Tishk International University

Mechatronics Engineering Department

Special Topics in Mechatronics
Code: ME 374
Lecture 6: 07/ 04/ 2022

Internet of Things (IoT)

Instructor: Safa Anmar Albarwary

Email: [email protected]
 Internet of Things Technology (IoT)

IoT technology makes certain physical events can have an impact on other
things remotely.

Using this technology can execute controlling or monitoring something

somewhere else in the world.

Additionally, this technology provides a communication channel between:

– human-to-human

– human-to-smart devices

– smart devices-to-smart devices without human

– interaction.
 Objectives of IoT

• Connecting things (devices, machines, appliances … etc.)

• Exchange of data and information

• Sensing, Processing, Controlling, Actuation and Monitoring

• Providing services
Industrial Revolutions

IoT era
 History of IoT

• 1999- The term "Internet of Things" was used by Kevin Ashton during his
work at P&G which became widely accepted
• 2004 - The term was mentioned in famous publications like the Guardian,
Boston Globe, and Scientific American.
• 2005- UN's International Telecommunications Union (ITU) published its
first report on this topic.
• 2008- The Internet of Things was born
• 2011- Gartner, the market research company, include "The Internet of
Things" technology in their research
• 2020- 50 Billion devices /things connected to internet, just connecting
things to the internet but also allow things to communicate and exchange data.
How IoT Evolve
 How IoT Works
Internet of Things is not the result of a single novel technology; instead, several
complementary technical developments provide capabilities that taken together
help to bridge the gap between the virtual and physical world.
These fundamental capabilities include:

1. RFID

2. Sensors (thing or device to collect data)

3. Connectivity (wireless network, gateway and Cloud to save and transfer the
data)

4. Data Processing (using Smart Technology For analytics)

5. User Interface
 The Structure of IoT
• RFID, deals with the identification and tracking of data of certain objects in the
loT system. It offers real-time connection and accessibility and is connected to the
sensor.
• The sensor, in turn, collects data and processes them in order to observe changes
in the physical state of objects. The sensor is oftentimes embedded in the objects
themselves, or at a distance from them. IoT workflow starts with sensor devices.
In the case of the Internet of Things, sensor devices are the on-the-ground pieces
of hardware used to collect data from their environment.
• Connectivity, There are many connectivity options for IoT, such as cellular,
satellite, WiFi, low-power wide-area networks (LPWAN), and Bluetooth. When
selecting a connectivity option, there are many factors to take into consideration:
range (maximum distance over which data can be sent), bandwidth (how much
data can be sent), power consumption (how long the battery will last), costs,
reliability, and availability.
• Smart tech, offers enhancement to the network's power by devolving processing
functions to various elements of the network. This aspect deals with embedded
intelligence. It also works hand in hand with Nanotechnology, which enhances the
connectivity of smaller objects in the network. Nanotechnology shrinks the
objects so they can fit into miniaturized versions of themselves.
 IoT Applications
1. Medical Systems, There are several loT medical devices, able to
keep record of remote health monitoring, blood pressure, heart
rate, sugar and major changes in your body.
2. Transportation loT, enables smart parking, smart traffic control,
electronic toll collection systems, vehicle control, logistic
management and road safety assistance.
3. Environmental Monitoring, can get more accurate information of
air quality, water quality, soil conditions and atmospheric changes.
loT devices in this application typically span a large geographic
area and can also be mobile
4. Energy Management, With the help of loT electronic appliances
can save energy and reduce energy consumption in home or
office.
5. Infrastructure Management, Big projects of urban and rural
infrastructures like highways, bridges, railway tracks loT can play
an important role
 IoT Applications
6. Manufacturing loT, enable rapid manufacturing of new products,
real-time optimization of product manufacturing, dynamic response
of product demand.

• IoT has countless use cases in a variety of industries such as

logistics, healthcare, maintenance, manufacturing, and
construction.
• The ultimate goal of applying IoT in businesses is to save time and
money and boost efficiency.
• In manufacturing, for example, IoT can be used to monitor
manufacturing machines for overheating or excess vibration. That
enables manufacturers to apply preventive maintenance instead
of reactive maintenance
• So that unplanned and costly downtime can be avoided.
 Physical Design of IoT
The Physical Design of IoT consist of tow part: Things in IoT and IoT
Protocols.
1. Things in IoT,
• The things in IoT refers to IoT devices which have unique identities
and perform remote sensing, actuating and monitoring capabilities.
• IoT devices can exchange data with other connected devices
applications. It collects data from other devices and process data
either locally or remotely.
• An IoT device may consist of several interfaces for communication to
other devices both wired and wireless. These includes:
– I/O interfaces for sensors
– Interfaces for internet connectivity
– memory and storage interfaces
– audio/video interfaces
 2. IoT Communication Protocols,
The Iot consist of several layers and its operates at those layers or levels during
exchange of data between devices.

The variouse layers are :

1. Link Layer

2. Network/Internet Layer

3. Transport Layer

4. Application Layer
 2. IoT Communication Protocols,

a) Link Layer : Protocols determine how data is physically sent over the
networks physical layer or medium. Local network connect to which
host is attached. Hosts on the same link exchange data packets over the
link layer using link layer protocols.
Link layer determines how packets are coded and signaled by the h/w device
over the medium to which the host is attached.
b) Network/Internet Layer: Responsible for sending IP datagrams from
source n/w to destination n/w.
Performs the host addressing and packet routing. To Identify which device
sending data and which device receiving .
c) Transport Layer: Provides end-to-end message transfer capability
independent of the underlying n/w. this layer ensure that sent data
reached their destination.
It provides functions such as error control, segmentation, flow control and
congestion control.
d) Application Layer: Defines how the applications interface with lower
layer protocols to send data over the n/w.
Enables data encoding and process-to-process communication using ports.
 LOGICAL DESIGN of IoT
1) IoT Functional Blocks, Provide the system the capabilities for
identification, sensing, actuation, communication and management.

IoT functional block

• Device: An IoT system comprises of devices that provide sensing,
actuation, monitoring and control functions.

• Communication: handles the communication for IoT system.

• Services: for device monitoring, device control services, data publishing

services and services for device discovery.

• Management: Provides various functions to govern the IoT system.

• Security: Secures IoT system and priority functions such as

authentication ,authorization, message and context integrity and data
security.

• Application: IoT application provide an interface that the users can use
to control and monitor various aspects of IoT system.
2) IoT Communication Models
Communication models determine the manner in which data is
exchanged or transferred or shared between various devices in the
IoT networks.
 IoT Enabling Technologies

IoT is enabled by several technologies including:

• Wireless Sensor Networks
• Cloud Computing
• Big Data Analytics
• Embedded Systems
• Security Protocols and architectures
• Communication Protocols
• Web Services
• Mobile internet
• semantic search engines
1) Wireless Sensor Network(WSN):
Comprises of distributed devices with sensors which are used to monitor the
environmental and physical conditions. ZigBee is one of the most popular wireless
technologies used by WSNs.
WSNs used in IoT systems are described as follows:
• Weather Monitoring System: in which nodes collect temp, humidity and other data,
which is aggregated and analyzed.
• Indoor air quality monitoring systems: to collect data on the indoor air quality and
concentration of various gases.
• Soil Moisture Monitoring Systems: to monitor soil moisture at various locations.
• Surveillance Systems: use WSNs for collecting surveillance data(motion data
detection).
• Smart Grids : use WSNs for monitoring grids at various points.
• Structural Health Monitoring Systems: Use WSNs to monitor the health of
structures (building, bridges) by collecting vibrations from sensor nodes deployed at
various points in the structure.
2) Cloud Computing: Services are offered to users in different forms.

• Infrastructure-as-a-service(IaaS): provides users the ability to provision

computing and storage resources. These resources are provided to the users as
a virtual machine instances and virtual storage.

• Platform-as-a-Service(PaaS): provides users the ability to develop and deploy

application in cloud using the development tools, APIs, software libraries and
services provided by the cloud service provider.

• Software-as-a-Service(SaaS): provides the user a complete software application

or the user interface to the application itself.
3) Big Data Analytics:

• Some examples of big data generated by IoT are Sensor data generated by IoT
systems.

• Machine sensor data collected from sensors established in industrial and energy
systems.

• Health and fitness data generated IoT devices.

• Data generated by IoT systems for location and tracking vehicles.

• Data generated by retail inventory monitoring systems.

4) Embedded Systems: is a computer system that has computer hardware and

software embedded to perform specific tasks. Embedded System range from low
cost miniaturized devices such as digital watches to devices such as digital cameras,
POS terminals, vending machines, appliances etc.,
 M2M VS IOT

M2M IoT
Point to Point communication usually Devices communicate using IP Networks,
embedded within hardware at the customer incorporating with varying communication
site protocols

Many devices use cellular or wired networks Data delivery is relayed through a middle
layer hosted in the cloud

Devices do not necessarily rely on an The majority of cases, devices require an

internet connection active internet connection

Limited integration options, as devices must Unlimited integration options, but requires
have corresponding communication a solution that can manage all of the
standards communications

* machine-to-machine (M2M)
* Internet of Things (IoT)
 WSN VS IOT

 WSN is sometimes referred to as subset of IoT.

 IoT advantage & disadvantage
Advantages:
• Ability to access information from anywhere at any time on any device;
• Improved communication between connected electronic devices;
• Transferring data packets over a connected network saving time and money; and
• Automating tasks helping to improve the quality of a business's services and
reducing the need for human intervention.
Disadvantages:
• Security: As the number of connected devices increases and more information is
shared between devices, the potential that a hacker could steal confidential
information also increases.
• Huge data: Enterprises may eventually have to deal with massive numbers maybe
even millions of IoT devices, and collecting and managing the data from all those
devices will be challenging.
 IoT Platforms
Basically there are many IoT platform, “Arduino IoT” AND “Blynk” are one of the
most famous once.

1. Blynk Cloud:
Blynk is the most popular IoT platform to connect your devices to the cloud. It is
well-known for allowing users to design apps to control their IoT devices, analyse
telemetry data, and manage your deployed products at scale.
• Blynk Have a supported hardware (ESP32, Arduino, Raspberry Pi, …).
• Connection to the cloud using:
– WiFi
– Bluetooth Ethernet
– USB (Serial)
– GSM

* Official website for Blynk: Blynk IoT platform: for businesses and developers
* Ref for getting start with Blynk: https://docs.blynk.cc
 How Blynk Works
Blynk was designed for the Internet of Things. It can control hardware remotely, it
can display sensor data, it can store data, visualize it and do many other things.
There are three major components in the platform:
• Blynk App: allows to create interfaces for projects using various widgets.
• Blynk Server: responsible for all the communications between the smartphone
and hardware.
• Blynk Libraries: for all the popular hardware platforms - enable communication
with the server and process all the incoming and outcoming commands.
Blynk Dashboard
Blynk Code
Blynk App
 2. Arduino IoT Platform:
On February 6th, 2019 Arduino announced the public beta of the Arduino IoT
Cloud.
• The Arduino IoT Cloud was, in many ways, similar to the existing Blynk product.
It allowed you to create IoT applications for Arduino microcontrollers and
connect them to a cloud service, to control them or to interface them with
existing IoT devices.
 • Things, The basis of all Arduino IoT Cloud projects is the “Thing”. A Thing is a
virtual object that resides within the cloud. It is used to securely hold variables
and information regarding connected devices and networks.
• Networks, You will need to configure your Thing with your network connection
information. For most devices, this will be your WiFi credentials, your SSID, and
password.
• Devices, Devices are simply microcontrollers that connect to the cloud. These
can be certain Arduino microcontrollers, as well as a few third-party boards like
the ESP32 and ESP8266. the list of supported devices is as follows: Arduino Nano
RP2040 Connect, Arduino Nano 33 IoT, Arduino MKR 1000 WiFi, Arduino MKR
WiFi 1010, … Espressif ESP32-based boards.

• Note, Arduino Cloud IoT: Arduino Cloud IoT | Arduino Documentation | Arduino
Documentation
 IoT Arduino App and Dashboard

Ref: Arduino IoT Cloud

Getting started with the Arduino Nano 33 IoT on IDE