REVIEWER IN TECH COM graphic aids and its use of conventional report

forms.
Technical Writing - genre of non-fiction 3. Technical Writing is characterized by the
writing that encompasses not only technical maintenance of an attitude of impartiality and
materials such as manuals, instructions, objectivity for accuracy and precision of idea.
specifications, and software documentation, but
it also includes writing produced in day-to-day TECHNICAL WRITERS -are those who are
business operations such as correspondence, tasked to write any writing and communication
proposals, internal communications, media that fall under the characteristics of technical
releases, and many kinds of reports. writings such as those professionals and workers
TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION who belong to the engineering, technical and
- includes the communication of specialized medical profession.
technical information, whether relating to Whatever field or profession one has entered
computers and scientific instruments, or the into which is in line with sciences and
intricacies of meditation. Since oral and visual technology, he is expected to write something in
presentations are such important part of his job, like reports, memoranda, letters,
professional life, technical communication also proposals, professional papers, and other
encompasses these as well. communication inherent in the company or field
- could be defined as using various modes (oral, of work.
written, visual) of communication to manage
technical information to analyze a problem, find
and evaluate evidence, and draw conclusions in
a way that allows people to act. Thus, technical
writing is highly “transactional” as it conveys
information to enable specific actions.

“Transactional” – it entails a purposeful

transaction between sender and receiver that
provides specific information for practical and
specific purposes (informing, instructing,
persuading) and is usually geared towards the
needs of a specific audience

Technical Writing- written communication THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF

about various technical subjects in sciences, TECHNICAL WRITING
engineering, and technology. It is a specialized, 1. Technical writing is written for a specific
structured way of writing, where information is person or group of people, real or imaginary,
presented in a format and manner that best suits and they are assumed to be intelligent but
the cognitive and psychological needs of the uninformed.
readers. It is ideally characterized by an attitude 2. Technical writing is written for a purpose. All
of impartiality and objectivity for accuracy and words in the sentence, all sentences in the
precision of information. paragraph; all paragraphs in the composition
CHARACTERISTICS OF TECHNICAL must contribute to the intended purposes.
WRITING 3.Technical writing uses simple, concrete, and
1. Technical Writing is a written communication familiar language.
about various technical subjects in sciences, 4. Technical writing should always have the
engineering, and technology. three parts: introduction, contents, and
2. Technical Writing is a specialized and conclusion.
structured way of writing as in the use of 5.Technical writing must be presentable and
scientific and technical vocabulary, its use of attractive.
 THE THREE FUNDAMENTAL DIVISIONS
BASIC TECHNIQUES IN TECHNICAL OF DESCRIPTION:
WRITING a. Introduction- is the part where the writer
1).DEFINITION is to give meaning or presents the mechanism and the organization of
explanation to a word or a thing. the description.
* Words or “terms” are just symbols for the real b. Part-by-Part Description- is the time when
things. the writer could describe the parts of the
* The thing which the word or term refers to is mechanism and their purpose, after the proper
called “referent” introduction.
* Two kinds of definition are: c. Conclusion- is the part where the writer let
a. Formal - must be in a sentence form with the reader know how the mechanism works or
appropriate components: species, genus and how it is used.
differentia ▪
b. Informal - one could give right away the 3) DESCRIPTION OF A PROCESS is a
similar terms or words along the sentences. series of actions to get something done. It shows
* Species are the terms to be defined. the reader the step-by-step action as to how a
* Genus refers to the class where the species thing happens or work out.
may be identified.
* Differentia are the characteristics that will THE FOUR DIVISIONS OF DESCRIPTION
make the given term different from other OF A PROCESS:
members of the genus. a. Introduction must be a concise paragraph that
supplies a good sentence definition of the
process to be analyzed.
b. Materials and equipment needed in the
process must be identified to condition the mind
of the reader, before explaining the steps.
c. Step-by-step description of the action is the
main body of the description. Writers must say
*Sometimes a definition is not a just a everything the readers need to know to
sentence; it may take a paragraph or even a understand, perhaps even to visualize, the
whole composition.* process.
METHODS TO FURTHER DEFINITION:
1. Examples and Instances 4) CLASSIFICATION is used to categorized
2. Word Derivation the topics into logical subdivision; to identify a
3. Comparison and Contrast genus and a species.
4. Cause and Effect TO MAKE CLASSIFICATION MORE
5. Physical Description EFFECTIVE:
6. Location a. Classify according to a certain basis. Make
7. Basic Principle clear of what is being classified.
8. Analysis b. Limit to one basis at a time in listing a
9. Negative Statement member of a class. Choose a basis of
10. Further Definition classification. E.g. Classifying a car by maker,
by model etc.
2) DESCRIPTION OF A MECHANISM is c. Name all species according to a given basis. It
used in describing the parts of the machines, will become unbalanced if there are some
gadgets, or other devices. members of the class that will be overlooked.
d. Classification should not overlap. Be sure that
each species is distinct and separate from all
others.
5) PARTITION is the act of dividing a unit into organized, objective and reliable way (Payton,
its components. The parts may not be the same 1979)
as long as they belong to the same object. 4. Research is the systematic, controlled,
empirical, and critical investigation of
SYSTEM IN PARTITIONING: hypothetical propositions about the presumed
a. The unit to be partitioned must be identified. relations among natural phenomena (Kerlinger,
b. The basis for partition must be clear. 1973).
c. The division must be distinct and exclusive. 5. Research is to search again, to take another
d. The division must not overlap. more careful look, to find out more (Selltiz, et
e. If there is sub-partitioning of parts, it should al., 1976).
be conducted according to a principle 6. Research is a systematic quest for
exclusively to the part. undiscovered truth (Leedy, 1974).
7. Research is a systematic attempt to provide
6) INTERPRETATION is the act of finding answers to questions (Tuckman, 1972).
out the meaning of a certain fact, situation, or TYPES OF RESEARCH
data. It is used as a basis for proposal and 1. Historical Research- is involved with the
recommendation of the thing a person study of past events. It is the critical
interpreted about a result on the research, investigation of events, developments, and
investigation, and inquiry. It is also useful as a experiences of the past, the careful weighing of
tool to analyze the diagram, chart, table, and evidence of the validity of sources of
symbols. information on the past and the interpretation of
STEPS TO MAKE A PROPER the weighted evidence (E.g. Factors Leading to
INTERPRETATION the Development of Elearning).
a. State your problem. 2. Qualitative Research- also called
b. Gather data related to the problem. Ethnographic Research is involved in the study
c.Test every evidence and data gathered. of current events rather than past events. It
d. Make an interpretation based on the evidence involves the collection of extensive narrative
and data gathered. data (non-numerical data) on many variables
e. Conclusion. over an extended period of time in a naturalistic
setting (e.g. A Case Study of Parental
SECTION 2 - RESEARCH Involvement in the Online Classes).
One of the most common writings in Science 3. Descriptive Research- involves collecting
and Technology is Research. Without research data in order to test hypotheses or answer
there could be no progress and development. questions regarding the subjects of the study. In
Almost everything that we used in our daily life contrast with the qualitative approach the data
is the product of research. are numerical. The data are typically collected
We conduct research to obtain knowledge, through a questionnaire, in an interview, or
explore unknown aspects, and find out solutions through observation (e.g. How Do Parents Feel
for many problems. About Online Classes?).
DEFINITIONS OF RESEARCH 4. Correlational Research- attempts to
1. Research is a human activity based on determine whether and as to what degree, a
intellectual application in the investigation of relationship exists between two or more
matter. It is a tool for searching for a theory, and quantifiable (numerical) variables. When two
for solving a problem. variables are correlated, use the relationship to
2. Research is a systematic, formal, rigorous, predict the value on one variable for a subject’s
and precise process employed to gain solutions value on the other variable (e.g. The
to problems or to discover and interpret new Relationship Between Intelligence and Self-
facts and relationships (Waltz and Bausell, Esteem).
1981). 5. Causal-comparative Research- attempts to
3. Research is the process of looking for a establish cause-effect relationships among the
specific answer for a specific question in an variables of the study. The attempt is to establish
that the values of the independent variable have 2. INTRODUCTION follows right after the
a significant effect on the dependent variable preliminaries. As part of the text, it is usually
(e.g. The Effect of Having aWorking Mother on marked as Chapter I.
School Absenteeism). It may include the following:
6. Experimental Research- is like causal- ➢ * Background of the Study
comparative research that attempts to establish ➢ * Conceptual framework
cause-effect relationship among the groups of ➢ * Statement of the Problem
subjects that make up the independent variable
➢ * Hypothesis/es
of the study, but in the case of experimental
research, the cause (the independent variable) is ➢ * Significance of the Study
under the control of the experimenter (e.g. The ➢ * Scope and Delimitation of the Study
Effect of Positive Reinforcement on ➢ * Definition of Terms
AttitudeToward School). 1. Background of the Study- contains the
PARTS OF A RESEARCH PAPER origin of the problem. It is an account
I. PRELIMINARIES are the first pages in describing the circumstances which
research paper and may include the following: suggested the research.
(i) Title Page 2. Conceptual Framework- is a scheme
(ii) Approval sheet for the research problem and a central
(iii) Acknowledgment Sheet focus of the study. It specifies the key
(iv) Abstract variable showing the relationships,
(v) Table of Contents usually represented by diagram.
(vi) List ofTables 3. Statement of the Problem- refers to the
(vii) List of Figures problem and sub-problems raised in the
1. The Title Page includes the exact title of the study. It should be stated precisely,
paper, the full name of the researcher, the degree accurately, and clearly. The problem
for which the paper is presented, the name of the should be defined in terms of the data
department and the college to which the paper is that can be obtained.
submitted, and the month and the year the 4. Hypothesis/es- is/are statement/s as
research paper is defended. tentative answer/s to one or more of the
2. The Approval Sheet follows the title page. It research questions but of which
generally contains a statement of acceptance of answer/s is/are subjected to a statistical
the research report. test.
3. The Acknowledgment Sheet contains the 5. Significance of the Study is the
writers expression of appreciation for the justification for making the study. It
assistance and encouragement given him in the should state why the problem
course of his research. investigated is important and what
4. The Abstract is a brief summary of the significance does it have once the result
research. It gives a short description, or a comes out.
condensation of the problem, the methodology 6. Scope and Delimitation of the Study-
used, and the findings and conclusions. Abstract consist of the scope and the limit of the
in research allows the readers to survey its study. The scope consists of what
contents quickly. additional population, concept, content,
5. The Table of Contents lists the preliminary or time the researcher includes in the
parts, the chapter titles along with the study. Who are included in the study
subdivisions of the body of reports, and the and who are the respondents.
supplementary materials in the appendix. 7. Definition of Terms- includes
6. The Lists of Tables and Figures contain the conceptual and operational definition of
tables and figures (pictures, graphs, charts, and important terms used in the study. List
other illustrative materials) used in the research down all the key terms to be used in the
with their titles. study which may not be familiar to
someone who would read the research
 paper. It must be arranged in chisquare, t-test, z-test, standard deviation,
alphabetical order. analysis of variance, correlation coefficient and
3. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE other statistics that would suit to the need of the
AND STUDIES is usually the Chapter II in the study.
study. The purpose of this section is to show the 5. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND
significant bearing of other literatures and INTERPRETATION OF DATA summarizes
studies to the present undertaking. This includes the collected data and presents the results to the
the following: reader. It is actually the central part of the study.
• * Foreign Literature The research and the application must be
• * Foreign Studies presented in a straight-forward way. The
• * Local Literature presentation must be geared to the research
• * Local Studies questions and the research hypotheses.
• * Synthesis and relevance to the studies TIPS ON HOW TO PRESENT AND
INTERPRET THE DATA:
o Foreign Literature are the books, ➢ * Present only relevant data.
articles, etc. which are authored by ➢ * Choose the medium that will present your
foreign writers. Foreign studies are interpretation effectively with the use of tables,
those researches, theses, dissertations of charts, and figures.
foreign authors of different countries. ➢ * The textual presentation should supplement
o Local Literature and Studies are the or expand the contents of tables, charts, and
books, articles, etc. , and researches, figures.
theses, and dissertations written in the
➢ *The data should be objective, logical, and
Philippines.
based on facts.
Once the researcher has gathered all those
foreign and local literatures and studies, he has ➢ * Note all relevant results including those
to collate and synthesize them to show their that run counter to the hypotheses.
relevance to his undertakings. ➢ * In reporting results of test of hypotheses,
4. METHODOLOGY includes the following: include the value of the test statistics, degree of
* Methods of research to be used freedom, and the level of significance.
*The population frame and sample size 6. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND
* Instrumentation RECOMMENDATION are usually the last
* Data gathering procedure chapter of the research. It contains the summary
* Statistical treatment of the data of the study, conclusions based on the findings,
1. Method of Research to be Used- refers to and recommendations based on the conclusions.
the design that is to be used in the research like The summary is the brief recapitulation of the
survey, descriptive and experimental. entire content of the paper. It shows the
2. The Population Frame and Sample Size- important points of the study from the problem
refer to the target respondents and the size of the to the description on how the researcher arrived
population. It describes the sample profile, how at the results and findings.
to get the sample size, and the sampling The conclusions are points that were actually
procedure. learned from the study. They are the answers to
3. Instrumentation- refers to the description of the sub-questions raised in the statement of the
the adoption, construction, and administration of problems.
instruments. These instruments include tests, The recommendations are based on the
questionnaires, interview, apparatuses, devices, conclusions made. They are meant to improve
and laboratory equipment. and solve the problems raised. They are actions
4. Data-gathering Procedure- is the description to be done by people or organizations or
on how the researcher will gather his data. agencies so that the problems could be solved.
5. Statistical treatment of Data- is the statistics 7. REFERENCE MATERIALS include
to be used in computing the data gathered for bibliography, appendices, and curriculum vitae.
data analysis like frequency, percentage ranking,
* BIBLIOGRAPHY is sometimes called A term paper- is a research paper written by
references and works cited. The researcher must students over an academic term, accounting for a
tell the readers the sources of all materials he large part of a grade.
used in his study. Entries here are arranged in -research paper required at the end of a school
alphabetical order of the family name of the semester. It tracks and evaluates students’
authors, in hanging indented and single – spaced knowledge about the course. Usually a scientific
form with double spacing between references. report or a discussion of an assigned topic, a
* APPENDICES include the tables of statistics term paper requires a lot of research and
from sources outside the study, test technical writing expertise. This academic
questionnaires, schedules, and forms used in the writing assignment must be well-written,
data collection, copies of documents and other analytical, organized, and well-researched—as
illustrative materials. this reflects your knowledge of a certain course.
* CURRICULUM VITAE refers to the General term paper format or layout to be
biographical information of the researcher. followed in presenting the argument or topic:
Aside from the full name, address, and personal  Cover page: Align the text that contains
data of the researcher, it includes the educational your name, course number, your
attainment, achievements, and awards of the teacher’s name, and the date of the
researcher. deadline in the center of the page.
SUGGESTED STEPS ON RESEARCH  Abstract: Usually less than a page long,
WRITING: the abstract describes your work. It lets
Preliminaries readers know where the term paper is
▪ 1. Choose a subject. headed, the issue at hand, and why the
▪ 2. Begin a preliminary reading. subject was interesting or important
▪ 3. Restrict the subject to a specific topic. enough that you decided to write about
▪ 4. Formulate the statement of the problem. it.
▪ 5. Prepare the instrumentation.  Introduction: The introduction should
Gathering Data begin with a statement of the topic to be
1. Locate information. discussed. Explain the significance of
2. Begin extensive work in the library by note- the topic or problem at hand and write
taking from: about how you plan to discuss or resolve
a. books c. Journals b. Periodicals d. Internet the issue.
3. Interview (through survey questionnaire or  Body: The body of your text should
personal, if needed) contain the main points from your
4. Administration of other research instruments research. Provide information about the
like tests, etc. topic so that the reader can further
Writing the Paper understand what is being discussed.
1. Develop an outline. Don’t forget certain positions pertaining
2.Write a rough draft. to the issue and the analysis of the
3. Check the documentation and format of the research you have done.
paper.  Results: Explain why your research has
4. Revise and rewrite. led you to believe certain things about
5. Proofread. your subject. How has your view
6.Write the final draft. changed from when you began the
project? Has it stayed the same, and
Most of the undergraduate use the simplest form why? Tie everything you’ve been
of research omitting many of the parts discussed explaining into what you had stated in
like conceptual framework, scope and your introduction.
delimitation, review of related literature, etc.  Discussion: End with a summary and a
This type of research is called Library Research conclusion about the topic in question.
or Term Papers. Finish by stating an opening question or
by prompting the reader to continue his
 or her own research on the subject
through a discussion.

TERM PAPER FORMAT

For the format, first consider the length and the
citation style you will use. When you have
researched a certain topic, you are required to
use a specific citation style. If you neglect to
reference properly, you might be accused of
plagiarism. Also, a term paper is an academic
writing assignment, therefore APA or MLA
citation styles are commonly used.

Use APA (American Psychological

Association) term paper format for social
sciences. To reference a book in an APA style
term paper, the author’s name, the book’s title,
the year of publication, the publisher, and its
location are needed. So make sure to not forget
to include this information during your research.

The MLA (Modern Language Association)

format is most commonly used in liberal arts and
humanities. The publication name, date, and
location are needed in this format as well.

HOW TO WRITE A RESEARCH

PROPOSAL
Title: This is the draft title of what you want to
research. Make it clear and comprehensible.
Objectives: This part should define your
outcomes after your research.
Relevance and Importance: Include recent
news, social events, articles, and blogs that
convey the importance of the topic. Your topic
should be up to date and capture the attention of
the reader.

Break a leg my love.

Xoxo, Your Lover Darling…