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Utilization of Electrical Energy: CHAPTER 3: Control of Electric Drives L-3-3

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15 views

Utilization of Electrical Energy: CHAPTER 3: Control of Electric Drives L-3-3

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Uploaded by

eroshanmandal
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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UTILIZATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY

CHAPTER 3: Control of Electric Drives


L-3-3

1
Ward Leonard Method of Speed Control
Ward Leonard control system was introduced by Henry ward Leonard in 1891 which is used for controlling the
speed of a DC motor. It is a basic armature control method. It comprises a DC motor, M1 powered by a DC
generator G. In this method the speed of the DC motor M1 is controlled by applying variable voltage across its
armature. This variable voltage is obtained by using a motor generator set which consists of a motor M2 (either
AC or DC) directly coupled with the generator G. The basic connection diagram of ward Leonard speed control
system is shown below.

M1

M2
Contd....

• The speed of motor M1 is to be controlled which is powered by the generator


G. The shunt field of the motor M1 is connected across DC supply. Now
generator G is driven by motor M2.
• When the output voltage of the generator is fed to motor M1 then the motor
starts to rotate. When the output voltage of the generator varies then the speed
of the motor also varies.
• For the purpose of controlling the output voltage, a field regulator is connected
across the generator with DC supply as field excitation. The direction of
rotation of motor M1 can be reversed by excitation current by using reversing
switch RS. But the motor generator set must run in the same direction.
Contd....

• Advantages: It is a very smooth speed control system over a very wide range.
The speed can be controlled in both direction of rotation of motor easily. It has
inherent regenerative braking property
• Disadvantages: The system is very costly because two extra machines are
required. Overall efficiency of the system is not significant if it is lightly
loaded. Larger size and weight and requires more floor area. Frequent
maintenance. The drive produces more noise.
Motor Speed Control Using Controlled Rectifier
Controlled rectifier fed dc drives are also known as static Ward Leonard drives. They are called fully controlled
rectifier if all switching devices are controlled devices. Similarly, they are called semi controlled rectifiers if
some devices are uncontrolled & others are controlled.
A. Single Phase Full Converter
Contd.....
1 𝜋+𝛼
Va = 𝑉𝑚𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑤𝑡 𝑑𝑤𝑡
π 𝛼
𝑉𝑚
= [-coswt]απ+α
𝜋
−𝑉𝑚
= [cos(π+α)-cosα]
𝜋
2𝑉𝑚
= cosα
𝜋 π/2 π
For 0≤α ≤ π
Contd....
For α≤90,
Va = +ve
VaIa = +ve
P = +ve
For +ve P rectifier deliver power from source to motor.
This operation is called forward motoring.
For α>90
Va = -ve
VaIa = -ve
P = -ve
Here power flows from machine to source i.e motor behaves
as a generator. The rectifier operates in inversion mode, so that
Eb must be –ve, which is done by reversing the field current.
Hence, fully controlled rectifier is capable of operating in I & IV quadrants.
Contd.....
Contd....

B. Single Phase Semi-converter Drives


Contd....
1 𝜋
Va = 𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑤𝑡 𝑑𝑤𝑡
π 𝛼 𝑚
𝑉𝑚
= [-coswt]απ
𝜋
−𝑉𝑚
= [cosπ-cosα]
𝜋
𝑉𝑚
= 𝜋
(1+cosα)
For 0≤ 𝛼 ≤ 𝜋
Va varies as shown in the figure.
Contd....

Single phase semi-converter is one quadrant drive which provides voltage &
current of one polarity at dc terminals. It therefore, doesn’t facilitate for
regenerative braking. Where regeneration is not required, this converter is used for
reasons of economy.
Contd.....

C. Single Phase dual converter


 Two Full Converters are connected back to back.
 Allows four quadrant modes of operation.
 Conv-1 is for 1&4 and conv-2 is for 2&3 quadrant.
2𝑉𝑚
Va = 𝜋
cosα1 0≤ 𝛼1 ≤ 𝜋
The firing angle α2 will be π-α1
2𝑉𝑚
Va = cosα2 0≤ 𝛼2 ≤ 𝜋
𝜋
Example 1

A separately excited dc motor is controlled by varying its armature voltage using a


single phase full converter. The field current is kept constant at a rated value. The
motor has an armature resistance of 0.2Ω & the motor voltage constant is 2.5
V/rad/s. The motor is driving a mechanical load having a torque of 140 Nm. The
triggering angle of converter is 60°. The armature current can be assumed to be
continuous & ripple free. Take V = 250V, 50 Hz
a. Calculate the motor armature current.
b. Evaluate the speed of motor in rad/s.
Contd....
A separately excited dc motor is controlled by varying its armature voltage using a single phase full converter. The field current is
kept constant at a rated value. The motor has an armature resistance of 0.2Ω & the motor voltage constant is 2.5 V/rad/s. The motor
is driving a mechanical load having a torque of 140 Nm. The triggering angle of converter is 60°. The armature current can be
assumed to be continuous & ripple free. Take V = 250V, 50 Hz
a. Calculate the motor armature current.
b. Evaluate the speed of motor in rad/s.
Solution:
2𝑉𝑚 2∗250√2
Va = cosα = cos60 = 112.5 V
𝜋 𝜋
Eb = kb*φ*wm = k’*wm..............(i)
T*wm = EbIa = k’*wm*Ia
Hence,
Ia = T/k’ = 140/2.5 = 56 A [a]
Eb = V – Ia*Ra = 112.5 – 56*0.2 = 101.34 V
&
wm = Eb/k’ = 101.24/2.5 = 40.536 rad/s
Contd....
For three phase converters

Vm
Contd....

3. Three Phase Dual converter


3-phase dual converter consists of two converters and can be operated in all the
four quadrants.
3√3𝑉𝑚 3√3𝑉𝑚
Va = cosα1 & Va = cosα2
𝜋 𝜋
Example 2

A 3-phase half controlled thyristor bridge with 400V, 3-ph, 50 Hz supply is feeding
a separately excited dc motor. Armature resistance is 0.2Ω, armature rated current
is 100A & back emf constant is 0.25V/rpm. Determine no load speed if no load
armature current is 5A & firing angle is 45°. Also determine the firing angle to
obtain a speed of 1500 rpm at rated current.
Example 2
A 3-phase half controlled thyristor bridge with 400V, 3-ph, 50 Hz supply is feeding a separately excited dc motor. Armature
resistance is 0.2Ω, armature rated current is 100A & back emf constant is 0.25V/rpm. Determine no load speed if no load armature
current is 5A & firing angle is 45°. Also determine the firing angle to obtain a speed of 1500 rpm at rated current.
Solution:
VL = 400 V ; Vph = 400/√3 ; Vm = 400/√3*√2
Ra = 0.2 ohm , Ia rated = 100 A, kb’ = 0.25 V/rpm
At no load α = 45°
3√3𝑉𝑚
Va = (1+cosα) = 461.08 V
2𝜋
Eb1 = Va – Ia*Ra = 461.08-5*0.2 = 460.08 V
No load speed = 460.08/0.25 = 1840.32 rpm
Now, for the speed of 1500 rpm
Eb1/Eb2 = N1/N2
Eb2 = 375 V
Va = Eb2+Ia*Ra = 375 + 100*0.2 = 395 V
3√3𝑉𝑚
Or, Va = (1+cosα)
2𝜋
Get α = 62.45°
End of L-3-3

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