Topic 2
Topic 2
Topic 2: Integration
Learning Outcome
At the end of the chapter, students are able to apply various integration methods in
solving the single integration and multiple integration problems.
Basic Principles
b
Given that k and c are constants, the indefinite - f ( x)dx is called a definite
integrals are as follow: a
integral
1. kdx = kx + c
where a is called lower limit
2. kf ( x)dx = k f ( x)dx b is called upper limit
ax n +1
3. ax dx =
n
+ c , n −1
n +1
b
4. (ax + b ) dx =
n (ax + b )n+1 + c , n −1 a
(n + 1)a = - F (a ) − F (b)
5. f ( x) g ( x)dx = f ( x)dx g ( x)dx a
= - f ( x)dx
b
Example 1
x 3 − 3x
(x − 4) dx x (x + 1)dx
4
3 c) dx
2
1. Find a) b) dx d)
x x
1 3
(2 x + 1)(x + 3)dx 6x + 2x
2
2. Evaluate a) b) dx
0 −3
1
2.2 Integration of Trigonometric, Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
1. Integration of Trigonometric Functions
cos(mx + b )
• sin (mx + b)dx = − m
+c
sin (mx + b )
• cos(mx + b)dx = m + c
•
sec(mx + b )
• sec(mx + b) tan(mx + b)dx = m
+c
cot (mx + b )
• cos ec (mx + b)dx = − m + c
2
Example 2
1. Integrate the following with respect to x:
a) cos(2 − 5 x )
cos x 1
b) 2
c) sin 2 x d) cos 2 x e) tan 2 2 x
sin x 2
2
2. Integration of Exponential Functions and Logarithmic Functions
e mx +b f ' ( x)
e dx =
mx + b
+c dx = ln f ( x) + c
m f ( x)
Example 3
Find the following:
0
1. a) e 1− x
dx b) 2e
x ln 3
dx
−3
4 4
1 4 1
2. a) 2 x dx b) − 1 − 2 x dx c) 2 − x − 2dx d) tan 2 x dx
6
5
x x3
e) x + 5 dx f) x + 1dx
1
3
2.3 Integration Methods
Partial Fractions
Remark
• The method of partial fractions only applies to proper rational functions where proper
rational functions exists when the degree of the numerator, P(x) , is less than that of
the denominator, Q(x) .
• Improper rational function can be integrated by performing a long division and
decompose the proper rational function into partial fractions.
Example 4
Evaluate exactly the following integrals
2x + 4 x3 + x2 + x −1
3
3
1.
2
(2 x + 1)( x − 1)
dx 2. 3
x − 2 x 2
dx 3. x 2 + 2 x + 2 dx
4
2.3.2 Integration by parts
dv du dv du
b b
u dx = uv − v dx a u dx dx =uva − a v dx dx
b
or
dx dx
The priority of u is given to the function whose category occurs earlier in the “LIATE” list.
Logarithmic
Inverse trigonometric
Algebraic
Trigonometric
Exponential
Step 1: Differentiate p(x) repeatedly until you obtain 0, and list the results in the first column.
Step 2: Integrate f (x) repeatedly and list the results in the second column.
Step 3: Draw an arrow from each entry in the first column to the entry that is one row down in the
second column.
Step 4: Label the arrows with alternating + and – signs, starting with a +.
Step 5: For each arrow, form the product of the expressions at its tip and tail and then multiply that
product by +1 or -1 in accordance with the sign on the arrow. Add the results to obtain the
value of the integral.
Example 5
Solve the following integrals.
3
5.
5
2.3.3 Integration by substitution
Example 6
Find the following integrals.
9
sin 2 x x2
1. (cos 2 x )(3 − cos 2 x )dx; u = cos 2 x 2.
6 x−5
dx
e2
1
3. x(ln x )
e
2
dx 4. cos 4 x sin xdx
6
2.4 Multiple Integrals
f ( x, y) dA = f ( x, y) dx dy
R c x1 ( y )
7
Example 7
1. Evaluate the following.
2 2 1 x 3 y
a) (cos x sin y ) dy dx b) ( y - x ) dy dx c) y 2 + 16 dx dy
0 0 0 x4 0 0
1 4
d) sec x dx dy
0 tan −1 y
2 4− 2 x 4− 2 x − y
3. Evaluate 6 xy dz dy dx .
0 0 0