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9 views

Veda File-2

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nkhadka6754
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Lever

It is the simplest and most common machine used in everyday life.


A lever is a rigid, straight, or bent bar capable of rotating around a fixed point or its axis called the fulcrum.

 The fixed point through which the lever rotates is called fulcrum.
 The force applied in the lever is called effort (E).
 The object which must be lifted by using the lever is called load (L).
 The distance between fulcrum and load is called Load distance (L.d).
 The distance between fulcrum and effort is called Effort distance (E.d).
 So any lever has fulcrum, load, effort, load distance, and effort distance.
 Part of lever between fulcrum and load is called Load arm.
 Part of lever between fulcrum and effort is called Effort arm.

Classification of levers:
According to where the load and effort are located with respect to the fulcrum, there are three types or classes of
lever: First-Class Lever, Second Class Lever, and Third Class Lever.

Characteristics of First-Class lever:


This is a type of lever that has the fulcrum in between the weight and the force applied.
Its order is represented as effort-fulcrum-load
This is the most basic type of lever.

Example of first-class lever:


Beam balance, dhiki, scissors, crowbar, seesaws, etc.

Second Class Lever


The lever in which load lies in between fulcrum and effort is called second class lever.
Its order is represented as fulcrum-load-effort.
Examples; Nut-cracker, lemon squeezer, one-wheel barrows, etc.
Third Class lever
The lever in which effort lies in between load and fulcrum is called third class lever.
Its order is represented as fulcrum-effort-load
Examples; Fire tongs, Shovels, Hammer, Spoon, etc.

Principle of a lever and expression of mechanical advantage:


1. If the lever is in balanced condition.

Effort x Effort arm =Load x Load arm


Load / Effort = Effort arm/ Load arm
Mechanical advantage (M.A.) = Effort arm / Load arm

2. This expression is known as the law of levers.


3. The MA of a lever is equal to the ratio of the length of its effort arm to the length of its load arm.

Conditions to change Mechanical advantage:


1. Effort arm = load arm, then MA = 1
2. Effort arm < load arm, then MA <1
3. Effort arm > load arm, then MA >1

Thus, to increase the MA of a lever, either the effort arm should be increased or the load arm should be decreased.
If the mechanical advantage of a machine is more than 1, then such a machine multiplies the applied effort but if the
mechanical advantage of a machine is less than one; then more effort is required than the load to lift.

A first-class lever has the fulcrum in the middle and the load and effort on each side of the fulcrum.
Its mechanical advantage is equal to 1.

A second class lever has the load in the middle and the fulcrum and effort on each side of the load.
Its mechanical advantage is greater than l.

A third class lever has the effort in the middle and the fulcrum and load on each side of the effort.
Its mechanical advantage is less than 1.
Velocity Ratio:
The ratio of the velocity of effort to the velocity of the load is called the velocity ratio

velocity of effort
Velocity ratio (VR) =
velocity of load
distance travelled by effort(E.D)/time
=
distance travelled by load(L.D)/time
E.D
=
L.D
The velocity ratio of simple machine is not affected by friction as it is the ratio of distances.
Mechanical advantage is affected by friction as it is ratio of forces so mechanical advantage is always less than
velocity ratio.

Efficiency:
The ratio of output work to the input work expressed in percentage is called efficiency of a machine. It is denoted by
Greek alphabet 'η (eta)'.

Outout work
Efficiency (η) = ×100%
Input work
Load x Load distance (L.D)
= ×100%
Effort x Effort distance(E.D)
Mechanical advantage(M.A)
Efficiency (η) = ×100%
Velocity ratio(V.R)

Mechanical advantage is always less than velocity ratio due to friction. Therefore, the efficiency of machine is
always less than 100%. The imaginary machine having 100% efficiency is called ideal machine or perfect
machine.

Numerical.
(i) An effort of 75 N is required to lift the load of 300 N. Calculate the effort distance if the distance of the load from
the fulcrum is 25 cm. (Ans: 100 cm)

(ii) The weight of Sarad is 550 N and Nirmal is 300 N. Sarad and Nirmal are playing see-saw. How far does the Nirmal
sit from the center to balance the Sarad who sits at a distance of 1.5 m from the center? (Ans: 2.75 m)

(iii) If 300 N effort is applied to lift a load of 900 N by using 2 meters long lever. Calculate the mechanical advantage,
velocity ratio and efficiency of the lever if the load lies at a distance of 50 cm from the fulcrum.
(Ans: MA= 3, VR=3, η= 100%)

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