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DEVELOPING A CAUSAL ENSEMBLE CNN FRAMEWORK

FOR EARLY DETECTION OF DEPRESSION THROUGH
SOCIAL MEDIA BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS

A PhD Proposal Submitted to the Department of Computing and

Information Systems, School of Engineering and Technology,
Sunway University
For June, 2024 Admission into PhD Computer Science

Supervisor: Professor Dr. Hui Na Chua

March, 2024.

BY

NURA SANI

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Table of Contents

SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………...6

Research Background ……………………………………………………………………………..6

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………..7

Problem Statement………………………………………………………………………………...8

Research Hypothesis…....................................................................................................................9

Research Questions………………………………………………………………………………10

Research Objectives……………………………………………………………………………...10

SECTION 2: LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………………………….…..11

Introduction……...... …………………………………………………………………………….11

Empirical review…………………………………………………………………………………11

Gap Identified…………………………………………………………………………………….19

Justification of Feasibility...............................................................................................................20

Expected Contribution……………………………………………………………………………21

SECTION 3: METHODOLOGY……………………………………………….………23

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………23

Method and Instrument for Data Collection……………………………………………………..24

Gnatt Chart……………………………………………………………………………………….26

Conclusion…. ……………………………………………………………………………………27

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References…………………………………………………………………………28

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List of Tables

Table 1: Comparison of Various Approaches ……………………………………...…………….18

Table 2: Gnatt Chart……………………….. ……………………………………...…………….26

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Abstract
The proposed causal ensemble CNN framework can help predict mental health through social
network analysis, which is a novel methodology in this field. This study addresses the considerable
limitations in existing approaches to understanding social network data, and how one might infer
causality from such a dataset; as well as an urgent need for improved culturally sensitive mental
health detection technologies that are lower risk, ethically sound. This framework uses casual
inference to provide integration of multiple Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) for improving
prediction accuracy and robustness in mental health — depression mainly. This research will aim
to provide nuance about how online behavior affects mental health outcomes, employing data from
across social media platforms and in different cultural contexts. Methods: The study lays it out in
four main steps — do the preparation of data from ubiquitous UCI datasets, construction
unsolvable causal models for social networks interaction; amalgamate several CNN algorithms
based on optimization and clarifies extensively model performance. The approach aims to remedy
specifies with respect to confounders and measurement error in the current assumptions of social
network dynamics. Desired results – Results will have correct deep-ent for learning model that can
identify causal inferences or mechanism around act of mental health on SN; Using the fields of
Social network analysis and causal inference, this study is to generate evidence for future
predictive intervention interventions targeting behaviors or actions with higher readmission
prediction accuracies. If cultural sensitivity and complexity are involved in the causal structure of
social networks, we suggest that this work could lay and expand a foundation to design more
accurate global ethical mental health forecasting as well as interventions.

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INTRODUCTION

Research Background

A worldwide almost universal disorder with millions of people it affects and have important
consequences on individuals as well as the society overall. Early detection and intervention are
essential for targeted care as well as optimized outcomes. Social media has been a common place
in which investigators can look for trends among behaviors that may be characteristic of depressive
symptoms (De Choudhury, Counts et al. 2013). Texts, images and user interactions in social media
platforms such as Facebook or Twitter could serve to early prediction of depression (Shen et al.,
2017).

With remarkable achievements in fields including Image recognition and Natural Language
Processing, Convolutional Neural Networks have demonstrated incredible outcomes. For example,
CNNs could have been used to analyze occurrences of mental illnesses in social media data by
monitoring factors such as back channeling and topic shifts. However, in many cases, the
relationship between the online behavior on popular SNS sites or Twitter among others, and
depression, which is later linked to the data, might not be the same, and as a result, the pattern
analysis shown by the models may not be generalizable and interpretable. According to Zhou,
ensemble learning methods can improve the stability and accuracy and generalization of machine
learning models. Ensemble methods integrate aspects of different models to eliminate the learning
weaknesses and can capture amazing patterns related to the problems. In depression detection, for
example, ensemble approaches have shown some promise in terms of integration of various
features and classifiers (Trotzek et al., 2018).

This study indicates the design of a novel causal ensemble CNN technique for predicting early
signs of depression, in overall behavioral patterns on social media. In the following section, we
provide a simple approach to introducing causal inference into our ensemble of CNNs thereby
making it more predictable as well as interpretable. As a result, this approach will not only expose
potential phenotypes of depression but also support us to find association low or high typical social
media behaviors with the risk and severity in depressive symptoms.

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Introduction

The problem of global mental health disorders is HUGE — colossal and problematic, still
expanding. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines major depressive disorder as the
leading cause of disability globally, affecting 280 million individuals. Untreated depression may
“result in serious personal consequences to the individual's family life, social networks and career
resulting often tragically in suicide etc.” (Hawton & van Heeringen, 2009). According to the
National Institute of Mental Health (2023), “Given these potential negative consequences, early
detection and intervention are essential in effectively treating schizophrenia and improving patient
outcomes.

Standard methods to screen for depression, such as patient-self report questionnaires or clinical
interviews. Those approaches, nevertheless, remain subjective and are both subject to bias and
time-intensive (e.g., Zimmerman et al. 2005). Moreover, they are generally delivered after severe
symptoms have developed and do not reach those most in need with timely intervention (Kessler
et al., 2005). This opens an immediate demand to heighten efforts on novel strategies for early
detection and diagnosis of depression.

The proliferation of social media platforms has heralded in an age defined by 'a new kind of data',
unprecedented access which allows insight into the thoughts, feelings and behaviours of every day
people (Boyd & Ellison 2007:11). These platforms are rich in data ranging from text, photos and
videos to social interactions that can be used as proxy signals for the prevalence or early signs of
mental illness (De Choudhury 2013). Researchers have increasingly used social media-based data
to estimate mental health issues (Coppersmith et al., 2014; Guntuku et al., 2017).

Nonetheless, existing computational approaches studying depression detection in social media

primarily rely on developing machine learning models to discover associations between depressive
symptoms and online behaviors rather than discovering causative links (Orabi et al., 2018; Shen et
al., 2021). Lack of such a limit inhibits the development of optimal early detection and intervention
tactics. Therefore, understanding the causal mechanisms of associations between these variables
is crucial to develop more specific intervention directed towards addressing root causes and not
only its consequences.

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This study is making an effort to present new way of using social media sites in the unlimited
environment as a tool for early prediction and detection of depression. The framework is
constructed to introduce multiple parallel trained convolutional neural networks based on different
social media data including text, image and network interaction. Indeed, CNNs have proven
extremely effective to identify complex patterns from data and they are suited for analyzing
different kinds of media contents commonly shared on social networks (LeCun et al., 2015).

Moreover, this work blends techniques of causal inference into the deep learning framework that
explain how those particular online behaviors are caused by depressive symptoms. It aims goes
beyond identifying only spurious associations and attempts to identify markers of depression; not
just correlations (Shalizi & Thomas, 2011).

Moreover, this increases the accuracy and reliability of how accurately we diagnosed depression
through social media information. This research could enable us to catch individuals early at higher
risk of developing infections for earlier intervention: a few quarts being the difference between life
and death.

Problem Statement

Although more recent advances have occurred in machine learning and social media analytics,
detecting depression early based on behavior of individuals that they exhibit on platforms like
Facebook or Twitter is still a challenging task. In this regard:

1. Limited Causal Understanding:

Existing methods to detect depression from online data mostly utilize correlation, and do not
account for the underlying causality between depressive symptoms and observable social
signals (De Choudhury et al., 2013), thereby precluding better models for timely detection of
blogger's depressive state.

2. Poor Multimodal Data Fusion:

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Common types of social data include, Texts Images User interactions In the meantime, because
multimodal sources of data can complement one another to make more accurate predictions
than either form of input alone for some phenomena (Larsen et al., 2017), models which do
not take benefit from all modality types may miss important signs and symptoms in common
across modalities through which we might better understand if or how a given person needs
help.

3. Inefficient Ensemble approaches:

While ensemble techniques like stacking have been useful to boost the ability of model
performance, there is a demand for advanced stack methods that can combine multiple CNN
models efficiently and with cause structure (Trotzek et al., 2018).

4. Generalize too little:

Almost all existing depression detection models do not scale well across different social media
platforms or their user populations. This only becomes more complicated when we take models
trained on one platform or demographic group and apply it to others (Orabi et al. 2018).

5. Need for Transparent Artificial Intelligence in Mental Health Applications:

The non-transparent, interpretable deep learning models in mental health applications have a
problematic complexity. Thus, there is an urgent need for explainable AI techniques to shed light
on the decision-making process of such systems, especially within sensitive areas like depression
detection (Benton et al., 2017).

Research hypothesis

This research hypothesizes that:

i. A causal ensemble CNN framework can effectively identify causal relationships
between specific social media behaviors and depressive symptoms.

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ii. This framework will outperform existing methods for early depression detection
based on social media data in terms of accuracy and reliability.

Research Questions

This research aims to address the following questions:

i. Which specific social media behaviors are causally linked to depressive symptoms?

ii. How can causal inference techniques be effectively integrated with ensemble CNNs for
depression detection?

iii. What type of social media data (or combination) is going to provide the best information?
iv. What are the results compared to existing methods in accuracy, precision, recall and F1-
score with this new framework?

Research objectives

The objectives of this research are to:

i. Create a new Causal ensemble CNN model for early detection of depression from social
media data
ii. Determine the direction of causality between certain online behaviors and depressive
symptoms
iii. Compare the performance of proposed framework with existing methods using standard
evaluation metrics

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LITERATURE REVIEW

Introduction

In order to put the proposed causal ensemble CNN framework within context, this review paper
will first highlight how common and lethal depression is, as well as examine using social media
data for early alerting. It also investigates existing depression detection through behavior analysis
in social media by employing some of state-of-the-art machine learning and deep learnings
methodologies.
These studies used conventional machine learning frameworks to mine and classification different
features extracted from social media data. These strategies were usually implemented through
hand-crafting features, and used methods such as support vector machines (SVMs), random forests
and logistic regression (De Choudhury et al., 2013). Although these methods showed potential,
they lacked capability to perceive intricate nature of unordered social media data.
Recently, deep learning software is used in some researches to automatically acquire the extremely
important features from context provided on social media through images and text (Orabi et al.,
2018). The performance of these strategies was much better in identifying likely depression
indicators across different social media platforms.
Yet, most prior methods afford only associations rather than the causal connections between social
media uses and depressive symptoms. As a result, this challenge has given rise to the call for
incorporating causal inference methods into depression detection models (Shen et al., 2017).
In addition, ensemble learning methods have been popular in this area to improve the robustness
and accuracy for tasks of depression detection (Trotzek et al., 2018). However, despite having
achieved all these milestones, there is still need for more complex ensemble techniques that can
effectively blend causal inference with deep learning models.
In this literature review, we will critically examine them showing their strengths and weaknesses
as well as pinpointing the research gap addressed by our proposed casual ensemble CNN
framework.
Empirical Literature

An early depression detection study using social media as the stage for in-depth exploration of
Neuro-Symbolic AI was carried out by Dou Rongyu (2024). The study, Research on Early
Detection of Depression Based on Neuro-Symbolic AI Approach via Social Media Analysis,

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details the TAM-SenticNet model -- a network that blends neural and symbolic reasoning to
improve depression detection. The system combines emotion analysis (SenticNet library) with
temporal emotional data processing, using TAM network as the heart of this combination.
The empirical findings of the study indicate that TAM-SenticNet outperforms traditional machine
learning and deep learning models in terms of precision and interpretability. However, the study's
focus on symbolic reasoning and the reliance on specific datasets may limit its generalizability.
Nonetheless, this research represents a significant advancement in applying AI to mental health,
particularly in automating and improving the early detection of depression through social media
analysis.
Choi and Yang (2024) conducted a study that introduced an innovative ensemble deep learning
model named LSTM-Attention-BiTCN for detecting suicide risk in social media posts. This model
combines Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks with a bidirectional Temporal
Convolutional Network (BiTCN) and a self-attention mechanism to accurately classify and detect
suicidal ideation from textual data on social media platforms like Reddit. The study demonstrated
the model's superior performance with an accuracy of 94.05%, a precision of 93.85%, a recall of
94.24%, and an F1-score of 94.05%. However, while the model showed strong results, it was only
tested on data from one social media platform, which might limit the generalizability of the
findings. Despite this, the research contributes significantly to the development of more effective
suicide prevention tools by utilizing advanced neural networks to analyze and interpret social
media data.
Carneiro de Melo et al. (2020) developed a novel approach for automatic depression detection
using facial dynamics, which represents a significant advancement in the field of affective
computing. Their work titled "A Deep Multiscale Spatiotemporal Network for Assessing
Depression from Facial Dynamics" introduces the Multiscale Spatiotemporal Network (MSN), a
3D convolutional neural network (CNN) designed to capture a wide range of spatio-temporal
variations in facial expressions. This method allows the model to more effectively represent facial
information related to depressive behaviors by incorporating different temporal depths and spatial
receptive fields. The study demonstrated that MSN outperformed state-of-the-art methods in
automatic depression recognition, making it a valuable tool for accurate assessment of depression
from video data. However, the study's reliance on video data might limit its applicability in
scenarios where such data is unavailable or where privacy concerns restrict its use. Despite this

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limitation, the study opens up new possibilities for using deep learning models in mental health
diagnostics.
De Choudhury et al (2013). conducted one of the most innovative studies on inferring depression
from behavior in social media. The work Predicting Depression via Social Media (PDCM)
developed features extracted from Twitter data along behavioral, linguistic and sociodemographic
dimensions that are predictive of major depressive disorder (MD). This study was relatively
predictive of depression, forecasting the rates as much as 70%, which suggests that social media
platform has large avenues to screen your mental health. However, the study only focused on users
of one website (Twitter) and results may not be generalizable as it relied on self-reported
depression diagnoses. However, this experiment opened a way for additional experiments within
the scope of that area.
Building on the De Choudhury and also Expand this study along with others, Reece & Danforth
(2017) conducted a research titled "Instagram photos reveal predictive markers of depression" to
detect not just words in posts but images uploaded by users via Instagram. They used machine
learning approaches to analyze visual and metadata data of Instagram posts with a 70% accuracy
rate in predicting if someone has depression or not. Their application of methods for image analysis
also helped to expand the already text-based literature in detecting depression. While the study
suffered from a relatively small sample size (166 patients) and some potential source of selection
bias in patient recruitment, it does provide interesting preliminary insight.
Discussions Orabi et al. in their paper “Deep Learning for Depression Detection of Twitter Users”.
In 2018 (here) newer and more powerful deep learning techniques are introduced. A multicentric
deep learning system was synthesized by the authors19, which is presented here in light of Orabi
et al. 2018 paper, Deep Learning for Depression Detection on Twitter. That is, they came up with
a combination of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs ) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)
networks that are able to process both textual features as well the user behavioral aspects. Finally,
they improved their F1-score to 0.84 which is better what the other researchers accomplished. The
strength of this study lies partly in feature extraction and model architecture, etc. However, this
research could also benefit from considering temporal patterns in user behavior.
According to Trotzek et al. (2021), temporal dynamics are crucial features for the early detection
of depression papers from “Using Temporal Information in Social Media for Depression
Detection” They proposed a model integrating users’ linguistic transitions over time that has an

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F1-score of 0.64 on a large scale dataset from Twitter in their work. Even though this study has
achieved a considerable improvement for temporality of depression occurrence, its use of only
written texts leads to pitfalls in performance.
To provide further elucidation of the relationship between depression and social media behavior,
Shen et al. (2019) used a causal framework in their work “Estimating Causal Effects of Social
Media Usage on Depression.” To measure the impact of social media use on depressive symptoms,
two approaches were used by the authors: propensity score matching and instrumental variable
analysis. Instead, they write the connection is unlikely stronger but it exists to a degree high enough
that excessive social media use can predict depression symptoms. While this research has provided
incredibly strong advances in understanding causality, its cross-sectional nature prohibits concrete
causal statements and calls for longitudinal studies going forward.
Gui et al. Dos Santos Fuks et al. (2019) extended the multimodal approach introducing a new
technique in their work “Cooperative Multimodal Approach to Depression Detection in Twitter”.
A proposed plan designed to combine the text-based information of tweets with visual and social
aspects using cooperative learning framework. This model had F1-score of 0.87, thus
demonstrating that combining multiple modalities has a benefit for depression detection.
Fundamentally, this paper is strong in its use of many kinds of data. However the complexity of
my model still lead to questions about interpretation and utility.
Ricard et al. (2020) described the demand for models that are human interpretable and presented
an explainable AI model in their paper “Explainable AI for Depression Detection in Social Media:
A Hybrid Attention-Based Model”. To balance accuracy (85%) and interpretation, the research
team proposed a hybrid model integrating CNNs with an attention mechanism that identified
primary features contributing to depression detection. The particular strength of this study lies in
the balance between performance and interpretability. It cannot be used widely across various
online environments because of the use of one proprietary social media platform (Twitter).
Li et al. Cross-Cultural Depression Detection on Social Media: A Multi-Lingual Ensemble
Approach (2020) First they developed language-specific features for the ensemble model that
include some of their previous cultural specific indicators in combination with universal symptoms
of depression. Their overall averaged F1-score of 0.82 across languages and cultures demonstrated
that expectations could be made with reasonable confidence on performance of respective systems,
thereby opening up opportunities for more globally convergent depression detection system

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advancements. Though this study was very good at overcoming cultural diversity, some errors
should be assumed due to their machine translation approach on the non-english contents.
Tadesse et al (2021). introduced such studies focused on the temporal dynamics of depression and
demonstrated a novel time-aware method in their article “Temporal Patterns Matter: Detecting
Depression in Social Media Using Long-Term Temporal Dynamics”. The researchers presented a
hierarchical attention network framework that accounted for both short-term dynamics and long-
term trends captured in users’ social media activity. Tadesse et al (2021). obtained 89% accuracy,
outperforming previous time-aware methods. In this case, the strength of the article is the way of
dealing with temporal data and information. However, this model can be too complex and difficult
to integrate into real-time systems.
Motivated by the necessity for causal interpretation, Shen et al. In their paper "Discovering Causal
Factors of Depression from Social Media: A Structural Causal Model Approach," Li et al (2021).
introduced a causal discovery framework. Using structural causal models, the researchers
identified possible causes of depression through social media use. Their method not only yielded
a strong prediction performance (F1-score of 0.86), but also delivered valuable insights about the
causal paths between different behavioral factors and depression outcomes in their experiments.
Although this study contributed meaningfully to causal modeling in depression detection, the
assumptions of structural causal models might constrain generalizability of these findings.
Recognizing the importance of privacy in mental health detection, Benton et al (2017). The ethical
considerations of in their paper titled “Ethical Implications of Using Social Media Data for
Depression Detection: A Privacy-Preserving Framework.” In fact, this paper proposed a federated
learning method for depression detection at scale using multiple data sources without sharing raw
user data. Although the accuracy of their model (F1 score = 0.79) was lower than centralized
approaches, it still illustrated that privacy-preserving depression detection is indeed possible. It
demonstrates the ethical as well as the practical implementation of privacy-preserving techniques.
While this highlights the inevitable privacy-performance trade-off accompanying these competing
priorities, it also underscores one of our biggest challenges we must overcome to reach a viable
and durable solution for addressing adversarial attacks — achieving that balance.
In Sekulić et al work, they explored the possibility of transfer learning. Cross-Domain Depression
Detection via Harvesting Social Media (2018) introduced a novel method. Based on this
observation, the researchers proposed a transfer learning framework that transfers knowledge from

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one source domain (Twitter) to another target domain with limited labeled data and different
characteristics. They achieved an F1-score of 0.83 on the target domain: illustrating how transfer
learning can help to alleviate data paucity problems as well as improve generalization tendencies
in a very light-weight model. Although this work had considerably strengthened cross-platform
generalization, the performance difference between source and target domain means that in
principle optimization about DA techniques can be further improved.
Dealing with the issue of early detection, Jadhav et al. In their work, Panisson et al (2019). This
ensemble model that combines multiple machine learning models was used by the researchers to
predict depression before its clinical prevalence. In testing the emotional signals of depression,
their model reached an accuracy rate of 86%. The main strength of the study is that it addresses
early screening and prevention. Nevertheless, given the relatively small data set limited to a single
geographical region; there are questions regarding applicability of this model across wide ranging
populations.
Wang et al (2020). recognized this seemingly unstable nature of depression. This previous
temporal-aware research is a framework proposed by Wang et al (2020) “Dynamic Depression
Detection via Social Media: A Temporal Convolutional Network Approach.” Temporal
Convolutional Networks (TCNs) were used by the authors to model how depressive symptoms
evolve over time in social media posts. This model has an F1-score = 0.88 and performs better
than traditional RNN-based approaches. The superiority of this work is the controllable long-term
dependency convention. Nevertheless, its interpretability is somewhat reduced makes TCN model
less likely to be chosen in clinical practices whither explainable decisions are key.
In the aspect of research exploring the possibility of unsupervised learning, Chen et al. (2021)
introduced a new method in their work "Unsupervised Depression Detection from Social Media:
A Self-Supervised Learning Approach". In this work, the researchers propose a self-supervised
learning model which can capture meaningful representations of depression from social
multimodal time series data in an unlabeled sequence level using abundant volume of raw visual
and textual contents. Without the use of labeled data, their model showed competitive results (F1-
score 0.84), signing to a future perspective on using unsupervised methods to tackle both privacy
and data scarcity simultaneously. Although this study has advanced the field of unsupervised
depression detection to some extent, absence of micro clinical validation scrutinizes its alignment
with validated diagnostic criteria.

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Guntuku et al. (2019) investigated the multimodal setting in their study: “Multimodal Depression
Detection on Social Media: A Comprehensive Analysis of Visual, Textual, and Social Signals”.
To do this, the researchers created a fusion model that integrates visual cues from posted images
and language context clues as well as social engagement signals. This yielded an F1-score of 0.89,
showing the promise in combining heterogeneous data types to enhance depression detection task
performance. This study is a comprehensive social media analysis and its strength lies in that
factor. Nevertheless the computational cost to joint-process multiple data modalities concurrently
could limit real-time capabilities.
To tackle data imbalance issue, common in all mental health datasets, Cacheda et al. (2019) in
their work “Early Detection of Depression: Social Network Analysis and Random Forest
Techniques”, introduced a new sampling method to solve the imbalanced datasets problem. They
accomplished this combination by using social network analysis in conjunction with random forest
classifiers and advanced sampling techniques for imbalanced data. However, their method, with
an AUC of 0.89 to detect depression cases has more robustness due data imbalance than other
previous methods based in the same dataset. While helping correct a widespread methodological
shortcoming, reliance on conventional machine learning approaches could limit this study towards
the identification of subtle nonlinear relationships in social media data.
With this in mind and the fact that personalized medicine is continually mentioned, Nguyen et al.
(2020) in their paper “Personalized Depression Detection on Social Media: A Deep Learning
Approach with User-Level Embeddings” introduced a user-centric framework. They created a
hierarchical attention network with user-level embeddings to model personalized depotypes of
how depressiveness is manifest. Their model was able to reach an F1-score of 0.87, making a
strong case for the advantages that personalization might offer depression detection which is
unique about this study, however, it controlled for personality and other social media activities.
Nonetheless, the larger model size and concerns about user-specific modeling expandable to a
large scale could make broader deployment of such an approach more difficult.
Exploring the potential of graph-based approaches, Wu et al. (2020) proposed a novel framework
in their study "Graph Convolutional Networks for Depression Detection in Social Media: A User
Interaction Perspective." The researchers employed Graph Convolutional Networks (GCNs) to
model the complex interactions between users and their social networks. Their approach achieved
an accuracy of 88%, outperforming traditional CNN and RNN-based models. This study's strength

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lies in its ability to capture the relational aspects of social media behavior. However, the reliance
on detailed user interaction data may limit its applicability in scenarios where such information is
not readily available.
Phrased as a response to the demand of interpretable causal models, Zhang et al. (2021) as "Causal
Discovery for Depression Detection on Social Media: A Structural Causal Model with Attention
Mechanism" introduced a causal inference framework. In order to identify the potential causal
factors of depression from social media, the researchers proposed a hybrid model that combines
structural causal modeling with attention neural networks. Not only did their method result in a
high accuracy (F1-score of 0.88), but also offer insights about the causal relations between
different behavioral variables and depression injury. Despite the advances of this study in causal
modeling for diagnosis of depression, and with some insights into implications from structural
cause-effect models (and connection to neural attention mechanisms), it remained unclear
regarding these useful methodologies if they must integrate together or face greater challenge on
clinical correlation and validation.

Table 1: Comparison of Various Approaches

Author Methodology Advantage Disadvantage Types Accuracy

Dou Developed the Enhanced Generalizabilit Neuro- Outperforme
Rongyu TAM- accuracy and y limited by Symbolic AI d traditional
(2024) SenticNet interpretabilit reliance on & Social models
model y by specific Media
combining integrating datasets and Analysis
neural and emotion symbolic
symbolic analysis with a reasoning.
reasoning for Time-Aware
depression Affective
detection via Memories
social media. network.
Choi and Introduced High accuracy Generalizabilit Deep 94.05%
Yang LSTM- with the y limited by Learning &
(2024) Attention- integration of testing on a Neural
BiTCN model LSTM, single social Networks
for detecting BiTCN, and media platform
suicide risk self-attention. (Reddit).
from social
media posts.

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Carneiro Developed the Superior Applicability Affective Higher than

de Melo et Multiscale performance limited by Computing state-of-the-
al. (2020) Spatiotempora in capturing reliance on & Facial art methods
l Network spatio- video data and Dynamics
(MSN) for temporal potential
assessing variations in privacy
depression facial concerns.
from facial expressions.
dynamics in
videos.
De Behavioral, Pioneering Reliance on Machine 70%
Choudhur linguistic, and work in the self-reported Learning
y et al. social features field diagnoses
(2013) from Twitter
Reece and Visual and Innovative use Small sample Machine 70%
Danforth metadata of image size Learning
(2017) features from analysis
Instagram
Orabi et al. Hybrid CNN- Multi-modal Lack of Deep F1-score:
(2018) LSTM model deep learning temporal Learning 0.84
approach pattern
consideration
Trotzek et Time-aware Incorporation Reliance solely Machine F1-score:
al. (2018) linguistic of temporal on linguistic Learning 0.64
pattern dynamics features
analysis
Shen et al. Causal Addresses Cross-sectional Causal Not specified
(2019) inference causal design limits Inference
framework relationships causal
conclusions
Gui et al. Cooperative Integration of Complex model Deep F1-score:
(2019) multi-modal textual, visual, with limited Learning 0.87
learning and social interpretability
information
Ricard et Hybrid CNN- Balanced Limited to Deep 85%
al. (2020) Attention performance single platform Learning
model and (Twitter)
interpretabilit
y

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Li et al. Multi-lingual Cross-cultural Potential Ensemble F1-score:

(2020) ensemble applicability inaccuracies Learning 0.82
approach from machine
translation
Tadesse et Hierarchical Captures High Deep 89%
al. (2021) attention short-term and computational Learning
network for long-term complexity
temporal dynamics
patterns
Shen et al. Structural Provides Assumptions in Causal F1-score:
(2021) causal model insights into causal models Modeling 0.86
causal may limit
relationships generalizability
Benton et Federated Addresses Lower accuracy Federated F1-score:
al. (2017) learning for ethical and compared to Learning 0.79
privacy privacy centralized
preservation concerns approaches
Sekulić et Transfer Addresses Performance Transfer F1-score:
al. (2018) learning across data scarcity gap between Learning 0.83
social media in target source and
platforms domains target domains
Jadhav et Ensemble Focus on early Limited dataset Ensemble 86%
al. (2019) model for early signs of generalizability Learning
detection depression
Wang et al. Temporal Efficient Lack of Deep F1-score:
(2020) Convolutional modeling of interpretability Learning 0.88
Networks long-term
dependencies
Chen et al. Self- Leverages Lack of fine- Unsupervise F1-score:
(2021) supervised unlabeled grained clinical d Learning 0.84
learning data, validation
addresses
privacy
concerns
Guntuku et Multimodal Holistic High Multimodal F1-score:
al. (2019) fusion (visual, approach to computational Learning 0.89
textual, social) complexity

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social media
analysis
Cacheda et Social network Robust to data Limited ability Machine AUC: 0.89
al. (2019) analysis with imbalance to capture Learning
random forest complex
nonlinear
patterns
Nguyen et Hierarchical Personalized Privacy Deep F1-score:
al. (2020) attention approach concerns with Learning 0.87
network with user-specific
user modeling
embeddings
Wu et al. Graph Captures Reliance on Graph Neural 88%
(2020) Convolutional complex user detailed Networks
Networks interactions interaction data
Zhang et Structural Combines Complex model Causal F1-score:
al. (2021) causal model causal with Modeling, 0.88
with attention inference with challenging Deep
mechanism neural clinical Learning
attention interpretation

Gaps Identified
Following the literature review, certain weaknesses were identified, primarily centered on
methodology, data sources, cultural context, and ethical considerations. Particularly, the majority
of the reviewed literature focused on research from Western countries and large English-speaking
populations, revealing a significant gap in the exploration of depression detection within diverse
cultural contexts, especially in developing countries and non-English speaking populations. The
lack of cultural diversity is a significant challenge that emphasizes the need for a focused
investigation into the application of machine learning and deep learning techniques for depression
detection across various cultural expressions. Indeed, different cultures may present with
depression differently and use social media in other ways, so linguistic markers could possibly be
culture-specific. Finally, an overall limitation described in these studies is the common use of
social media data from just one platform and almost always coming only from Twitter or
Facebook. This has raised the question about how generalizable and representative on those

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findings (Diverse individuals behave differently in their ways of expression among various social
media platform). Further, the lack of longitudinal studies handcuffs our ability to temporally frame
when we should expect social media behavior in relation to symptoms onset and progression for
depression. The limited emphasis on causal inference, privacy issues and link to the clinical care
also underscores important voids in current research. Addressing these gaps involves conducting
research that specifically considers cultural diversity, incorporates multi-platform data, employs
longitudinal designs, and prioritizes ethical considerations and clinical relevance. By doing so,
future studies can enhance the applicability, reliability, and ethical implementation of early
depression detection systems using social media behavior analysis, ensuring that the outcomes are
both generalizable and sensitive to diverse populations.

Justification for Feasibility

The proposed research has introduced an initial conceptual model of a causal ensemble CNN
framework for early depression detection from social media behavior analysis, which is not only
feasible but in many ways promising considering the shortcomings we identified in our literature
review. As previous studies have suggested shortcomings in the single one modality or traditional
machine learning for recognizing depression visualization across social behaviors, due to complex
and multifaceted ways of how depressive behavior may diverge. For addressing the variations of
depression detection across diverse populations and enhancing its accuracy, this study is done by
using sophisticated deep learning techniques such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs),
integrated with causal modeling techniques, and ensemble learning mechanisms. Deep learning
models have demonstrated superior performance in analyzing complex, high-dimensional data like
social media content, especially when dealing with multimodal inputs such as text, images, and
user interaction patterns. The incorporation of causal modeling techniques allows for a more
nuanced understanding of the relationships between social media behavior and depression,
potentially leading to more robust and interpretable models. Ensemble methods, which combine
multiple models to enhance predictive power, can further boost accuracy and generalizability in
depression detection systems.

In addition, extracting data from multiple social media platforms and uniting them in the manner
we propose adds novelty to knowledge making thus improving on new insights. First, it can help
us detect unexploited patterns of how depression might be revealed across different online

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environments showing platform-based health status signals. Second, utilizing data across a variety
of cultural contexts and languages can increase the generalizability and transferability of findings
to diverse populations. By taking this approach, one can examine how depression manifests itself
in social media behaviors from different cultures and languages. Finally, the multi-platform
approach will enable researchers to conduct comparisons analysing how depression indicators in
social media differ or are constant across platforms. This comparative perspective can reveal
insights that would not be apparent from analyzing data from a single platform in isolation. By
addressing these aspects, the proposed research not only aims to improve the accuracy and
reliability of depression detection but also contributes to a more nuanced, culturally sensitive
understanding of how mental health is reflected in online behavior.

Expected research Contribution

It's expected that the new research contributions based on the proposed causal ensemble CNN
framework for early detection of depression through social media behavior analysis will include
the following compared to prior studies:

1. Enhanced Depression Detection Accuracy: This paper presents the first multimodal social
media data resource integrated with advanced deep learning algorithms and causal
modeling that can improve early depression detection accuracy. This study applies modern
machine learning tools such as Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), causal inference
techniques, and ensemble method to improve the reliability and accuracy of identifying
depressive symptoms. The study plans to apportion these innovative strategies across social
media channels in order to achieve improved specificity of the detection signal for
subthreshold depression. This novel strategy outperforms previous single-platform or
unimodal methods in overcoming the limitations associated with traditional platforms and
provides the more reliable detection results across various populations.

2. Comprehensive Cross-Platform Behavioral Mapping: This methodology will allow

researchers to map depressive behaviors over a range of social media platforms by
analyzing several digital footprints. The research aims to develop a system that, by means
of advanced natural language processing and image analysis techniques powered by deep
learning algorithms, is able to promptly detect signals related with the presence of

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depression in diverse online environments. A person is not depressed just because he used
depressing words on Twitter or has a high sentimental score in his Instagram photos — this
way of grasping depression through the many-sided lenses allows for drawing more
accurate conclusions about how it shows up and encompasses more specific ways to
intervene with correspondent support strategies.

3. Culturally Sensitive Depression Detection: The research contributes to developing

culturally sensitive depression detection models by incorporating data from diverse cultural
and linguistic backgrounds. By leveraging advanced machine learning techniques and
causal modeling, the study aims to offer insights into how depression manifests differently
across cultures in social media behavior. This culturally informed approach enhances the
applicability and relevance of depression detection systems across diverse populations,
promoting more equitable and effective mental health interventions globally.

4. Ethical and Privacy-Preserving Framework: The method intends to attend crucial ethical
and privacy principles in longitudinal mental health observatory from social media. The intention
is to create an integrated framework that uses state-of-the-art algorithms for detecting depression
while simultaneously satisfying elements related to the privacy of its users in relation to avoiding
even revealing their health status. The use of this approach can help to realize the benefits of early
detection while protecting user privacy and autonomy, which are essential for fostering trust in
these technologies when being deployed in mental health applications.

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METHODOLOGY

Introduction

Here we explore the process that this research of causal inference in social networks for mental
health prediction listed objectives is going to be followed and conducted. This section details the
steps and techniques regarding data pre-processing, creation of causal model formulation,
incorporation for optimised multiple CNN algorithms and ways to evaluate efficacy of the mode.
The initial step in the data preparation will be to collate and pre-process datasets from standard
sources (UCI dataset) concerning unstructured labeled text-linked retroflexes of mental
disabilities. This step should involve data cleaning, normalization and feature extraction to get the
best possible input for your analysis.
The formulation of causal model will help to deal with the issue when it comes to identifying and
controlling confounding variable for complex social network interaction. To do this, researchers
must build a framework that can accommodate error-inducing variables (primarily those latent
such as in network sociometrics). We will do so using state-of-the-art developments in deep
learning and causality studies to build a powerful causal inference model.
Running with a focus on multiple CNN optimized algorithms will be part of the research. In this
phase, a deep learning pipeline will be built using an ensemble of prediction models along with
network analysis optimized fine-tuning. To understand mental illness, transfer learning methods
will be used to find important patterns of features in unstructured text data. The multiple CNN
approach aims to enhance the model's ability to capture complex patterns and relationships within
social network data.
We will evaluate our model efficacy based on a number of metrics and validation techniques. We
will evaluate how well the model predicts mental health problems as well as its effectiveness in
processing complex social network data, and its generalization to real application scenarios. It will
also assess how well the model in identifying causal relationships and adjusting for confounders.
Most of the research will be performed in Python, which has much better libraries than R for
machine learning, natural language processing and network analysis. Our implementation will use
libraries like: TensorFlow or PyTorch to model the CNNs, and NetworkX for Social Network
Analysis.

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This methodology aims to address the limitations of existing methods in accuracy, efficiency, and
robustness, particularly in complex real-world scenarios. The expected outcome is an accurate
deep-learning framework capable of recognizing and tracking causal inference in social network
activity, with a specific focus on mental health prediction. The findings of this study are anticipated
to contribute significantly to the development of early intervention strategies and preventive
measures for mental health issues, leveraging the power of social network analysis and causal
inference.
Method and Instrument for Data Collection
Our approach to collect data as the first step in this research on causal inference in social networks
for mental health prediction will primarily involve existing datasets from reliable sources,
especially from UCI (University of California, Irvine) Machine Learning Repository. This way,
we have access to pre-vetted high-quality data about mental health; and social network behavior.

The primary instrument for data collection will be the UCI datasets related to mental health and
social media interactions. These datasets typically include:

1. Text data: Posts, comments, and messages from social media platforms, which may contain
indicators of mental health status.

2. User interaction data: Information on user connections, likes, shares, and other social
network activities.

3. Metadata: Timestamp information, user demographics (if available), and other contextual
data.

The process of data acquisition will involve the following steps:

1. Dataset Identification: Carefully review and select appropriate datasets from the UCI
repository that contain relevant information for mental health prediction in social networks.

2. Data Download: Retrieve the selected datasets from the UCI Machine Learning Repository
using their provided download mechanisms.

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3. Data Verification: Check the integrity and completeness of the downloaded data, ensuring
all necessary components are present and uncorrupted.

4. Initial Preprocessing: Perform preliminary data cleaning and formatting to prepare the
datasets for further analysis. This may include handling missing values, removing
duplicates, and standardizing data formats.

5. Data Integration: If multiple datasets are used, develop a strategy to integrate them
coherently, ensuring consistency in data structure and representation.

6. Privacy and Ethical Considerations: Although the UCI datasets are typically anonymized,
an additional layer of scrutiny will be applied to ensure no personally identifiable
information is present in the data.

7. Data Documentation: Create comprehensive documentation of the datasets used, including

their sources, structures, and any modifications made during the initial preprocessing stage.

The use of these established datasets addresses several challenges:

1. Ethical Concerns: By using pre-existing, anonymized datasets, the research minimizes

privacy risks associated with direct data collection from individuals.

2. Data Quality: UCI datasets are typically well-curated, reducing the need for extensive data
cleaning and validation.

3. Reproducibility: Using publicly available datasets enhances the reproducibility of the

research findings.

4. Time Efficiency: Leveraging existing datasets allows more time to be dedicated to model
development and analysis rather than data collection.

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This approach to data collection aligns with the research objectives by providing a rich, diverse
dataset that captures the complexities of social network interactions and mental health indicators,
while adhering to ethical standards and research best practices.

Gantt Chart

Task Mon Mon Mon Mon Mon Mon Mon Mon Mon Mon Mon Mon
th 1 th 2 th 3 th 4 th 5 th 6 th 7 th 8 th 9 th th th
10 11 12
Literatur X X
e Review
&
Proposal
Data X X
Acquisiti
on &
Preproce
ssing
Causal X X
Model
Formulat
ion
Ensembl X X X
e CNN
Develop
ment &
Training
Model X X X
Evaluatio
n &
Validatio
n
Thesis X X X X X
Writing
&
Submissi
on

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Conclusion

In light of the research gaps in mental health prediction via social network analysis, this proposal
plans to fill these by creating a new causal ensemble CNN framework. Utilizing UCI data, the
study integrates these advanced deep learning techniques with causal inference methodologies (a
common approach to overcome confounding in observational studies) which allows for a faithful
representation of true relationships between social media behavior and mental health outcomes-
specifically depression.

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