INTRODUCTION

This book is based on our experience over the past few

years. This material covers extensively the fundamental
principles and concepts involved, solved problems which
highlight the application of these concepts, exercises and
assignments for practice by the students.

In order to get maximum benefit from this material, ‘word of

Advice’ given overleaf has to be carefully followed.

The book besides IITJEE will also prove useful to students

for other Engineering examinations as well as their school
curriculum.

Wishing you all success.

 A WORD OF ADVICE

 Try to do the solved problems and exercises given, after

completion of related topics in the chapter. Attempt the
assignments.

 The purpose of the assignments is to give you a practice in

solving various levels and varieties of problems. Each problem
has some important concept which it highlights. When you do a
problem from an assignment, make sure that you have completed
the study material, have committed the formulae to your memory
and have solved the solved problems (most of them on your own
before seeing the solution). Do not open the study material to
refer to formulae/theoretical concepts while doing the
assignment problems unless it is absolutely essential to do so.

 Do full justice to the exercises and assignment problems. Even

if you do not get the answer to a problem, keep trying on your
own and only approach your friends or teachers after making lot
of attempts.

 Do not look at the answer and try to work backwards. This would
defeat the purpose of doing the problem. Remember the purpose
of doing an assignment problem is not simply to get the answer
(it is only evidence that you solved it correctly) but to develop
your ability to think. Try to introduce twists and turns in given
problem to create similar problems.
 ABOUT THE CHAPTER

This chapter is devoted to the study of yet another important

chapter of algebra namely complex numbers.

Chapter begins with basic definition of complex numbers.

Various forms in which a complex number can be
represented are discussed in detail. Properties of modulus,
argument and conjugates are given in depth and are
illustrated with the help of various forms of complex
numbers.

Special emphasis is laid on the use of concept of rotation in

complex numbers. Various geometrical applications are
dealt with at length to reveal the impact of rotation.

Theory is well supplemented with well graded illustrations

and solved objective and subjective examples. Assignments
of varying difficulty are also provided so that students can
further horn their skills
 CONTENT

JEE Syllabus …1
Definition …1
Algebraic operations with complex numbers …1
Modulus and argument of a complex number …1
Solved Problems …4
Subjective …4
Objective …4
Exercise-1 …5
Trigonometric of Polar Form of a Complex Number …6
De moivre's theorem …6
Solved Problems …8
Subjective …8
Objective …8
Exercise-2 …9
Geometrical representation of complex numbers …10
Rotation …10
Solved Problems …11
Subjective …11
Objective …13
Exercise-3 …13
Equation of a Straight Line …14
Equation of a Perpendicular Bisector …15
Section Formula …16
Solved Problems …17
Subjective …17
Objective …18
Exercise-4 …20
Answers to Exercises …21
Formulae and Concepts at a Glance …22
Chapter Practice Problems …25
Subjective …25
Objective …25
Assignments …27
Section-I …27
Section-II …28
Section-III …33
Answers to CPP and Assignments …34
C OMPLEX N UMBERS
Syllabus
Algebra of Complex Numbers, modulus and argument, triangular
inequality, cube roots of unity.

Definitions

A number in the form of a + ib, where a, b are real numbers and i = 1 , is called a complex number. A
complex number can also be defined as an ordered pair of real numbers a and b and may be written as
(a, b), where the first number denotes the real part and the second number denotes the imaginary part. If
z = a + ib, then the real part of z is denoted by Re(z) and the imaginary part by Im(z). A complex number
is said to be purely real if Im(z) = 0, and is said to be purely imaginary if Re(z) = 0. The complex
number
0 = 0 + i0 is both purely real and purely imaginary.
Two complex numbers are said to be equal if and only if their real parts and imaginary parts are
separately equal i.e. a + ib = c + id implies a = c and b = d. However, there is no simple order relation
between complex numbers and the symbol a + ib < (or >) c + id is not defined.

i = 1 is called the imaginary unit. Also i2 = –1, i3 = i2.i = – i, In general, i4n =1, i4n+1=i,
i4n+2 = –1, i4n +3 = – i for an integer n.

Algebraic Operations with Complex Numbers

Addition : (a + ib) + (c + id) = (a + c) + i (b + d)

Subtraction : (a + ib) – (c + id) = (a – c) + i ( b – d)

Multiplication : (a + ib) (c + id) = (ac – bd) + i (ad + bc)

a  ib
Division : (when at least one of c and d is non-zero)
c  id
 ac  bd i(bc  ad)
= 2  2 .
c  d2 c  d2

Modulus and Argument of a Complex Number

We define modulus of the complex number z = a + ib to be the real number a2  b2 and denote it by
|z|. We note that, |z| = 0 iff z = 0. Also – |z|  Re(z) |z|, –|z|  Im(z)  |z|.

IITJEE-2223-MATHEMATICS-COMPLEX NUMBERS
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b
If z  0 + i0, then   tan1 is said to be the argument or amplitude of the complex number z = a + ib
a
and is denoted by arg(z). The argument of the complex number 0 is not defined. The argument of a
complex number is not unique. 2n +  (n integer) is also the argument of z for various values of n. The
value of  satisfying the inequality –  <    is called the principal value of the argument. The argument
of a complex number z = a + ib is any one of the numbers which are solutions of the system of equations
a b
cos   , sin   .
a2  b2 a2  b2

Method of finding the principal value of the argument of a complex number

y Y
Step I: Find tan = and this gives the value of  in the
x
first quadrant. 
–
Step II: Find the quadrant in which z lies by the sign of
x and y co-ordinates. X O X
– –
Step III: Then argument of z will be ,  – ,  – , and
–  according as z lies in the first, second, third or
fourth quadrant. Y

Illustration 1: Find the principal arg of complex number z = 3 i.

Solution: Let z = 3 – i. Here x = 3, y = – 1

1 
tan =  =  Principal value of arg z = – /6.
3 6

Conjugate of a complex number

The conjugate of the complex number z = a + ib is defined to be a – ib and is denoted by z . If
z = a + ib, z + z = 2a (real), z – z = 2ib (imaginary) and z z = (a + ib) (a – ib) = a2 + b2 (real) = |z|2.
zz zz
Also Re(z) = , Im (z)  .
2 2i

Properties of the Conjugate of a Complex Number

z is the mirror image of z in the real axis. Imaginary axis

(i) |z| = | z | A (z)
(ii) z + z = 2 Rez
(iii) z – z = 2i Imz O
Real axis
(iv) z z  | z |2
(v) z1  z2 = z 1 + z 2
 z1  z2  ....  zn  z1  z2  ...  zn B z
(vi) z1  z2 = z1 – z2
(vii) z1z2  z1.z2
 z1   z1 
(viii)   
 z2   z2 

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zn   z 
n
(ix)
(x)  z  z
(xi) If  = f(z), then   f  z  , where  is a function of complex number z.
Vector Representation of Complex Numbers

If z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 = x2 + iy2 be two complex numbers represented by the points P1 (x1, y1) and P2 (x2,
y2) respectively on the argand plane.

OP1  x1ˆi  y1ˆj , Y P(x1+x2 , y1+y2)
 P (x ,y )
OP2  x 2 ˆi  y2 ˆj
2 2 2

 
z1 + z2 = OP1  OP2

=  x1  x 2  ˆi   y1  y 2  ˆj = OP
   P1(x1,y1)
z1  z2 = OP1  OP2  P2 P1 X
O
= x  x  i  y  y  j
1 2
ˆ
1 2
ˆ

y 
Arg (z1) = direction of OP1 = tan1  1 
 x1 

Properties of the Modulus

(i) |z| = 0  z = 0, Re (z) = 0 and Im (z) = 0
(ii)  |z|  Re (z)  |z|,  |z|  Im (z)  |z|
(iii) z z = |z|2
(iv) |z1z2| = |z1| |z2|
z1 z1
(v) 
z2 z2
(vi) |z1 + z2|  |z1| + |z2|  |z1 + z2 + ... + zn|  |z1| + |z2| + ... + |zn|
(vii) |z1 – z2|  ||z1| – |z2||
(viii) |z1 + z2|2 = (z1 + z2) ( z1 + z2 ) = |z1|2 + |z2|2 + z1 z2 + z2 z1 = |z1|2 + |z2|2 + 2 Re  z1 z2 
as  z 2 z1  z2 z1 
Note: As discussed above, it can be said that ||z1|  |z2||  |z1 + z2|  |z1| + |z2|.

Illustration 2: Find the greatest and least values of the modulus of complex number z satisfying the
4
equation z  = 2.
z
Solution: We have |OP – OQ|  QP Y
P(z)
4 4
 z  z =2
z z
4 2
 – 2  |z| –  2  |z| + 2|z| – 4  0 
z
2 X O  X
or |z| – 2|z| – 4  0
2 2
 (|z| + 1) –5  0 or (|z| –1)  5
 (|z| + 1 + 5) (|z| + 1 – 5)  0 Q(4/z)
or (|z| – 1 + 5) (|z| – 1 – 5)  0 Y
 5 – 1  |z|  5 + 1
 Greatest value of |z| = 5 + 1 and least value of |z| = 5 – 1.

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SOLVED PROBLEMS
SUBJECTIVE

Problem 1: Find the complex numbers z which simultaneously satisfy the equations
z  12 5 z  4
 ,  1.
z  8i 3 z 8

z4 x  4  iy
Solution: The relation  1 1
z8 x  8  iy
 (x  4)2  y 2  (x  8)2  y 2  x  6 .
z  12 5 6  iy 5
With x  6,     9(36  y 2 )  25[36  (y  8)2 ]
z  8i 3 6  i(y  8) 3
 y 2  25y  136  0  y  17, 8.
Hence the required numbers are z = 6 + 17i, 6+ 8i.

Problem 2: For every value of c  0, find all the complex numbers z which satisfy the equation
|z|2 – 2iz + 2c(1 + i) = 0.

Solution: If z = x + iy, then the given equation reduces to

x 2  y2  2ix  2y  2c  2ic  0  x  c,
so that the real part yield y 2  2y  c 2  2c  0.
For real y, 1 – 2c – c2  0  c2 + 2c – 1  0
 (c  2  1)[c  ( 2  1)]  0  0  c  2  1.
Hence the solution is z = c + -1  1-2c-c 2  i , 0  c  2  1.
 
For c = 0, y = 0, – 2, so that z = 0, z = – 2i.

Problem 3: If iz3 + z2 – z + i = 0, then show that z = 1.

Solution: L.H.S. = iz2(z – i) – (z – i) = (z – i) (iz2 – 1) = 0

 Either z – i = 0  z = i  z = 1
or iz2 – 1= 0  iz2 = 1  iz2( – i z 2) = 1  ( zz )2 = 1  z= 1.
Alternative Solution:
Take complex conjugate of the given equation. We get
i 1 1
i z3  z 2  z  i  0  3  2   i  0 .
z z z
1
Comparing it with the given equation, we find the z =  |z| = 1.
z

OBJECTIVE
Problem 1: The inequality z – 4<z – 2represents the region given by
(A) Re (z) > 0 (B) Re (z) < 0
(C) Re (z) > 2 (D) none of these
2 2
Solution: |z – 4| < |z – 2|  |z – 4| < | z – 2|

IITJEE-2223-MATHEMATICS-COMPLEX NUMBERS
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 (z – 4) ( z – 4) < (z – 2)( z – 2)
 z z – 4(z + z ) + 16 < z z – 2( z + z ) + 4
 2(z + z ) > 12  4Re(z) > 12  Re (z) > 3.
Hence (D) is the correct answer.

Problem 2: If |z1| = 4, |z2| = 3, then |z1 + z2 + 3 + 4i| is less than

(A) 2 (B) 5
(C) 7 (D) 12

Solution: |z1 + z2 + 3 + 4i|  |z1| + |z2| + |3 + 4i| = 4 + 3 + 5 = 12.

Hence (D) is the correct answer.

Problem 3: If equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 (0 < a < b < c) has non-real complex roots z1 and z2, then
(A) |z1| > 1, |z2| < 1 (B) |z1| > 1, |z2| > 1
(C) |z1| < 1, |z2| < 1 (D) |z1| < 1, |z2| > 1

c
Solution:  1  z 1z 2 > 1
a
( + i) (  i) > 1
2 + 2 > 1
 |z1| > 1, |z2| > 1.
Hence (B) is the correct answer.

EXERCISE  1

1. Find the integral solution(s) of the equation (1  i)x = 2x.

2. Let z be a complex number such that |z| = 5. Find the maximum value of |z+ 3 + 4i|.

3. Find the value of the principal argument of complex number z = 3i 9.

4. If z be a complex number satisfying z4+ z3 + 2z2 + z + 1 = 0, then find the value of z .

a  ib a2  b2
5. If x + iy = , prove that (x2 + y2)2 = 2 .
c  id c  d2

6. Find the number of complex numbers satisfying |z| = z + 1 + 2i.

1
7. Least value of z  if |z|  3 is
z
(A) 8/3 (B) 6
(C) 3 (D) 10/3

8. If z  2 z  1  i  0 and z = x + iy, then

(A) x = – 2 (B) x = 2
(C) y = – 2 (D) y = 1

IITJEE-2223-MATHEMATICS-COMPLEX NUMBERS
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3 i
9. Principal argument of complex number z = equals
3 i
(A)  /3 (B) /3
(C) /6 (D) none of these

10. If |z  i| < |z + i|, then

(A) Re (z) > 0 (B) Re (z) < 0
(C) Im (z) > 0 (D) Im (z) < 0

11. If x = 5 25 36 , then x is equal to

(A) 150 (B)  150
(C)  300 (D) 300

2 2 1  p  iq
12. If p + q = 1, p, q  R, then is equal to
1  p  iq
(A) p + qi (B) p  qi
(C) q + pi (D) q  pi

Trigonometric or Polar Form of a Complex Number

Let z = x + iy. We define x = r cos, y = r sin so that r = x 2  y 2 and  is the solution of the system
x y
cos = , sin = . Then
r r
z = x + iy = r cos  + ir sin  = r (cos  + i sin ) = rei (Euler's formula).
Here we should take the principal value of .
z1 r1 i( 1 2 )
If z1 = r1 (cos 1 + i sin 1), and z2 = r2 (cos 2 + i sin 2), then z1z2 = r1r2 ei( 1 2 ) and  .e .
z 2 r2
z1 r1 z
Hence z1z2  r1r2  z1 z2 and   1 , z2  0.
z2 r2 z2

Properties of the Argument

 arg(z1z2) = 1 + 2 = argz1 + argz2
 arg(z1/z2) = 1 – 2 = argz1 – argz2
 If arg z = 0  z is real  z = z

De Moivre's Theorem
If n is any integer, then (cos + i sin)n = cosn + i sinn. Writing the Binomial expansion of
(cos  + i sin)n and equating the real part to cos n and the imaginary part to sin n, we get
cos n   cosn  n C2 cosn 2  sin2  n C4 cosn 4  sin4   .........
sin n  n
C1 cosn1  sin  n
C3 cosn 3  sin3  n
C5 cosn5  sin5 ........
n
If n is a rational number, then one of the values of (cos + i sin) is cos n + i sin n. If n = p/q, where p
and q are integers (q > 0) and p, q have no common factor, then (cos  + i sin)n has q distinct values,
one of which is cos n  + i sin n.
If z = r (cos  + i sin ), and n is a positive integer, then

IITJEE-2223-MATHEMATICS-COMPLEX NUMBERS
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 2k   2k   
z1/ n  r1/ n cos  isin , k  0, 1, 2, ....., n  1.
 n n 

The nth Root of Unity

Let x be the nth root of unity. Then
xn = 1 = cos 2k + i sin 2k (where k is an integer)
2k 2k
 x = cos  isin k = 0, 1, 2, …, n – 1.
n n
2 2
Let  = cos  isin . Then the n nth roots of unity are t
n n
(t = 0, 1, 2, …, n – 1), i.e. the nth roots of unity are 1, , 2, …, n – 1.

Sum of the Roots

1  n
1 +  + 2 + …+ n - 1 = = 0  the sum of the roots of unity is zero
1 
n1 n1
2k 2k
  cos
k 0
n
 0 and
k 0
sin
n  0.

Product of the Roots

n n 1  n 1 
n 
2 n–1  2 2   2 
1.. . .... . =  2 =  cos  i sin  = cos{(n – 1)} + i sin{(n – 1)}.
 n n 
n n 1 n n 1
If n is even  2 = – 1. If n is odd  2 = 1.
A2(2) A2()
Note :
The points represented by the n nth roots of unity are located at
2/n
2/n
the vertices of a regular polygon of n sides inscribed in a unit A1(1)
circle having centre at the origin, one vertex being on the O 2/n

positive real axis.

An(n-1)

Cube Roots of Unity

2 2 Y
For n = 3, we get the cube roots of unity and these are 1, cos + i sin 
3 3
4 4 1  i 3 1  i 3
and cos + i sin i.e. 1, and . They are generally X X
3 3 2 2 O 1

denoted by 1,  and 2 and geometrically represented by the vertices of an

equilateral triangle whose circumcentre is the origin and circumradius is 2
Y
unity.

Note: (i) 3 = 1 and 1 +  + 2 = 0.

(ii) It can be easily proved that
n 2n
1+ + =3 (n is a multiple of 3),
1 + n + 2n = 0 (n is an integer, not a multiple of 3).

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SOLVED PROBLEMS
SUBJECTIVE

Problem 1: It is given that n is an odd integer greater than 3 but not a multiple of 3. Prove that
3 2 n n
x + x + x is a factor of (x + 1) – x – 1.

Solution:  
We have x3  x 2  x  x x 2  x  1  x(x  )(x  2 ), where , 2 are the cube roots of
unity but not equal to 1. Moreover, 3 = 1.
x3 + x2 + x is a factor of (x + 1)n – xn – 1. It means that (x + 1)n – xn – 1 should be zero at
x = 0, x = , x = 2.
n n n
At x = 0, (x + 1) – x – 1= 1 – 1 = 1 – 1 = 0
n n n n 2 n n
At x = , (x + 1) – x –1 = (1 + ) –  – 1 = (–  ) –  – 1
 ( 1)n 2n  n  1   2n  n  1  0 as n is not a multiple of 3.
 
At x=2 , (x  1)n  x n  1  (1  2 )n  2n  1  ( )n  2n  1
   n  2n  1  0
 
 x + x + x is a factor of (x +1)n – xn – 1.
2 2

OBJECTIVE

n
 1 i 
Problem 1: The smallest positive integer for which    1 is
 1 i 
(A) n = 8 (B) n = 12
(C) n = 16 (D) n = 4

n n n
 1 i   1 i   1 i 
Solution:   1        
 1 i   2 2  2 2

   e 
n n
 ei / 4  i / 4
 ein / 4  e in / 4
 ein / 2 = 1  n = 4k, where k is integer > 0.
Hence (D) is the correct answer.

b c a
Problem 2: If a = cos  + i sin , b = cos  + i sin , c = cos  + i cos  and    1 , then
c a b
cos       cos       cos      is equal to
(A) 1 (B)  1
(C) 0 (D) 1/2

i i i
Solution: a=e ,b=e ,c=e
a
 b
1  
ei    1

 cos       1  1.
Hence (A) is the correct answer.

IITJEE-2223-MATHEMATICS-COMPLEX NUMBERS
 9
5 5
 3 i  3 i
Problem 3: If z    , then
 2   2 
   
(A) Re(z) = 0 (B) Im(z) = 0
(C) Re(z), Im (z) > 0 (D) Re(z) > 0, Im(z) < 0.

5 5
 3 i  3 i
Solution: z 
 2   2 
   

   e  5 
5 5
= ei / 6 i  / 6
= ei5  / 6  e i5  / 6 = 2 cos = – 2 cos =– 3.
6 6
Thus Im(z) = 0.
Hence (B) is the correct answer.

EXERCISE  2
1. If 1, , 2 are cube roots of unity, prove that (3 + 3 + 52)6  (2 + 6 + 22)3 = 0.

(cos 2  i sin 2)5 (cos 3  i sin 3)7

2. Prove that  1.
(cos 5  i sin 5)2 (cos 7  i sin 7)3

8
i
3. If  = e 11 , then find Re ( + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5).

z   z + z2
4. If arg  1  = , then find the value of 1 .
 z2  2 z1 - z 2
 z  
5. If |z1 + z2| > |z1  z2| then prove that   arg  1   .
2  z2  2
z6
6. If |z  3| = 3, then show that = i tan (arg z).
z

7. Find the general value of  which satisfies the equation

(cos + i sin)(cos2 + i sin2)……(cos n + i sin n) = 1.

8. Show that (1 –  + 2) (1 – 2 + 4) (1 – 4 + 8) …. to 2n factors = 22n.

5
9. If z be a complex number such that |z| = 4 and arg (z) = , then z is equal to
6
(A) 2 3  2i (B) 2 3  2i
(C) 2 3  2i (D) 2 3  2i

 8  8  
10. Arg sin  i  1  cos   is equal to
 5  5 
3 7
(A) (B)
10 10
4 3
(C) (D)
5 5

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x y
11. If z = x + iy , z1/3 = a – ib and 2 2
 = ( a – b ) , then  is equal to;
a b
(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 3 (D) 4

Geometrical Representation of Complex Numbers

A complex number z = x + iy can be represented by a point P whose Cartesian coordinates are (x, y)
referred to axes OX and OY, usually called the real and the imaginary axes. The plane of OX and OY is
called the Argand diagram or the complex plane. Since the origin O lies on both OX and OY, the
corresponding complex number z = 0 is both purely real and purely imaginary.
 Y
Now OP = x2  y2  z .

If  = POM, then  = tan-1y/x. Thus |z| is the length of OP and arg.z P(x, y)
is the angle which OP makes with the positive direction of the x-axis.
If OP = r, then x = r cos, and y = r sin, and z = r (cos  + i sin ). r
 y
The vector OP can also be used to represent the complex number 
  M
z = x + iy. The length of the vector OP , i.e. OP is the modulus of z. O x X

Let z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 = x2 + iy2 be two complex numbers represented by the points
P1(x1, y1) and P2(x2, y2) respectively. By definition z1+ z2 should be represented by the point (x 1+ x2, y1+
y2). This point is the vertex, which completes the parallelogram with the line segments joining the origin
with z and z as the adjacent sides.
 1 2      
OP1  OP2  OP1  P1P  OP  z1 + z2 = OP . Also z1 – z2 = OP1  OP2  P2P1 .
In any triangle, sum of any two sides is greater than the third Y P(x1+x2 , y1+y2)
P2(x2 ,y2)
side and difference of any two sides is less than the third side;
we have
|z1| + |z2|  |z1 + z2|, ||z1| – |z2||  |z1 – z2|. In a parallelogram
OP1PP2, the sum of the squares of its sides is equal to the sum
of the squares of its diagonals; i.e. P1(x1,y1)

OP2  P2P12  OP12  P1P2  PP22  P2O2 X

O
 | z1  z2 |2  | z1  z2 |2  2(| z1 |2  | z 2 |2 ).

Rotation
If z1, z2, z3 are the three vertices of a triangle ABC, taken in the counter-clock wise sense, then
z3  z1 OQ C(z3)
CA i | z3  z1 | i
 (cos   i sin  )  .e  .e Y
z 2  z1 OP BA | z2  z1 | B(z
Note that: Q(z3 -z1) 
arg.(z3 – z1) – arg.(z2 – z1) =  is the angle through which OP is A(z1)
rotated in the anti-clockwise direction so that it becomes parallel to P(z2-z1)

OQ.
O X
Illustration 1: Complex numbers z1, z2, z3 are the vertices A, B, C respectively of an isosceles right
2
angled triangle with right angle at C. Show that (z1 – z2) = 2(z1 – z3)(z3 – z2).

Solution: In the isosceles triangle ABC, AC = BC and BCAC. It means that AC is rotated through
angle /2 to occupy the position BC. Hence we have,

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z2  z3 B(Z2)
 e i / 2  i  z 2  z3  i(z1  z 3 )
z1  z 3
 z22  z32  2z 2 z 3  (z12  z 32  2z1z3 )
 z12  z22  2z1z2  2z1z3  2z2 z3  2z1z2  2z32
 2(z1  z3 )(z 3  z2 )
2
 (z1  z2 )  2(z1  z3 )(z 3  z 2 ) A(Z1)
C(Z3)

Illustration 2: Let z1 and z2 be the roots of the equation z2 + pz + q = 0, where the coefficients p and q
may be complex numbers. Let A and B represents z1 and z2 in the complex plane. If
2 2 
AOB =   0 and OA = OB where O is the origin prove that p = 4q cos   .
2

Solution: Here z1 + z2 = – p …. (1) B(z2)

and z1z2 = q. …. (2)
Also z2 = z1ei  z12 = qe– i.
Now p2 = (z1 + z2)2 = (z1 + z1ei)2
= z12(1 + 2ei + ei2) = qe-i (1 + 2ei + ei2) 
O A(z1)
= q(2 + e-i + ei) = q(2 + 2cos)
= 4q cos2 /2.

z2
Note : The line joining z4 and z3 is inclined at 90o to the
z z 
line joining z2 and z1 if arg. 1 2   /2
z3  z 4 2 z4 z3
i.e. if z1 – z2 =  ik (z3 – z4), where k is a non-
zero real number.
z1

SOLVED PROBLEMS
SUBJECTIVE

Problem 1: Show that the triangle whose vertices are the points represented by the complex
numbers z1, z2, z3 on the Argand diagram is equilateral if and only if
1 1 1
   0, that is if and only if z12  z22  z23  z1z2  z2 z3  z3 z1 .
z 2  z 3 z3  z1 z1  z 2

Solution: Let z2 –z3 = , z3 –z1 = , z1 –z2 =, so that  ++ =0 or       0 .

Now ==
      =k (say)
k k k 1 1 1
  ,  ,       0
     
1 1 1
   0.
z 2  z3 z 3  z1 z1  z 2
We multiply this equation by (z2 – z3)(z3 – z1)(z1 – z2) and simplify and get
z12  z22  z23  z1z2  z2 z3  z3 z1.

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1 1 1
Conversely,    0 leads to  +  +  = 0
  
or ( + ) +  = 0 or 2 =  (as  +  +  = 0)
3 3 3
or  =            .
3 3
Similarly,      ,      .
       z2  z3  z3  z1  z1  z2 .
Hence the triangle is equilateral.
Alternative Method:
Let ABC be the given triangle, where the points A, B, and C represent complex numbers
z1, z2, and z3 respectively. If the triangle is equilateral, then
A =B =C = /3 and AB = BC = CA. Now, A(z1)
1 1 1
 
z2  z3 z3  z1 z1  z2
1  z1  z2 z1  z 2 
    1 B(z2) C(z3)
z1  z2  z 2  z3 z3  z1 
1  z  z2 z2  z1  1
   1   1  [ eiB  eiA  1 ]
z1  z2  3z  z 2 z 3  z1  z1  z 2
1 1   
   ei / 3  ei / 3  1   2cos  1  0 .
z1  z 2   z1  z2  3 
1 1 1
Conversely,   0
z 2  z3 z 3  z1 z1  z 2
z3  z1 z  z1 z  z1 z 3  z1
  1 3 0 2 
z2  z3 z1  z 2 z 2  z 3 z 2  z1
z1  z2 z 3  z1
   B  A .
z3  z 2 z 2  z1
Similarly A = C  A = B = C =/3.
Hence the triangle is equilateral.

Problem 2: If a and b are real numbers between 0 and 1 such that points z1 = a + i, z2 = 1 + bi, z3 =
0 form an equilateral , then find (a, b).

z 2  z3 BC i / 3 A(z1)
Solution:  e
z1  z3 AC
z2
 ei / 3 … (1)
z1
z1 B(z2) C(z3)
and  ei / 3 … (2)
z 2  z1
z z1
From (1) and (2) 2   z12  z22  z1z2
z1 z2  z1
 (a + i)2 + (1 + bi)2 = (a + i) (1 + bi)
 (a2  1 + 1  b2) + i (2a + 2b) = (a  b) + i (ab + 1)
 a2  b2 = a  b and 2 (a + b) = ab + 1
If a = b, then 4a = a2 + 1  a = 2  3

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 a = b = 2  3 and if a + b = 1
2 = a (1  a) + 1
1 i 3
a= , which is impossible.
2

OBJECTIVE
Problem 1: Complex numbers z1 and z2 are (3 + 5i) and (5 + 7i). If segment joining z1 and z2 is
rotated 15 about z1 in anticlockwise direction such that z2 becomes z3, then the value of
z3 is
(A) (4 + 6i) (B)  4  2   6i
(C)  3  2   i  5  6  (D) none of these
Solution: |z2  z1| = |z3  z1| = 2 2 z3

Slope of line joining z1 and z2 is
4 z2
   
So slope of line joining z3 and z1 will be   
 4 12  3 /12
  /4
Re (z3) = Re (z1) + 2 2 cos   =  3  2  z1
3
 
Im (z3) = Im (z1) + 2 2 sin   =  5  6 
3
So, z3 =  3  2   i  5  6  .
Hence (C) is the correct answer.

Problem 2: If A(z1), B(z2) and C(z3) be the vertices of a triangle ABC in which ABC = /4 and
AB
 2 , then the value of z2 is equal to
BC
(A) z3 + i(z1 + z3) (B) z3 – i(z1 – z3)
(C) z3 + i(z1 – z3) (D) none of these

AB
Solution:  2.
BC
Considering the rotation about ‘B’, we get,
z1  z2 z  z2 i / 4 AB i / 4  1 i 
 1 e  e = 2    1 i
z3  z 2 z3  z2 BC  2 2
 z1 – z2 = (1 + i) (z3 – z2)
 z1 – (1 + i)z3 = z2(1 – 1 – i) = – iz2
 z2 = iz1 – i (1 + i) z3 = z3 + i (z1 – z3)
Hence (C) is the correct answer.

EXERCISE  3
z2
1. If the number is purely imaginary, then find the value of |z|.
z+2

 z  2
2. If arg  2 
 0 then prove that Re(z) =  1/2 ( and  are non-real cube roots of unity).
z 

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3. If |z  (3 + 4i)|  3, then find the complex number having least magnitude satisfying the above
inequality.

x  y  z2
4. If  is a non-real cube root of unity, then prove that = 1.
x  z  y2

5. If z1 = iz2 and z1  z3 = i (z3  z2), then prove that |z3| = 2 Iz1 | .

6. Let A, B, C be the set of complex numbers defined as:

A = z : | z  2 |  | z  2 |  2
  z  1  
B =  z : arg   
  z  2
C = z : arg  z  1   ,
then find (A  B  C).
z1  z 3 1  i 3
7. The complex numbers z1, z2, z3 satisfying  are vertices of a triangle which is
z2  z3 2
(A) of area zero (B) right angled isosceles
(C) equilateral (D) obtuse angled

8. If z1, z2, z3, z4 be the vertices of a square in Argand plane, then

(A) 2z2 = (1 + i)z1 + (1  i)z3 (B) 2z4 = (2  i)z1 + (2 + i)z3
(C) 2z2 = (3  i)z1 + (3 + i)z3 (D) 2z4 = (4  i)z1 + (4 + i)z3

9. Area of the triangle on the Argand plane formed by complex numbers z, iz, z + iz is
1 2
(A) |z|2 (B) z
2
1 2
(C) z (D) none of these
4

Equation of a Straight Line

zz zz y  y1 x  x1
Writing x  , y etc. in  and re-arranging terms, we find that the
2 2i y 2  y1 x 2  x1
equation of the line through z1 and z2 is given by
z z 1
z  z1 z  z1
 or z1 z1 1  0.
z 2  z1 z2  z1
z2 z2 1
The general equation of a straight line is az  az  b  0, where b is a real number.

Illustration 1: Two non-parallel lines cut the circle |z| = r in points represented by complex numbers a,
a  1  b  1  c  1  d 1
b, c, d. Prove that these lines meet in the point z given by z = .
a1b1  c 1d1

Solution: Since P, Q, R are collinear

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 15

z z 1 R(d)
c c 1 =0
d d 1 r
r
  
 z c  d  z  c  d  cd  cd  0 …(1)  Q(c)
r
O
r
Similarly P(z) S(a) T(b)
  
z a  b  z  a  b   ab  ab  0 . …(2)
Performing {(1)  (a – b)} – {(2)  (c – d)}, we get

       
z  c  d  a  b   a  b  c  d   = ab  ba  c  d   cd  cd  a  b  .  …. (3)

r2 r2 r2 r2
Now a a = r2  a = and b = , c = , d = .
a b c d
 r 2 r 2  r 2
r 
2 
From (3), z     a  b       c  d 
c d a b
    
 ar 2 br 2   cr 2 r 2 
= 
 b
   c  d –   d a  b
 a   d
 c 

 z
  d  c  a  b  b  a  c  d 

  
a2  b2  c  d c 2  d2  a  b 


 =
 cd ab  ab cd
 1 1 a  b c  d
 z    = –
 cd ab  ab cd
a1  b 1  c 1  d1
z= .
a1b1  c 1d1

Equation of the Perpendicular Bisector

The equation of the perpendicular bisector of the line segment joining z1 and z2 is given by
z  z2  z1   z  z2  z1   | z1 |2  | z 2 |2 = 0.

Illustration 2: Let bz  bz = c, b  0 be a line in the complex plane, where b is the complex conjugate
of b. If z1 is the reflection of a point z2 through the line, then show that c = z1b  z2 b .

Solution: The given line bz  bz = c ….(1) b z + b z = c, b  0

(b  0) is also the perpendicular bisector of the line
joining the points z1 and z2,
2 2
 |z – z1| = |z – z2|
i.e. (z – z1)  z  z1  = (z – z2)  z  z2  P(z2) Q(z1)
or z  z2  z1  + z (z2–z1)+|z1|2–|z2|2=0 …(2)
Since (1) and (2), are the same

b b c
  = k(say). Now bz1 + bz2 – c = k(z2 – z1) z1 + kz2  z2  z1 
z2  z1 z2  z1 z 2  z 2
2 1
2 2
– k(|z2| – |z1| )
= k  z 2 .z1  z1  z 2  z2 z1  z 2  z1  = 0  bz1  bz 2  c .
2 2 2 2
 

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Alternative:
The line perpendicular to the given line is bz  bz  i  0 , where  is real.
z1 and z2 lie on this line
z  z2
 bz1  bz1  bz2  bz2 or bz1  bz2  bz2  bz1 . Also 1 lies on the given line
2
i.e. z2b  bz1  z2b  bz1  2c  z1b  z2b  c .

Section Formula
AC m Y
Let C divide AB in the ratio m : n, so that  . z1
BC n A m
 mz2  nz1 Cn
Let OC be z then, z = . z2
mn
If C divides AB externally in the ratio m : n then B
mz2  nz1 O X
z= .
mn

Illustration 3: If z1, z2 and z3 represents the vertices of a triangle, find the centroid of the triangle.

Solution: Let D be the mid point of the side BC of A(z 1)

the triangle ABC,
BD = DC
z  z3 2
so that D  2 . G
2
1
Since G divides AD internally in 2 : 1
ratio, B(z 2) D C(z 3 )
2  z2  z3   z2  z3 
 1z1
z  z 2  z3  
G 2  1 .  2 
21 3

Condition for Collinearity

If there are three real numbers (other than 0) l, m and n such that lz1 + mz2 + nz3 = 0 and l + m + n = 0,
then complex numbers z1, z2 and z3 will represent collinear points.
Equation of a Circle
The general equation of a circle is zz  az  az  b  0, where b is a real number. The centre of this circle
is – a and its radius is aa  b . The equation of the circle described on the line segment joining z1 and z2
as diameter is (z  z1 )(z  z2 )  (z  z2 )(z  z1 )  0 .
Condition for four points to be concyclic
Four complex numbers z1, z2, z3 and z4 take in order, will represent concyclic points if,
 z2  z 4  z1  z3 
is real.
 z1  z 4  z2  z3 
2 1 1
Illustration 4: If z1, z2, z3 are complex numbers such that   , show that the points
z1 z2 z3
represented by z1, z2, z3 lie on a circle passing through the origin.

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Solution: Since P(z1), Q(z2), R(z3) and S(z4) are concyclic points, S(z4)
R(z3)
PSQ = PRQ and
z  z4 z  z3  z  z4   z1  z3    
arg. 2 = arg 2  arg  2   = 0
z1  z 4 z1  z 3  z1  z4   z2  z3  
 z2  z 4  .  z1  z3  P(z1)
 = real. Q(z2)
 z1  z 4   z2  z3 
z 2 z1  z3
If z4 = 0 + i0 then . = real. … (1)
z1 z2  z3
2 1 1 z1z2
We have   from which z3 = . … (2)
z1 z 2 z3 2z 2  z1
z1z2
z1 
z 2z2  z1
From (1) and (2), 2  = real
z1 z1z2
z2 
2z2  z1
z 2  z1
 = real
2  z 2  z1 
 1/2 = real, which is true.
Therefore z1, z2, z3 and the origin are concyclic.
Alternative Solution:
2 1 1 1 1 1 1
  or   
z1 z 2 z3 z1 z2 z3 z1
z 2  z1 z 0  z2  z1  z3  0   1
or  2 or = real
z3  z1 z3  0  z3  z1  z2  0 
 0, z1, z2, z3 are concyclic.

SOLVED PROBLEMS
SUBJECTIVE
Problem 1: A ray travels from a point ( 1 + i4) at an angle /4 with x-axis and after reflecting from a
point P on curve |z  3  4i| = 4, meets the same curve at point Q. Find the mirror image
of Q with respect to line z + z + 4 = 0.
Solution: Point ( 1 + i4) lies on the circle |z  3  4i| = 4 P
By geometry, we see that Q is diagonally
opposite to ( 1 + i4). r
So, point Q (z2) is /4
z 2   1  i4  (1+ 4i) Q
  3  i4   z2 = (7 + i4) (3 + 4i)
2
Now mirror image of z2 with respect to the line
z + z + 4 = 0 or x =  2 is Q (z3)
 z3  7  4i  
 2  i4  x=2
2
z3 =  11 + 4i.

Problem 2: Locate the complex number z for which log1/3 |z  3| > log1/3 |z|

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Solution: The inequality has no meaning for z = 3 i.e., (3, 0) and z = 0 as log of 0 is undefined
 |z  3| < |z|  x > 3/2.
All points of plane are located to right of straight line parallel to y-axis and passing
through point (3/2, 0), excluding point x = 3/2 and point (3, 0).

Problem 3: Find z such that |z| is least and satisfy the condition |z – 2 + 2i| = 1.

Solution: Given equation represents a circle with centre

(2, –2) and radius 1. Distance of any point P(z) on
it from the origin is minimum along the line which O A
is normal to the circle from the origin. It will pass
through the centre (2, –2) also. 45°
OP = OC – P C = (22 – 1). P
B
Also OC makes an angle 45 with the x-axis

 z
2 2 1 i  2 2  1
 .
C
2  2 

OBJECTIVE

 2z  1 
Problem 1: If Im    2 , then the locus of the point representing z in the complex plane is
 iz  1 
(A) circle (B) a straight line
(C) a parabola (D) none of these

 2z  1  1  2z  1 2z  1 
Solution: Im 
iz  1   2  2i  iz  1  iz  1  = – 2
   
 (1+ 2z) (1 – i z ) – (2 z + 1) (iz + 1) = – 4i (iz + 1) (1 – i z )
 1 – i z + 2z – 2 iz z – 2iz z – 2 z – iz – 1
= – 4i (iz + z z + 1 – i z )
 2(z – z ) – i(z + z ) – 4iz z = – 4i  zz  1  i  z  z   . …. (1)
 Let z = x + iy, x, y,  R.
Then (1) yields x + 2y = 2 which gives a straight line.
Hence (B) is the correct answer.

z - 5i
Problem 2: The complex numbers z = x + iy which satisfy the equation = 1 lie on
z + 5i
(A) the x-axis (B) the straight line y = 5
(C) a circle passing through the origin (D) none of these

z  5i
Solution: 1
z  5i
 z would lie the right bisector of the line segment connecting the points 5i and – 5i.
Thus z would lie on the x-axis.
Hence (A) is the correct answer.

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1- iz
Problem 3: If z = x + iy, and w = , then w = 1 implies that in the complex plane
z-i
(A) z lies on the imaginary axis (B) z lies on the real axis
(C) z lies on the unit circle (D) none of these

Solution: As |w| = 1  |z – i| = |1 – iz| = |z + i|

 z lies on the right bisector of the line segment connecting the points i and – i. Thus ‘z’
lies on the real axis.
Hence (B) is the correct answer.
2 2
Problem 4: If the equation |z – z1| + |z – z2| = k represents the equation of a circle, where
z1 = 2 + 3i, z2 = 4 + 3i are the extremities of a diameter, then the value of k is
(A) 1/ 4 (B) 4
(C) 2 (D) none of these

Solution: As z1 and z2 are the extremities of the diameter,

|z – z1|2 + |z – z2|2 = |z1 – z2|2
 k = |z1 – z2|2 = |2 + 3i – 4 – 3i|2 = |– 2|2 = 4.
Hence (B) is the correct answer.

z1z - z2
Problem 5: If = k, (z1, z2  0) then
z1z + z2
(A) for k = 0 , locus of z is a straight line (B) for k  {1, 0}, z lies on a circle
(C) for k = 1, z represents a point
z2
(D) for k = 0, z lies on the perpendicular bisector of the line segment joining
z1
z2
and –
z1
z1z  z2
Solution: The expression =k
z1z  z2
z2
z
z1
 k
z2
z
z1
 z   z2  2 z2   z2 
 z  2  z    k z   z  
 z1   z1   z1   z1 

 z
1  k  . z
2
2

2k z2
. For k  0, 1, this represents a circle.
2 z1 2 z1
1 k 1 k
Hence (B) is the correct answer.

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EXERCISE  4
1. If |z| = 2, then find the locus of complex number (a + bz), where a, b  R.

2. Prove that |z  z1|2 + |z  z2|2 = k will represent a circle if |z1  z2|2  2k.

3. Trace the locus of z if arg (z + i) =  /4.

z2
4. Determine the locus of the point z such that is always real.
z 1

5. For all complex numbers z1, z2 satisfying |z1| = 12 and |z2  3  4i| = 5, find the minimum
value of |z1  z2|.

6. Find the region represented by inequality |z  4| < |z  2|.

7. If z lies on the circle z= 1, then 2/z lies on

(A) circle (B) straight line
(C) parabola (D) none of these

8. For complex number z, |z  1| + |z + 1| = 2, then z lies on

(A) parabola (B) line segment
(C) circle (D) none of these

9. The centre of circle represented by |z + 1| = 2 |z  1| in the complex plane is

(A) 0 (B) 5/3
(C) 1/3 (D) 2

z
10. If  = , then || equals
z
(A) 0 (B)  1
(C) 1 (D) none of these

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ANSWERS TO EXERCISES
Exercise  1

1. 0 2. 10
3. /3 4. 1
6. 1 7. D
8. A 9. B
10. C 11. B
12. A

Exercise  2

3.  1/2 4. 1
4k 
7. 9. A
n(n  1)

10. B 11. C

Exercise  3
6 i8
1. 2 3. 
5 5

6.  7. C
8. A 9. B

Exercise  4
1. circle

3.

(0,  1)
45

4. y = 0 or x 2 + y2  2x = 0 (circle) 5. 2
6. Re(z) > 3 7. A
8. B 9. B
10. C

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Formulae and Concepts at a Glance:

Properties of Modulus and Argument

 |z1+z2+ ... +zn|  |z1| + |z2| + ... + |zn|

 |z1 - z2|  ||z1| - |z2||
 |z1 + z2|2 = (z1 + z2) ( z 1 + z 2) = |z1|2 + |z2|2 + z1 z 2 + z2 z 1
 arg(z1z2) = arg(z1) + arg(z2)
 arg (z1/z2) = arg(z1) – arg(z2)

De Moivre's Theorem

If z = r (cos  + isin ), and n is a positive integer, then

 2k   2k   
z1/ n  r1/ n cos  isin , k  0,1,2,.....n  1.
 n n 

The nth Root of Unity

Let x be the nth root of unity. Then xn  1  cos 2k  isin2k (where k is an int eger)
2k 2k
 x  cos  isin k  0,1,2,....,n  1.
n n
2 2
Let   cos  isin .Then the nth roots of unity are  t
n n
(t  0,1,2,....,n  1), i.e. the nth roots of unity are 1,, 2 ,.....n1.

Sum of the Roots

n1 n1
1  n 2k 2k
1 +  + 2 + .... + n - 1 =
1 
=0   cos
k 0
n
 0 and  sin
k 0
n
0

Thus the sum of the roots of unity is zero.

Product of the Roots

2 n-1 n n+1
1.. . ....  = (-1) (-1) = (-1)

Concept of Rotation

If z1, z2, z3, are the three vertices of a triangle ABC described in the counter-clock wise sense, then
z3  z1 OQ CA i | z3  z1 | i Y C (z 3 )
 (cos   isin  )  e  e
z 2  z1 OP BA | z 2  z1 |
B (z 2 )
Q (z 3 -z 1 )
Note that arg (z3  z1) – arg(z2  z1) =  is the angle through 

which OP must be rotated in the anti-clock-wise direction so that A (z 1

P (z 2 -z 1 )
)
it becomes parallel to OQ. 

O X

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Geometrical Applications
Condition for Collinearity
If there are three real numbers (other than 0) l, m and n such that lz1 + mz2 + nz3 = 0 and l + m + n = 0
then complex numbers z1, z2 and z2 will be collinear.
Equation of a Straight Line
 Equation of a straight line with the help of rotation formula:
Let A(z1) and B(z2) be any two points lying on any line and we have to obtain the
equation of this line. For this purpose let us take any point C(z) on this line
 z  z1  z  z1 z  z1
since arg    0 or    .
 z2  z1  z 2  z1 z2  z1

 General equation of the line:

From equation (1) we get za  za  b  0 ,
where a  i  z1  z2  and ib = z1z2  z1z2 , b  R
This is the general equation of a line in the complex plane.
 Slope of a given line:
Re  a 
If za  za  b  0 is the given line then its slope = – .
Im  a 

 Equation of a line parallel to the line za  za  b  0 is za  za    0 (where  is a real

number).
 Equation of a line perpendicular to the line za  za  b  0 is za  za  i   0
(where  is a real number).
 Equation of Perpendicular Bisector:
Consider a line segment joining A(z1) and B(z2). Let the line ‘L’ be it’s perpendicular bisector. If
P(z) be any point on the ‘L’, we have PA = PB
 |z – z1| = |z – z2|
 z  z2  z1   z  z 2  z1   z1z1  z 2 z2  0

 Distance of a given point from a given line:

Let the given line be za  za  b  0 , and the given point be zc then distance of zc from
zc a  zc a  b
this line is .
2a

Equation of a Circle
Equation of a circle of radius r and having its centre at z0 is |z –z0| = r.
 |z –z0|2 = r2  ( z – z0)  z  z0   r 2  zz  az  az  b  0 , where – a = z0 and b = z0 z0  r 2 .
It represents the general equation of a circle in the complex plane.
 Equation of a circle described on a line segment AB, (A(z1), B(z2)) as diameter is
(z - z1)  z  z2   (z  z 2 )  z  z1   0 .

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 Let z1 and z2 be two given complex numbers and z be a any complex number such that,
 z  z1 
arg     , where   (0, ). Then ‘z’ will lie on the arc of a circle.
 z  z2 
 Let ABCD be a cyclic quadrilateral such that A (z1) , B(z2), C(z3) and D(z4) lie on a circle.
 z4  z1  z2  z3 
Then is purely real.
 z2  z1  z4  z3 

Some Important Result to Remember

 The triangle whose vertices are the points represented by complex numbers z1, z2, z3 is
1 1 1
equilateral if    0 i.e., if z12  z22  z32  z1z2  z2 z3  z3 z1.
z 2  z 3 z 3  z1 z1  z 2

 |z -z1| + |z –z2| =  , represents an ellipse if |z1 –z2| < , having the points z1 and z2 as its foci.
And if |z1 –z2| = , then z lies on a line segment connecting z1 and z2.
 | z – z1| ~ |z –z2| = , represents a hyperbola if |z1 –z2| > , having the points z1 and z2 as its
foci. And if |z1 –z2| = , the z lies on the line passing through z1 and z2 excluding the points
between z1 and z2.

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CHAPTER PRACTICE PROBLEMS

SUBJECTIVE
2
1. If z1, z2 are the non zero complex root of z – ax + b = 0 such that |z1| = |z2|, where a, b are
complex numbers. If A(z1), B(z2) and AOB = , ‘O’ being the origin, then prove that

a2  4b cos2
2

2
2. Find all complex number z satisfying z  1  i z 2  z .

z 
3. If z1 and z2 are two complex numbers such that |z1| = |z2| + |z1 – z2|, then prove that Im  1  = 0
 z2 

4. (a) If | z – 25i |  15, find the value of |maximum amp z – minimum amp z |.
| z  2 | 5
(b) Locate the complex number z such that log  2
cos 4 | z  2 | 4
6

5. If 1, a1, a2, …. an1 are the nth roots of unity then prove that
i) (1a1)(1a2)(1a3) ….(1an1)=n
ii) 1+a1+a2+…+an-1=0
1 1 1 (n  2)2n 1  1
iii)   ....  
2  a1 2  a2 2  an1 2n  1

OBJECTIVE

z1  2z 2
6. z1 and z2 are two complex numbers such that is unimodular whereas z2 is not a
2  z1z2
unimodular. Then |z1| is
(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 3 (D) 4

7. If z1 lies in |z – 3| < 4, z2 on |z – 1| + |z + 1 | = 3 and A = |z1 – z2|, then

(A) 0  A  15/2 (B) 0 < A  15/2
(C) 0  A  17/2 (D) 0  A < 17/2

8. If |z| = r. Area of the triangle whose vertices are z, z and z + z, where  is the non real cube
root of unity, is 4 3 sq. units, then the value of ‘r’ is
(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 3 (D) none of these

9. If A(z1), B(z2), C(z3) are the vertices of an equilateral triangle ABC, then value of
 z  z3  2z1 
arg  2  is equal to
 z3  z 2 
(A) /4 (B) /2
(C) /3 (D) /6

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10. z0 is one of the roots of the equation zn cos 0  zn1 cos 1  z cos n 1  cos n  2 where 1 
R, then
1 1
(A) z0  (B) z0 
2 2
1
(C) z0  (D) none of these
2

11. Let z be a complex number of maximum amplitude satisfying |z  3| = Re(z), then |z  3| is equal
to
(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 3 (D) 9

24
 1 
12. If 1  x2  3x, then   x
n1
n
  is equal to
xn 
(A) 48 (B) 48
(C) 48(  2 ) (D) none of these

13. If one root of the equation z2 + (a + i)z + b + ic = 0 be real, when a, b  R, then c2 + b  ac is

equal to
(A) 0 (B) 1
(C) 1 (D) none of these

2 2
14. If  is a complex cube root of unity, then the equation z    z  2   will represent a
circle, if
 3 3 
(A)    0,  (B)    ,  
 2 2 
(C)  (0, 3) (D)   [1,  )

15. Let | zi | i,i  1, 2,3, 4 and 16z1z 2 z3  9z1z 2 z 4  4z1z 3 z 4  z 2 z3 z 4  48, then the value of
1 4 9 16
  
z1 z2 z3 z4
(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 4 (D) 8

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ASSIGNMENTS
SECTION - I
1. If |z1| = 1, |z2| = 2, |z3| = 3 and |9z1z2 + 4 z1z3 + z2z3| = 12, then find the value of |z1 + z2 + z3|.

2. If  is a cube root of unity, then find the value of following

a  b  c2 a  b  c2
(i) (1  ) (1  2) (1  4) (1  8) (ii) 
b  c  a2 c  a  b2
2
3. Solve the following for z : (a) z – (3 – 2i)z = (5i – 5) (b) |z| + z = 2 + i

4. If the complex number P(w) lies on the standard unit circle in an Argand's plane and
z = (aw+ b)(w – c)–1 then, find the locus of z and interpret it. Given a, b, c are real.
2 2 2
5. Find the minimum value of expression |z| + |z  3| + |z  6i| .
4
 1  cos   i sin  
6. If    cos n  i sin n , then find the value of n.
 sin   i 1  cos   

7. The complex number z satisfies z + |z| = 2 + 8i. Find the value of |z|  8.

8. If the equation (z + 1)7 + z7 = 0 has roots z1, z2, .... z7, find the value of
7 7
(a)  Re(Zr ) and (b)  Im(Zr )
r 1 r 1

9. Let ,  be fixed complex numbers and z is a variable complex number such that,
2
z   2 + z   = k. Find out the limits for 'k' such that the locus of z is a circle.
Find also the centre and radius of the circle.

10. The roots z1, z2, z3 of the equation x3 + 3ax2 + 3bx + c = 0 in which a, b, c are complex numbers
correspond to points A, B, C. Show triangle will be an equilateral triangle if a2 = b.

11. Find the set of points on the argand plane for which the real part of the complex number
(1 + i)z2 is positive where z = x + iy, x, y  R and i = 1 .

12. An equilateral triangle ABC is inscribed in a circle of radius r if P be any point on the circle then
find the value of PA2 + PB2 + PC2.
3 4 5
13. If z1, z2, z3 are 3 distinct complex numbers such that   ,
z 2  z3 z3  z1 z1  z2
9 16 25
then find the value of   .
z 2  z3 z3  z1 z1  z 2

z1 z1
14. Let A (z1), B (z2) are two points in the argand plane such that   2 . Find the value of
z2 z2
ABO.

15. Let zi (i = 1, 2, 3, 4) represent the vertices of a square all of which lie on the sides of the triangle
with vertices (0, 0), (2, 1) and (3, 0). If z1 and z2 are purely real, then area of triangle formed by
z3, z4 and origin is m/n (where m and n are in their lowest form). Find the value of (m + n).

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SECTIONII
MULTI CHOICE SINGLE CORRECT
1. If a and b are real numbers between 0 and 1 such that the points z1 = a + i, z2 = 1+ bi, z3 = 0 form
an equilateral triangle , then a and b are equal to
(A) a = b = 2+ 3 (B) a = b = 2 – 3
(C) a = b = – 2+ 3 (D) a = b = – 2 – 3
2. z1, z2, z3 are the vertices of an equilateral triangle inscribed in a circle |z| = 2. If z1 = 1 + i 3 ,
then the values of z2 and z3 are
(A) – 2, 1  i 3 (B) – 2, i 3
(C) – 2, 1  i 3 (D) none of these
3 2 1985 100
3. The common roots of the equation z + 2z + 2z + 1 = 0 and z +z + 1 = 0 are
(A)  (B)  1
(C) 1 (D) none of these
4. The number of solutions of the equation |z|2 + 4 z = 0 is;
(A) 2 (B) 4
(C) 6 (D) 3
z1
5. If z1  z2 are two complex numbers such that  1 and arg (z1z2) = 0, then
z2
(A) z1 = z2 (B) |z2|2 = z1z2
(C) z1z2 = 1 (D) none of these

6. If z is complex number satisfying the relation |z + 1| = z + 2(1 + i), then z is

1 1
(A) 1  4i  (B)  3  4i 
2 2
1
(C) 1  4i (D) none of these
2

7. If z = ( + 3) + i 3  2 , for all real  then locus of z is

(A) circle (B) parabola
(C) line (D) none of these
8. Let  + i, ,   R be a root of the equation x3 + qx + r = 0, q, r  R. Then a real cubic
equation, independent of  and , whose one root is 2, is
3 3
(A) x + qx  r = 0 (B) x + qx + r = 0
3
(C) x  qx  r = 0 (D) none of these

9. If (1 + x + x 2)n = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + … + a2n x2n, then a0 + a3 + a6 + a9 + … is equal to

(A) 3n (B) 3n-1
n+1
(C) 3 (D) none of these
10. If z1, z2, z3 and z4 are four distinct complex numbers representing the vertices of a quadrilateral
 z  z1  
taken in order such that z1  z4 = z2  z3 and arg  4   , then the quadrilateral is a
 z2  z1  2
(A) rectangle (B) rhombus
(C) square (D) trapezium
11. The number of values of z which satisfies both the equations |z  1  i| = 2 and |z + 1 + i| = 2,
is
(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 0 (D) infinitely many

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12. Let P(ei1 ), Q(ei2 ) and R(ei3 ) be the vertices of a triangle PQR in the Argand Plane. The
orthocenter of the triangle PQR is
2
(A) ei( 1 2 2 ) (B) ei( 1 2 2 )
3
(C) ei1  ei2  ei3 (D) none of these

MULTI CHOICE MULTI CORRECT

1      1   , then
2 2
3i 3 i 3 i 3i
1. Let z1 = and z2 =
1 i 1 i
(A) |z1| = |z2| (B) 3 |z2| = |z1|
(C) 3 amp z2 + amp z1 = 0 (D) amp z1 + amp z2 = 0
2 2
2. If z be a complex number and a  R such that z + az + a = 0, then
(A) locus of z will be a pair of straight lines (B) locus of z will be a circle
2
(C) arg (z) =  (D) |z| = |a|
3

3. If k + |k + z2| = |z|2  k  R, then arg (z) is

5 
(A) (B)
4 3
 
(C) (D) 
2 2

NUMERICAL BASED TYPE

6
1. Let zk(k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) be the roots of the equation (z + 1)7 + (z)7 = 0, then  Re(zk ) is
k 0

k
 , then k is _________.
2


2. Consider a line  z  z  i  0 such that  = (1 + i),   R+, then the angle made by line


with real axis is , then k is _______ .
k
3. If z1, z2, z3, z4 are roots of the equation z4 + z3 + z2 + z + 1 = 0, then least value of [|z1 + z2|] + 1
is
([ .] denotes G.I.F.) ______ .

4. If x = 1 + i, then the value of the expression x 4 – 4x3 + 7x2 – 6x + 3 is

NUMERICAL BASED DECIMAL TYPE

1. The perpendicular distance of line (1  i) z + (1 + i) z + 3 = 0, from (3 + 2i) will be _____
1  z  z2
2. If z is a non-real complex number such that  R , then |z| is equal to ____
1  z  z2
3. The equation z4 + (5z – 1)4 = 0 has two pairs of complex roots 1, 1 and 2, 2. Each pair i, i
1
are complex conjugates. Then the value of
ii 
= __________

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 30

4. If the area of the triangle formed by the points represented by, z, z + iz and iz is 200, then |z| is

LINKED COMPREHENSION TYPE

Read the following write up carefully and answer the following questions:
Let z and  be two complex numbers such that |z|  1, ||  1 and |z + i| = |z  i  | = 2. Use the result
|z|2 = zz and |z + |  |z| + ||.
1. Which of the following is true about |z| and ||
(A) |z| = || = 1/2 (B) |z| = 1/2, || = 3/4
(C) |z| = || = 3/4 (D) |z| = || = 1

2. Which of the following is true for z and 

(A) Re (z) = Re () (B) Im (z) = Im ()
(C) Re (z) = Im () (D) Im (z) = Re ()

Read the following write up carefully and answer the following questions:
Let A, B, C be three sets of complex numbers as defined below.
 z 1 
A = {z : |z + 1|  2 + Re(z)}, B = {z : |z –1 |  1} and C = z :  1
 z  1 
3. The number of point(s) having integral coordinates in the region A  B  C is
(A) 4 (B) 5
(C) 6 (D) 10

4. The real part of the complex number in the region A  B  C and having maximum amplitude is
(A) –1 (B)  3/2
(C) 1/2 (D) – 2

Read the following write up carefully and answer the following questions:
The answer to each question is a NUMERICAL VALUE.
 
If A(z1), B(z2) and C(z3) be vertices of a ABC such that |z1| = |z2| = |z3| = 1 and there exist    0, 
 2
such that z1 + z2 cos  + z3 sin  = 0 then

5. The value of z2 z3  z2 z3 is equal to _______

6. The maximum area of ABC is ______

MATCH LIST TYPE

This section contains 1 multiple choice question. This question has matching lists. The codes for the
lists have choices (A), (B), (C) and (D) out of which ONLY ONE is correct.
1. Match the following
ListI ListII
P. f(z) is a complex valued function f(z) = (a + ib)z where a, b  R and 1. 5
1
|a + ib| = . It has the property that f(z) is always equidistant from 0 and
2
z, then a – b =
Q. The number of all positive integers n = 2a 3b (a, b  0) such that n6 does not 2. 0
divide 6n is
R. A is the region of the complex plane {z: z/4 and 4/ z have real and 3. 6

IITJEE-2223-MATHEMATICS-COMPLEX NUMBERS
 31

imaginary part in (0, 1)}, then [p] (where p is the area of the region A and [.]
denotes the greatest integer function) is
S. If 3x + 4y + z = 5, where x, y, z  R, then minimum value of26(x 2 + y2 + z2) 4. 25
is
Codes :
P Q R S
(A) 3 2 1 4
(B) 2 4 1 3
(C) 3 1 2 4
(D) 2 3 1 4

MATCH FOLLOWING TYPE

Each question contains statements given in two columns which have to be matched. Statements (A, B,
C, D) in column I have to be matched with statements (p, q, r, s, t) in column II.

1. Match the following:

Column – I Column – II
(A) Number of complex numbers satisfying z  2  z  2  8 (p) 0
and z  1  z  1  2 simultaneously is
x2 (q) 1
(B) The integral solutions of 1  i  4 x are
x (r) 2
 5  21
(C) Numbers of real roots of     2x is
 13  13
(D) For complex numbers Z, the minimum value of (s) 3
z  z  cos   i sin  is smaller than
(t) 4

MATCHING TYPE
Answer questions 1, 2 and 3 by appropriately matching the information given in the three columns of the
following table.
Column–I (Complex equation), Column–II (Greatest value of |z|) and Column–III (Least value of |z|)
Column–I Column–II Column–III
1
(I) z   2 (i) 8 (P) 1  2
z
2
(II) z   4 (ii) 2  6 (Q) 3  2 3
z
3
(III) z   6 (iii) 3  2 3 (R) 1
z
8
(IV) z   7 (iv) 1  2 (S) 2  6
z

1. Which of the following option is the correct combination?

(A) (I) (ii) (S) (B) (II) (iii) (Q)
(C) (III) (iv) (P) (D) (IV) (i) (R)

2. Which of the following options is the only correct combination?

(A) (I) (iv) (P) (B) (II) (iii) (S)
(C) (III) (i) (Q) (D) (IV) (ii) (R)

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 32

3. Which of the following options is the only incorrect combination?

(A) (I) (iv) (P) (B) (II) (ii) (S)
(C) (III) (iii) (Q) (D) (IV) (i) (P)

MATCH LIST TYPE

FOUR options are given representing matching of elements from LIST - I and LIST- II. ONLY ONE of
these four options corresponds to a correct matching.

1. Given x = z1 + z2 + z3, y = z1 + z2w + z3w2, z = z1 + z2w2 + z3w; where w is cube root of unity then
LIST–I LIST–II
P. |x|2 1.  |z1|2 + z1 (z2w + z2w2) + z2 (z3w + z1w2) + z3 (z1w + z2w2)
Q. |y|2 2.  |z1|2 + z1 (z2w2 + z3w) + z2 (z3w2 + z1w) + z3 (z1w2 + z2w)
R. |z|2 3. 3  |z1|2
2 2
S.  |x| 4.  |z1| + z1 (z2 + z3) + z2 (z3 + z1) + z3 (z1 + z2)
5. (|z1| + |z2| + |z3|)2
6.  |z1|2
The correct option is :
(A) P  5; Q  1; R  2; S  3 (B) P  4; Q  1; R  2; S  3
(C) P  2; Q  3; R  5; S  6 (D) P  1; Q  6; R  3; S  5

ASSERTION-REASONING TYPE
This question contains STATEMENT-1 (Assertion) and STATEMENT-2 (Reason).
Option (A) if both the statements are TRUE and STATEMENT-2 is the correct explanation of
STATEMENT-1
Option (B) if both the statements are TRUE but STATEMENT-2 is NOT the correct explanation of
STATEMENT- 1
Option (C) if STATEMENT-1 is TRUE and STATEMENT-2 is FALSE.
Option (D) if STATEMENT-1 is FALSE and STATEMENT-2 is TRUE.

1. Statement I: If z1 and z2 are two complex numbers such that |z1| = |z2| + |z1  z2|, then
z 
Im  1   0 .
 z2 
because
Statement II: arg (z) = 0  z is purely real

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SECTION - III

MULTI CHOICE SINGLE CORRECT

2 2 2 2
2  1  1  1   1 
1. If z  z + 1 = 0, then the value of  z     z2  2    z 3  3   ...   z 24  24  is
 z  z   z   z 
(A) 12 (B) 24
(C) 36 (D) 48

2. The greatest positive argument of complex number satisfying |z  4| = Re (z) is

(A) /3 (B) 2/3
(C) /2 (D) /4

(1  2i)
3. On the Argand plane the complex number lies in the
1 i
(A) first quadrant (B) 2nd quadrant
(C) 3rd quadrant (D) 4th quadrant

5. If z2 =  24  18i, then z equals to

(A)  3 1  3i  (B) 3 1  3i 
(C)  3 1  3i  (D)  3  i  3 

6. If z is a complex number, then |3z  1| = 3 |z  2| represents

(A) y-axis (B) a circle
(C) x-axis (D) a line parallel to y-axis

5
7. If |z| = 4 and Amp. Z = , then z equals
6
(A) 4 3  2i (B) 2 3  2i
(C) 2 3  2i (D)  3  i

8. If |ak| < 3, 1  k  n, then all complex numbers z satisfying equation 1 + a1z + a2z2 +… + anzn = 0
(A) lie outside circle |z| = 1/4 (B) lie inside circle |z| = 1/4
(C) lie on circle |z| = 1/4 (D) lie in 1/3 < |z| < 1/2

NUMERICAL BASED TYPE

1. For a complex number z, the minimum value of |z| + | z - cos - isin| is
2
2. The number of solutions of the equation Im (z ) = 0, |z| = 2 is

NUMERICAL BASED DECIMAL TYPE

1. z1 and z2 are unimodular complex number that satisfy z12  z22  4 , then (z1  z1 )2  (z2  z2 )2
equals to
3 2
2. The value of x  5x + 33x  19, where x  2 = 5i, is equal to

3. If p(x), q(x), r(x), s(x) are polynomial such that p(x 3) + xq(x3) + x2 r(x3) = (1 + x + x 2) s(x), then
p(1) = ks(1) and r(1) = kp(1), where k is

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34

ANSWERS TO CHAPTER PRACTICE PROBLEMS

i
2. z = i , z =
2
–1 3
4. (a) |max amp z – min amp z| = 2 sin . (b) 1<|z2|<2
5
6. B 7. D 8. D 9. B
10. B 11. C 12. B 13. A
14. B 15. B

ANSWERS TO ASSIGNMENTS
SECTION - I
1. 2 2. (i) 9 (ii)  1
3  4i
3. (a) z = (2 + i) or (1 – 3i); (b) z =
4
4. (1 – c2) |z|2 – 2(a + bc) (Re z) + a2 – b2 = 0 5. 30
6. 4 7. 9
7 1 2
8. (a) – , (b) zero 9. k> 
2 2
11. Required set is constituted by the angles without their boundaries, whose sides are the
straight lines y = ( 2  1) x and y + ( 2  1) x = 0 containing the x-axis
12. 6r2
13. 0 14. /2
15. 11

SECTIONII
MULTI CHOICE SINGLE CORRECT

1. B 2. C 3. A 4. A
5. B 6. C 7. D 8. A
9. B 10. A 11. B 12. C

MULTI CHOICE MULTI CORRECT

1. A, C 2. A, C, D 3. C, D

NUMERICAL BASED TYPE

1. 7 2. 8 3. 1 4. 1

IITJEE-2223-MATHEMATICS-COMPLEX NUMBERS
 35

NUMERICAL BASED DECIMAL TYPE

1. 6.50 2. 1.00 3. 52.00 4. 20.00

LINKED COMPREHENSION TYPE

1. D 2. D 3. C 4. A
5. 0 6. 1.21

MATCH LIST TYPE

1. D

MATCH FOLLOWING TYPE

1. (A)  (p) (B)  (p, t) (C)  (q) (D)  (r, s, t)

MATCHING TYPE

1. D 2. A 3. D

MATCH LIST TYPE

1. B
ASSERTION-REASONING TYPE
1. A

SECTION - III
MULTI CHOICE SINGLE CORRECT

1. D 2. D 3. B 4. D
5. C 6. D 7. C 8. A

NUMERICAL BASED TYPE

1. 1 2. 4

NUMERICAL BASED DECIMAL TYPE

1. 12.00 2. 10.00 3. 1.00

IITJEE-2223-MATHEMATICS-COMPLEX NUMBERS