AR5412 - Site Surveying and Planning

B.Arch 4th semester School of Architecture and Planning, 2024

Rain water
harvesting
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Rainwater harvesting
• Direct collection of rain water.
• Can be used directly or can be recharged into the ground water.
• Surface runoff harvesting | Rooftop rainwater harvesting.
• Direct use – the process of collecting and storing the rainwater by
construction of sump through filters for future productive use
• Artificial recharges of groundwater – recharges the rainwater in a
scientifically planned way by constructing of rain/roof top water
harvesting structures to augment the groundwater.

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Criteria for selection of rainwater harvesting technologies
Several factors should be considered when selecting rainwater harvesting
systems for domestic use:
• type and size of catchment area
• local rainfall data and weather patterns
• family size
• length of the drought period
• alternative water sources
• cost of the rainwater harvesting system

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RWH – irrigation purpose
• rainfall amounts, intensities, and evapo-transpiration rates
• soil infiltration rate, water holding capacity, fertility and depth of soil
• crop characteristics such as water requirement and length of growing period
• hydrogeology of the site
• socio-economic factors such as population density, labour, costs of materials and
regulations governing water resources use
Storing rainwater for direct use
The effective roof area and the material used in
constructing the roof largely influence the
efficiency of collection and the water quality.
(1) a collection (catchment) area
(2) a conveyance system consisting of pipes and
gutters
(3) a storage facility
(4) a delivery system consisting of a tap or pump
Advantages
• Rainwater is a relatively clean and free source of water
• it is owner-operated and managed
• Socially acceptable and environmentally responsible
• Reduces stormwater runoff and non-point source pollution
• Uses simple, flexible technologies that are easy to maintain
• Offers potential cost savings especially with rising water costs
• Provides safe water for human consumption after proper treatment
• Low running costs
• Construction, operation and maintenance are not labour-intensive.
Disadvantages
• Limited supply and uncertainty of rainfall.
• Low storage capacity which will limit rainwater harvesting, whereas,
increasing the storage capacity will add to the construction and operating
costs making the technology less economically feasible
• Possible contamination of the rainwater with animal wastes and organic
matter which may result in health risks if rainwater is not treated prior to
consumption as a drinking water source
• Leakage from cisterns can cause the deterioration of load-bearing slopes
Recharging groundwater aquifers from rooftop runoff
• Rain water that is collected on the roof
top of the building may be diverted by
drain pipes to a filtration tank from
which it flows into the recharge well.
• The recharge well should preferably be
shallower than the water table.
• Preferable in the areas where the
rainfall occurs only for a short period in
a year and water table is at a shallow
depth.
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Recharging groundwater aquifers from ground areas

• The rain water that is collected from the

open areas may be diverted by drain
pipes to a recharge dug well / bore well
through filter tanks.
• The abandoned bore well/dug well can
be used cost effectively for this purpose.

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Disposal
system
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Waste production
• Waste production affects
environmental quality.
• Exploitation of natural resources.
• Waste is produced in different
forms.
• Mining, energy production,
manufacturing, domestic activities.
• Solid waste – garbage, rubbish,
demolition waste, sewage
treatment residue, etc,.
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Types of waste
• Non hazardous waste –
refuse, garbage, swage
and sullage, sludge,
municipal trash.
• Hazardous – solvents,
acids, heavy metals,
pesticides and chemical
sludge.
• Radioactive
• Mixed waste
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Solid waste management
• Solid waste management (SWM) is a major problem for many urban local bodies
(ULBs) in India, where urbanization, industrialization, and economic growth have
resulted in increased municipal solid waste (MSW) generation per person.
• Control of generation, storage, collection transport or transfer, processing and
disposal of solid waste materials.
• Centralized method – collection of municipal waste from all over the local area
(ULB – Urban Local Body) and by means of landfilling, dump outside the city,
panchayat limits.
• De centralized method – waste collected ward wise and is segregated at source
into bio-degradable and non bio degradable.
Solid waste categorization

ORIGIN CONTENTS HAZARD

POTENTIAL
 Solid waste types
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE BIOMEDICAL WASTE OR HOSPITAL WASTE
Infectious waste – sharps, solid waste, disposables,
Commercial and residential waste generated in anatomical waste, cultures, discarded medicinesm chmical
municipal or notifies areas inn either solid or semi solid wasteetc,. Usually in form of disposable syringes, swabs,
form excluding industrial hazardous wate. bandages, body fluids, human excreta etc.

INDUSTRIAL SOLID WASTE

Hazardous waste – toxin substances are
corrosive, highly inflammable or react when
exposed to certain things.
Treatment and disposal
Sanitary landfill
Incineration
Composting
 Sanitary landfill
• Method of disposing of refuge on
land without creating nuisances
or hazards to public health or
safety.
• Careful preparation of the fill
area, including the use od clay or
synthetic liners and control of
water drainage are required to
ensure proper landfilling.
• Requires top daily cover.
• Produces water and air pollution.
 Incineration
• Controlled combustion
process for burning solid,
liquid or gaseous
combustible waste to
gases and residue.
• Effective way of
decreasing water volume.
• Air pollution is a major
concern.
• Expensive to operate.
 Composting
• Controlled biological decomposition
or organic solid water under aerobic
condition.
• Organic waste material are
transformed into soil amendments
as humus or much.
• Air, water, brown or green category
food.
Solid waste in India
▪ On daily basis – 1.50 lakh metric ton of solid waste.
▪ 20% - processed 80% dumped in landfill.
▪ Urban waste > Rural waste.
▪ Processing methods – composting, bio methanation, recycle, incineration and
pyrolysis.

May 2020 – lakh metrics Million tonnes

Sewage treatment
Plant
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Objectives

▪ To lessen the sewage's potency so

that it won't contaminate the
receiving water.
▪ To purge sewage of all pathogens so
that it can be disposed of properly.
▪ Purge the sewage of any materials
that could cause a hazard so that it
can be disposed of securely.
▪ To stop the extinction of aquatic life,
including fish.
Location consideration
• In accordance with the topography of the ground, the position of the treatment
units should be suitable for the operation of the wastewater collection system.
• To protect from flooding - sewage treatment plants should be situated high.
• Hydraulic position of the facility - to reduce load loss and guarantee equal
consistency of flow separation, a straight flow path between the units is advised.
• The placement of the treatment plants should be near the operationally essential
electrical sources.
Location consideration
• The site of the treatment facilities must not obstruct future city expansion plans,
and must allow for the expansion of the future wastewater collection network.
• The distance between the treatment facilities and the city and network service
should be sufficient. Between the construction site and the residential zones,
there should be a buffer zone.
• Green areas that will provide access for the staff in charge of the operation, to
each point of the treatment unit are preferred for these buffer zones.
• The land use/land cove, elevation model, lithology map of the study area, the
groundwater data in the study area, soil data (type and thickness), road network,
map of rivers and dams in the study area, population.
Location to install sewage treatment plant

▪ STP should be positioned away from residential housing, underneath driveways,

playgrounds, or clubhouses.
▪ STP should not be installed in any building's basement.
▪ Access to the STP room should be made from the ground level or upper basement,
by well-designed pathways or headroom.
▪ The treatment facilities are to be situated as close as practicable to the disposal site.
▪ The treatment facility should be situated on the river bank, if the treated sewage is
to be dumped in a natural stream.
▪ They ought to be on the city's downstream side and far enough from the water
intake point, shouldn't be too close to the town that it might harm the surrounding
area's air.
Design of STP

▪ Important to provide
some degree if treatment
to waste water before it
can be used for
agricultural or landscape
irrigation or for
aquaculture.
▪ Primary, secondary,
tertiary treatment
Primary treatment
▪ Remove material – raw
sewage before they
damage or clog the
pumps and lines.
▪ Bar screen – large objects
removal. Manual /
automated mechanical
raked bar.
▪ Grit removal – pre
treatment to allow the
settlement of sand, grit,
stones or broken glass.
Secondary treatment
▪ Removes dissolved and
suspended biological
matter.
▪ Indigenous, water borne
micro-organisms in a
managed habitat.
▪ Separate process to
remove the
microorganisms from
treated water to
discharge to tertiary
treatment.
Tertiary treatment
▪ Final treatment stage to
raise effluent quality
before it is discharged to
the receiving
environment.
▪ More than one treatment
plant.
▪ Sludge is dewatered to
reduce the volumes
transported off site for
disposal.