Lesson No. 13. . Sir Alexander Fleming Ones a RT MLC LC Wo Words Synonyms Urdu Meanings Revolutionize Change Compietely ete Microbes Germs ez Peer Fellow ee Ces Antiseptic Killing Germs Sez Sterilize Disinfect Wee Prevention Stopping me Cure Treatment ue Abandon Give up ode Armour Protection Je sas Bugle-Cali Cail for battie ot LS Inoculation, Injection Pose? Ocullst Eye Doctor Prin Optician Eye Glass Maker Virdee Veterinary Doctor of animais Piste tie Prospects Expectations 2? Adequate Appropriate Oho Septic - Infected Cz Tackle Solve, deal Ty. Catarrh Flue oF. Agar A jelly got from a Serr vei sea weed eee ey Mduld Funaus SintComplete Urdu Translation ms Nal Pasteur ‘discovered germs, and Lister killed them. These two men together revolutionized the theory and practice of medicine. Louis Pasteur, a French chemist, discovered that disease was caused by living organisms so small that they could not be seen with the naked eye-micro-organisms, or microbes, or bacteria, or germs; the words all mean the same thing. Joseph Lister, an English surgeon-later Lord Lister, the first medical peer-applied Pasteur’s discovery to surgery. LAS SLuct Uo Wari HL cio @izLA‘y LSet yar VLA Ae Bi tt ie S Phra Ae Mi SadndL hz ral aplasia Kiet ee FLIES NIZE eb sly tod k pla Gnd Fy EL tee tl Hwwrsiry Aili site UP iS ebz-L DAF * Since germs are alive, germs can be killed. They can be destroyed by heat or poisoned by certain chemicals, called antiseptics; carbolic acid is one, and that was the germ-killer Lister used. Previously surgeons had, without knowing it, infected their patients on the operating-table with germs, chiefly from their surgical instruments. Lister sterilized his instruments with carbolic acid, and used carbolic acid to kill the germs on his hands, on the patient's skin, and even in the air in the operating-theatre. Then he could cut his patients open without fear of infecting them with the germs of disease. ee OE pecs Bie Cy Kuril nsieiz fe Luft Cau cog Fyne suntdcryel Sued Hale Lie tell llzunkn lint SNE Svilizfory ale tsnP ele fy J Sot ate tbat eit (Lda 2k Nwz SA fL Uh ASE siege SH? Kuh fatale LA ef 12 cut l blurt pein hGte rid LLvgiz Lis GEIS WM AL SIL a Sos Lister's aim was the prevention of disease. The object of his antiseptic method, as it was called, was to stop germs from getting into the body. The cure of disease was a more difficult problem, for here the germs were already inside the body. Certainly they could be killed by the same antiseptic method: but it was soon found that a chemical that destroyed germs also destroyed the cells of the body. Injecting carbolic acid into the blood was tried, and quickly abandoned for it did more harm than good. To kill all the germs the dose would have had to be strong enough to kill the patient, too. bee Vishal ae BAS CZ LNG BS Si 1H ba Sew ve La Pot es ez bue ES Cet eB Ler sil ged eiz LL KISH LE pee SCiz Sa Since tuk FG FL I Sse FLY Poe sLE St Mh oF eS SOE TP Mid LEASE 20a Ssulie est tert Areui It was a bacteriologist named Metchnikoff, a pupil of Pasteur, who revealed the true nature of the problem. He discovered the body's natural armour against disease—the leucocytes, or white cells of the blood. He showed that when germs enter the body they are immediately attacked by hosts of white cells from the whole neighbourhood, which rush to join battle with the invader like soldiers answering a bugle-call. He showed thatdisease was, in fact, a fight between the leucocytes and the germs—and a fight to the death, for it ended only with the death of the germs or the death of the patient. LiglLuiwSergrevwerlLep ziti ee bei iba Louth WS por SIsLsse se eet, ene tude Sige alone em flat RAL Sunruid Lia St Esse Luss be (Bd APL K big SACL yng se ARE FS E ize LES See Wp fer —¢ Oe SI Liye nL lz PL SH. qb? as Leal Carbolic acid and all the other known antiseptics did more damage to the leucocytes than to the germs. The problem was to find something that would attack only the germs, and to help, not destroy, the fighting leucocytes. The problem was still unsolved in 1906, when Alexander Fleming passed the finals df ‘his medical examination and joined the staff of the Inoculation Department of St. Mary's Hospital, Paddington. MAIS dobig CZ ebIT Elz dy de 51911 Se Se Libtte Sb @izsp aie Sot gc ead eGo LS £1906 2 4 Soi Le Foe Used BL Joab cer eds deal SPs ATOR L Ld Vutttaley Alexander Fleming was born on a farm near Darvel, in Ayrshire, on August 6, 1881. He was the youngest of a family of eight. His father died when he was seven years old, and his eldest brother, Hugh, took over the management o{ the farm. Alexander was then still going to the village school. At ten he went to Darvel School, and stayed till he was twelve. That was the age-limit. The question was then discussed whether he should continue his education or go back to the land. It wasdecided to keep him at school, and he went to Kilmarnock Academy. At fourteen he went to London, and for the next two years he studied at the Regent Street Polytechnic. wrtlag tl L ee IL bh LAC £11881 246 LIE al fed Webi thee Colse LAist SUF Leyte pbs Hugh) fuera L WLP Sp a UF Lathes SU rtp SUF LUE Se WA Wet IG Ses Sir iF oe LIS ple SHS SIL LIF alg btee dt evL£ uri pier EB yet bb wL iio ts Sng Vig Three of his brothers were already in London when he arrived. One of them, Thomas, had studied medicine at Glasgow University, and was a qualified oculist. Two others became opticians. And back in Scotland. one of his sisters married a Darvel doctor, and another a veterinary surgeon. The Flemings, born on the land, were becoming a medical family. But when Alexander left the Polytechnic, at sixteen, he was to take a job as a Clerk in a shipping firm in Leaden-hall Street. There was _ Not enough money for him to study for a profession or trade. FEL thie tu upe bud Lu fueuce even LOOT Sa til Sho OS be dey Sroaib ita BELLAS Iw Lot CUP Bistig Luts zsetld_sS pte Ml ened oS IS Eg tS Uber ik Piel vb bues ESL Set AUISIN 8 PSone Ss tee? Uh 20 ed LO fox Fleming worked in Leaden-hall Street for four years. Then, at twenty, he received a share in a legacy. !t was not large, but enough for him to train for a career with better prospects. Hisbrother Thomas was then in Harley Street; and according to Fleming himself, "My brother Thomas pushed me _ into medicine.” Fert ts Sut AL EU te pod Leh Moe CE SNe Leth HIF Ihren S yo Li ELA uiG toy Lp cui duvuid WL OLS Sr tt lowitirsuacr There were twelve medical schools in London, and Fleming knew nothing about any of them. He chose St. Mary's for no better reason than that he had played water-polo against the Hospital team. For eight years Fleming worked in Wright's laboratory; for eight years he sought to find a means to aid the leucocytes in their fight against invading bacteria. Then, in 1914, he joined the R.A.M.C., and came face to face with one of the main medical problems of the First World War: the treatment of infected wounds. 4 Le Loh Ld eI Fup doz Pi stox Jeri SF sh Sore NaS PL ieor Lui ioe ECM ed LI EL MTSE Kod LES SHUM ASIBEL (Cia LbL SL TS oe £1914 AS PSS LS tr as 2 Liss 2 Bebb ile SE t"Royal Army Medical Care" fietauf Giebust wie zine Lie LUE AIL By 1914 Lister's antiseptic method of surgery had been largely replaced by what was called the aseptic method. Instead of chemicals heat was used to sterilize instruments, clothing and other operating-theatre equipment. The purpose was the same, to prevent germs from getting into the wound. In peace-time this was adequate for most surgical cases; but in the treatment of war wounds prevents is not enough. In nearly every case the wound was infected before treatment could be begun. Thus thesurgeon's problem was the same as that of a phys treating disease: he had to try to kill the germs without damaging the leucocytes that were already fighting against them. FILLE py tir GSEAT Fiz Lbzr EP E1914 Se pule fl Grae Koei LY ge CZ Pai ha SS rieizeSudte LES Ne fiz Lune iS gPwe Sve Ln Kote sez Vp AIF DG LHL HL GP SNF LDL SUNS Ste Bt omil ize idbe d nbs Ele Lustiz dee ke II ESdole te tbh i 20 Ge AP Ut tl PSS 22h ne Ib There was no solution—and the problem was tremendous. For the first time in warfare high explosives were used extensively, and wounds that were not infected were rare indeed. The surgeons were unprepared. Thanks to the antiseptic and aseptic methods, infection in surgical cases had becom® the exception instead of the rule; now it was the other way about again. "We have in this war gone back to all the septic infections of the Middle Ages", said the Director-General of the’ .Army Medical Service. we Lei oS Hen Ebw pcg Le shot OS Fiza Sl C22 chee willzre Fog hic Lapeiliz ter SIZ AAS IS PRSLE Ne PLS Aura SrA det Snloneles WEIR AML ty best Less) Surmieiz Medical officers treated infected wounds by the only method they knew, with chemical antiseptics. They applied carbolic acid, iodine, and other chemicals to open wounds in an attempt to destroy as many germs as possible. They could not destroyall the germs, but thought that if only some were killed it would be better than none. Meanwhile Fleming, a medical officer himself, was still working with his old chief. Sir Almroth Wright had been made a Colonel in the Army Medical Service, and had set up a research laboratory at Boulogne. There, with the help of Fleming, he set to work to tackle thé problem of wound infection. Wright and Fleming discovered that the treatment being used was doing more harm than good. Each of the chemical antiseptics was more harmful to the leucocytes than to the germs: and in some cases the antiseptic actually helped the germs to grow and multiply. And Wright and Fleming both insisted that the method was basically wrong - taat the surgeon's aim should be not so much to kill the germs with an outside agent as to help the leucocytes do their natural germ- killing work. P-Lebw ay ek uovtuebust willizd wi Ky PISLS eS biawie vp tu Pe Lei K Cie wUW UI e puget Seb uti Eu HILLS EigA SGN oI EA Sutize0 es Pi fee st Lob ursinoS C2 SSSL iz pe Luti tet tury he fe eiiy diggs SEL ize SLBL pF OLS IMG At Sie C6 Sine SLM wus Z OL LLIY we Fiz Lz ols! JW birdie pS f LFiaP vet Cia tude Pig wndZ Lyfe hectare Gra LLbV OIG Li Fig 2slinbew ed LS Sg sb gt Og SESaw Stl ra SF SLS Ce tn 8 a AES SUS EZ : Fl OSAIKLA Experiments were made with different chemicals, and one after another became fashionable and then gave way to the next. And.at the end of the War, which had killed about seven million men, the problem was still unsolved. Fleming, now thirty-seven, went back to St. Mary's and continued research. And in 1922 he discovered an antiseptic— not a chemical like carbolic acid, but a natural antiseptic manufactured by the body. vA Mbyte pal Ll Le fy uid cy MS (OHM LU GHEE LB lye e ACLs LOAM SS ce FG A637 1 LIB bP EE BLS inl CALI NL i922 FeO ality Kis arte eFwP Eb 3L MG SOS SILI Ky He made the discovery by what he modestly called an accident. He was suffering from catarrh, and began to examine his own nasal secretions. In these secretions he discovered a substance that destroyed microbes on the -culture plate. He called it lysozyme. LAL) WL ia lee Lidhoied yl MILL Ji turbid Step Leb URr SSE cptfert etd php utiz AF ide leis Lysozyme proved to be of little practical use in the treatment of disease, but the discovery was of considerable importance: for it was the forerunner of penicillin. . Lysozyme was not a chemical but a natural antiseptic; and unlike chemical! antiseptics, it destroyed germs and yet had nu harmful effect on the leucocytes. It was, in fact, the first antiseptic discovered that was harmless to the cells of the body.So Sesion ph Suet ertiy iF Lou Ll bie fire v wh Cizb SL GL Spare iF tte, LLF FAI E BS ip fotze Lowi Pda F WF Fiat cil ke Mut Gut eins bs. idee Piped lub leak Penicillin was the second. The discovery of lysozyme did not bring Fleming popular fame, but it raised his position in the world of science. The medical profession began to pay more attention to what he said: and at this time he had quite a lot to say.on the subject that had occupied his mind ever since the First World War. Chemical antiseptics were fashionable again, - and Fleming once more reminded doctors of the greater importance of the natural defences of the body. In 1928 Fleming was appointed Professor of Bacteriology in the University of London and in the same year he “hit on" penicillin. The phrase in his own. "The very first stage in the discovery,” he says, "was due to a stroke af good fortune." But only the first stage. Come eit d L ti i Spire rF sp ocice* erg S Stu dablers Kite Sr rLuik CO EB athond LES ber Lycian 6 LH Lui Prrsrbutowir Ei2cwe sila Keeffe e1928 Supeaie” Sum haSe SupbAs de Seat d ide vii > Aribeyi2 toest Wg 78 Ge SFP TF bp tg bois WCET eg YO! ~byp In his laboratory at St. Mary's he was carrying out a series of experiments on the common germ called staphylococcus. He was growing colonies of the germs on plates spread with agar. The plates were kept covered, but to examine them undsr amicro-scope he had to take the covers off. “As soon as you open a culture plate,” he said afterwards, “you are asking for trouble. Things drop from the air. One of those bits of trouble happened to be penicillin. A mould spore, coming from | don't know where, dropped on the plate.” SA girl fir Bey Ne Piz pom tb CLE ZL t OLS sural nl Bo eizgut ee Ge toivicrit Bly LES ee Lhe tie Ueret Sen MI IEF Sd WEL SOrz ANF rt tug dé di uit Sigce an d/T Staged Wet LELW L998 Presumably the spore of the mould, or fungus, was blown in through the window. It may have come from the larder of a forgetful Paddington housewife—for this particular mould commonly breeds on damp bread, cheese, and preserves. It grows best when the conditions are cool and damp and the summer of 1928 was very cool and damp. Having settled on the culture plate, the mould began to grow. And almost at once the microbes round it began to disappear. Fleming put aside the work he was doing and began to investigate. He made a pure culture of the mould, and tried its effect on other bacteria. Some grew right up to it; others, like the staphylococci, stopped short, inhibited by its antibacterial action. The next step was to produce the anti-bacterial substance free of the mould. Fleming did this by plating the mould on a meat broth. It grew on the surface as a felt-like mass, and turned the broth yeliow. After a week's growth the fluid was strained through a fine filter and tested for its anti-bacterial properties. The results were as favourable as before, and Fleming knew that he had discovered another natural antiseptic with far greater possibilities than lysozyme. He called It penicillin. DAS SP beng SS SII nS cl Bier at HAI SF wi abik debs, LL ale pu LseSc FPO 928g Tet Fats slide rere Datligs Sean cenl Li zed de Dg Satis iB tod obe Vaated Ld Lt nc eirdutacd Lys SONA Pee Sark LOLS ot yh tiv MNES tise hike A6YI 4k Kyat (Soe Set Sune CLE Stent he Sie Sayn SRSLY pL aS Cirthe Set IHL S yeti Sb SELEY SAS op VL Nag Seog ged Miz Siete BH ASL Hy fain, HL nef Ld Sire p Sebo e LipLetert SSS eso dT Piz ds tisnet Pile fut yd sophet eh Further experimerts showed that, in its effects on germs like staphylococci. penivilin was about three times as strong as carbalic acid and ail the other chemical artiseptics, it had no toxic effect at all on leucocytes. Theoretically it iocked tike an ideal germ-killer- the antiseptic that had been sought ever since Pasteur discovered germs. In practice there was one big obstacle: in its crude form penicillin was unstable, and it could not be used in the treatment of disease until a means was found of concentrating it. ibebeerne Net ge 2 SME YErLet say WA HSS ou A we uieta? Peuitoe BA MwA EI Sd Loum Cz tern Ky einK br tid Fut Cz se ge Le PF NS Liga lh Beye LES sip CZ£PEP UE te L ble at oP ode tt» AS ocihn gibt More tA Rae That was a chemist's job, and Fleming was a bacteriologist. He tried to concentrate the drug, but failed. He lacked both the training and the equipment needed for the job. He published his findings, and continued to proclaim his faith in penicillin; and he kept his original culture of the mould. It can be seen today, dried up but still recognizable, in a place of honour in the Museum of the Medical School of St. Mary's Hospital. So it seemed that penicillin was, like lysozyme, just another laboratory success. And regretfully Fleming turned ‘to other things. PI Sits SbfnL Nez LiL nd Oss Lud Solbsesten 7 eh Lie NE ip pte & Seek Liat Soe M6 Pay Prunes Pow FALSE Sue E Sit Lb ter Kies h I BeLiviy lh AS een Be ehie Co hiivicet ARLES GLOSS Fit 1F LASG Rs Wika dee ner SS gb plat tS ote Meanwhile a fresh attempt had been begun to solve the problem of concentrating penicillin‘ it was made at Oxford by a team headed by Professor (now Sir) Howard Florey and Dr. E B. Chain. The Oxford team included trained chemists as well as bacteriologists, and had all the equipment that Fleming had lacked; yet it was a long, hard struggle before they succeeded in producing a practical concentration of penicillin. The first human cases were treated in 1341 end ‘he problem then became a "matter of production. One of the Oxford team went to America, where new methods of manufacture were discovered, and in 1943 penicillin reached the Eighth Army in Egypt. In the words of Viscount Montgomery of Alamein. "The heaiing of war wounds was revoiutionized" Pentcilln arriv:just in time to save countless lives. It was easily the strongest weapon yet forged in the fight against disease. WPT PSF Babs PPG Le Loti bows Ge FALUN WE UI Nett Ant AAs PL sib theni KE LET GPL E Hit AG SSLS SP Bra ME it SO SF oz LPI Lut i PL teLeP ted ott Si Te 6 A ag Stal Cue UIULA te 1941-U% PLN ILL chy B SEL sgued Lie ti — Viscount Montgomery £ Alamein Gog nlutyete "DS ize ate Lori L "ts While penicillin was being hailed as a wonder drug, the name of its discoverer was hardly known outside the medical profession. Then Sir Almroth Wright wrote a letter to The Times telling the world who had fade the discovery. And Fleming became famous. 7 He was knighted in 1944, and awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1945. Government and universities all over the world showered him with honours. He had to travel widely, attend functions, make speeches, received thanks—often personal expressions of gratitude from people who owed their lives to his discovery. In Italy once, at a medical gathering, an unknown man in short-sleeves pushed himself and his three children forward to reach Fleming. "If these children are alive.” He said, "they owe it to you." Then, pointing to Fleming, he told his children, "Never forget to ask God in your prayer to bless this man.” SLI L See tuSE Sud lis udsute ot Sr Tt IEP Lin 28 ty PouvLetiekB19 LiF Sette NMSA oe PF Ses O Vi PI EIE bel trl 945 Ia Whe ok Fay hp Fuss as aps Shey Seurigid Ustutg al WEP 2x UerrdurlL Adel bef LU ep Hil a etetoyi Serle ping VE EAP Fifth LE Woh LOR ot St Ser Soriarsiee Si Ls ber sp SLi LIS Fuses) "We VEL NE LAM SL hg MEVUter Uns Lath yetas But Fleming protested that such gratitude was not due to him. “Everywhere | go people thank me for saving their lives," he said, "| don't know why they do it’! didn't do anything; Nature makes penicillin. | just found it." It was not just modesty that made him say this. It was a restatement of his belief in the healing power of Nature. He protested vigorously against the idea that penicillin was a man-made invention. ‘| have been accused of inventing penicillin, but no man could have done that. Nature, in the form of a lowly vegetable, has been making it for thousands of years. | only discovered it." And always he insisted that he discovered it by chance. re Ulett POG i Sue Sop ol ye vee Stet tat SugPicd Liv sudsigy Sun 17k beg dhe ees VOI AL ELS Seb POM ape VILE UP Ut 7p" oie NMP tsi, SRL iF PAPC L ges Fes wb Sg Vbitiiet dt "esteibrde SoretPag Gb Srp 2P SS xb eter 3 ESE LSI USE Aly oie Yostucti/ “Happy is he who already belonged to history in his own life-time," said Lord Moran, referring to Fleming, but Fleming was not happy in the limelight. "| am a simple bacteriologist,” he said; and as soon as he could slip away he went back to his laboratory at St. Mary's and got back to work. The Americans visited the laboratory and were amazed. One said it was "like the backroom of an old-fashioned drug store.” He found it hard to believe that penicillin could have been discovered there. Fleming laughed, and in Detroit, where he was shown over the last word in research laboratories—a gleaming, dustless, air-conditioned, sterilized sanctum—he shocked his hosts by saying, "Wonderful, but penicillin could never have been discovered in a lab like this." When they saw the point they could not deny it: Their culture plates were never contaminated, for the air wae too pure: there was no way in for spores of acommon mould. 1 “pie Ls BGI RET ee FP Lou We nes NPL Thee Li LL Uisiba tia eb LDF no Ob SUM GEC cern tbr 6h Dail zune iz ehh Lug atoat Hdd vite hyphae tattle ss Leth Se LLnL LAE plang tect tel tte Soho Seiteie tp Oe BH be! bnFt A SOF a Siete BMS he IL ef Ei kiNeaéizm eet Se et fo tu SP 0 (sad wt SF aS eC tS IL LIT EL Set!CLT Ly sl fat, ro! Sonbisenin lp Fe wn ur en Fleming's achievement was not only the discovery of penicillin. As the Surgeon-General of the United States Forces said, “Fleming, like Pasteur, has opened up a whole new world of science." He founded the antibiotic—that is, growth inhibiting treatment of disease. He provoked others to seek new antibiotics, and all research-workers to be on the lookout for. them, particularly in moulds and fungi; and out of these researches, which but for Fleming would not have been started came new drugs, made by nature and at last discovered by man, of which the best known at present is streptomycin. Fleming himself regarded this as the most important result of his work. Even before penicillin was in general use, he said, “The greatest benefit penicillin has conferred is not to the drug itself but the fact that its discovery has stimulated new research to find something better.” Sir Alexander Fleming died in 1955 at the age of seventy-three. His work will never die. Lat LUE Se Ft Sholeey oteeLeh Pb ize SFE Lib SH LOA SAL Ll GS usp yt Se S Sul Elz FI ob Fett GL LI SIS IMLS eh LS G0 ebui K Ez BLES LOAF A abit PF Sanh gp S64 4e ei Sw she Susi sida Si Ses BLL nsf St Past bebe of Wage px ree tet Uidte Lnpl 6A SE wot LAI a Seite SSP LE Swrtuyd Wasine 6 tyL BIA 7g Ce he OP EL Light hy, Sep Ei ened PSL 7 2195s £8Solution of Exercise Q1: What are antiseptics and what is the antiseptic method? Ans: Antiseptics are chemical that kills germs. Antiseptic metbed is a method in which antiseptic chemicals are used to free tools from germs. Mostly there antiseptics are use to wash medical fools to prevent the germs getting into the body of patients. Q2: What was the chief defect of antiseptic method? Ans: The chief defect of antiseptic method was that it killed the germs and also destroyed the body cells, called leucocytes which fight against disease. Antiseptics killed these resistive body cells which was not a good thing for the patient. Q3: What part is played by the white cells in the blood of a human body? Ans: The white cells are also called leucocytes. They protect the body form the attack of diseases. They are the natural armour against germs which attack the body. The disease is basically a fight between leucocytes and the attacking germs. Q4: Give an account of the early life of Fleming. Ans: Alexander Fleming was born on a farm near Darvel, in Ayrshire, on August 6, 1881. He was the youngest of a family of eight. His father died when he was seven years old, and his eldest brother, Hugh, took over the management of the farm. Alexander was then still going to the village school. At ten he went to. Darvel School, and stayed till he was twelve. That was the age-limit. The question was then discussed whether he should continue his education or go back to the land. It was decided to keep him at school, and he went to Kilmarnock Academy. At fourteen he went to London, and for the next two years he studied at the Regent Street Polytechnic. Q5: Describe how Fleming discovered penicillin. Ans: Fleming was growing colonies of germs on cultural plates spread with agar. Plates were covered, but when he uncovered one of them, a piece of fungus came flying from somewhere and dropped on the plate. It began to grow, andthe microbes (germs) round it began to disappear. It was a new discovery which killed germs. He called it penicillin. Q6: In what respect is penicillin better than the chemical antiseptics? Ans: Other antiseptics including carbolic acid killed leucocytes with the white cells of the body along germs. On the other hand penicillin killed germs only and did not harm leucocytes or white cells of the body. These white cells defend body against disease. Q7: What do you know of the Oxford team? Ans: The Oxford team included trained chemists as well as bacteriologists, and had all the equipment that Fleming had lacked; yet it was a long, hard struggle before they succeeded in producing a practical concentration of penicillin. The first human cases were treated in 1941, and the problem then became a matter of production. One of the Oxford team went to America, where new methods of manufacturing were discovered, and in 1943 penicillin reached the Eighth Army in Egypt. In the words of Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, "The healing of war wounds was revolutionized." Penicillin arrived just in time to save countless lives. It was easily the strongest weapon yet forged in the fight against disease. Q8: How did they make penicillin more effective? Ans: In its crude from, penicillin was unstable and could not be used for treatment. Fleming could not produce medicine with the help of penicillin because he had no necessary equipments for this purpose The oxfor+ team went to America, where they discovered new met!.uds to ”.ake penicillin more effective. Q9: Write a note on penicillin as a wonder drug. Ans: Penicillin was hailed a wonder drug. The healing of wounds was revolutionized. It proved the strongest weapon against the germs. It helped the doctors to save wounds from germs without harming the useful cells (white cells or leucocytes) of the body. Q10: Was Fleming proud of his discovery? Ans: Fleming protested that such gratitude was ‘not due to him. "Everywhere | go people thank me for saving their lives," he said, “| don't know why they do it. | didn't do anything; Nature makes penicillin. | just found it." It was not just modesty that made him say this. It was a restatement of his belief in thehealing power of Nature. He protested vigorously against the idea that penicillin was a man-made invention. 'l have been accused of inventing penicillin, but no man could have done that. Nature, in the form of a lowly vegetable, has been making it for thousands of years. | only discovered it." And.always he insisted that he discovered it by chance. Q11: Why couldn't penicillin have been discovered in the research laboratories of America? Ans: The Americans visited the laboratory and were amazed. One said it was “like the backroom of an old-fashioned drug store." He found it hard to believe that penicillin could have been discovered there. Fleming laughed, and in Detroit, where he was shown over the last word in research laboratories—a gleaming, dustless, air-conditioned, sterilized sanctum—he shocked his hosts by saying, “Wonderful, but penicillin could never have been discovered in a lab like this." When they saw the point they could not deny it. Their culture plates were never contaminated, for the air was too pure: there was no way in for spores of a common mould. Q12: Fleming's achievement paved the way for other discoveries in the medical field. What are they? Ans: Fleming's achievement was not only the discovery of penicillin. As the Surgeon-General of the United States Forces said, "Fleming, like Pasteur, has opened up a whole new world of science." He founded the antibiotic—that is, growth inhibiting treatment of disease. He provoked others to seek new antibiotics, and all research-workers to be on the lookout for -them, particularly in moulds and fungi; and out of these researches, which but for Fleming would not have been started came new drugs, made by nature and at last discovered by man, of which the best known at present is streptomycin. Fleming himself regarded this as the most important result of his work. Even before penicillin was in. generat use, he said, "The greatest benefit penicillin has conferred is not to the drug itself but the fact that its discovery has stimulated new research to find something better.ice Questions Multiple C 1, Who discovered germs? A. Fleming B. Pasteur C. Metchnikoff D. Lister zi 2. Alexander's brother was an Qculist. The underlined word means A. Physician B. Cardiologist C. Optician D. Dentist ? 3. A mould spore dropped on the plate. The underlined phrase can b replaced by which word? A. Apiece of string B. A piece of cotton C. Fungus D. A dust particle 4. Choose the correct spelling. A. Vacsine B. Vaccine C. Vacsinne D. Vaccinne 5. The man waited till the night came. The underlined part is a/an A. Main clause B. Subordinate douse C. Relative clause D. Complement 6. My uncle, a businessman, lives in Karachi. The underlined part is a/an A. Main clause B. Subordinate clause C. Appositive phrase D. Appositive clause 7. Zeeshan bought Hina a_bunch of flower. The underlined part is a/an A. Direct object B. Indirect object C. Complement D. Relative clause Answers: [2.¢ [3.c [4.8 .[5.B [6.C]7.A_ |