K.

RUDHRESHWARAN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

Name:K.RUDHRESHWARAN
Class:XII-C

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K.RUDHRESHWARAN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

INDEX
Sl. No. Topic Page No.
1. INTRODUCTION 2

BASIC BREEDING OF ANIMALS WHICH FARMERS DO

2. 2
IN INDIA.

3. HISTORY OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY 4

4. MANAGEMENT OF FARMS AND FARM ANIMALS 5

5. DAIRY FARM MANAGEMENT 5

6. POULTRY FARM MANAGEMENT 9

7. ANIMAL BREEDING 11

8. BEE KEEPING 19

9. FISHERIES 21

THE CONTRIBUTION OF FISHERIES SECTOR OF INDIA

10. 23
IN THE WORLD

11. BIBLIOGRAPHY 23

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INTRODUCTION:

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY :The practice of breeding and raising of animals is

called animal husbandry

 Animal husbandry is a vital skill for the farmers

 It deals with the care and breeding of lifestock like buffaloes, cows, pigs,
horses, cattle, sheep, camels, goats, etc…
 It also includes poultry farm and fisheries
 Fisheries include rearing, catching, selling, etc…
Example:
molluscs – shell fish
crustaceans- prawn , crabs
 Animals like bees , silk- worm ,prawns , crabs , fishes , birds , pigs , cattle ,
sheep and camels have been used by humans for products like milk , eggs ,
meat , wool , silk , honey , etc.
 There is only 25% of world farm for the 100% of the population in this
world
 Now a days a new strategies and techinques has been discovered for
animal husbandry

BASIC BREEDING OF ANIMALS WHICH FARMERS DO IN INDIA ARE :

1. DAIRY FARM:-

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2. POULTRY FARM:-

3. GOAT FARM:-

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HISTORY OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY:-

It has a long history when animals were initially domesticated

during the Neolithic revolution. Earlier, cattle, goats, sheep, and pigs were raised
on farms on a low scale. After the 18th century, agriculturalists rapidly took animal
husbandry to the next level and yielded more meat, wool, and milk day by day.

(i) ANIMAL HUSBANDRY DURING HARAPPA CIVILIZATION:-

 In INDIA there are different types of animal husbandry according to the

native breed of the state and the nature of the state
 In tamilnadu we have more kedai madu which is a native breed of tamilnadu
and also we have many native breeds in cattle like
 (i) kangeyam
 (ii) pulikulam
 (iii) umbalacheri
 (iv) alambadi
 (v) bargur
 Likewise we also have native breed In the goat and even in the cocks and in
the dogs too.

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 MANAGEMENT OF FARMS AND FARM ANIMALS :-

 Let us discuss some of the management procedures ,employed in
various animal farm systems
(i) DAIRY FARM MANAGEMENT:
 Dairying is the management of animals for milk and its
products for human consumption
 In dairy farm management, we deal with processes and systems
that increase yield and improve quality of milk
 Milk yields is based on the breeds in the farm
 In that too the specific breed must be taken care in series
manner

 The cattle must have to be housed well, should have adequate

water and be maintained disease free

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 The feeding of cattle should be carried out in a scientific

manner
 The important thing is that the cattle and the handlers must be
maintained stringent cleanliness and hygiene for better
requirement away from the diseases.

 The milking , storage and transport of the milk must be

maintained ,now a days the mechanized materials have arrived
in the market which are very useful for farmers to maintain the
hygiene for dairy farms
 For better maintenance of dairy farm we ensuring these
stringent measures would of course require regular inspections,
with proper record maintenance

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 A regular maintenance of the veterinary doctor would be

mandatory for dairy farm

 As giving a separate pride to our native cattle of Tamilnadu the Indian

post service has released the stamp of Kangeyam breed in 25th April in
the year of 2000

 As we know that Indian native cattle milk is number 1 quality milk in

the world so we must do better with our native breed cattle because
we have lost most of the cattle species which we have had in the 17 th

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and 18th century by regulating our native breed milk we can also
enhance our native breeds
 At present we have less number of cattle in Bargur breed which native
to Bargur in Krishnagiri district which is reared in the forest

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(ii) POULTRY FARM MANAGEMENT:-

 Poultry is the class of domesticated birds used for food or for their
eggs
 The domesticated birds includes chicken, ducks and sometimes
turkey and geese

 The word poultry is often used to refer meat of only these birds but
in more general sense it may refer to the meat of the other birds
too.
 As like a dairy farming, selection of disease free and suitable
breeds, proper and safe farm conditions , proper feed and water,
and hygiene and health care important components of poultry farm
management
 The most popular indigenous poultry breed of India is Aseel.
 The aseel breed is most famous for its meat but it is not famous for
its eggs

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 This Aseel breeds were used as the fighting cocks in most part of the
Tamilnadu. But now a days cock fight had been banned so it is used for meat
and for its eggs .
 The cock fight had been in India from 1st century onwards even the battle of
Palanadu is decided by the cock fight only

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ANIMAL BREEDING:-

 Breeding of animals is an important aspect of animal

husbandry. Animal breeding aims at increasing the yield of
animals and improving the desirable qualities of the produce
 Animal breeding is of two types:
 Inbreeding
 Outbreeding
(i) INBREEDING:-
 When the breeding is between animals of the same breed it
is called inbreeding
 Inbreeding refers to the mating of more closely related
individuals within the same breed for 4-6 generations
 The breeding strategy is as follows
Superior male +superior female =progeny they get will be
evaluated and in that the superior male and female are used
for the further mating
 A superior female in the case of cattle is the cow or buffalo
that produces more milk per lactation and in the case of
superior male is the bull which gives rise to superior
progeny as compared to other males

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 The inbreeding is necessary if we need a pure blood line in

any animal
 The inbreeding increases the homozygosity
 The inbreeding exposes harmful recessive genes that are
eliminated by selection, the selection is also helpful in
choosing the superior gene and eliminating the desirable
gene
 The continuous inbreeding especially close inbreeding
reduce the fertility and even productivity and that is called
inbreeding depression

 Whenever the inbreeding depression becomes a problem ,selected animals of

the breeding population should be mated with unrelated superior animals of
the same breed this usually helps in the restoring the fertility and yield
 Inbreeding in dogs will get deafness and eyesight problems the native breed
of the Tamilnadu which is famous for its name RAJAPALAYAM dog is
having this problem if it is inbreeded in some cases only

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 The inbreeding will get deafness and eyesight problems is also in a

dalmatian breed in other breed dogs the energy and the durability of the dogs
were reduced and the progeny of the inbreeding dogs cannot be survive
easily like others

(ii)OUT-BREEDING

 Out – breeding is the breeding of the unrelated animals which may be

between individuals of the same breed but having no common ancestors for
4-6 generations
 If the breeding takes place between two different breeds that is called cross-
breeding.
 If the breeding takes place between two different species that is called inter-
specific hybridization

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(iii)OUT-CROSSING

 It is the practice of mating of animals within the same breed but they don’t
have the same ancestor for 4-6generations this type of mating is called out-
cross
 It is the best breeding method for animals that are below average in
productivity in milk production and growth rate in beef cattle, this method
helps to overcome the inbreeding depression

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(iv) CROSS-BREEDING:-

 In this method ,superior males of one breed are mated with superior females
of another breed
 Cross breeding allows the desirable qualities of two different breeds to
combined
 Many new animal breeds have been developed by this method

(v) INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDISATION:-

 In this method the male and female animals of two different related species
are mated
 In some cases the progeny may come combine desirable features of both
parents and may be of considerable economic value
 Example :mule
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 This interspecific hybridization is also had been done in wild animals too.

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AI(ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION):-
 There is also another method called controlled breeding experiments
 This method is an artificial method with help of AI(artificial
insemination) in this the semen is collected from the male that is chosen
as a parent and injected into reproductive tract of the female by the
breeder
 This semen may be used immediately or can be frozen for transportation
for female house
 This AI process helps us to overcome several problems of normal
matings

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 But success rate of crossing mature male and female animals is fairly low
even though artificial insemination is carried out

MOET (MULTIPLE OVULATION EMBRYO TRANSFER ):-

 To improve chances of the success rate there is also another artificial method
called (MOET)multiple ovulation embryo transfer technology
 In this (MOET) a cow is administered hormones, with FSH- like activity, to
induce follicular maturation and super ovulation
 By this super ovulation, instead of one egg they produce 6-8 eggs per cycle
but usually they will produce only one egg per cycle
 After this the animal is either mated with a bull or with help of artificial
insemination

 The fertilized eggs at 8-32 cells stage, are recovered non-surgically and
transferred to surrogate mother
 Then the genetic mother is ready for another super ovulation by this process
they can get the best quality of progeny
 This technology is used in cattle , sheep ,rabbit ,buffaloes ,mares ,etc…

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 In this process the high milk yielding cows and high quality meat yielding
bulls have been bred successfully to increase herd size in a short time

 BEE KEEPING:-
 Bee – keeping or apiculture is the maintenance of hives of
honeybees for the production of honey is called bee-keeping
 It has been an old cottage industry
 Honey is a food of high nutritive value and also finds use in the
indigenous systems of medicine ,honey bees also produces
beeswax which is also is used in many industries like cosmetics
 The increased demand of honey has led to large scale bee keeping
practices
 For this bee-keeping there must be some wild shrubs , fruit
orchards and crops

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 This beehives can be kept any were the about mentioned are
available
 Bee-keeping is not labour –intensive

 Bee-keeping though relatively easy does require some specialized

knowledge
 Some important points for successful be keeping are:
 Knowledge of nature and habits of bees
 Selection of suitable location
 Catching and hiving of swarms
 Management of beehives during different seasons
 Handling and collection of honey and beeswax

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 Honey bees are pollinators of our many crops during flowering

seasons these beehives are very useful for increasing the pollination
with help of honeybees this improves both the crop yield and honey
yield
 FISHERIES:-
 It is an industry devoted to the catching ,processing or selling of
fish, shellfish or other aquatic animals
 A large number of our population is dependent on fish ,fish products
and other aquatic animals like prawn ,crab ,lobster ,edible oyster,
etc…for food

 There are some fresh water fishes are also there like Catla, Rohu and
common carp
 There are also marine fishes that are eatables like Hilsa, Sardines,
Mackerel and Pomfrets.
 Fisheries has an important place in Indian economy

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 It provides income and employment to millions of fisherman and

farmers particularly in the coastal areas
 In order to increase he demand on the fisheries ,different techniques
have been employed to increase production
 Example :through aquaculture and pisciculture we have been able
to increase the production of aquatic plants and animals in both fresh
water and marine

 Fish production of India till 2022 year is given above

 flourishing the fishery industry ,and it has bought a lot of income to the
farmers in particular and the country is general

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THE CONTRIBUTION OF FISHERIES SECTOR OF INDIA IN THE

WORLD:

BIBLIOGRAPHY

# 12 NCERT BIOLOGY BOOK

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