Argumentative Essay writing

Lesson objectives
*Learners will recognise the special format of argumentative writing
titles

*Learners will appreciate the variety of possible leads into and out
of a topic.

*Learners will evaluate their own preferences.

Characteristics of an Argumentative Essay topic:

Clear Stance: The topic clearly presents a position or opinion on a

controversial subject.

Debate Invitation: It invites disagreement or opposing viewpoints.

Support and Counterarguments: The essay provides evidence,

examples, and counterarguments to strengthen the presented stance.

Persuasion: The goal is to convince the reader of the writer's

viewpoint.

Logical Structure: The essay follows a logical structure, with

introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion that restates the
main argument.
***
Topics for argumentative essays suitable for the Cambridge
IGCSE learner:

1. Is social media more harmful than beneficial to society? Is social

media more harmful than beneficial to society?
Analyse the impact of social media on mental health, privacy, and
social relationships.

2. Should school uniforms be mandatory in all schools?

Discuss the effects of school uniforms on student behaviour,
equality, and academic performance.

3. Is it ethical to use animals for scientific research?

Debate the moral implications versus the scientific benefits of animal
testing.

4. Is homework necessary for effective learning in schools?

Debate the advantages and disadvantages of homework for
students' academic achievement and well-being.

5. Should higher education be free for everyone?

Debate the economic and social implications of providing free
college and university education.

6. Is online learning as effective as traditional classroom learning?

Compare the benefits and drawbacks of online education versus in-
person schooling.

7. Should governments regulate the content of video games?

Discuss the potential impact of violent or inappropriate content in
video games on young people.

8. Is space exploration worth the cost?

Evaluate the benefits of space exploration against the high financial
costs involved.

9. Should the use of plastic bags be banned worldwide?

Consider the environmental impact of plastic bags and the
practicality of implementing a global ban.

10. Should children be allowed to use smartphones?

Discuss the pros and cons of allowing children access to
smartphones at a young age.
***

SAMPLE ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAYS

1. Is animal testing necessary?

Animals share similarities with humans, making them invaluable

models for understanding complex biological processes. Many
diseases and conditions can only be studied effectively through
animal testing due to the inability to replicate human-like reactions
in a laboratory setting. Hence it is crucial to certain scientific fields
such as medicine and drug development.

Scientists have used monkeys to test the efficacy of the polio

vaccine before human trials in order to identify potential side effects
and make necessary adjustments to ensure its safety on humans.
Similarly, by using mice and other animals, cancer researchers test
various therapies and develop treatments that have prolonged the
lives of countless patients.

Additionally, researchers have gained insights into heart disease

and have developed innovative treatments like stents and bypass
surgeries thereby reducing mortality rates.

All in all, without animal testing, many scientific discoveries and

medical breakthroughs would be unattainable, leaving us with
limited treatment options for numerous diseases, thereby putting
human lives at risk.
***

2. Do computer games encourage violence?

The rise of computer games has sparked an ongoing debate about
their influence on individuals, particularly in regards to aggressive
behaviour leading to real-world violence.

Research reveals that playing violent games may desensitize

individuals to violence and promote aggressive thoughts and
actions. One example often cited is the 1999 shooting at
Columbine High School in the United States. The perpetrators
were reported to have been avid players of violent computer
games.

A study highlights the potential impact of media violence on

imitative behaviour. Young children who were exposed to
aggressive behaviour through computer games were more likely to
imitate the same aggressive actions towards others.
Additionally, imitative behaviour coupled with lack of parental
supervision and peer influence could be lethal.

To sum up, the potential dangers posed by violent computer

games is real and it is essential to acknowledge that it can affect
individuals based on factors, such as personality, age, and
previous exposure to violence.
***

3. Is banning plastic bags a crucial step in reducing

environmental pollution?

Plastic bags have become ubiquitous in our daily lives, but their
convenience comes at a high cost to the environment. Therefore, it is
imperative that we consider banning their use to combat
environmental pollution. Plastic bags clog our oceans, harm wildlife,
and contribute to greenhouse gas emissions during their production.

One compelling reason to ban plastic bags is their devastating impact

on marine life. Countless animals ingest or become entangled in these
bags, leading to injury or death. For instance, sea turtles often mistake
plastic bags for jellyfish, a staple in their diet. Furthermore, plastic
bags can take hundreds of years to decompose, causing long-term
damage to ecosystems.

Critics argue that alternatives like reusable bags or paper bags are
equally harmful to the environment due to their production processes.
However, this argument falls short when we consider that plastic bags
are used for mere minutes and discarded, whereas reusable bags can
last for years.

In summary, the ban on plastic bags is a necessary step in reducing

environmental pollution. While there are alternative viewpoints, the
overwhelming evidence supports the harmful impact of plastic bags on
the environment, making their prohibition a sensible and responsible
choice for the preservation of our planet.

***

4. Do prisons work?
The prison system, as a means of punishment and rehabilitation, has
been in place for centuries. However, there is growing evidence that
suggests prisons may not be as effective as once believed.

A major shortcoming of the prison system is its failure to break the

cycle of crime and reduce recidivism rates. Statistics indicate that
individuals released from prison end up returning due to a lack of
support, education, and employment opportunities, leading them to
revert to criminal behaviour.

Prisons worldwide face the challenge of overcrowding, leading to

dehumanizing living conditions for inmates, causing mental health
issues, increase in violence among prisoners, and poor access to
essential resources and services.

The impact of imprisonment extends beyond the individual to their

families and communities causing family disruption, emotional trauma
for children, and economic strain on households.
While prisons have been a central pillar of the criminal justice system
for centuries, it is evident that they have significant shortcomings and
often fail to achieve their intended goals.

***

Discursive Essay writing

Learning objectives: To practise planning for and structuring a

discursive piece of writing.

Lesson objectives
*Learners will raise their awareness of the importance of
brainstorming and presenting arguments in a convincing order.

*Learners will appreciate the benefit of pre-empting counter points

to build them into their writing plan.

A discursive essay explores both sides of an issue without taking a

strong stance. It presents various perspectives, arguments, and opinions
on a topic in an unbiased manner. The main goal is to provide a balanced
overview of the subject, allowing readers to form their own opinions.

Characteristics of a Discursive Essay Topic:

Open-Ended: The topic does not inherently lean towards one specific
side of the issue.

Multiple Viewpoints: It explores various arguments and perspectives,

often without expressing a personal opinion.

Neutral Tone: The language used is impartial and unbiased.

Balanced Discussion: The essay aims to present a fair representation of

differing opinions.
Consideration of Complexity: The topic often deals with multifaceted or
controversial subjects.

***
Topics for discursive essays suitable for the Cambridge IGCSE
learners:

1. The impact of technology on human interaction

Explore how technological advancements have affected the way people
communicate and relate to each other.

2. The benefits and drawbacks of homeschooling

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of educating children at
home versus traditional schooling.

3. The influence of celebrities on youth culture

Analyse the effects of celebrity culture on the attitudes, behaviours, and
aspirations of young people.

4. The pros and cons of renewable energy sources

Examine the benefits and challenges associated with transitioning to
renewable energy sources like solar and wind power.

5. The role of the arts in education

Discuss the importance of incorporating arts education in the
school curriculum and its impact on student development.

6. The effects of globalization on local cultures

Explore how globalization has influenced local traditions, languages, and
cultural practices.

7. The importance of mental health awareness in schools

Discuss the need for mental health education and support in the school
environment.
8. The impact of fast fashion on the environment
Analyse the environmental consequences of the fast fashion
industry and potential solutions.

9. The role of sports in promoting social cohesion.

Discuss how sports can bring communities together and promote
inclusivity and understanding.

10. The future of space exploration and its potential benefits

Discuss the potential scientific, economic, and societal benefits of
continued space exploration.

SAMPLE DISCURSIVE ESSAYS

1. Computer games - pros and cons.

Computer games, a prevalent form of entertainment, have both
advantages and drawbacks. On the positive side, they can enhance
cognitive abilities, problem-solving skills, and hand-eye coordination.
Games like "Portal" and "Minecraft" encourage players to think critically
and creatively. Additionally, multiplayer games foster social interactions
and teamwork, as seen in "Fortnite" or "Among Us."

However, excessive gaming can lead to negative consequences.

Prolonged screen time may cause health issues like eye strain and
sedentary lifestyle problems.

Moreover, violent games such as "Grand Theft Auto" or "Call of Duty"

have been criticized for desensitizing players to violence.
Despite the potential drawbacks, balanced gaming can be beneficial.
Parents and educators should encourage moderation and select age-
appropriate games. Striking a balance between gaming and other
activities is crucial for a well-rounded lifestyle.

In summary, computer games offer both advantages and disadvantages,

and responsible usage is key to enjoying their benefits while mitigating
their potential harms.
 ***

2. Competition is Good
Competition, a pervasive aspect of human society, has both positive and
negative effects. On the positive side, competition can drive innovation
and progress. Companies striving to outdo each other lead to improved
products and services. For instance, the rivalry between Apple and
Samsung has resulted in cutting-edge smartphones.

Furthermore, competition can foster personal growth and motivation. In

sports, athletes push their limits to excel and achieve success. For
example, the fierce competition between Usain Bolt and Justin Gatlin in
sprinting has elevated the sport to new heights.

However, excessive competition can also have detrimental

consequences. It may create a hyper-competitive environment that puts
extreme pressure on individuals, leading to stress and anxiety. The
education system's overemphasis on grades can result in a toxic
competition that harms students' mental well-being.

In summary, competition has its merits in driving progress and personal

development. Nonetheless, a balanced approach that avoids excessive
pressure is essential to harness its benefits without compromising
individuals' well-being.
***

3. Fashion is important

Fashion plays a significant role in society, but its importance varies from
person to person. On the one hand, fashion allows individuals to
express their unique identities and creativity. Fashion choices can
empower people and boost their self-confidence. For instance, iconic
fashion designers like Coco Chanel and Alexander McQueen have left a
lasting impact on the industry, inspiring countless individuals to explore
their own styles.

Moreover, fashion serves as a means of cultural expression and

heritage. Traditional attire, like the Japanese kimono or Indian saree,
represents rich cultural histories and values.

However, the obsession with fast fashion and consumerism raises

concerns about its impact on the environment and labour exploitation.
Cheap, disposable clothing can contribute to environmental degradation
and unfair working conditions.

In summary, fashion holds both personal and cultural significance,

enabling self-expression and reflecting our identity. Nevertheless, it is
crucial to approach fashion mindfully and ethically to appreciate its
importance while being conscious of its broader implication.
***

4. Healthy food should cost less

The idea of making healthy food more affordable is a topic of debate,

with compelling arguments on both sides. Lowering the cost of nutritious
food could encourage healthier eating habits, combat obesity, and
promote overall well-being. For instance, subsidizing fresh fruits and
vegetables could make them more accessible to low-income individuals,
leading to improved dietary choices.

On the other hand, reducing the cost of healthy food might have
unintended consequences. It could affect the profitability of farmers and
producers, leading to potential supply chain issues. Additionally,
artificially lowering prices without addressing other factors like food
education and availability might not result in the desired behavioural
change.
 A more balanced approach could involve a combination of measures.
Government incentives for farmers to produce healthier foods,
educational programs promoting balanced diets, and initiatives to
improve food access in underserved areas can all contribute to healthier
eating habits.

In summary, while the concept of making healthy food more affordable is

appealing, a comprehensive strategy addressing various aspects of the
food system is necessary to achieve sustainable and positive outcomes.
***
Persuasive writing
Persuasive Essay writing

Learning objectives: To practise persuasive writing techniques and

style.

The key conventions of persuasive writing

• promote a strong, single point of view rather than a more balanced

argument
• make direct appeals to the reader/listener (e.g. ‘We need your
help...’, ‘You don’t want to miss out...’)
• use highly charged language (e.g. intensifiers such as ‘utterly
gorgeous’ or ‘totally unacceptable’)
• use vivid imagery or examples to engage the reader – either actual
pictures/photos or descriptions (e.g. ‘palm-fringed white sand
beaches’)
• use varied sentence structures for shock, impact or elaboration (e.g.
‘This must stop’)
• use rhetorical devices (e.g. rhetorical questions, repetition, lists of
three)
• Use headings, captions, slogans or logos to engage the reader
• provide statistics, data or other numerical measures to persuade
the reader
• use expert evidence or customer reviews to promote the benefits of a
product/idea/experience
 • include a ‘call to action’, often phrased using imperatives (e.g. ‘Buy
now while stocks last’, ‘Act now before it’s too late’).

Topics for persuasive essays suitable for the Cambridge IGCSE

learners:

1. The Importance of Environmental Conservation

Argue for the significance of environmental conservation and the role that
individuals can play in preserving the planet for future generations.

2. The Impact of Social Media on Teenagers

Explore the positive and negative effects of social media on teenagers,
discussing issues such as cyberbullying, mental health, and the importance
of responsible online behaviour.

3. School Uniforms
Make a case for or against school uniforms, discussing their potential
benefits in terms of equality and discipline, or arguing for the importance of
personal expression and individuality.

4. The Benefits of Physical Education in Schools

Advocate for the importance of physical education in schools, discussing how
it contributes to students' overall well-being, academic performance, and
lifelong health.

5. The Role of Technology in Education

Examine the impact of technology on education, discussing how it enhances
or hinders learning, and explore the balance between traditional teaching
methods and technological advancements.

6. The Dangers of Distracted Driving

Argue for stricter regulations and penalties to combat distracted driving,
discussing the impact of mobile phones and other distractions on road safety.
7. The Role of Gender Equality in Economic Development
Discuss the relationship between gender equality and economic
development, exploring how empowering women can contribute to a
more prosperous society.

8. The Importance of Sleep for Academic Success

Argue for the significance of sufficient sleep in academic achievement,
addressing the impact of sleep deprivation on cognitive function and
overall well-being.

9. The Benefits of Learning a Second Language

Discuss the cognitive, cultural, and career-related benefits of learning a
second language, advocating for language education in schools.

10. The Importance of Cultural Diversity in Schools

Discuss the value of promoting cultural diversity in educational settings,
emphasizing the benefits of exposure to different cultures for students
and society as a whole.

Remember to support your arguments with relevant evidence and examples

to make your persuasive essay more compelling.

***

SAMPLE PERSUASIVE ESSAYS

1. The Case for Mandatory School Uniforms

School uniforms have long been a subject of debate, but the
advantages they offer are undeniable. Mandatory school uniforms
promote a sense of unity and equality among students, fostering a
more inclusive learning environment.

When students dress alike, socioeconomic differences become

less apparent, reducing the potential for bullying and peer pressure
based on clothing choices. For instance, a study by the National
Association of Secondary School Principals found that schools
with uniform policies reported fewer incidents of violence and
disciplinary issues.
Moreover, school uniforms instil a sense of discipline and pride.
Students who wear uniforms are more likely to adhere to school
rules and focus on their studies. This was evidenced in a study
conducted by the University of Houston, which showed that
schools with uniform policies experienced higher academic
performance and better attendance rates.

In summary, mandatory school uniforms offer numerous benefits

that contribute to a positive and conducive learning environment.
They foster inclusivity, diminish distractions, and encourage
discipline. By implementing uniform policies, schools can create a
more harmonious atmosphere where students can thrive
academically and socially.
***

2. Embracing Technology in Education: A Path to Progress

Technology has revolutionized every aspect of our lives, and
education is no exception. The integration of technology in
education has brought about transformative changes that enhance
learning experiences and prepare students for the digital age.

For instance, online learning platforms provide access to a vast

array of resources, enabling personalized and self-paced learning.
Khan Academy, for example, offers interactive lessons that cater to
individual learning styles, empowering students to grasp complex
concepts at their own pace.

Furthermore, technology bridges geographical barriers. Virtual

classrooms and video conferencing tools allow students from
around the world to collaborate and learn together. This not only
broadens their perspectives but also prepares them for the
globalized workforce.
Take Coursera's international courses as an example, enabling
students to learn from top universities worldwide without leaving
their homes.

All in all, technology is an indispensable tool that enhances

educational outcomes by fostering personalized learning and
breaking down geographical constraints. Embracing technology in
education equips students with skills they need for the future while
expanding their horizons. As we move forward, harnessing
technology's potential is vital for creating a more interconnected
and innovative learning environment.
***

3. A Call to Action: Urgent Environmental Conservation

The world is at a crossroads, facing environmental challenges that
demand our immediate attention. Environmental conservation is
not just a choice; it's an urgent necessity for the survival of our
planet and future generations. The devastating effects of
deforestation are evident in the Amazon rainforest's rapid decline,
endangering countless species and exacerbating climate change.
Without swift action, these vital ecosystems could vanish forever.

Picture a world where our children inherit polluted air and water
due to unchecked industrialization. The ongoing plastic pollution
crisis exemplifies this grim reality, with marine life suffering from
our convenience-driven habits. By reducing single-use plastics and
promoting recycling, we can restore the health of our oceans and
preserve marine biodiversity.

To confront the climate crisis, transitioning to renewable energy is

paramount. Solar and wind power not only combat greenhouse
gas emissions but also create new job opportunities. Countries like
Denmark have embraced wind energy, showing that economic
growth and environmental conservation can go hand in hand.
All in all, the urgency of environmental conservation is evident in
the ongoing destruction of vital ecosystems and the looming
climate crisis. It's not just our responsibility; it's a duty to ensure a
sustainable future for generations to come.
***

4. The Power of Bilingualism: Unveiling the Benefits of

Learning a Second Language
In our increasingly interconnected world, the ability to speak a
second language is a valuable asset that goes beyond
communication. Learning a second language enhances cognitive
skills and opens doors to diverse opportunities. Take the example
of cognitive benefits—studies show that bilingual individuals exhibit
improved problem-solving abilities and enhanced memory
retention.

Furthermore, being multilingual fosters cultural understanding and

empathy. When we learn a language, we immerse ourselves in its
culture, gaining insight into different worldviews. This cross-cultural
competence is essential in our globalized society, facilitating
effective collaboration across borders.

Economically, a second language can be a game-changer.

Companies seek employees with language skills to navigate
international markets and build relationships. In the tech industry,
knowing languages like Mandarin can be a stepping stone to
innovative partnerships.

In summary, learning a second language isn't merely about words;

it's about broadening horizons and enriching lives. The cognitive,
cultural, and professional advantages it offers position individuals
for success in an interconnected world. Embracing a second
language is an investment that yields lifelong rewards.
***
5. The Ripple Effect of Giving: Unveiling the Benefits of
Volunteering
Volunteering is a transformative experience that not only benefits
communities but also enriches the lives of those who give their
time. The act of selflessly contributing to the well-being of others
has profound positive effects on both individuals and society as a
whole.

Consider the sense of fulfilment that comes from volunteering at a

local food bank, knowing that your efforts are making a difference
in the lives of families facing hunger.

Volunteering also offers personal growth opportunities. By stepping

out of our comfort zones, we develop new skills and gain insights
into different perspectives. For instance, volunteering at a shelter
for the homeless can lead to improved communication skills,
empathy, and a deeper understanding of social issues.

Moreover, the impact of volunteering extends beyond immediate

communities. Acts of kindness inspire others, creating a ripple
effect of compassion. A single volunteer's actions can motivate
others to join in, creating a collective force for positive change.
In summary, the benefits of volunteering are multifaceted,
influencing both individuals and society.

By fostering personal growth, empathy, and inspiring a spirit of

giving, volunteering strengthens the bonds that hold our
communities together. It's not just about what we do; it's about the
lasting impact we leave behind.
***