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1 - Introduction

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Rizky Adhi
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Earthquake Engineering

INTRODUCTION

Ari Wibowo, PhD


Earthquakes constitute one of the worst natural hazards
which often turn into disaster causing widespread
destruction and loss to human life.

The effects of earthquake vary upon the magnitude and


intensity. Earthquakes occur every now and then all
round the world, except in some places where
earthquakes occur rarely. The devastation of cities and
towns is one of the effects of earthquake.
What is Earthquake?

An Earthquake is the result


of a sudden release of energy
in the earth’s crust that creates
seismic waves.
The seismic activity of an
area refers to the frequency,
type and size of earthquakes
experienced over a period of
time
For example:
If you throw stone in a
pond of still water, series of
waves are produced on the
surface of water, these waves
spread out in all directions from
the point where the stone strikes
the water.

Similarly, any sudden


disturbances in the earth’s crust
may produce vibration in the
crust which travel in all direction
from point of disturbances.
San Andreas Fault
California
Focus(Hypocenter):
Focus is the point on the fault
where rupture occurs and the
location from which seismic
waves are released.

Epicenter:
Epicenter is the point on the
earth’s surface that is directly
above the focus ,the point where
an earthquake or underground
explosion originates.
Cont…

Fault Line:
A Fault line is the surface trace of
a fault, the line of intersection
between the earth’s surface.

Fault plane:
Fault plane are the crackes or
sudden slips of the land .

Fault Scrap:
A Fault scrap is the topographic
expression of faulting attributed
to the displacement of the land
surface by movement along
faults.
The primary cause of an earthquake is faults on the
crust of the earth.
“A Fault is a break or fracture b/w two blocks of rocks in
response to stress.”

This movement may occur rapidly, in the form of an


earthquake or may occur slowly, in the form of creep.

Earth scientists use the angle of the fault with respect to the
surface (known as the dip) and the direction of slip along the
fault to classify faults.
1.Thrust (reverse)fault:

Classification Of Faults

Normal fault:
a dip-slip fault in which the
block above the fault has
moved downward relative to
the block below.

Thrust (reverse)fault:
a dip-slip fault in which the
upper block, above the fault
plane, moves up and over the
lower block.
Strike-slip fault:

A left-lateral strike-slip
fault :
It is one on which the
displacement of the far block is
to the left when viewed from
either side.

A right-lateral strike-slip
fault:
It is one on which the
displacement of the far block is
to the right when viewed from
either side.
Thrust Fault Normal Fault

Strike Fault Oblique Fault


Some major causes of earthquakes on basic of its causes are:

Surface causes
Volcanic causes
Tectonic causes

Surface cause:
Great explosions, landslides, slips on steep coasts, dashing
of sea waves , avalanches , railway trains, heavy trucks, some
large engineering projects cause minor tremors. some of them are
man made, other are natural.
Volcanic cause:
Volcanic eruptions produce earthquakes. Earthquakes may
precede, accompany and frequently follow volcanic eruptions.
They are caused by sudden displacements of lava within
or beneath the earth crust.

There are two general


categories of earthquakes
that can occur at a volcano:

volcano-tectonic
earthquakes

long period earthquakes.


Tectonic cause:
Structural disturbances resulting in the parts of the
lithosphere is the main cause of this type of earthquake.
Most of the disastrous earthquakes belong to this
category and occur in areas of great faults and fractures.
Sudden yielding to strain produced on the rocks of
accumulating stress causes displacements especially along
old fault zones known as great transform faults.
Seismic waves produced due to
earthquake are basically divided
into two major types:

Body waves

Surface waves
Body waves:
Body waves travels through the interior(body) of earth as they leave
the focus. Body waves are further divided into following types:
Primary (P) waves
Secondary(S) waves
Primary Waves (P-waves) Secondary Waves(S-wave)

High frequency High frequency

Short Wavelength Short Wavelength

Longitudinal waves Transverse waves

Pass trough both solids and Can not move through liquids
liquids
Move forwards and Move in all direction from
backwards as it compressed their source
and decompressed
P-wave is faster S-wave is more slower than P-
wave
First P-wave arrive After P-wave,S-wave is arrive
Surface Wave:
Surface waves travels parallel to the earth’s surface and these
waves are slowest and most damaging. Surface wave are divided
into following types:
Love waves
Rayleigh waves
Love Waves Rayleigh wave

Guided waves Guided waves

Displacement is parallel to the Displacement is perpendicular


free surface to love-wave displacement

Love wave is faster Rayleigh wave is slower

Causes horizontal shifting of Ground move in circular


the earth surface. motion.
The intensity and strength of an earthquake is measured on
Richter scale,the scale invented by Charles Richter California
,USA in 1935.which categories earthquake on the basis of
energy released.
Defintion:
“the logarithm to base ten of the maximum seismic-wave
amplitude recorded on a standard seismograph at a distance of
100 kilometers from the earthquake epicenter.”

Scientists measure the strength of earthquakes using


machines known as seismographs.
Seismology is the scientific study of earthquakes and the
propagation of elastic waves through the Earth.
Amount of energy released during different
Earthquake:

Intensity Of Earthquake Energy Release (Amount Of


On Richter Scale: TNT):
1.0 170 Grams
2.0 6 Kilogram
3.0 179 Kilogram
4.0 5 Metric Tons
5.0 179 Metric Tons
6.0 5643 Metric Tons
7.0 179100 Metric Tons
7.5 1 Mega Tons
8.0 564300 Metric Tons
Seismometers are instruments
that measure motions of the
ground, including those
of seismic waves generated
by earthquakes, volcanic
eruptions, and otherseismic
sources.

Seismometers may be
deployed at Earth's surface, in
shallow vaults, in boreholes, or
underwater.
Damaged Area

Landslides

Shaking and
ground rapture
Fires

Soil liquefaction
Tsunami

Floods
Eartquake-Resistant Building
What does an open
frame building look
like?
Beams
Columns
Frame
Skin, glass (cladding)

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