CM Sepharose™ Fast Flow DEAE Sepharose™ Fast Flow Q Sepharose™ Fast Flow SP Sepharose™ Fast Flow
CM Sepharose™ Fast Flow DEAE Sepharose™ Fast Flow Q Sepharose™ Fast Flow SP Sepharose™ Fast Flow
cytiva.com 71500964 AK
Table of Contents
1 BioProcess chromatography resins ................................................ 3
2 Resin properties ..................................................................................... 3
3 Method optimization ............................................................................ 12
4 Scale-up ..................................................................................................... 15
5 Packing columns .................................................................................... 16
6 Evaluation of packed column ............................................................. 22
7 Maintenance ............................................................................................ 25
8 Ordering information ........................................................................... 29
Important
Read these instructions carefully before using the products.
Safety
For use and handling of the products in a safe way, refer to the
Safety Data Sheets.
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1 BioProcess chromatography resins
BioProcess chromatography resins are developed and
supported for production-scale chromatography. All
BioProcess resins are produced with validated methods and
are tested to meet the manufacturing requirements. Secure
ordering and delivery routines give a reliable supply of resins
for production-scale. Regulatory Support Files (RSF) are
available to assist the process validation and submissions to
regulatory authorities. BioProcess resins cover all purification
steps from capture to polishing.
2 Resin properties
Introduction
The base matrix of Sepharose Fast Flow ion exchangers is
highly cross-linked agarose which gives the ion exchangers
high chemical and physical stability. The characteristics such
as capacity, elution behavior, and pressure/flow rate are
unaffected by the solutions commonly used in process
chromatography and the cleaning procedures.
The high physical stability gives good flow characteristics and
low back pressures and the high matrix rigidity minimizes
volume variations during change of pH or ionic strength. The
flow velocities ranging from 300 to 700 cm/h through a bed
height of 15 cm at a pressure of 1 bar are typical for these
resins, see Fig. 1, on page 4.
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Flow
velocity
(cm/h)
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
P (bar)
1 2 3
Fig 1. A typical pressure-flow curve for Sepharose Fast Flow ion exchangers.
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Characteristics of CM Sepharose Fast Flow
CM Sepharose Fast Flow is a weak cation exchanger. The ion
exchange group is a carboxymethyl group: –O–CH2COO-
Table 1. Characteristics of CM Sepharose Fast Flow
Matrix Cross-linked agarose, 6%, spherical
Ion exchange type Weak cation
Ionic capacity 0.10 to 0.12 mmol H+/mL resin
Particle size, d50v1 ~ 90 μm
Pressure-flow 300 to 600 cm/h at < 0.1 MPa in an XK 50/30
characteristics2 column with 5 cm diameter and 15 cm bed
height (at 25°C using buffers with the same
viscosity as water)
Working temperature 4°C to 40°C
pH stability, operational3 4 to 13
pH stability, CIP4 2 to 14
pH of the fully charged Above 6
ligand5
Chemical stability6 Stable in commonly used aqueous buffers:
1.0 M NaOH7, 8 M urea, 6 M guanidine
hydrochloride, 70% ethanol8
Storage 20% ethanol, 4°C to 30°C
1
Median particle size of the cumulative volume distribution.
2
The pressure-flow characteristics describe the relationship between pressure and flow under the set
circumstances. The pressure given shall not be taken as the maximum pressure of the resin.
3
pH range where resin can be operated without significant change in function.
4
pH range where resin can be subjected to cleaning- or sanitization-in-place without significant change
in function.
5
pH range where ligand is fully charged; although the ligand is fully charged throughout the range stated,
only use the resin within the stated stability ranges.
6
Avoid oxidizing agents, cationic detergents and long exposure to pH < 4.
7
1.0 M NaOH should only be used for cleaning purposes.
8
Consult local safety regulations to verify if safety precautions are required for the use of 70% ethanol.
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The curve below shows the titration of CM Sepharose Fast
Flow using sodium hydroxide and the pH range in which the
CM group is charged.
pH
12 CM Sepharose Fast Flow
10
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Characteristics of DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow
DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow is a weak anion exchanger. The ion
exchange group is a diethylaminoethyl group:
–O–CH2CH2-N+(C2H5)2H
Table 2. Characteristics of DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow
Matrix Cross-linked agarose, 6%, spherical
Ion exchange type Weak anion
Ionic capacity 0.12 to 0.15 mmol Cl-/mL resin
Particle size, d50v1 ~ 90 μm
Pressure-flow 300 to 600 cm/h at < 0.1 MPa in an XK 50/30
characteristics2 column with 5 cm diameter and 15 cm bed
height (at 25°C using buffers with the same
viscosity as water)
Working temperature 4°C to 40°C
pH stability, operational3 2 to 12
pH stability, CIP4 2 to 14
pH of the fully charged Below 9
ligand5
Chemical stability6 Stable in commonly used aqueous buffers:
1.0 M NaOH7, 8 M urea, 6 M guanidine
hydrochloride, 70% ethanol8
Storage 20% ethanol, 4°C to 30°C
1
Median particle size of the cumulative volume distribution.
2
The pressure-flow characteristics describes the relationship between pressure and flow under the set
circumstances. The pressure given shall not be taken as the maximum pressure of the resin.
3
pH range where resin can be operated without significant change in function.
4
pH range where resin can be subjected to cleaning- or sanitization-in-place without significant change
in function.
5
pH range where ligand is fully charged; although the ligand is fully charged throughout the range stated,
only use the resin within the stated stability ranges.
6
Avoid oxidizing agents, anionic detergents and long exposure to pH < 4.
7
1.0 M NaOH should only be used for cleaning purposes.
8
Consult local safety regulations to verify if safety precautions are required for the use of 70% ethanol.
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The curve below shows the titration of DEAE Sepharose Fast
Flow using sodium hydroxide and the pH range in which the
DEAE group is charged.
pH
12
DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow
10
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Characteristics of Q Sepharose Fast Flow
Q Sepharose Fast Flow is a strong anion exchanger. The ion
exchange group is a quaternary amine group:
–O–CH2CHOHCH2OCH2CHOHCH2N+(CH3)3
Table 3. Characteristics of Q Sepharose Fast Flow
Matrix Cross-linked agarose, 6%, spherical
Ion exchange type Strong anion
Ionic capacity 0.18 to 0.24 mmol Cl-/mL resin
Particle size, d50v1 ~ 90 μm
Pressure-flow 400 to 700 cm/h at < 0.1 MPa in an XK 50/30
characteristics2 column with 5 cm diameter and 15 cm bed
height (at 25°C using buffers with the same
viscosity as water)
Working temperature 4°C to 40°C
pH stability, operational3 2 to 12
pH stability, CIP4 2 to 14
pH of the fully charged Entire pH range
ligand5
Chemical stability6 Stable in commonly used aqueous buffers:
1.0 M NaOH7, 8 M urea, 6 M guanidine
hydrochloride, 70% ethanol8
Storage 20% ethanol, 4°C to 30°C
1
Median particle size of the cumulative volume distribution.
2
The pressure-flow characteristics describes the relationship between pressure and flow under the set
circumstances. The pressure given shall not be taken as the maximum pressure of the resin.
3
pH range where resin can be operated without significant change in function.
4
pH range where resin can be subjected to cleaning- or sanitization-in-place without significant change
in function.
5
pH range where ligand is fully charged; although the ligand is fully charged throughout the range stated,
only use the resin within the stated stability ranges.
6
Avoid oxidizing agents, anionic detergents and long exposure to pH < 4.
7
1.0 M NaOH should only be used for cleaning purposes.
8
Consult local safety regulations to verify if safety precautions are required for the use of 70% ethanol.
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The curve below shows the titration of Q Sepharose Fast Flow
using sodium hydroxide and the broad pH range in which the
Q group is charged.
10
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Characteristics of SP Sepharose Fast Flow
SP Sepharose Fast Flow is a strong cation exchanger. The ion
exchange group is a sulfopropyl group:
–O–CH2CHOHCH2OCH2CH2CH2SO3-
Table 4. Characteristics of SP Sepharose Fast Flow
Matrix Cross-linked agarose, 6%, spherical
Ion exchange type Strong cation
Ionic capacity 0.18 to 0.25 mmol H+/mL resin
Particle size, d50v1 ~ 90 μm
Pressure-flow 400 to 700 cm/h at < 0.1 MPa in an XK 50/30
characteristics2 column with 5 cm diameter and 15 cm bed
height (at 25°C using buffers with the same
viscosity as water)
Working temperature 4°C to 40°C
pH stability, operational3 4 to 13
pH stability, CIP4 3 to 14
pH of the fully charged Entire pH range
ligand5
Chemical stability6 Stable in commonly used aqueous buffers:
1.0 M NaOH7, 8 M urea, 6 M guanidine
hydrochloride, 70% ethanol8
Storage 20% ethanol, 0.2 M sodium acetate,
4°C to 30°C
1
Median particle size of the cumulative volume distribution.
2
The pressure-flow characteristics describes the relationship between pressure and flow under the set
circumstances. The pressure given shall not be taken as the maximum pressure of the resin.
3
pH range where resin can be operated without significant change in function.
4
pH range where resin can be subjected to cleaning- or sanitization-in-place without significant change
in function.
5
pH range where ligand is fully charged; although the ligand is fully charged throughout the range stated,
only use the resin within the stated stability ranges.
6
Avoid oxidizing agents, cationic detergents and long exposure to pH < 4.
7
1.0 M NaOH should only be used for cleaning purposes
8
Consult local safety regulations to verify if safety precautions are required for the use of 70% ethanol.
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The curve below shows the titration of SP Sepharose Fast Flow
using sodium hydroxide and the broad pH range in which the
SP group is charged.
10
3 Method optimization
Method optimization is performed at laboratory-scale. The
aim of designing and optimizing an ion exchange separation
process is to identify conditions that promote binding of the
highest amount of target molecule, in shortest possible time
and with the highest possible recovery and purity.
For certain proteins, depending on the pH, dynamic binding
capacity (DBC) increases with increased conductivity.
Therefore, scouting of both pH and conductivity for optimal
binding conditions on the different IEX Sepharose Fast Flow
resins is recommended. Flow velocity can also be included in
the scouting.
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Elution of the bound proteins can either be done by use of salt,
pH, or a combination of both in the elution buffer. For
optimization of the elution, sample load, flow velocity, and
gradient volume should be considered.
The best result is obtained using:
• maximized sample load with respect to the dynamic
binding capacity
• maximized flow velocity with respect to the system
constraints and resin rigidity
• the gradient elution volume providing the best resolution
with maximized sample load and maximized flow velocity
Workflow using PreDictor plates
PreDictor™ plates are preferably used in the method
development. The PreDictor plates are 96-well filter plates
pre-filled with chromatography resin, which can be used for
rapid screening of chromatographic conditions at small scale,
prior to further experiments in packed column formats, for
example, prepacked HiScreen™ columns.
7 8.91
8.58
8.24
7.90
6.5
7.57
pH - E q./L oadin g/Was h
6.89
6.55
6
6.22
5.88
5.54
5.5 5.20
4.87
4.53
5 4.19
3.52
3.18
4.5 2.84
2.51
2.17
4 1.83
1.49
1.16
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
0.82
Salt concentration (mM) - Eq./Loading/Wash
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Table 5. The experimental conditions to consider when designing and
optimizing the process
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4 Scale-up
After optimizing the method at laboratory scale, the process
can be scaled up. Scale-up to larger columns is typically
performed by keeping the bed height and flow velocity (cm/h)
constant while increasing the bed diameter and the flow rate.
If the residence time is kept constant, the binding capacity for
the target molecule remains the same as in the method
optimization.
The residence time is calculated as the bed volume (mL)
divided by the volumetric flow rate (mL/min) applied during
sample loading.
Other factors, such as clearance of critical impurities, might
change when column bed height is modified and need to be
validated using the final bed height.
Scale-up procedure
Step Action
1 Choose the bed volume according to the required
binding capacity. Keep sample concentration and
gradient slope constant.
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Step Action
3 Check the buffer delivery and monitoring systems for
time delays or volume changes.
Note:
The use of larger systems might cause some deviations
from the optimized method at small scale. The different
lengths and diameters of outlet tubing can cause zone
spreading on larger systems.
5 Packing columns
Packing HiScale and XK columns
The following instructions are for packing HiScale™ 10/40,
16/20, HiScale 26/20, XK 16/20, and XK 26/20 with 10 cm bed
height.
For more details about packing:
• HiScale columns, refer to the Instructions HiScale
columns (10, 16, 26, 50) and accessories (28967470);
• XK columns, refer to the Instructions XK 16, 26, 50
columns, RK 16/26, RK 50 packing reservoirs (28992023);
• AxiChrom™, BPG, and Chromaflow™ columns, see Packing
AxiChrom, BPG, and Chromaflow columns, on page 21.
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Materials needed
Material / Description
equipment
needed
Resin CM Sepharose Fast Flow, DEAE Sepharose Fast
Flow, Q Sepharose Fast Flow, or SP Sepharose
Fast Flow
Column HiScale column or XK column
Equipment • Chromatography system, such as ÄKTA™
system, or a stand-alone pump such as Pump
P-900, depending on the required flow rate
• Pressure monitor
• Vacuum suction equipment
Other • Measuring cylinder
materials • Filter flask
• Distilled water
• Glass filter G4
• Plastic spoon or spatula
Step Action
1 Let the resin settle in 20% ethanol at least overnight in
a measuring cylinder.
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Step Action
2 Measure the sedimented resin in the measuring
cylinder.
Packing preparations
Step Action
1 Attach the packing tube to the top of the column and
rinse with distilled water.
18 71500964 AK
Step Action
3 Wet the bottom filter by injecting 20% ethanol through
the effluent tubing.
6 Pour all the slurry into the column and packing tube.
Packing procedure
Step Action
1 Connect the pump outlet to the inlet on the packing
tube and open the column outlet.
3 Adjust the flow rate to twice the final flow rate (see
table below) and decrease the flow rate stepwise until
the pressure signal is 0.18 ± 0.02 MPa.
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Step Action
5 Disconnect the packing tube.
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Table 6. Packing parameters
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6 Evaluation of packed column
Introduction
The packing quality needs to be checked by column efficiency
testing. The test must be done after packing, and at regular
intervals during the working life of the column, and also when
the separation performance has deteriorated.
Column efficiency testing
The best method of expressing the efficiency of a packed
column is in terms of the height equivalent to a theoretical
plate (HETP) and the asymmetry factor (As). The values are
easily determined by applying a test sample such as 1%
acetone solution or sodium chloride to the column.
Note: Use a concentration of 0.8 M NaCl in water as sample
and 0.4 M NaCl in water as eluent.
The calculated plate number is dependent on the test
conditions and must only be used as a reference value. It is
important that the test conditions and the equipment are the
same so that the results are comparable.
Note: Changing the solute, solvent, eluent, sample volume,
flow velocity, liquid pathway, temperature,
chromatography system, etc., affects the results.
For more information about column efficiency testing, refer to
the application note Column efficiency testing (CY13149).
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Sample volume and flow velocity
For optimal column efficiency results, the sample volume
must be approximately 1% of the column volume and the flow
velocity 30 cm/h. If an acceptance limit is defined in relation to
column performance, the column plate number can be used
as one of the acceptance criteria for column use.
Method for measuring HETP and As
Calculate HETP and AS from the UV curve (or conductivity
curve) as follows:
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A change in the shape of the peak is usually the first indication
of bed deterioration due to excessive use.
Peak asymmetry factor calculation:
Wh
50%
a b
10%
Volume
Fig 7. A typical test chromatogram showing the parameters used for HETP and
As calculations.
24 71500964 AK
Troubleshooting
If experiencing Then
Low efficiency Repeat the packing procedure
(i.e., N < 3000 plates per meter) and retest the column.
7 Maintenance
For best performance from Sepharose Fast Flow ion
exchangers over a long working life, follow the procedures
below.
Equilibration
After packing and CIP, and before a chromatographic run,
equilibrate with start buffer by washing with at least five
column volumes or until the column effluent shows stable
conductivity and pH values. The equilibration step can be
shortened by first washing with a high concentration buffer to
obtain approximately the target pH value and then washing
with start buffer until the conductivity and pH values are
stable.
Regeneration
After each separation, elute any reversibly bound material
either with a high-ionic strength solution (e.g., 1.0 M NaCl in
buffer) or by changing the pH.
71500964 AK 25
Regenerate the resin by washing with at least five bed
volumes of buffer, or until the column effluent shows stable
conductivity and pH values.
CIP
Regular CIP prevents the buildup of impurities or
contaminants in the packed bed and helps to maintain
capacity, flow properties, and general performance. A specific
CIP protocol must be designed for each process according to
the type of impurities or contaminants present.
It is recommended to perform a CIP:
• before first-time use – especially after packing the column
– or after long-term storage
• between cycles
• when an increase in back pressure or a reduction in
column performance is observed
• to prevent potential cross-contamination or carry-over,
when the same column is used for purification of different
proteins or protein lots and batches
Recommended protocols for removing specific contaminants
or impurities are described below.
26 71500964 AK
When Then
Precipitated, hydrophobically Wash with at least 3 CV of 1.0 M
bound proteins or lipoproteins NaOH at 40 cm/h with reversed flow
direction. Contact time 1 to 2 hours.
Ionically bound proteins Wash with 0.5 CV of 2 M NaCl with
reversed flow direction. Contact time
1 to 2 h.
Lipids and very hydrophobic Wash with 2 to 4 CV of 0.5% non-ionic
proteins detergent (e.g., 1 M acetic acid) with
reversed flow direction. Contact time
1 to 2 h. Alternatively, wash with 2 to
4 CV of up to 70% ethanol or 30%
isopropanol with reversed flow
direction1. Contact time 1 to 2 h.
1
Consult local safety regulations to verify if safety precautions are required for the use of 70%
ethanol or 30% isopropanol.
Sanitization
To reduce microbial contamination in the packed column,
sanitization using 0.5 to 1.0 M NaOH with a contact time of
1 hour is recommended.
For sanitization and removal of bound contaminants from the
resin, see CIP, on page 26. For more information about the use
of NaOH for sanitization, refer to Application note (CY13951).
71500964 AK 27
Storage
Product Storage condition
CM Sepharose Fast Flow 1 20% ethanol at 4°C to 30°C
DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow 20% ethanol at 4°C to 30°C
Q Sepharose Fast Flow1 20% ethanol at 4°C to 30°C
SP Sepharose Fast Flow 2 20%, 0.2 M sodium acetate at
4°C to 30°C
1
The resin can also be stored in 2% benzyl alcohol.
2
The resin can also be stored in 2% benzyl alcohol, 0.2 M sodium acetate.
28 71500964 AK
8 Ordering information
Product Pack size Product code
CM Sepharose Fast Flow1 25 mL 17071910
500 mL 17071901
10 L2 17071905
60 L2 17071960
DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow 25 mL 17070910
500 mL 17070901
10 L2 17070905
60 L2 17070960
Q Sepharose Fast Flow1 25 mL 17051010
300 mL 17051001
5 L2 17051004
10 L2 17051005
60 L2 17051060
SP Sepharose Fast Flow3 25 mL 17072910
300 mL 17072901
5 L2 17072904
10 L2 17072905
60 L2 17072960
1
5 L, 10 L, and 60 L, pack sizes in 2% benzyl alcohol, are available on request.
2
Pack size is available on request.
3
5 L, 10 L, and 60 L, pack sizes in 2% benzyl alcohol and 0.2 M sodium acetate, are available on request. Contact your
local Cytiva representative for further information.
71500964 AK 29
Related products
Prepacked columns Pack size Product code
HiTrap™ CM FF 5 × 1 mL 17505601
5 × 5 mL 17515501
HiPrep™ CM FF 16/10 1 × 20 mL 28936542
HiScreen DEAE FF 1 × 4.7 mL 28978245
HiTrap DEAE FF 5 × 1 mL 17505501
5 × 5 mL 17515401
HiPrep DEAE FF 16/10 1 × 20 mL 28936541
HiScreen Q FF 1 × 4.7 mL 28950510
HiTrap Q FF 5 × 1 mL 17505301
5 × 5 mL 17515601
HiPrep Q FF 16/10 1 × 20 mL 28936543
HiScreen SP FF 1 × 4.7 mL 28950513
HiTrap SP FF 5 × 1 mL 17505401
5 × 5 mL 17515701
HiPrep SP FF 16/10 1 × 20 mL 28936544
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Prepacked PreDictor units Pack size Product code
96-well plates
PreDictor Q Sepharose FF, 6 μL 4 × 96-well plates 28943269
PreDictor Q Sepharose FF, 20 μL 4 × 96-well plates 28943270
PreDictor Q Sepharose FF, 50 μL 4 × 96-well plates 28943271
PreDictor SP Sepharose FF, 6 μL 4 × 96-well plates 28943272
PreDictor SP Sepharose FF, 20 μL 4 × 96-well plates 28943273
PreDictor SP Sepharose FF, 50 μL 4 × 96-well plates 28943274
RoboColumn units
PreDictor RoboColumn Q Sepharose 1 × 8-row columns 28986086
FF, 200 μL
PreDictor RoboColumn Q Sepharose 1 × 8-row columns 28986180
FF, 600 μL
PreDictor RoboColumn SP 1 × 8-row columns 28986104
Sepharose FF, 200 μL
PreDictor RoboColumn SP 1 × 8-row columns 28986181
Sepharose FF, 600 μL
71500964 AK 31
Empty column Pack size Product code
Tricorn™ 5/100 1 28406410
Tricorn 10/100 1 28406415
HiScale 10/40 1 29360550
HiScale 16/20 1 28964441
HiScale 16/40 1 28964424
HiScale 26/20 1 28964514
HiScale 26/40 1 28964513
HiScale 50/20 1 28964445
HiScale 50/40 1 28964444
Tricorn Glass Tube 5/100 1 18115306
Tricorn Packing Connector 5-5 1 18115321
Tricorn Packing Equipment 10/100 1 18115325
Packing tube 20, HiScale 10 1 29360551
Packing tube 20, HiScale 16 1 28986816
Packing tube 20, HiScale 26 1 28980383
Packing tube 20, HiScale 50 1 28980251
Packing tube 40, HiScale 16 1 28986815
Packing tube 40, HiScale 26 1 28964505
Packing tube 40, HiScale 50 1 28964506
32 71500964 AK
Related literature Reference
Application notes
Column efficiency testing CY13149
Use of sodium hydroxide for cleaning and sanitization of CY13951
chromatography resins and systems
Data File
Sepharose Fast Flow ion exchange resins and prepacked column CY13444
formats
Handbooks
High-throughput process development with PreDictor plates, CY16051
Principles and Methods
Ion Exchange Chromatography, Principles and Methods CY13983
Instructions
HiScale columns (10, 16, 26, 50) and accessories 28967470
Tricorn Empty High Performance Columns 28409488
71500964 AK 33
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Corporation LLC or an affiliate doing business as Cytiva.
ÄKTA, AxiChrom, BioProcess, Chromaflow, HiPrep, HiScale, HiScreen,
HiTrap, Media Wand, PreDictor, Sepharose, and Tricorn are
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71500964 AK V:10 04/2024