CCNA Exploration

Network Fundamentals

Chapter 06
Addressing the Network – IPv4

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Objectives
1. convert between 8-bit binary and decimal
numbers.
2. classful/classless addressing & Subnet
mask
3. calculate the appropriate addressing
components.
Network / Broadcast Addresses
4. Types of addresses in an IPv4 network
5. ANDING Process.

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IPv4 Address
 Each device on a network must be uniquely
defined.
 The packets of the communication need to be
identified with the source and destination
addresses of the two end systems
 IPv4 is 32 bits in length and difficult for
human to remember. Therefore, represent
IPv4 addresses using dotted decimal format.
 10101100.00010000.00000100.00010100
(172.16.4.20)
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 Some portion of the high-order bits
represents the network address portion.
 Network - a group of hosts that have
identical bit patterns in the network address
portion of their addresses.

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 A variable number of bits that are called the
host portion of the address. The number of
bits used in this host portion determines the
number of hosts that we can have within the
network.

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Binary to Decimal Conversion

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Binary to Decimal Conversion

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Type of Addresses 10.0.0.0/24

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Network Prefix
 How do we know how many bits represent
the network portion and how many bits
represent the host portion?
 We use network prefix.
 The prefix length is the number of bits in the
address that gives us the network portion
 Ex: 172.16.4.0 /24, the /24 tells us that the
first 24 bits are the network address. This
leaves the remaining 8 bits, the last octet, as
the host portion.

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 How do we calculate network address,
broadcast address and host addresses?
172.16.20.0/25

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Understand AND operation
 The IPv4 host address is logically ANDed with
its subnet mask to determine the network
address to which the host is associated.
 1 AND 1 = 1 1 AND 0 = 0
0 AND 1 = 0 0 AND 0 = 0
 Reasons to use AND:
- Routers use ANDing to determine an
acceptable route for an incoming packet.
- An originating host must determine if a
packet should be sent directly to a host in the
local network or be directed to the gateway.
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Type of Communication
 In an IPv4 network, the hosts can communicate
one of three different ways:
- Unicast - the process of sending a packet from
one host to an individual host
- Broadcast - the process of sending a packet
from one host to all hosts in the network using
broadcast address. Broadcast transmission is
used for the location of special services/devices
for which the address is not known or when a
host needs to provide information to all the hosts
on the network.

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 Multicast – it is designed to conserve the
bandwidth of the IPv4 network. It reduces
traffic by allowing a host to send a single
packet to a selected set of hosts.
 Ex of multicast transmission: Video and audio
broadcasts, Routing information exchange by
routing protocols.
 Multicast clients need to subscribe to a
multicast group using multicast address
(224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255)

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Multicast Transmission

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 Reserved IP Addresses

•Experimental addresses are listed as reserved for future use.

Currently, they cannot be used in IPv4 networks. These
addresses could be used for research or experimentation
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Legacy IPv4 Addressing

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Private IP Address
 Most IPv4 host addresses are public addresses
 There are blocks of addresses that are used in
networks that require limited or no Internet access.
 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 (10.0.0.0 /8)
 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0 /12)
 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 (192.168.0.0 /16)

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Network Address Translation

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Special IPv4 Addresses
 Network and Broadcast Addresses- As
explained earlier, within each network the first
and last addresses cannot be assigned to hosts.
These are the network address and the
broadcast address, respectively.
 Default Route - we represent the IPv4 default
route as 0.0.0.0. The default route is used as a
"catch all" route when a more specific route is
not available.
 Loopback - a special address that hosts use to
direct traffic to themselves. EX: 127.0.0.1

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Special IPv4 Addresses
■ Directed Broadcast
A directed broadcast is sent to all hosts on a specific network. This
type of broadcast is useful for sending a broadcast to all hosts on a
non-local network. For example, for a host outside of the network to
communicate with the hosts within the 172.16.4.0 /24 network, the
destination address of the packet would be 172.16.4.255. Although
routers do not forward directed broadcasts by default, they may be
configured to do so.
■ Limited Broadcast
The limited broadcast is used for communication that is limited to
the hosts on the local network. These packets use a destination
IPv4 address 255.255.255.255.
As an example, a host within the 172.16.4.0 /24 network would
broadcast to all the hosts in its network using a packet with a
destination address of 255.255.255.255.

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Special IPv4 Addresses
 Link-Local Addresses - 169.254.0.0 to
169.254.255.255 . These addresses can be
automatically assigned to the local host by the
operating system in environments where no IP
configuration is available. TTL value 1 only.
Link-local addresses do not provide services
outside of the local network.
 TEST-NET Addresses - 192.0.2.0 to
192.0.2.255 (192.0.2.0 /24). Set aside for
teaching and learning purposes. Unlike the
experimental addresses, network devices will
accept these addresses in their configurations.
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Planning Address to the Network
 The allocation of these addresses inside the
networks should be planned and documented
for the purpose of:
- Preventing duplication of addresses
- Monitoring security and performance
 IPv4 add can be assigned to hosts like:
- End devices for users
- Servers.
- Intermediary devices

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 An important part of planning an IPv4
addressing scheme is deciding when private
addresses are to be used and where they are to
be applied. Considerations include:
- Will there be more devices connected to the
network than public addresses allocated by the
network's ISP?
- Will the devices need to be accessed from
outside the local network?
- If devices that may be assigned private
addresses require access to the Internet, is the
network capable of providing a Network
Address Translation (NAT) service?
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 Who assign addresses?
Registration companies are called Regional Internet Registries (RIRs)

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) ( http://www.iana.net ) is the master holder

of the IP addresses. The IP multicast addresses and the IPv6 addresses are obtained
directly from IANA.

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CCNA Exploration
Network Fundamentals

Subnetting &VLSM

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Limitation of Class-based System
 Classful allocation of address space often
wasted many addresses, which exhausted the
availability of IPv4 addresses.
 Ex: a company that had a network with 260 hosts
would need to be given a class B address with
more than 65,000 addresses.
 The system that we currently use is referred to
as classless addressing. With the classless
system, address blocks appropriate to the number
of hosts are assigned to companies or
organizations without regard to the unicast class.

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Basic Subnetting or Traditional
Subnetting ----- Wastes Addresses
192.168.20.0/24

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Subnetting a Subnet - VLSM
 Subnetting a subnet, or using Variable
Length Subnet Mask (VLSM) was designed
to maximize addressing efficiency.
 When identifying the total number of hosts
using traditional subnetting, we allocate the
same number of addresses for each subnet.
 If all the subnets have the same requirements
for the number hosts, these fixed size
address blocks would be efficient. However,
most often that is not the case.

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 Dividing the Network into Right Sizes
172.16.0.0 /22

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 Dividing the Network into Right Sizes
172.16.00000000.00000000

172.16.00000000.00000000 172.16.00000010.00000000

172.16.00000010.00000000 172.16.00000011.00000000

172.16.00000011.00000000
172.16.00000011.01000000 172.16.00000011.11000000
172.16.00000011.10000000

172.16.00000011.01100000
172.16.00000011.01000000

172.16.00000011.01100100

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172.16.00000011.01100000 172.16.00000011.01101000
192.168.20.0 /24

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Testing the Network – Ping
 Ping is a utility for testing IP connectivity
between hosts.
 Ping sends out requests for responses from a
specified host address.
 Ping uses a Layer 3 protocol that is a part on
the TCP/IP suite called Internet Control
Message Protocol (ICMP).
 Ping local loopback (127.0.0.1) - A response
indicates that IP is properly installed on the
host.

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Testing the Network – Ping Gateway
 A ping to the gateway indicates that the host and
the router's interface serving as that gateway are
both operational on the local network.
 If failed:
- problem with router interface
- router interface may be fully operational but have
security applied to it that prevents it from
processing or responding to ping requests.

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Round Trip Time (RTT)
The round trip time (RTT) is the time a packet takes
to reach the remote host and for the response from
the host to return.

Time to Live (TTL)

Traceroute makes use of a function of the Time to
Live (TTL) field in the Layer 3 header and ICMP
Time Exceeded Message.

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Traceroute – Test the path
 Traceroute (tracert) is a utility that allows us to
observe the path between these hosts. The
trace generates a list of hops that were
successfully reached along the path.
 If the data reaches the destination, then the
trace lists the interface on every router in the
path.
 If the data fails at some hop along the way, we
have the address of the last router that
responded to the trace.
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ICMP – Supporting Testing & Messaging
 ICMP is the messaging protocol for the
TCP/IP suite.
 ICMP provides control and error messages
and is used by the ping and traceroute
utilities.
 ICMP messages that may be sent include:
Host confirmation, Unreachable Destination
or Service, Time exceeded, Source quench.

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