Utilization of solid waste for making bricks 2023-24

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION
Plastic is a non-bio-degradable substance which takes thousands of years to decompose that
creates land as well as water pollution to the environment. The quantity of plastic waste in
Municipal solid waste (MSW) is expanding rapidly. It is estimated that the rate of usage is
double for every 10 years. The Plastic usage is large in consumption and one of the largest plastic
wastes is polyethylene (PE). The utilization of earth-based clay material resulted in resource
depletion and environmental degradation. As amount of clay required for brick is huge, in this
project these waste plastics are effectively utilized to reduce the land space required to dump
these wastes. This creates the prevention from various harmful diseases. Polyethylene (PE)
bags are cleaned and added with fine aggregate at various ratios to obtain high strength bricks
that possess thermal and sound insulation properties. This is one of the best ways to avoid the
accumulation of plastic waste. It also helps to conserve energy, reduce the overall cost of
construction and hence in this project, an attempt made to manufacture the plastic sand bricks
by utilizing the waste plastics.
Building materials like bricks, concrete block, tiles, etc. are popularly used in construction.
However, these materials are expensive and hence common people find it difficult to easily
afford them. Moreover, these building materials require certain specific compositions to obtain
desired properties. Plastic is one of the recent engineering materials which have appeared
in the market all over the world. It is a material consisting of a wide range of synthetic or
semi-synthetic organic compounds that are malleable and can be molded into solid objects.
plastics can be made to different shapes when they are heated. It exists in the different forms
such as cups, furniture, basins, plastic bags, food and drinking containers and
they become waste material. Accumulation of such wastes can result into hazardous effects to both
human and plant life. Therefore, need for proper disposal, and if possible, use of these wastes in
their recycled forms arises.

1.1 MATERIALS ARE USED FOR PLASTIC SAND

BRICKS
1.1.1 SAND

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 Utilization of solid waste for making bricks 2023-24

Natural river sand was used as a fine aggregate. The properties of sand were determined by
conducting tests as per IS: 2386 (Part-1). The results are shown in test data of materials. The results
obtained from sieve analysis are furnished. The results indicate that the conform to zone- II of
IS:383-2016.

Table 1.1: Test Conducted on sand (Source: IS:383-2016)

CHARACTERISTICS OF FINE AGGREGATE
(Manufactured Sand)
a) Dry rodded bulk
1568 kg/cu.m
1. density
b) Loose bulk density 1415 kg/cu.m
2. Specific gravity 2.65
3. Water absorption 2.39 %
4. Silt Content 2.2 %
5. Fineness Modulus 2.54
4. Sieve Analysis:
Specification as per IS:383-1970
IS Sieve Cumulative Percentage (Reaffirmed 2011) (Percentage
Designation Retained Passing Passing)
Zone I Zone II Zone III
4.75 mm 99.2 90-100 90-100 90-100
0.8
2
.36 88.6 60-95 75-100 85-100
mm
11.4
1
.
1
8 76.6 30-70 55-90 75-100

m
m
23.4

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 Utilization of solid waste for making bricks 2023-24

6
0
0
52.6 15-34 35-59 60-79

µ
m
47.4
3
0
0
24.4 5-20 8-30 12-40

µ
m
75.6
1
5
0
4.6 0-10 0-10 0-10

µ
m
95.4

REMARKS: 1). The sample supplied satisfies the requirements of

grading Zone II as per IS:383-2016

Sl.No TEST RESULT

1 Specific Gravity 2.69
2 Fineness Modulus 2.2

1.1.2 GLASS PIECES

The use of waste glasses as aggregate for concrete has been attempted decades ago. Those early
effects were thwarted by the problem of alkali -silica reaction (ASR), which was not well
understood then. Therefore a high priority was assigned to gaining such an understanding, when a

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 Utilization of solid waste for making bricks 2023-24

major research effort was initiated at Columbia University some six years ago . It was also expected
that the glass aggregate would affect the mechanical properties of the concrete.

1.1.3 Waste Plastic

Plastics are commonly used substances which play an important role in almost every aspect of
our lives. The widespread generation of plastics waste needs proper end-of-life management.
The highest number of plastics is found in containers and packaging’s (i.e. bottles, packaging,

1.1.4 Coconut shell

Coconut shell particles are used as reinforcing material for investigation. Shell particles of size
between 20 mm – 600 μ are prepared in grinding machine. Coconut shell aggregates are potential
candidates for the development of new composites because of their high strength and modulus
properties. An approximate value of coconut shell density is 1.60 g/cm3.

Chapter 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 BACKGROUND STUDIES

Siti Aishah Wahid etal (2014) has worked on” Utilization of plastic bottle waste in sand
bricks” used rejected bottles from factory were collected then put into crusher and get small
pieces and sieved to get small uniform size and make plastic sand brick. in which he get the
result after various test on sand plastic brick like compressive strength, water absorption test and
efflorescence test.
Ganesh Tapkire, Satish Parihar, Pramod Patil(2014) Recycled plastic used in concrete paver
block It can be used in traffic and non-traffic roads .and it’s also good heat resistance, and the
cost of paver block is reduced when compare to concrete paver blocks.

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Mr. N. Thirugnanasambantham et al. (2017) has worked on” Manufacturing and testing of
plastic sand bricks” used cement, sand, water fly ash and waste plastic for his study. they used
a proportion of 1:2 to 1:6 of plastic and sand to get different results. they use a proper sequence for
manufacturing of bricks as batching, mixing, moulding, curing and then testing. test was
conducted as compressive strength test, water absorption test efflorescence test, hardness test, fire
resistance test, soundness test etc. and gave a special name to plastic sand brick as “Eco-
Brick”
RajarapuBhushaiahetal (2019). has studied on” Study of plastic Bricks Made from Waste
Plastic”. They concluded in their research paper that they made a brick from plastic waste
using mix design of plastic. they made the mix design using variable plastic as 5 temperatures
of 90-110 degree and then mix with other ingredients. after then they conducted test on plastic
bricks as compressive strength test, water absorption, efflorescence test, soundness test. As per their
results, they made the 3rd class bricks.
Bhushan V. Guge et al. (2019) has worked on” manufacturing of plastic sand bricks”
his objective was to develop an efficient way to effectively utilize the waste plastics. he uses
polyethylene terephthalate, high density polythene, low density polythene, poly propylene, urea
formaldehyde, polyester resin as a plastic waste. in his research paper firstly he batches all
ingredients, burning, mixing, moulding and then testing is done. in various tests compressive
strength test, water absorption test, efflorescence test, hardness test, soundness test is included.
They concluded that the strength of brick is increased when plastic ratio keeps constant and
increase the value of sand ratio.
there is the various research are going on to find out safe and ecofriendly disposals of
plastics. Annually, India releases 56 lakh tons plastic waste, whereas Delhi accounting for
generating 689.5 tons per day. Approximately, there are the 60plastic waste in India is
collected and recycled a day and remaining waste is uncollected. Besides all of these, concrete
is also an important building material which is used in world on vast level for infrastructure.
Both materials (plastic waste and concrete) consumptions are rapidly increasing. That means
the conclusion is that we can also use plastic waste as an ingredient of concrete which is a
better way to dispose it.

2.2 objectives of the study

1. To develop an efficient way and to effectively utilize the waste plastics.

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2. To reduce the consumption of natural resources such as clay for the manufacturing of bricks.
3.To minimize and reuse generation of waste plastic on the land and water to avoid land and
water degradation and consequent pollution hazard.
4.To produce cost-effective materials which a common person can afford easily.
5.To reduce the plastic in waste streams saving non-renewable resources.

Chapter 3

Methodology

3.1 Methodology

3.1.1 Collection of Materials

The plastic material should be collected from the factories waste and hospital waste and indus-
tries waste and food packages and plastic bottles this will come under the LDPE plastic type.
3.1.2 Batching of plastic
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Measurement of materials for making brick is called batching. After collection of materials we
separate the types of plastic and remove any other waste presented in the collected material
and check that any water content in in sample collected ten proceed for burning.
3.1.3 Burning of waste plastic
After completion batching the plastic waste were taken for burning in which the plastic bags are
drop one by one into the container and allowed to melt. These would be done in closed vessel
because to prevent the toxic gases released into atmosphere. These will be at the temperature of
90-110 degrees centigrade.

Figure 3.1: Collection of Plastic Material (Sources of Near Panyam

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 Utilization of solid waste for making bricks 2023-24

.
Figure 3.2: Melting of plastic in front of civil block
3.1.4 Mixing
Mixing of materials is essential to produce uniform and strength for brick. The mixing has to be
ensured that the mass becomes homogeneous, uniform in color and consistency. Generally, there
are two types of mixing, Hand mixing and mechanical mixing. In this project, we adopted
hand mixing. until the entire plastic content required for making plastic brick of one mix
proportion is added into it. then these plastic liquids thoroughly mixed by using trowel before it
hardens. The mixture has very short setting bags are turned to molten state; the river sand is added
to it. The sand added is mixed time. Hence mixing process should not consume more time.

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.
Figure 3.3: Mixing of motlen plastic and coconut shell.

3.1.5 Moulding
After completion of proper mixing, we place mix into required mould. In these projects we use
the normal brick sizes (20x10x10 cm). after few hours remove the brick from the mould and
then done curing.

3.1.6 Curing
The test specimens after moulding were allowed to dry for a period of few hours. The specimens
were kept in curing tank because reduce of heat in specimen

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.
Figure 3.4: Moulding of plastic brick

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 Utilization of solid waste for making bricks 2023-24

Chapter 4

TEST CONDUCT ON BRICKS

4.1 TEST CONDUCT ON BRICKS

4.1.1 HARDNESS TEST

A good brick should resist scratches against sharp things. So, for this test a sharp tool or
fingernail is used to make scratch on brick. If there is no scratch impression on brick then it is
said to be hard brick. The bricks we have prepared is scratched by Fingernail nut no impression
is there on the brick, so the plastic soil brick is hard.

4.1.2 SHAPE AND SIZE

Shape and size of bricks are very important consideration. All bricks used for construction should
be of same size. The shape of bricks should be purely rectangular with sharp edges. Standard brick
size consists of length x breadth x height as 22x10x10cm. To perform this test, select 5 bricks
randomly from brick group and stack them along its length, breadth and height and compare. So,
if all bricks similar size, then they are qualified for construction work.

4.1.3 COLOUR TEST

A good brick should possess bright and uniform colour throughout its body.

4.1.4 SOUNDNESS TEST

Soundness test of bricks shows the nature of bricks against sudden impact. In this test, 2 bricks are
chosen randomly and struck with one another. Then sound produced should be clear bell ringing
sound and brick should not break. Then it is said to be good brick.

4.1.5 STRUCTURE OF BRICK

To know the structure of brick, pick one brick randomly from the group and break it. Observe
the inner portion of brick clearly. It should be free from lumps and homogeneous. When brick
is broken there is no lumps and the brick is homogenous.

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.
Figure 4.2: soundness test

4.1.6 WATER ABSORPTION

Absorption test is conducted on brick to find out the amount of moisture content absorbed by
brick under extreme conditions. In this test, sample dry bricks are taken and weighed. After
weighing these bricks are placed in water with full immersing for a period of 24 hours. Then
weigh the wet brick and note down its value. The difference between dry and wet brick
weights will give the amount of water absorption. The plastic soil bricks do not absorb water
since the plastic materials will cover the soil particles and plastic material does not absorb any
water so that the water absorption of plastic soil bricks is 0

.
Figure 4.3: Bricks immersed in bucket

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4.1.7 COMPRESSIVE TEST

From the test results it was found that as the percentage of plastic increased, the compressive
strength of the brick also increased. So it shows that the strength of plastic-soil bricks is dependent
on the percentage of plastic The compressive strength test results of plastic-soil bricks for 65 70
plastic containt is consi-dered as optimum in the view of workabality criteriaduring manufacture.
From the test results it was observed that the water absorption also decreases with increase in
percentage of plastic.
Compressive Strength of plastic brick:-

.
Figure 4.4: After Applying the load Brick Failure

Compressive strength = peak load/Brick Size peak load = 130.2KNBricksize = 22∗10∗10cm

(4.1)

Compressive Strength of Normal brick: Compressive strength = peak load Size = 105.3KNB

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(4.2)
NOTE: - 1. First class Brick: The brick which has a compressive strength of 10Mpa is called
First class brick. 2.Second class Brick: The brick which has a compressive strength of 7Mpa is
called First class brick. 3.Third class Brick: The brick which we use for building has
compressive strength of 3.5Mpa

4.1.8 PRESENCE OF SOLUBLE SALTS

A good quality brick should not contain any soluble salts in it. If soluble salts are there, then
it will cause efflorescence on brick surfaces. To know the presence of soluble salts in a brick,
placed it in a water bath for 24 hours and dry it in shade. After drying, observe the brick
surface thoroughly. If there is any white or grey color deposits, then it contains soluble salts
and not useful for construction. These bricks do not contain any soluble salts in it, therefore
there is no white or grey color deposits on the surface of the bricks after brick is in a water bath
of 24 hours and dried in a shade.

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.
Figure 4.5: Bricks Kept to The Atmosphere

Chapter 5

RESULTS

5.1 Comparison of plastic bricks vs normal brick

Table 5.1: Comparison of plastic bricks vs normal brick

S.No ITEM OF
DESCRIPTION PLASTIC NORMAL
BRICK BRICK

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1 WATER
ABSORTION 1.26 % 7.71 %
Metal cringing
2 SOUDNESS Metal cringing sound
sound
TEST
EFFLORESCEN
3 ZERO ZERO
CE
TEST
COMPRESSIVE
4 6.13 Mpa 4.72 Mpa
TEST

Chapter 6

Conclusions and possible future work

6.1 Summary

Plastic is a non-bio-degradable substance which takes thousands of years to decompose that

creates land as well as water pollution to the environment. The quantity of plastic waste in
Municipal solid waste (MSW) is expanding rapidly. It is estimated that the rate of usage is
double for every 10 years. The Plastic usage is large in consumption and one of the largest plastic
wastes is polyethylene (PE). The utilization of earth-based sand material resulted in resource
depletion and environmental degradation. As amount of sand required for brick is huge, in this
project these waste plastics are effectively utilized to reduce the land space required to dump
these wastes. This creates the prevention from various harmful diseases. Polyethylene (PE) bags
are cleaned and added with fine aggregate at various ratios to obtain high strength bricks that

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 Utilization of solid waste for making bricks 2023-24

possess thermal and sound insulation properties. This is one of the best ways to avoid the
accumulation of plastic waste. It also helps to conserve energy, reduce the overall cost of
construction and hence in this project, an attempt made to manufacture the plastic sand bricks
by utilizing the waste plastics.

Building materials like bricks, concrete block, tiles, etc. are popularly used in construction.
However, these materials are expensive and hence common people find it difficult to easily afford
them. Moreover, these building materials require certain specific compositions to obtain desired
properties. Plastic is one of the recent engineering materials which have appeared in the market all
over the world. It is a material consisting of a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic
compounds that are malleable and can be molded into solid objects. Nowadays, human apply
all its potentiality to consume more. The result of this high consumption is nothing unless
reducing the initial resources and increasing the landfill. In recent times, human from the one
hand is always seeking broader sources with lower price and from the other hand is following
the way to get rid of the wastes. The waste today can be produced wherever humans’ footprints
be existed and remind him that they have not chosen the appropriate method for exploitation of
the nature. This paper introduces the development and low-cost housing in India Plastic have
become an essential part of our day-to-day life since their introduction over
hundred years ago.

6.2 Conclusions
from our study, f o r 1:4 ratio used for in our bricks the following results were derived.
Plastic bricks have 1.26 percentage water absorption when compared to burnt bricks have 7.7%
water absorption.

It increases the compressive strength have 6.13 Mpa when compared to burnt bricks 4.78
Mpa. By use of plastic soil bricks.

This method is suitable for the countries which has the difficult to dispose recycle the
plastic waste.

The natural resources consumed for the manufacturing of Plastic soil bricks are very much
less when compared to its counterparts. Owing to numerous advantages further research
would improve quality and durability of plastic soil bricks.

Plastic soil brick possesses more advantages which includes cost efficiency, resource
efficiency, etc. Plastic soil brick is also known as “Eco-Bricks” made of plastic waste

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 Utilization of solid waste for making bricks 2023-24

which is otherwise harmful to all living organisms can be used for construction purposes.

6.3 Possible future scopes

Following is the possible future work to utilization of plastic waste for making plastic bricks. We
are trying to improve more compressive strength and water absorption of plastic bricks in next level by
changing the proportions. The plastic bricks used for further in construction projects due to its light weight
and economic purpose. The plastic use in the many forms in the construction like bricks tiles road
pavements etc. When plastic used for these construction, the structures will more economic and it have
enough strength durability economic high resistance of water and less wastages of materials.

Chapter 7
R
EFERENCE

1. ”Utilization of plastic bottle waste in sand bricks“(2014)by SitiAishah Wahid et al.

2. ,Recycledplasticusedinconcretepaverblock(2014)byGaneshTapkire,SatishPariharPramodpatil

3. ”Manufacturing and testing of plastic bricks”(2017)by Mr.N.Thirugnanasambantham,P.Tharun

P.Bharathi an International Journal of Science and Engineering Research paper.

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4. ”StudyofplasticBricksMadefromWastePlastic“(2019)byRajarapuBhushaiahetal

5. https://www.slideshare.net/seminarppts/plastic-bricks 67051622.

6. . https://www.ijert.org/utilization-of-waste-plastic-in manufacturing-of-plastic-soil-bricks.

7. https://theconstructor.org/building/types-of-tests-on bricks/12701/

8. IS 1077 (1992): Common Burnt Clay Buliding Bricks

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