Unit 01

Intro Mechanical Elements, Mechanism and

Engineering Materials. [02 Hrs]

Mr. A. S. APATE
Assistant Professor
Mechanical Engineering (F.Y.B-Tech)
 Machine elements
Mechanical Elements- Function. Sketch. Description. Uses of -
Shaft. Axle. Key (Parallel key). Coupling (Rigid flanged
coupling). Bearing - (Ball bearing).

Power Transmission Devices: Belt, chain and gear drive,

Mechanism – Introduction of Kinematic link and Kinematic
chain. Four bar and slider crank mechanism and its inversions.
Introduction
• A machine is a device which recieves energy in some available form and
utilises it to do some particular type of work.
• Machine elements is an individual component or group of components to
perform a specific function.
• These elements are used for-
• 1. power transmission
• 2. holding the components
• 3. providing support
Power transmitting elements
• These are used to transmit power from one part to another part of the
machine.
These are—
• Shafts, Axle, Key

• Gears

• Pulleys

• Cams

• Chains,etc
Examples of power transmitting elements
Shafts
• A shaft is a rotating power component which is used to transmit power from
one component to the other.
• It provides the axis of rotation for elements like gears, pulleys,flywheel,etc
• The cross section may be solid or sometimes hollow.

• Types—
• 1. transmission shafts
• 2. machine shafts
Transmission shaft
Holding elements
These elements are used to hold various parts of the machine.
These includes---
• Nuts

• Bolts

• Pins

• Rivets
Holding elements
Supporting elements
• These elements are used to support various parts of the machine.

These are –
• Bearings

• Brackets

• keys, etc
Bearings
• Bearing is a machine element which supports another moving machine
element called as journal.
• It permits the relative motion between the contact surfaces
• There is friction and wear
• Lubricant may provided.

• Types ---
• 1. sliding contact bearing
• 2. rolling contact bearing
Bearing and its types
Bearing types

Ball bearing Thrust bearing

Tapered roller Needle roller

bearing bearing

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Mechanical Keys
• A key is the piece inserted in an axial direction between a shaft
and hub of the mounted machine element such as pulley or gear
etc.,
• Key is a machine element usually made of mild steel which is
inserted between the shaft and hub in order to prevent relative
motion.
• Keys are temporary fastening and are always made of mild steel
because they are subjected to shearing and compressive
stresses caused by the torque they transmit.
• A keyway is the groove cut in the shaft or hub to accommodate a
key. Keyways can be milled horizontally or vertically.
Functions of Key:
• a) To transmit torque from shaft to hub of the mating
element such as the pulley, gear, etc.
b)To prevent relative motion between the shaft & mating
machine element
There is a large variety of machine keys and they may be
classified under four broad headings:
• Sunk keys - Rectangular sunk keys,

• Flat keys,
• Saddle keys
• Pins or round keys 15
Types Of Keys:
There is a large variety of machine keys and they may be
classified under four broad headings:
• Sunk keys - Rectangular sunk keys, Gib head sunk keys, Feather keys,
Woodruff keys
• Flat keys,
• Saddle keys

• Pins or round keys

Reference - https://learnmech.com/types-of-mechanical-keys-design-of-keys/

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Parallel key The usual proportions of this key are : Width of key, w = d / 4 ; and
thickness of key, t = 2w / 3 = d / 6 where d = Diameter of the shaft or
diameter of the hole in the hub.

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Application Of Mechanical Keys
• 1) Sunk Key: used for heavy-duty application
a) Rectangular sunk key: for preventing rotation of gears and
pulleys on the shaft
b) Gib headed key: used where the key to be removed
frequently.
c) feather key: Machine tool
2) Saddle key: for light-duty or low power transmission
3) Round key: Used for low Power drive
4) Splines: Where providing axial movement between the shaft
and mounted member

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Couplings
Coupling is a device used to connect two shafts together at their
ends for the purpose of transmitting power

Coupling

Pump Motor
 Uses of coupling
• To provide connection of shafts of units made separately
• To allow misalignment of the shafts or to introduce mechanical flexibility.
• To reduce the transmission of shock loads
• To introduce protection against overloads.
• To alter the vibration characteristics
Types of coupling
• Rigid
• Flexible
• Universal
Flexible coupling

Rigid coupling

Universal coupling
Rigid coupling
Flange

Key Hub

Driven Shaft

Driving
Shaft

Flanged Coupling

•Rigid couplings are used when precise shaft alignment is required

•Simple in design and are more rugged

• Generally able to transmit more power than flexible couplings

•Shaft misalignments cannot be compensated

Construction & Working
Rigid coupling is one that does not allow axial or radial motion between
the driving and driven shafts. As shown in Fig. a rigid coupling consists
of two flanges, one mounted on each shaft. Rigid couplings require exact
alignment between shafts otherwise considerable wear on the bearings
and seals will occur.
The purpose of a flange coupling is quite simple. It is a driving coupling
between rotating shafts that consists of flanges, one of which is fixed at
the end of each shaft. The two flanges bolted together with a ring set of
bolts completes the drive connection.
A coupling is a device used to connect two shafts together at their ends
for the purpose of transmitting power. The primary purpose of couplings
is to join two pieces of rotating equipment while permitting some degree
of misalignment or end movement or both.
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Advantages of Flange Couplings
• Advantages of Flange Couplings
• Reliable and efficient shaft connection.
• Easy installation without the need for special tools or skills.
• Capable of handling high speeds and heavy loads without failure.
• Cost-effective option.
• Equal input and output rotations.

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Flexible Coupling
Flange Flange

Driving Driven Shaft

Shaft

Pin
Bush

•A flexible coupling permits with in certain limits, relative rotation and

variation in the alignment of shafts

•Pins (Bolts) covered by rubber washer or bush is used connect flanges

with nuts

•The rubber washers or bushes act as a shock absorbers and insulators.

Bearings
BEARINGS- INTRODUCTION

• Bearings are machine elements which are used to

support a rotating member called as shaft.
• They transmit the load from a rotating member to a
stationary member known as frame or housing.
Bearing Motions
Common motions permitted by bearings are:
• Axial rotation e.g. shaft rotation

• Linear motion e.g. Carriage over the bed, drawer in

the table
• spherical rotation e.g. ball and socket joint

• Hinge motion e.g. door

Bearing Loads
• Radial Load
• ThrustLoad
• Combination of both.

Fr

Radial load Thrust load Radial &Thrust load

Bearing Loads-Radial load

The bearings that support the shafts of

motors and pulleys are subject to a radial
load.
Bearing Loads-Thrust load

The bearings in this stool

are subject to a thrust load
Bearing Loads-Combination of Radial &Thrust load

The bearings in a car wheel are subject

to both thrust and radial loads.
Bearing Classification
On the basis of contact they have between the
rotating and the stationary member

• Plain bearings
(Sliding contact)

• Rolling bearings
(Rolling contact)
Types of rolling Bearings
• Ball bearings,
• Roller bearings,
• Tapered roller bearings.
• Ball thrust bearings,
• Roller thrust bearings and
Ball bearings

Cutaway view of a ball bearing

Ball bearings
• In a ball bearing, the load is transmitted from the
outer race to the ball and from the ball to the inner
race
• Since the ball is a sphere, it only contacts the inner
and outer race at a very small point, which helps it
spin very smoothly
• But it also means that there is not very much
contact area holding that load, so if the bearing is
overloaded, the balls can deform and spoil the
bearing
• Less expensive and suitable for lighter loads and
applications
 Ball Thrust Bearing

•Ball thrust bearings like the one shown are mostly used for
low-speed applications and cannot handle much
radial load.
•Lead screws and feed rods use this type of bearing at its
end.
Advantages of ball bearings
• The advantages are:
• low friction
• minimum lubrication
• wear resistant
• requires little attention
• dimensions relatively small
• no scraping required to fit shaft
• easy replacement

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Disadvantages of Ball Bearing
• sensitive to shock loading
• no muffling of vibrations; noisy
• application may be limited owing to solid races

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Transmission System
• Rotating elements which possess mechanical energy has to be utilized at
required place by transmitting.
• From prime mover to machine
• From one shaft to another

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Transmission system
• The system that is used to transmit power from one mechanical element to
another mechanical element.

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Types of transmitting system
• Belt drives
• Rope drives
• Chain drives
• Gear drives

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Factors to select transmission system
• Distance between driver and driven pulley shaft.
• Operational speed.
• Power to be transmitted.

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Belt drive
• Power is to be transmitted
between the parallel shaft.
• Consists of two pulleys over
which a endless belt is passed
encircling the both.
• Rotary motion is transmitted
from driving pulley to driven
pulley.

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Belt drive
• Friction is required.
• Tension in one side of the belt
• Portion of the belt having less
tension is called slack side.
• Portion of the belt having high
tension is called tight side.

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Terminology of a belt drive
• Driver : in a transmission system the one which drives or supplies power to
other mechanical element.
• Driven : in a transmission system the one which follows the driver or receives
power from driver.
• Tight side : the portion of the belt in maximum tension. Denoted by T1
Newton.
• Slack side : the portion of the belt in minimum tension. Denoted by T2
Newton.

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Angle of Contact
• Arc / angle of contact : it is the portion of the belt which is in contact with
pulley surface. Denoted by

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Belt materials
• Rubber
• Leather
• Canvas
• Cotton
• Steel

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Classification
• Open belt drive
• Closed belt drive

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Open belt drive
• Both driver and driven pulley rotate in both direction.
• Belt is passed over driver and driven.
• Driver pulley pulls the belt from one side and delivers to other side.
• Tension is more in lower side then upper side.

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Cross belt drive
• Driven rotates in opposite direction to that of driver.
• At the point were the belt crosses it rubs against each other and there will be
wear.
• To avoid this speed of belt should be less than
15 m/s.

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Comparison between Open belt drive and Cross belt drive
Open Belt Drive Cross Belt Drive
Both driver and the driven rotates in Driver and driven rotates in opposite
the same direction direction

When the shafts are horizontal, Even if the shafts are vertical it is
inclined it is effective to transmit the effective to transmit the power
power

As there is no rubbing point, the life Due to the rubbing point, the life of
of the belt is more the belt reduces.

Require less length of the belt Require more length of belt compared
compared to crossed belt drive for to open belt drive for the same centre
same centre distance, pulley distance, pulley diameters.
diameters.

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 n1/n2 = d2/d1
i.e., speed of driving Diameter of driven
speed of driven Diameter of driver

The ratio n1 d2 is called as

n2 d1 or “transmission ratio”
of the belt drives

n1 d2 + t
n2 d1 + t

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The relative motion between the belt and the pulley
surface due to contraction and expansion of belt is
defined as “creep”.

Creep increases with load as it is caused by the

elasticity of the belt.
It reduces the speed of the driven pulley which results
in loss of power transmission.

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Relative motion between pulley and the belt passing
over it is defined as “slip”.

Velocity ratio n1 d2 100

( when slip is considered) = =
n2 d1 100-S

Where S= % slip

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• Running and maintenance cost is low.

• Possibility to transmit power over a moderately

long distance.

• Efficient at high speeds.

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• Not preferred for short centre distance.

• Belt joints reduces the life of the belt.

• Loss of power due to slip and creep.

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Gear

• Gear is an important power transmitting element.

• The power may be transmitted from one shaft to another by
means of matting gears with high transmission efficiency.
• It’s calculations depends on certain factors, some basic
terminologies are discussed in this presentation.
 Gear Trains
• When two or more gears are made to mesh with each
other to transmit power from one shaft to other. Such
an arrangement is called gear train.

• Simple gear train (SGT)

• Compound gear train (CGT)

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Classification of gears

Classification of gears according to the position of shaft

Parallel shaft Intersecting shaft Non-Parallel & Non-Intersecting shaft

Spur gear Helical gears Rack and Pinion sets Spiral gear Worm gear sets

Straight bevel gear Spiral bevel gear

Types of Gears
Gear (large gear)

Spur gears – tooth profile is parallel to the axis of

rotation, transmits motion between parallel shafts.

Pinion (small gear)

Helical gears – teeth are inclined to the axis of

rotation, the angle provides more gradual
engagement of the teeth during meshing, transmits
motion between parallel shafts.
Types of Gears

Worm gear sets – consists of a helical gear and a

power screw (worm), used to transfer motion
between non-parallel and non-intersecting shafts.

Rack and Pinion sets – a special case of spur Pinion

gears with the gear having an infinitely large
diameter, the teeth are laid flat.

Rack
Types of Gears

Bevel gears – teeth are formed on a conical Straight bevel gear

surface, used to transfer motion between non-parallel
and intersecting shafts.

Spiral bevel gear

Types of Gears

spiral gears – transmit power from one shaft to

other shaft which are non parallel and non
intersecting shafts.
Terminology for spur Gears
Pitch circle
It is imaginary circle which by pure rolling action would give the same motion
as the actual Gear.
Pitch Circle diameter
It is the diameter of the pitch circle. The size of gear is usually specified by
pitch circle diameter. It is also called as pitch diameter.
Base Circle
It is the section from which the involutes section of the tooth is generated.
Pressure angle or angle of obliquity
It is the angle between the common normal to two gear teeth at the point of
contact and the common tangent at the pitch point.

www.themegallery.com
Addendum & Dedendum

1. Addendum :- It is the radial distance of a tooth from the pitch circle to the top of the
tooth.
2. Dedendum :- It is the radial distance of a tooth from the pitch circle to the bottom of the
tooth.
Circular Pitch

The distance measured on the circumference of the pitch circle from the a point
of one tooth to the corresponding point on the next tooth. It is usually denoted
by Pc.
Pc = πD1 /T1 = πD2 / T2
Diametral Pitch

It is the ratio of number of teeth to the pitch circle diameter in

millimeters

It is denoted by Pd

Diametral Pitch

Pd = T/D
Where T = Number of teeth and
D = Pitch Circle Diameter
Module

It is the ratio of the pitch circle diameter in millimeters to the

number of teeth. It is Usually denoted by m.

Mathematically,

m=D/T
Clearance

It is radial Distance from the top of the tooth to the bottom of the tooth in a
meshing gear
Total Depth

It is the radial distance between the addendum and the dedendum circle of
a gear. It is equal to the sum of the addendum and dedendum .
Backlash

It is difference between the tooth space and tooth thickness as measured

on the pitch circle.
Simple gear train
• Arrangement of gears in series is known as simple
gear train.

• Intermediate gears are provided between the

driver and driven.
The function of the idler gears is
1. To cover the space between the driver and driven
gears and to
2. Obtain the desired direction of driven

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.

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Advantages of gears

• Gears are mechanically strong, so higher loads can be lifted.

• They are used for transmitting motion over small centre distance of shafts
• They have long life, so the gear system is very compact. ...
• They are not suitable for large velocities.
• Gears require only lubrication, hence less maintenance is required.
• Using gear systems, we can transmit motion between non-
parallel intersecting shafts.
• They are used for positive drive, so its velocity ratio remains constant.
• They have long life, so the gear system is very compact

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Disadvantages of Gear
1.They are not suitable for large velocities.
2. They are not suitable for transmitting motion over a large distance.
3. Due to the engagement of toothed wheel of gears, some part of machine ma
y get permanently damaged in case of excessive loading.
4. They have no flexibility.
5. Gear operation is noisy

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CHAIN DRIVES
• In order to avoid slipping as in belt drives; steel chains are used. The chains
are made up of number of rigid links which are hinged together by pin joints
in order to provide the necessary flexibility for wrapping round the driving
and driven wheels (sprockets). These sprockets have projecting teeth of
special profile and fit into the corresponding recesses in the links of the chain
as shown in Figure1.

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Advantages & disadvantages -
1. As no slip takes place during chain drive, hence perfect velocity ratio is
obtained.
2. Since the chains are made of metal, therefore they occupy less space in
width than a belt or rope drive.
3. It may be used for both long as well as short distances.
4. It gives a high transmission efficiency (upto 98 percent).
5. It gives less load on the shafts.
6. It has the ability to transmit motion to several shafts by one chain only.
7. It transmits more power than belts.
8. It permits high speed ratio of 8 to 10 in one step.
9. It can be operated under adverse temperature and atmospheric conditions.
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Disadvantages:
• 1. The production cost of chains is relatively high.
• 2. The chain drive needs accurate mounting and careful maintenance,
particularly lubrication and slack adjustment.
• 3. The chain drive has velocity fluctuations especially when unduly stretched.

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Classification of Chains:
The chains, on the basis of their use, are classified into the following three
groups:
1. Hoisting and hauling (or crane) chains
2. Conveyor (or tractive) chains
3. Power transmitting (or driving) chains.

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Thank You