.

32. How does aspiration affect approximants? Why is /str/ especial? Give examples. Why is aspiration an
important feature to distinguish voiceless plosives from voiced plosives?
When aspirated /p t k/ are followed by approximants /l r w j/, the aspiration takes place during the articulation
of the approximant, partially or fully devoicing the approximant causing turbulence and fricative noise at the
place of articulation of the approximant.
EXAMPLE: pLay tReat tWin cReam.

The /str/ is a little irregular because unlike other /s/ + voiceless plosive + approximant clusters, the /r/ remains
somewhat devoiced and fricative.
EXAMPLE: the /tr/ of strap is not very different from, or even identical to, the /tr/ of trap.
Strong - street
It is important because the voiced plosives are frequently partially or fully devoiced, the presence of
aspiration is an important cue for distinguishing /p t k/ from /b d g/.

33. How is the glottal plosive sound produced? What is “hard attack”? When is it used? What is the phonetic
context for this sound? Give examples using phonetic transcription.
The closure for a glottal plosive is made by bringing the vocal folds firmly together; it is like a very weak cough.
Also, it is a voiceless sound since the vocal folds are unable to vibrate during its production.

Hard attack is phenomenon in which we begin a word which starts with a vowel with a glottal plosive
irrespective of whether the vocal folds are apart for a preceding voiceless consonant or a pause or vibrating
for a preceding voiced sound. It is characterized by a sharp and abrupt initiation of the sound.

The vocal folds are brought tightly together and on release immediately take up the position for voicing, giving
the impression of a very abrupt start to the vowel.
Examples:
This is an apple. [ ðɪs ɪz ən ˈ?æpəl]
If every inch. [ ?ɪf ˈ?evəri ?ɪnʧ]
Crisp": /?ɪsp/

34. What is glottal replacement? What is the phonetic context for this sound? Give examples. What is glottal
reinforcement? Which sounds can be accompanied by pre-glottalization? What is the phonetic context for
it? Give examples using phonetic transcription.

Glottal replacement is the substitution of the glottal stop for another consonant. The most common is an
allophone of the /t/ phoneme.
This glottal replacement can occur in only a specific set of phonetic contexts, the most important is when /t/
is a syllable coda, preceded by a sonorant and followed by another consonant.
EXAMPLES:
butler: [ˈbə?lər]
sent four: [ˈsɛn? for]
Part time [par? ‘taim]
Glottal replacement is also common before a pause.
Example:
Wait: [weɪ?]
this is an apple[ ðɪs ɪz ən ˈ?æpəl]

***** Glottal replacement cannot occur between vowels in word-medial position as in: meeting, but can
occur un word final position before a vowel as in: got a [ˈga? ə]
Although glottal replacement is common, it isn’t obligatory.

Glottal reinforcement is a phenomenon that accompanies /t/ and the other voiceless stop /p k ʈʃ/. First, the
glottal closure is made; then the /p t k ʈʃ/ closure is made; then the glottal closure is released. SHARE SAME
CONTEXT: when /t/ is a syllable coda, preceded by a sonorant and followed by another consonant, except for
ʈʃ, which doesn’t have to be followed by a consonant.

Although glottal reinforcement is common, it isn’t obligatory.

EXAMPLES:
Captive ca?ptive
Action a?ktion
Faultless faul?tles
Take five tei?k faiv
Catch it ka?tʈʃ it
35. What is tapping? How is it represented in transcription? What are the different phonetic contexts for
tapping? (within a word and between words). In what phonetic contexts does tapping not occur? Give
examples using phonetic transcription.
TAPPING is a manner of articulation when the tongue tip and blade move to and away from the alveolar ridge
very quickly and the contact between the active and passive articulators is very brief.
It represented with the symbol: [t] is combined with the IPA diacritic: [ t̬ ]
PHONETIC CONEXT: T or d are between vowels or at the end of a syllable.

EXAMPLE:
• water [ˈwɑ t̬ ɹ ̩]
• butter [ˈbʌ t̬ ɹ ̩]
• city [ˈsɪ t̬ i]
• gotta [ˈɡɑ t̬ ə]

Phonetic contexts for tapping:

Within a word, the following syllable must be unstressed, but the preceding syllable can be stressed or
unstressed. EXAMPLE:

Between words, the following syllable does not have to be unstressed. EXAMPLE:

36. What is nasal release? Give examples (at least one word and one phrase). What is lateral release? Give
examples (at least one word and one phrase). What is lateral escape? Give examples (at least one word and
one phrase). Use phonetic transcription
Nasal release refers that we can move from /pb/ to /m/ and from /td/ to /n/ by lowering the soft palate only
and leaving the oral closure in place. It is possible because they have the same place of articulation. The only
difference between them is that when we pronounced the plosives consonants, the soft palate is in the raised
position and in the case of nasals, the soft palate is at the lowered position.

• /pm/ chipmunk
 • /bm/ submit
• /tn/ witness
• /dn/ kidney
• Ripe melon /’raIp ‘ melən/
• Grab more /’ græb ‘mor/
Lateral release is similar to the process of nasal release, the /l/ and /t d/ have the same place of articulation
so it is possible to go from /t d/ position to /l/ position by simply lowering one or both sides of the tongue
are then lowered. For example:
• /tl/ atlas
• [tl] bottle
• [dl] idol
• At least / ət ‘ list/
• Bad luck /’bæd ‘lək/
• /dl/ badly
Lateral escape occurs when the non-alveolar plosives (bilabial/p b/ and velar/k g/) are followed by /I/
This means that the tongue tip contact for /l/ is in the place during the hold stage of the bilabial and velar
plosives, and when they are released, the pent-up air in the vocal tract travel around the sides of this
obstruction.
• /pl/ topless
• /bl/ public
• /kl/ backlash
• /gln/ burglar
• Grab lunch / ‘græb ’lənʧ/

37. How are 2 identical plosives in a sequence realized? Give examples. How are 2 plosives (with the same place
of articulation but different voicing) in a sequence realized? Give examples using phonetic transcription.
Identical plosives: When two identical plosives in a sequence, the first isn’t usually released. Instead, the
sequence is realized as a single long plosive consisting of an approach stage followed by a long hold stage and
then a release stage. Example:

• /pp/ ripe pear /’raɪp ‘pɛr/ black car red door

• /tt/ get two /’gɛt ‘tu/

The first plosive is also usually unreleased. Example:

• /pb/ stop by /’stap ‘baɪ/

• /td/ hot dinner /’hat ‘dɪnər/

38. Why are /tʃ / and /dʒ/ considered both phonetic and phonemic affricates?
Because they behave as single, indivisible units in the English sound system and are felt to be single sounds by
native speakers.
39. How are /f/ and /v/ articulated? How are / θ / and / ð / articulated? Spelling rules for th (video).
/f/ and /v/ : The lower lip lightly touches the upper incisors, and the airstream is forced through the gap.

/ θ / and / ð /:The sides of the tongue form a seal against the side teeth, and the airstream is forced through a
gap between the tongue tip and the rear of the upper incisors.

RULES OF TH video:

Voiceless /th/ Voiced /th/

 • At the beginning of content words such as nouns, • Beginning of function words: They don’t mean an
adjectives, verbs, adverbs. specific thing or action.
Ex: THINK, THANK, THUMBS, THOUGHT Ex: This, that, them, there, therefore, etc.

• In the middle of words before a consonant. • Middle of words between two vowels. Th + er.
Ex: Bathtub, truthful, toothpick Ex: Th + er: mother, worthy
Ex: verb + e: bathe, loathe
• At the end of all words. Ex: th + ing : tithing
EXCEPTION: with, but many people pronounce using voiceless or voiced.
• End of Word: WITH.

40. How are /s/ and /z/ articulated?

The airstream is forced through a gap between the tongue tip/blade and the alveolar ridge, while the sides of
the tongue form a seal against the upper side teeth.

41. How are / ʃ / and / ʒ / articulated? What secondary articulation do they have? In what syllable position does
/ ʒ / usually occur? What are some exceptions to this position? Write 3 spelling rules for / ʃ / and 3 for / ʒ /.
Give examples.
/ ʃ / and / ʒ / :The sides of the tongue form a seal against the upper side teeth, forcing the airstream through a
narrow gap between the tongue tip/blade and the alveolar ridge and between the front of the tongue and the
hard palate.
** The tip, blade, and front of the tongue are raised in the direction of the alveolar ridge and the front of the hard
palate, forming a narrow gap.
/ʃ/ (Voiceless palato-alveolar Fricative)
/ʒ/ (Voiced palato-alveolar Fricative) -

They have a secondary articulation: rounding and protrusion of the lips. Labialization

syllable position: /ʒ/ usually occurs medially (e.g., treasure, pleasure, vision).
Being found initially and finally only in relatively recent loanwords (e.g., genre, camouflage), which often have
alternative variants with /ʤ/.

Exceptions to the position of /ʒ/ include: Some loanwords or names where /ʒ/ occurs in the final position, such
as "rouge" /ruːʒ/ or "Beijing" /beɪˈʒɪŋ/.

3 RULES:
/ʃ/ /ʒ/
• <sh> • <si> following a vowel.
EX: ship, sushi, cash EX: confusion, decision, collision, occasion

• <ti> • <su>
EX: pleasure, casual, usual
EX: station, portion, education
• <g(+e/i)>
• <ci>
EX: genre, regime, prestige
EX: special, precious
PAG. 68
PAG: 66

42. What is the difference between sibilant fricatives and non-sibilant fricatives? What sounds are sibilants?
In the case of non-sibilant fricatives, the turbulence and noise are generated at the stricture itself.
sibilants are noticeably louder than non-sibilant fricatives because they produce noisy turbulence by the jet-
of-air method.

Sibilants are a sub-class of fricatives where:

the tongue assumes a longitudinal grooved shape for SIBILANTS. /s z ʃ sh ʒ zh/
the tongue assumes a flatter shape for NON-SIBILANTS. /f v θ ð h/

SIBILANTS sounds are Sample, Zoo, She, Vision. /s z ∫ ӡ/

43. How are nasal sounds produced? In what phonetic context do syllabic nasals occur? Give examples. Talk
about the cluster /mb/. Give examples. What is the distribution of /ŋ/ ? Talk about the cluster /ŋg/ and give
examples and exceptions.
The nasal sounds are produced when the soft palate is in the lower position and the air escape through the
nose.
Syllabic nasals, when the shwa /ə/ isn’t articulated and the nasal becomes the nucleus of the syllable.

Talk about the cluster /mb/. Give examples.

The voiced /b/ have been lost from the word-final cluster/mb/. For example
Comb: / koʊm/

Bomb: / bɑm/

Thumb: / θəm/

What is the distribution of /ŋ/ ? Talk about the cluster /ŋg/ and give examples and exceptions.

The velar nasal /ŋ/ is restricted to syllable-coda position (e.g., sing /sɪŋ/) and occurs word-finally
through the historical loss /ŋg/ at the end of the word. However, when a suffix is added to a word
ending in /ŋ/, the pronunciation remains /g/-less even though it is now in a word-medial position
(sing / sɪŋ/ singing /ˈsɪŋɪŋ/); and so we can generalize that the word medially, /ŋ/ is found at the end
of morphemes (as in singer/ˈsɪŋər/, hanging /ˈhæŋɪŋ/) and /ŋg/ within morphemes ( as in
finger/ˈfɪŋgər/, angry /ˈæŋgri/); So /g/ was never lost.
• Exception to this rule are the words: long, young, and strong in their comparative and
superlative forms (which retain the historical /g/ lot elsewhere).
44. Which sounds are approximants? What is the position of the velum during their production? What
types of approximants are there?

There are 4 approximants, at the alveolar/l/, post-alveolar/r/, palatal/j/, and labial-velar/w/.

The position of the velum during the production of approximants is accompanied by the raising of the soft
palate, forming a velic closure blocking the entrance to the nasal cavity.

The approximants can be divided into lateral (/l/) and median approximants (/r j w/).

45. Explain 2 ways to pronounce /r/.

/r/, with the tongue-tip curling up toward the rear of the alveolar ridge.

Bunched/r/: the center of the tongue is raised toward the area where the hard palate meets the soft palate.

46. What are rhotic and non-rhotic accents? Give examples.

Rhotic accents /r/ can be articulated at the ends of words, and before consonants and vowels.

Farm, far, arcade, park, car.

Non-rhotic accents don´t retain /r/ at the ends of words and before consonants. /r/ only occurs before a
vowel (i.e., red, bring, carry

47. How is dark/l/ produced? In what phonetic contexts do syllabic /l/ occur? Give examples
The back of the tongue is raised toward the soft palate (velum). Heal doll

In what phonetic contexts do syllabic /l/ occur? Give examples . word-final position

Syllabic /l/ occurs after plosives, affricates, nasals, and fricatives.

The schwa /ə/ isn’t articulated, and the /l/ becomes the nucleus of the syllable. Little, battle

48. Why are /w/ and /j/ called semi-vowels? What is the distribution of /w/ and /j/?
Because they are articulated with the part of the tongue (front, center, and back) that is used to articulate
vowels.

What is the distribution of /w/ and /j/?

They only occur in syllable onsets in English.

(e.g., young /jəŋ/, unit /ˈjunət/, few /fju/, one /wən/, wax /wæks/, twin /twɪn/).

49. What is yod-dropping? In what phonetic contexts does it occur? Give examples. In what contexts it
is retained, variable or has coalesced? Give examples.
Yod-dropping refers to /j/ tends to be lost after certain consonants in stressed syllable-initial positions.
Historically, /j/ occurred with /u/ in words, where /u/ has a spelling that includes (u) or (w).

After palate-alveolar consonants:

/ʃ ʧ ʤ/: chute /ʃut/, chew /ʧu/, juice /ʤus/

After approximants:

/r l/: rude /rud/, blue /blu/, crew /kru/, lute /lut/, allude /əˈlud/

And after alveolar and dental fricatives:

/s z θ/: suit /sut/, assume /əˈsum/, /z/ presume /prəˈzum/, enthusiasm /ɪnˈθuziæzm̩ /

In what contexts it is retained, variable or has coalesced? Give examples.

After labio-dentals, bilabials, velars, and /h/, /j/ is retained. Also if /j/ is in non-stressed syllable.

/j/ is retained after /n l/

/j/ is variable after /r/.

while /tj dj sj zj/ have coalesced over time to yield /ʧ ʤ ʃ ʒ/ respectively.

50. What are the rules to pronounce the –s suffix? Give examples using phonetic transcription.
/əz/ following sibilants. c, s, sh, ch and x Example: Church = Churches, Wish = Wishes.

/s/ following all other voiceless consonants.

P: cups stops, sleeps;

T: hats, students, hits, writes;
K: cooks, books, drinks, walks;
F: cliffs, sniffs, beliefs, laughs, graphs (the -gh and -ph here are pronounced like a F); TH:
myths, tablecloths, months (voiceless th)

/z/ following all other voiced sounds:

51. What are the rules to pronounce the –ed suffix? Give examples using phonetic transcription. Write
some exceptions to this rule.

• /id /: infinitives that end in the sounds /t/ or /d/

needed /ˈniːdɪd/
hated /ˈheɪtɪd/
dated /ˈdeɪtɪd/
seated /ˈsiːtɪd/
• / d /: infinitives that end in a voiced sound.
Lived /lɪvd/
Chilled /tʃɪld/
Enjoyed /ɪnˈdʒɔɪd/
Tried /traɪd/
Loved /lʌvd/
• / t /: infinitives that end in an unvoiced sound.
Shopped /ʃɒpt/
Picked /pɪkt/
Wished /wɪʃt/
Crunched /krʌnʃt/
stopped /stɒpt/

EXCEPTIONS:
certain adjectives) take the /əd/ ending.
crooked, /crooked/ no crookt
naked /naked/ no nakt
legged /leged/
wicked /wicked/

VOWELS

52. What are vowels? What parts of the tongue are not involved in the production of vowels? What
does the front of the tongue refer to?
Vowels are speech sounds that are made with no obstruction in the vocal tract to the air as it
passes through it.

the tongue tip and blade (remain low in the mouth) are not involved in vowel production.
The front part of the tongue refers to the center or middle of the tongue.

53. Talk about the 3 criteria to describe vowels.

The 3 main criteria used to describe vowels are:

Tongue height: This refers to how high the body of the tongue is positioned in the mouth cavity. High vowels involve
raising the tongue close to the roof of the mouth, while low vowels involve lowering the tongue.

Tongue position (front-back): This describes where the body of the tongue is positioned horizontally in the mouth. Front
vowels involve pushing the tongue forward, back vowels involve pulling it back, and central vowels involve keeping it in a
neutral position.

Lip rounding: This refers to the shape of the lips. Rounded vowels involve rounding the lips, while unrounded vowels
involve keeping them spread.

54. What is the vowel diagram or vowel quadrilateral? What are the labels of the vertical and
horizontal areas?
Vowel diagram is a simple system used to describe vowels. It includes the vowels space which
contains the 4 main limits.
[i] vowel; [ɑ] vowel; [u] vowel; [a] vowel.
Vertically, the positions are called close, mid, and open, with mid being further divided into close-
mid and open-mid. Horizontally, they are front, central, and back.

Here's a breakdown of the diagram and its labels:

Shape: It's typically a trapezoid shape, with the top and bottom wider than the sides.
Vertical labels: These represent the tongue height.
Close: This indicates the tongue is positioned high in the mouth cavity. (Imagine saying "ee" in "feet")
Mid: The tongue is positioned at a medium height. (Think of the vowel sound in "but")
Open: The tongue is lowered in the mouth cavity. (Similar to the vowel sound in "father")
Horizontal labels: These represent the tongue position (front-back).
Front: The tongue is pushed forward in the mouth. (Think of the vowel sound in "beat")
Central: The tongue is in a neutral position. (The schwa sound, "uh" as in "ago")
Back: The tongue is pulled back in the mouth cavity. (Similar to the vowel sound in "boot")
By looking at the intersection of these two axes (height and front-back position), you can find the placement
for different vowel sounds. For example, the "ee" sound would be located near the top (close) and front of the
diagram.

55. What is the common feature of front vowels (according to the video)? Write the symbols of all the
front vowels with their keywords.
The tip of the tongue touches the back of the bottom front teeth.
The lips are spread and pulled out.
The pattern
Tense > Relaxed > Tense > Relaxed > Tense
long > short > long > short > long
/i/ fleece bee
/ɪ/ kit gym women
/eɪ/ face take break
/Ɛ/ dress friend rare
/æ/ trap cat

56. What is the common feature of back vowels (according to the video)? Write the symbols of the back
vowels with their keywords.
The lips are rounded, The tongue cannot be seen, The tongue tip slightly touches the back of the bottom front
teeth.
The defining characteristic of a back vowel is that the highest point of the tongue is positioned relatively back
in the mouth. Back vowels are sometimes also called dark vowels because they are perceived as sounding
darker than the front vowels.
ʊ foot /fʊt/ book
u goose /ɡus/ boot
oʊ goat /ɡoʊt/ boat
ɔ thought /θɔt/ bought lips more rounded, tongue forward

57. What is the common feature of central vowels (according to the video)? Write the symbols of the
central vowels.
The tongue is in a central position or relaxed position, The lips are in a neutral position.
In the case of [ə] and /ɑ/ the tongue is more central.
[ɚ] scwar fur the mouth is more closed
[ə] schwa cup open a bit more
/ʌ / cup or up stressd schwa.
/ɑ/ palm Pot mouth very open

58. What are THOUGHT-full and THOUGHT-less accents? Write 3 common spellings for /ɔ/.

THOUGHT-full accents are ones which have the thought /ɔ/ vowel. For these accents, cot/caught,
wok/walk, tot/taught, Don/dawn, odd/awed are minimal pairs. There is a difference between the
vowels /ɔ/ and /ɑ/.
/kɑt kɔt/, /wɑk wɔk/, /tɑt tɔt/, /dɑn dɔn/, and /ɑd ɔd/
THOUGHT-less accents are ones that don’t have the thought /ɔ/ vowel. For these accents, the pairs
cot/caught, wok/walk, tot/taught, Don/dawn, odd/awed are homophones: /kɑt wɑk tɑt dɑn ɑd/
Name 3 common spellings for /ɔ/.

Here are 3 common spellings for the /ɔ/ sound (present in thought-full accents):

au: caught, daughter

aw: saw, yawn

augh: taught, daughter (less common)

59. What vowel sound does the sport o vowel represent? Write 4 common spellings for this sound.

The sport o vowel represents a variant of thought /ɔ/ in thought-full GA accents, but it represents a
variant of the goat /oʊ/ vowel in thought-less GA accent.

60. What are strong and weak vowels? Which vowels are weak? Give examples using phonetic
transcription.
Strong and weak vowels refer to how much acoustic prominence a vowel sound has in a word.

Strong vowels: These are the vowels that receive full stress and are articulated clearly. They are the main vowel sounds in
a syllable and tend to have a longer duration.

Weak vowels: These are vowels that are pronounced with less stress and are often reduced in their articulation. They are
typically found in unstressed syllables and can be shorter in duration or even merged with a central vowel sound (schwa
/ə/).

Here's a breakdown of weak vowels and some examples:

The schwa /ə/ is the most common weak vowel. It can appear in many unstressed syllables and can sometimes be
difficult to distinguish from other vowels depending on the context.

Example: "a" in "about" /əˈbaʊt/

Other vowels, particularly /i/, /u/, and sometimes /ɪ/ and /ʊ/, can also be weakened in unstressed positions.

Example: "i" in "happy" /ˈhæpi/

Here are some additional points to consider:

The exact pronunciation of weak vowels can vary depending on the specific word and speaker's dialect.

Strong and weak vowels are not always a clear-cut distinction. Some vowels might have a mid-level of stress or reduction
depending on the context.

It's important to note that the text you provided might not have explicitly mentioned the terms "strong" and "weak"
vowels. However, the concept of vowel reduction in unstressed syllables is often related to the idea of weak vowels.

61. Talk about checked and free vowels. Give examples of checked and free vowels using phonetic
transcription. Which vowels are checked?
The checked vowels have been called the “short” vowels, and the free vowels have been called the “long”
vowels.
However, the trap /æ/ vowel doesn’t easily fit into the long/short categorization since it’s often as long as the
“long” free vowels despite being a “short” checked vowel.
Some factors that affect vowel duration, such as pre-fortis clipping (shortening of vowels (and other
sonorants) when immediately followed by a voiceless consonant in the same syllable.). These factors produce
that the “short” checked vowels can sometimes be lengthened and, in particular, the “long” free vowels are
often shortened.
No, long/short vowel pairs are NOT distinguished by length alone, because their lengths are variable.
However, the pairs fleece/kit and goose/foot differ in vowel quality (resulting from different tongue
positions), and this is the most important feature that distinguishes them.
Example:
Making the /i/ fleece short, the /i/ does NOT become the /ɪ/ kit since both vowels take different tongue
positions.
62. Talk about long and short vowels. Why does /æ/ not fit into these categories? What factors affect
vowel duration? Are long/short vowel pairs distinguished by length alone? Explain and give
examples.
Long and short vowels are two categories of vowel sounds distinguished primarily by their duration, but not
exclusively. Here's a breakdown:
Long vowels:
Generally pronounced for a longer duration than their short counterparts.
Often described as having a sound similar to the vowel's name (e.g., /i/ in "see").
Can appear in both closed and open syllables.
Short vowels:
Pronounced with a shorter duration than long vowels.
Have distinct sounds that differ from their long vowel counterparts.
Typically appear in closed syllables (though there are exceptions).
Why /æ/ doesn't fit neatly into these categories:
The /æ/ sound (short "a" as in "cat") is a bit of an exception. It's considered a short vowel, but its duration can
vary depending on the context. In some cases, it might be closer in length to a long vowel than other short
vowels. Additionally, /æ/ doesn't have a direct long vowel counterpart that simply differs in duration.
Factors affecting vowel duration:
Syllable structure: Generally, vowels in closed syllables tend to be shorter than those in open syllables. This is
because closed syllables have a consonant sound stopping the airflow, potentially shortening the vowel
sound.
Stress: Stressed vowels are typically held longer than unstressed vowels.
Long and short vowel pairs: More than just length
While duration is the primary distinction, long and short vowel pairs often have different mouth shapes and
tongue placements that contribute to their distinct sounds. Here are some examples:
Short "i" /ɪ/ vs. Long "i" /ai/:
/ɪ/ (like in "bit") has a shorter duration and a more centralized tongue position compared to /ai/ (like in
"bite").
Even if /ɪ/ were lengthened in duration, it wouldn't sound exactly like /ai/ because of the different mouth
shape.
Short "e" /ɛ/ vs. Long "e" /iː/:
/ɛ/ (like in "bed") has a shorter duration and a lower, more open mouth position compared to /iː/ (like in
"beat").
Lengthening /ɛ/ wouldn't result in the same sound as /iː/ due to the different tongue placement.
In conclusion, long and short vowels are primarily distinguished by duration, but other factors like mouth
shape and stress also contribute to their distinct qualities. The /æ/ sound is a special case that doesn't
perfectly fit into this categorization due to its variable duration and lack of a direct long vowel counterpart.

63. What is the difference between monophthongs and diphthongs? Which sounds are diphthongs?
Monophthongs are vowels during which there’s no change in vowel position. They are written with a single
vowel. Monophthongs are all the checked vowels (kit /ɪ/, foot /ʊ/, dress /ɛ/, trap /æ/, schwa /ə/). Free vowels
such as fleece /i/, goose /u/, palm /ɑ/, (thought /ɔ/) are also.
Diphthongs are vowels that involve a glide from one vowel position toward another during their production.
They have two symbols. They are face /eɪ/, price /aɪ/, choice /ɔɪ/, mouth /aʊ/, goat /oʊ/.
64. What are falling diphthongs? Give examples using phonetic transcription. What are closing
diphthongs? Give examples.
Falling diphthongs are the ones that the first element that is longer while the second gliding element is shorter
and weaker. All the diphthongs.
Examples of falling diphthongs:
/aɪ/ as in "price" [praɪs]
/aʊ/ as in "mouth" [maʊθ]
/ɔɪ/ as in "choice" [tʃɔɪs]
/oʊ/ as in "goat" [ɡoʊt]

Closing diphthongs are the ones where the tongue moves toward the top of the vowel space as they are
pronounced.
Examples of closing diphthongs:
/eɪ/ as in "face" [feɪs]
/aɪ/ as in "price" [praɪs]
/ɔɪ/ as in "choice" [tʃɔɪs]
/aʊ/ as in "mouth" [maʊθ]
/oʊ/ as in "goat" [ɡoʊt]

65. What are wide diphthongs and narrow diphthongs? Explain and give examples. Why /i/ and /u/ are
sometimes considered narrow diphthongs?
According to the extent of the gliding element, price /aɪ/, mouth /aʊ/, and choice /ɔɪ/ are wide diphthongs,
involving a relatively long glide, while face /eɪ/ and goat /oʊ/ are narrow diphthongs, involving a rather short
glide.
EXAMPLES: Wide Diphthongs:
/aɪ/ Starts with [a] and glides towards [ɪ]. Example: price /praɪs/
/aʊ/ Starts with [a] and glides towards [ʊ]. Example: mouth /maʊθ/
/ɔɪ/ Starts with [ɔ] and glides towards [ɪ]. Example: choice /tʃɔɪs/
EXAMPLES: Narrow Diphthongs:
/eɪ/ Starts with [e] and glides towards [ɪ]. Example: face /feɪs/
/oʊ/ Starts with [o] and glides towards [ʊ]. Example: goat /ɡoʊt/

Fleece /i/ and goose /u/ can have slightly diphthongal realizations, especially when they have their full length,
making them a kind of narrow diphthong in such cases. Ex: fleece /fliːs/ - goose /ɡuːs/

66. How does pre-fortis clipping affect the combination of a checked vowel + a sonorant consonant + a
voiceless obstruent? Give examples. How does pre-fortis clipping affect checked vowels, free
vowels, and diphthongs? Give examples. Why is pre-fortis clipping a cue to the identity of
consonants? Give examples using phonetic transcription.
Pre-fortis clipping refers to the shortening of vowels (and other sonorants) when they are immediately
followed by a voiceless consonant in the same syllable. This phenomenon is particularly noticeable in English
and serves as a cue to the identity of consonants, especially distinguishing between voiced and voiceless
obstruents.
How does pre-fortis clipping affect the combination of a checked vowel + a sonorant consonant + a voiceless
obstruent?
Checked vowels (such as /ɪ ʊ ɛ æ ʌ ə/) are inherently short, but they can be followed by a sonorant (like /l r m
n ŋ/) and then a voiceless obstruent (plosive, affricate, or fricative). In such cases, both the sonorant and the
vowel undergo clipping, resulting in a noticeable shortening effect.
Examples:
Vowel + /l/ + Voiceless Obstruent:
Full length: "mild" /maɪld/
Shortened: "milk" /mɪlk/
Vowel + /r/ + Voiceless Obstruent:
Full length: "bard" /bɑrd/
Shortened: "bar" /bɑr/
Vowel + Nasal + Voiceless Obstruent:
Full length: "pang" /pæŋ/
Shortened: "pan" /pæn/
In each example, the vowel is clipped when followed by a voiceless obstruent, altering its duration
and sometimes its quality.
How does pre-fortis clipping affect checked vowels, free vowels, and diphthongs?
Checked Vowels: Checked vowels are already short, so the extent of clipping is less pronounced but still
present.
Full length: "kit" /kɪt/
Shortened: "kiss" /kɪs/
Free Vowels: Free vowels are inherently longer and thus more noticeably affected by pre-fortis clipping.
Full length: "fleece" /flis/
Shortened: "flick" /flɪk/
Diphthongs: In diphthongs, it's typically the first element that is clipped, making them less obviously falling.
Full length: "face" /feɪs/
Shortened: "fake" /feɪk/
Why is pre-fortis clipping a cue to the identity of consonants?
Pre-fortis clipping provides clues about the nature of the consonant that follows the vowel or sonorant. In
English, voiced obstruents (like /b d ʒ/) are often partially or fully devoiced in certain contexts, becoming
voiceless (like /p t ʃ/). The duration of the preceding sonorant (vowels, nasals, and approximants) helps
listeners distinguish between these voiced and voiceless forms of obstruents.

Examples using phonetic transcription:

Voiced Obstruent: "badge" /bædʒ/ vs. Voiceless Obstruent: "batch" /bætʃ/
The duration of the preceding vowel (/æ/) in "badge" is longer compared to "batch" due to pre-fortis clipping
before the voiceless /tʃ/.
Voiced Obstruent: "zag" /zæɡ/ vs. Voiceless Obstruent: "sack" /sæk/

The vowel in "zag" (/æ/) is longer than in "sack" (/æ/) due to the voiceless /k/ causing pre-fortis clipping.
In summary, pre-fortis clipping affects vowel duration before voiceless consonants, influencing both the
perception of vowel length and the distinction between voiced and voiceless obstruents in English
pronunciation.
67. Why are vowels before /r/ less precise and blurred? What happens when the close front vowels occur
before /r/? Give examples. What happens when the close-back vowels occur before /r/? Give examples.
What happens when the mid-front vowels occur before /r/? And when /æ/ occurs before /r/? Give
examples using phonetic transcription.
Because whether /r/ is articulated with the tongue tip or as bunched /r/, it involves considerable movement
and shaping of the tongue.
There is no contrast between the two close front vowels fleece /i/ and kit /ɪ/ before /r/. They are transcribed
/ir/ rather than /ɪr/. here – fierce - spirit
The distinction between the two close back vowels goose /u/ and foot /ʊ/ before /r/ is neutralized. The
merged vowel that occurs before /r/ has traditionally been analyzed as foot and transcribed with /ʊ/.Cure
/kjur/). /ur/ can be replaced by /or/ in some words (e.g., poor) or by /ər/ in most others (e.g., sure, cure).
In the mid front vowel area, the face /eɪ/ vowel has historically merged with the dress /ɛ/ vowel before pre-
consonantal and word-final /r/, resulting in /ɛr/ (e.g., fairy/ferry).
Trap /æ/ also was merged with dress /ɛ/ before intervocalic /r/, making marry homophonous with merry
/ˈmɛri/, so that in contemporary GA, /ɛr/ is now the most usual variant in words like carrot, arrow, charity,
narrow, and so on.
68. What is r-coloring?
When a vowel occurs before /r/ in GA, the articulation of the /r/ tends to begin during the articulation of the
vowel, giving the vowel an /r/-like quality known as r-coloring.
In the case of schwa /ə/, the vowel is usually r-colored throughout. In other words, the two phonemes /ə/ and
/r/ are realized as a single r-colored vowel, the IPA symbol for which is [ɚ].
Phonemic: curve /kərv/, ever /ˈɛvər/, perceive /pərˈsiv/, merger /ˈmərʤər/
Phonetic: curve [kɚv], ever [ˈɛvɚ], perceive [pɚˈsiv], merger [ˈmɚʤɚ]

69. How does dark /l/ influence a previous vowel?

When we raise the back of the tongue (velarization) for dark /l/, the preceding vowel is more retracted; in
other words, it is articulated as a backer vowel than in other contexts. This effect is greater with front and
central vowels, such as kit /ɪ/, dress /ɛ/, trap /æ/, foot /ʊ/, and schwa /ə/.

70. What is breaking? In what phonetic contexts does breaking occur? Give examples using phonetic
transcription.
Breaking is a phenomenon, consisting of when a consonant or word boundary follows a close vowel or a
diphthong, the consonant tends to take the center of the tongue through the position for a mid-central vowel.
That is taking the position of schwa.
• Breaking occurs before the dark/velarized /l/, in word-final position.
fleece: deal [diəɫ], field [fiəɫd], peeled [piəɫd], steals [stiəɫz]
goose: tool [tuəɫ], school [skuəɫ], ruled [ruəɫd], fools [fuəɫz]
face: pale [peɪəɫ], Wales [weɪəɫz], failed [feɪəɫd], sales [seɪəɫz]
price: mile [maɪəɫ], child [ʧaɪəɫd], smiled [smaɪəɫd], files [faɪəɫz]
choice: oil [ɔɪəɫ], soil [sɔɪəɫ], spoiled [spɔɪəɫd], boils [bɔɪəɫz]
• Breaking can also occur with fleece and goose before /r/:
fleece: beer [biər], dear [diər], steer [stiər], rear [riər]
goose: poor [puər], tour [tuər], moor [muər]
71. Draw a vowel chart that shows the position of all the vowel sounds.