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CA Assignment

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Narender K
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Oo Compntey” Kecbitech ve ASSIGNMENT -L SECTION-A Ex plain abot decimal pit / Fleating poi and as Conple mot by aking am exounple de each. fn Pagid frocessing Syrtem na namler NW’ Com le Yeprsentey be any desived formn— using number sy shen te vepresen the Numbev 1h any digital basdeave. Fined Joie Repre sentelon » Te position of the lineny peink ie teed. Ce. Su kinary U. ere Uf Tabegey olf Ca Freckionel piel pois pore Ty Reem 3. 34370 Represe-taclion of Nyelrve names tn biced print Otte matic. Fig we gnitnde forms The met Gigui pean lar (mee) ic cae te A ls represen tha negative: Sieg} ‘oO & sepretet tee ponte oa. & as x Af.ot thas |] of.ota One's Gmpli met form t Ty Aa methed , Te paqative numlser is obt~ined toy Comple mending al Ge Lis tee ©. ear) = (o.t1l 000), (0.995),, — Csoot), Tao's Complimend- form > — The negative number Com be Obtetned lag Complemeting all the Gls and adding te the least Signi gram LA Dee (0.875) | AD COSML000 2 compinerting Pe He eal Mite 4 oooght Lt Petdeug es me le 1,00 4000 (0.845), 9 Floating Poin Represetetion » PL positive nunker is repressed ak, eam where M4 Nanticca 3 Ye EM ejay petitive o nagetve > Fp. Awe Q¥OaST ee vy 0.0) Otay s a %O.004 Fe x” x6.001 Nuatve Le atiey pert number ts represented by considering, He mantissa as a piped point numbew fhe pick lit Qf Monte rss reports We gh of Wa Loalicy ee number EGivy ford Repwesente Fon tlos + Eppensive Tmple- Wentetton Dynamic range [Fined Poth RepresenRation Nast 4 Trex pensive Trpte- Menrtketiion 9) Gmiked Dynamic venge [Large Rownel off ennrs can occuy 3) Round of F exer oceuY With th additen ¢ only fry addieton _ wilktplicction ver ffow occurs (4 addihe a aout Overflow does noe occur 5) Lous) povte urwempion thigh powes Conta mpion C) Les Flexi ie eer \ . ke. with a Hew chart ax plain ala inch ructions inter rey dye cycles. As} Tnborrept Cycte > Ta wag thar the infenupt is handled by the compter cam be enplained by means of the flowchart of Figure Lela. Py interop flip-Hop R is fic brelect i the Computer . whey Rio | the computer ge theergh Tatevrupi- Cycle ‘Tnttruchion Fete amd Je eode Tagrruckon Store veto addvess jn Jacdkon o ™ (0) < fc Brand b Loctivon Pe< I r on fast chien cycle . Bacing tee exeate phoue af the nstvudlien cycle 1EN is checked by the Contd. Tpit is o, Fe tadicalies tol” the Pogqrammer doer nok Want te ute the internupt C2 Cont) Continues with) te next Tredru fron egele Ie TEN ie 1, condrrl checks Me flog Wik , TE Wot lays ae 0, Te indiatey thar neither the inp tov the on pel” vepisters are yeady tv travster of jegovemalzon . Tatts foutvo| continues Wih The nen Tag tra lion wlile Cae , Cycle. Dy either flag is seh t | lan=l , Fip- flee Rk js se Bl. AE We evd of We execnte prore , contol checks the value of KR , awd tpit is equal te a, ae instead aan ye ls ay jakexvpl” cycle jantruclion cycle. Tae inteamnge pele OF A branch aud save vetury addvest operon Pe is Shred i a WW implementation Tr vetaryn addtvess avaibable is | a speci fic Lectten wher Th Gy lee found larey when Ce program aehame te te ‘sty alm which TF Wins totevepted Wes leation mag be Proce tev veg ister, aA memory Sek, ov a Bpecific memory Locetron . Here we cherce Thu memory Qoctien at address 6 aK Ime place fer storing Te wet acltrer Contr]! +Hren inserts aclelress | frto PO amd Clears IEW amd R co thet no nove igferryp hos Cay oceuy until fe Take rvept- vegueste frm the flog has been fevvicect Define am addecsicg mode, Explat alow Various addressing anilet: Addressing Modes: The tern addressing wees wifet fe Te wm iy cole the opered Gon instundiop is Specttied Le addressing wrode apes a wle Aw inter poterg Oy modify the adevess bret ie the instudiion lefowe the operand fs achally ecectited. Ge genera) acddretsing uroder supprtted by The compofey Pre of ak ab ballos, ee ‘TonplieA woder Ty jorplred addressing the Operand (< speci fred fa the jastrudlion Fhrelk., T. tite mede tha dala i 2 Wi o Ib tele Long avd dala is te park og jrstruciion. 5e¥° addwect quatrurchon ant dori gued with irapléed add sos wmode. Exot: cre (sed © veset Casry faq & OD f? Dwymediake addvesnng wrote Cay bel #) * Tr tS wmode olats is peesed— iy addvess rela 4 gawtyudiion , Designet Like one address jastraction firme Dokx if olivectly ctoted heve Example: Mov AL, 35H (mow the dafs 351 pato AL yegester) @ Register mode > Ln register ahdire sing The opevord ic Placed jn ome of & Lik ov Ib sth Gaver] pavpe reqisteve. The daks is jn tha regis holm yg specitied by Te intdrudicon, Tnstyuctron Register [ingise } Bie Brampte - moy ax, cx Carove the contents of Cx veyistey AK veop ster ) = Register Trdivect mode 2 t Dts addressing ies operands Offset 16 Pleted in Any One of the yepsters BX, BF,S1,D) specigicd ia the justaudlion Te effective addvess of the dota is to Bo Eace veqihe’ oF an indexe Veyister trate is epecidicd bey Tru instruct Herve hwo registeY veference is required & accer8 fro dots Trtvucton Register Memory fener | ASES 4 oe Bap . mov AX, CORT Cmove te Pahl memory Lovkion ¢ addres by the veyster Bx bh He Kyte AX) (5) Pte Trdeceh Ctresemer mete) . Efjedtivee addess athe operand is the ContenSs af negate Specified Im ie instruction, AGH accescygy fa. o pend The ton fen ed tos ~registe ee Wetveally Incrementetd Lo porte te te vet tonseecke peat) do calon, (R41) 4 Here one vesicter veqerence , One memory reference dad One ALY operation is require te acess The data, Exavyle + pad RE, CROF Ry RL 4M (RJ Roe R2+A Dos indeged Cale eve ment meted). eeged adder of we operand 7s the Contents segicter opecttied me the jngdaudlion . Pefore ACce Sing Te operavd , the content” of teas vegittey art aubto mate cally Ae creme Qo colon . —(Rv Consecntive wre mor Wok Previous Exomfia > had RB), (2) Rre Re-4 Ale Ri+M Jor {eI to © Tdexes addxessing mode > he operands Offce® is te Sum OF be conden Of an judex yegitter Ml DI amd am & lk ov Ib EE disqlae met” : Ee. Mov AX, Csr +05) 8} Rased Indexed Acldressing ~ Tee operand 's |Qihsek 1S te Sam of We Content of 4 ase ~eeqisten BX Ww RE and an teder register” | S~ a DL | | Ee: App ax, (ax+ SLI | Based om Trans tor of toute , adds iG mreder are 5 Pe gate addve rity ved Pa vel | ce uted He implemen” i of corer), To te ine at | addretsing mode tier wee is obtained by add dis Place me” be PC EAs Per pctdrect field volve Pe =PC + Relative value. a) Base veqister addvessirg mide > Poase yegister addhvessivg wmode js wed be iwrple men new seqment™ rameter of Cored. Ts ‘eo poaee effective address 1S oblained by adding base regishy velue bo oddess field vole En< Bete veqister + Ohdvess field veolue Prd Base veqistey + Relive value. 4. Whalr are memory mapping proced uses? Explaty them, PE ache mapping iba toclunique 9 birch te Corker af main memory are brongltt fate the ache memory: Main memory ic divided into pas tions called ar Yocks © trams. Cade memory ic divided Wr parti hens ovivg| came size or Wok Of lhockes cates ah Lined Dusing coche mapping , Boeke Simply copied to the cacke and We achally brengh Prom We wain memory, Cadns opping Jechniqned - © Dice MepPg . Aptiotay the Grek memey Cam rp only be a pesticwlor Mine of the Cache. f Dine numer of cwche Se tobi, a pat equal sige of main memery (s Block Fe noe lhocle Can map (Ss giver leg Cache Line namber = (Moka menuty glock addres) Module (Aamber oly Lines in ache) A: combidew Cache memory 1S diviched foo in numer of Diner. then , hock ‘yo woin Wemory Com mp So Loe numlor a only 9 Te cade. Block 0 Line 0 Bod 4 Line © Be Macle § ann Jen) jive [ro Block J+) Mocle jar © Oke Main Memory Diveck Mapping X- Fully gsgocéclive Moppig: a block of waty womens (am map fo any Line of lhe cache tho fr is Syeely Available ab fir moment. t2x makes balby arsocickve mapping mire {laid Than di Bll O Bleck: | l + Block j tact Ja | Main Memory Fully Ao ci-tive Mapping BK Way Cer Associative Mappiry ia keeway Sek Associative mappg (Cocke Linesre grouper ply hs bee each sete Comaing number of Aimed, A park culeY Wock G main memory an mop bo only me Pacliclay See of the abhe. Yowevay , within thal” ger, tea momory hock Com wnp any cack Yine thodr fs Freely availe Te ak of ta cade Se whith « aoa OF te warn wenory tan map 16 pun Cache feb Number — (Mary memory Mock Adeleess) Modu fle CNumber ok cok TH ache) iy Uisenss aloo DMA aud prvorily Intevoupt. Az Divede Memory Access - Tramsbev a data under Proyrimmed T/> fe tehveen CPU onal Peripher} PD Tr Aveo memery access COMA). Trter}rce trang dak into amd oF a memory Hrvongh the memory lows -7 The ClO iwWiktetes the tanther by Sa pplying the Iotevtece NIK, te Seting address ond the number Wards needed b be tyamsberred amok then preceds ts execetc Offer forks 3 Uhen te trams ter i Mode jth DMA requests mawoty Cycles Hirsh {ha memory bat 7 When the vequest is gromted by the Mamony Confyller 7 DMA CranwsGert fhe data directly indo Memory DMA Conrollev > Ltenpree Which allewe To tvews be Airctly tebseey Memory and Device Freeing CU fw olor Lasks. 7 CPO Wihlabees DMA Condriley lay Sendivg memoty address Gud tie Uock size Crumber op userds) Bleck diagram | DMA (onkaller Prierity tatevrepe . Determines valateh Taterrepi- To & be cere} Byst when Rio or mee vequesty ar made SimLXtaneously FP Afse determines which tnherrep an Permittey & Takevrapl: the Com pubey white amotter 3 Going SOdViced. 7? Higher Pricnis, lngernpls cam make yequeslt while Servicing Qteev Prorily pW hennpt. Datsy Chaining Priority > Wk temp op deciding The inrengt- Prerty ComisG Of Sere} Connection a oll the ARI Ces wich qJeneretes an intesruple Signs, fa ibewvapté Ene vegnesl” {¢ common sho «il devices . TR any device las Inderrept signal i4 Dow fevey Stale then Went Hine oes te Lens Revep Cale ond enalles ty jedernmp ja We Cd Whey there fs vo jederrmpt the Jabot Line, clays im Waly evel chet. Te Ce sesxeond & the inkevropt by enenbbig The Wterupt acter owtedgs Jive - Ws Gignal (6 veckévey tay the device | at Tis Pl npr We ackenoaledge cignel passes te nent Aevice Trreygh PO outple ondy devie dt fis aoe equestiy an jutevreple Proceccoy doly bus Device | Trtevrapt acknoledge Trtevrept reg est sea SECTIOwW -B O} Whar ie mic programmed conte |? Eyplaty oo mics program med Sey hen Com beg Os Words in memoty called a Lund, A @ubot unit whee binary Control Velue are saved wmicy® progymnted Covdnal| A conbvolley Tesults inte justuchor Le be Fogler by Constructing a lefiuile collediong, Stqnels tH esac, System check bear. Cacho} (there adpul Signal generates one wmitw-opershon incha ding vegisler Lrans Trays pte sebs Cs tombrl signals awe qenersbed defuite micve- operations that G4 be Saved ih he memory . Enc le thar forms fhe microiabmction fs Linked & one contwl Signal. cuhen the wit 4 cet, the cond) cigel is oclie . cohen iE 1s Cleared the control sig trarns ‘Ineckives ase. micro instructions (6 A Segue nce can be saved fy [he interna tonbat memory - Tha Contrel Unit of a watcvopieg van Controlled Compefe Ts x computer tuaidle s Computer. Micon -— ‘Cregvavnmep Contre Orga nizekon ae ne ies] [Spee meng (eee) re memory, Mencer Locplemeuntalion a Micro Tasty rons Sequencer. Micvo Lnstadlions Sequencer Ts a Combineiong of od] hardeoae Pov seleching The next micwo- stu, aldsest The nice -inetrudhion in Conbrol memory Conbaias @ Sef Ob AG tw iWihate wicw operalions th computer ~wogisheas and otter SG Me Specity Ta meled by which Ake adlyess is obFeined. Tm ple mentotion a New Tusbradlaan Sequencer Tnstryction Code aosesount. JSRIEOEE Mapping logic Addass Regicter = Thuemnhy Cont] Memory [selecheinhes vat J Branch Actolvess Mico -operafions & Wette hort weter on W State Ovaermni zelions GW) Prttimnestic amd abaht wicrooperations Buse CH) Arith metic aml Micwo -opechions mM Registers. We Com Perform anit metre eperctons on te mnmeric. dake Which is chore wide te eqistors, & RBS RV 4A The Value ia Register Ri is aalolec} te the value iq fe Veaisrer Ra mel “they the sum Is Aremb berred fabs Tegistor RI. Seer, otker auithmelie micve. opertiogs Ore Rerkovmed on Tee. resisters. dAdition— Th adtolrtion valero - operation , the valie| Ym Gagister Ry is added to the valve jn We vegister Re amd then tee Sum is trams ferred fate register Ry, Subtvadhion: Tr swetraclton mice opevctions , We content’ of Resistor Ra ane eubtiacted fy ConbenG ond on tha vesnli (6 tramiferred oe Wo feather fA, Int Ra, RZ — R-#r Mer is amottur way of doing toa gukteactron , Tr WE O'S Complemel gp Ri jc added & Ry, Which Tg equavalenr Wb R)-Ra amd than ths result is Front femmek Who register Ky, Ry E— Ky AR 4) ‘Trenment 2 Ly tnerement wicge ogersiion We Vode Juside & register fy Tnereacey by 1- Ge Rl Pre cesting operaTors tur social Trp. We we Tae gymbols sh) far Logic} Decremet2 in this operction , Tar velue tnitole Ry nregister ts cle crease! bey 1. RI Ys complement: dy tn wicro operation, he Complement of He Value Jnside Te vegister Ry js tolcey RQ & a complemen Th a micro operLon , ta complement gf Tar valet jnside the vegistey Ry fs fekeh ame ‘hen QL & added to tha velye am then tha binel vest tromsferred Ito ber register Ry Ws process ic also called Neg tion - Te fs equivalent t -R. R<— 24 Swith Mow operas: ghige miow- operBons an Wit Mi“ operations Mot” ove USA tw Genial teemsfer gt informoKon . these ame also used tn torjun con With arithmetic micyo- opexction , Logic wievo- operdiion p amd tthe data f. Leet. DE tromapers Ha 0 seve Tammy shift- debe owed gle for lape — aight: 26 4, logreed SHIGE Lett Tu thin slit one position move BE CSB) Ac billed Lith Zero Che. , the seri ing), and Tra mast Siguipeant bi (mse) Ts rejected , ms Loft legion stv use BQ. Right Laqien| SIRE ~ Ta tea one position moves each bik te the aig ont boy one and We Least siguifiomt tat (vse) is vafected oma Tra empl MEG 1 filled with Jer: ke NR wdc Ass micw opertion slitts a Signed Binary number be He Met oC blhe viguie postion . Tu am ath mehic SWipr- lett Te multiplies & Cigued inary number bya amd In am aribhrmetic aprmaye, TE divides the number by. each CAE be Ne Left one boy one «Wee Evptg leat ciguipfico 21 AN Lett Avrimetic SWF > Ty this one porition moves each WE te te eft ont oy ont. Ve empty Least Genicot Wit (ese) js filled with Gerd amet tar most” siigent” lat (mse) is wegected ~ Game ad tae left FZ Rayer Prrthmedic CRYE tin Tas one periten Moves ie 16 ejected and the empig ryse ji tillel with Te Valve Ve previors MEG. Riguim Arithmetic Slit 3. Cire ar The circular chet civcweles the Gilk th the sequence of CAH lei te we atone bey one and the Leost signifiod te vegiste around the loth enda withow any loss oy tpvrmetion. os Ae Leh Cisculey SWAT» nee Le Cérealey SWE EK QB Righe Groby thet’ nso Rique cirenled ike LSB Compuhw Prove lette cha re Riper Peet Pssiqnmet—0 Seckion — A Explet, ctor Fred ard pleating pone repre sertafzon and Bue Stoucfives. ne ree % veal number fh computers (Cov ang Werdiare Th gene] , we can cefme o fired number type eimnply by Temgticitly Gicing fix binary pot he be at~ Some porihion of a numeral . We abill tem Sry ly adhere % wes ‘ong hei Convention whan we represen sumbers To deine a fiked print Saye conceptually - all we heed Awe two pevame ters: » wide, OF the numler repres erbation avd © binary pom qoution wits the number. Ne wilt use tte notation Pied C4, b) fer tte where Ly Aenotes the number of ING used ot % whale (tte Wit of a number) , ancl b Aenster tha petition A letinaery Pow coming from dhe Laas Siqutficnt bet Counting Avow 0), Cov enomple , Lined Avjb> Aewley a B-U breed print Tamber, fF which 3 vigil mos Wo ar Fracko nod weve fore lit patters Tob bee represen’ Areal numer Co0lO. WO, ’ ad at =| lw tlhe2tler = Qt O-F4 0-27 = Aes Floating - oink vepreset Ton Rm floating number representation Ga nimber how hie put: Ta pick part repre a Gynt Kyed poi number called mantissa Te ceed Parka Aoargnelis tee position of the decimal Cor Linerg) pow amd S Gilles fe opened. Te ten byed pode wanticse may be fraction OF ay Wwroze Plog - pried” ic always pserpreke ke wepresed” Humber Ty he follasing form: Mare Bus Structures Be Syeteng leuk had ta prelly fawn LAS fe bundved s Of Aittinelh Dimes ohere each Line ig meant fr 4 Cerlety tunchion Hae Rives Cn We — Cokegp vies fale ree sundaenel efi Ve dala bes _ adele st Liners wed Conte Lines, Fri) Apogran Yesiding Ta the menwry watt Of te comptey |_| menor oe j Discuss ako Jrstruckions cycle ama Memory veperence ond wegistey yeference ‘Inghyetions . (onsisth of 4 Sequence of inatretong. Ta room is erecuted ty Me Comprbey ey aving throgh a cycle, Aev e2d (mstruchion - Cach Tnthy chiog Cycle in tury is Sibdivided TWh a Sequence of Sub cycles or physe ¢. Tu te basic Computer each Tnstrudion cycle Consitly A] Ke brllasing plases A. Cote ay inshucke, from memory pa Decode te Pabyeton 3. Read the effective address from memory the Trashy ion hos On Trdiver’ address he Crete he Wisin Bron Up tee completion step yy, the corto] gqoes bale te cbept te fete, decode , and) eee ay net Jnstryction . this Process continues (ndofi nitely anlest HALT Ts encountered, Memory edeente asin ctiions cure these Commands ov instructions Which ave th the custom te generate A yefevence te the menory amd aprovn| La « Poqram to have an apprreach be the Commanded informsition and thot strtezs 28 fo from herve tha daly is acho Confinnatly . these Tnsty chiens are known oS Memory Reference instr uchons, Wee are sevey memory, veference imshackon which are ag follms. ANOS The AD Tashructon implements tre AND Logic opervadion on the lit Callection from the weqistey amd the memovyy Wovep that is ole feymines by te ffechiue achlres Jr resudt & thes percction Te moved back Be the vegistey ADD: Ta ADD Taatyckion addy the coment of thy Memo ood thes fs denoted by te effe deve address fb the value of te veqistew. tes, struction chorer th memory worel Aenoted Uae exe Nive adder to Te vegitte STA gt coneathe Content of Gu veqister ib the memory word tal fs Asfined by the effective adelveat Te cater ts next set bo He Commo, Brand ba dats inpt (E limked te tte bus. Pt needled onby oe waicyo - operation, BSA: stands ty Branch and sqm reburn Addo. Wese fabtryctions Cay ranch a pare of the ere 4m C lexoun «4 oubvouttue ov Qrrcedure). Whey thie matrucdio ts Perbovmed , Bsa will chore te acldlvess Qf the lustudion fiom Ge PC inh a memory Lo cal on tar fs determine by the effective oddtrecs. RYN 2 Te Branch, Unconditi onelly C@uN). Instryetion Com Send the Trttruclsy ot fs detoy mines boy be effective actress “They undershand thal the address gf be rene finshuckon be ke Perporvmed. ic held bythe PO and fe chould kt incemenled by ene La rvecéeve the adress of te nex jastrudion in the seguerve. Te the conhol jeecte to lerflemen rmaltiple jnehudiions (har an wet ned in ty Sequence ~%E Can the BON inchudlion. sz Tu mcremed Tf Zero CIS2) inthmdreon inccemey| 1 ty word dokwmined by effectin addvens. PE mo Jnevemenbe) Ger Te sere. Tus PE ic Gucremarbes Woy 4. Re negeKve velue is saved iy F Memory Word thru fe Gees ime « TE com influence tie gero value ofter getting incvemenked vepesherlty. “That , [le PC is inevemen —beA ond tee neni lnttrdron is ck¢ pped. Regi stew Reference = Tere instrutlions pertors opersTrons gn registers Yodtuy Tan memory adelress. The IR (iq-12) ts wi CasSfevewtiates» fe from memory veference’) ond Te Cis) 18 © Cobifferentintes TE from inptfouret fastructions). The vest 12 be specify vesyistew operalron rere one (1 weyistey reference Tethuction sted Lalos Seno clea SC CLA | Gn: Ree—0 Cleay Ac CLE | 1B we: Exo clear © cma | 1Gq: Rc AC Complement” Ac me | yr E| | Register ag eq, uencor) — | Tr com epeantt amy ivatyttion . fe Cpu shondd divicle TE clown jure a Set of Seguentioy operlions Tig set of epertion are Clled vic inetuctroy ba sequaitiong wajcro operons nek the condo Cignelt © erceute . 5 Contro{ siguals caved jn ta Rom a Cowaled be enecde tha jnstryctions thie Joby diveclion. these cont We micro opernEions comcerned with micro instruction thor fs Le ve Perfeme| ot any time Hep 3 fk achebress of the micye instruciion jc execeted nent (s qenerohea, 4 ke previous a Steps are wpfed until all the vnicwingtycos aryyociohd with the Tmatuclion iy Ihe cer ave execwed. The address thot jc supported t ttre cmbrol Roy oviginally from the vaicve counkur rogistey, The mice Counter veceived tis imple prom a mandi pleren thot” chops te ovbput of an addnss ROM, ¢ Carrel actrees TNCve meter, omd am addvess thet” FS Laved iy the netCackles pila oy Ke current micwinstuction. | describe abork mapping proced nag. Gide cache Mapping ica hechinique by volich “ths conten 6] Of main wemory anc brouplt- inte thu ade memory. th pallrwiug diagtam ilhshates the Mepping process. Vitwod Memary Mop Ping Secondary Sorex Kk ee Blocks eres Main Memory Processor 7 Main memory it diwaled into equod size ports Hons Calle} ab blocks o frames. Al Cache memory ic Aivicded into partitions having Game size a& thal of locks called a4 Lines > Daring cache mapping , Uock mein memory is Simply copied to the Cache amd the Uocks is hot- acta lly byorgta- from the mat, Memory Cache mapping is perbormed Wing follosing three Usferer techniques. A. Direct Mapping > Pr gerticnler Chock of main memory cam map only to a paiticuley Linn of te cache. ATMhe line number of Cache Se which a pavticaley blecle cam mA is oven bo - Gohe Line numbev = (Main Memory Mick Ades) Moduate (number of Liat a ) epamapte. Comsider Cache memory ic divided ine 'n nahber of dines, thin, bloc ei of Main memory can may Lo Line number (jy mod n) only of te ache. fae] (ees : Bock 0 line © [roa] Block 4 Line | [acca] a I} (eg | Soo Block 5 jn (5 mod n) --—_. tay Block jar Let | Block jr Cone ——— Main Mamas Dive Mooping Ln Aivek Mapping Pure fs noneed of any veplaicement aleporitam thd © becarte & math memory block cam map only toa pavtreckaw line of the ache Tus , te new incoming Yock wilt always veglace Wa emisting dock Cifong) is that poticley Gre 1s dive maT the physical adldvess is divided at Fag | Line Number| lack (cine of cet} Ce Block Number Q- Fully Aso ciahve Mapping t= in A Wlede Of maig memory cam map lo any Line of the cadre that 1s freddy available ab thet moment AWS mvkes fully ouroriatve mapping wore flexible eT Tuine | Block 2 | 7 Block | tor] Nine 4 aeneanea| 4 Block ex ; LB eve Line Block Sut bog Line m4t Block ja} Goh: e Fully As co ciobive, Mop ping ] 5 At) the Mines of cache ave freely Avetieble, ATs , vg block of moka memory cam MAP ke any line o tH cache 5 ad all te cache (ines Geen occepied , Tah oe oi te epistirg ndlee will hart te Le oeplaved. Soy Folly associakve mapring oA replacement” algerie is vrequived- 7 Replacement alyortthen suggests the Uoce te be vespaced iy all Ya code Lines are occ pie} 2 we _ veglace ment abgonnt kee FOES Atgprith) LAV At yoritoon eke iS emeleaa: ii yin ackhers is dit ded on. tock Number Blook/ | To Cine of fset— 3. K-wag Seo Dissociative Mapping : Ty Keway set ascociakve me ppirg , = ache Liner ra grenpet Ter rey where each sek conkaing & mumber ef dines 54 perhicerlar Mock ay main memory can map & only one potlieder ser y te cache J However , within We Ser, Ta memory Kocle ean wap Any cache line tler is sreety aves lable a Z the see of the Cache te bic a perticuler ack of fee woth memory cam Mop is given ley. Cache set numben” = (Main memory Block deve ss) Module Crlambr of sets jo ache) Describe obese Perpetmence ermliation factors ap CRU od DMA- Cycles Pew Trstruchkion CcoPr) ash Compnters wun eqackonously ulidisg a CPO clock} Yunning of 4 constant clock wae mr clock frequency £ Where + Clock wele = V chocte eye le te lle Eclok cycle? a t & cyclel Ve cheler DES cycle3> Tre CPU clock le depends onthe gpectfic Cru organi sy (design) Aud hardware ‘wople mentadion techas2ogy (Vis1) used . A Computer madaine (1A) instruction ic Comprised a number of elementary or micro operations lich varg iy number amd Comple nila Aepending On the {nstvuckien and the each Crd ovganigeton (design) 3A mieve ope vation is an clementarey harduiqve, atevalion im Mad com Ke performed Arig ome Crd clock cycle nis Corresponds to ome micrs -“M3ty Elion in Mio programmed Ch. 7 Rromples : vegishy epertions « Biff, Load, clear Tnevement, FLO operabo ns Ladd , Subtract, be Pus ~ % tingle machine inshychon may take me oY mere ced cycles te Complete termed | Prevage P| sw ta groyvem > aS eyeles/insthachs CY Choc vate 200 May Cobock cycle <= x10 —7 Soeands) eWhobis Te execution time fer HB Pregyaegs Isr Cpu time = Setonds _ Tathuclio Cycles ya Seconds en Presvem Tnsdudtion Cycle CPU time = Pr stonelion count CPT cloete eycte Te lecetac = [0,000,000 XAS¥L/ Clock YE = [0/000,000 XAS XS HK 19-F HONE seconds. Dicect- memos Aries: Trans for Of deka under programmed Lo is between CeU ond periphery) DD, DMA Tnterface trewatew dela jy avid ont OF menor tweogh thr mencory bus. 7 We CPU initiates the tramtier by Supplying the “ptenpsce wait) the ste Vins, address and the number Words neeled te be tremsferred amd trey presds We execute otter wires, teales, ihe ta tromshey is made | the Dua vequeslh Memory coy cles Drovgh the memory bus. =) Whey We vequet is qranhd lay the memory conkisliey DM tramshus the dats Aisedty foo Memory | Is2 Address bus Dela bus mp selec Register Seleck Rand ule Bus yoprest Bus grant Saterup a ce Oma Acknowledge 4, L/o device Block Pp fagvam i DMA Conboller. Turevpicee lich allows Tho tanger Urectty, ebwee Memory amd device ~reing cou Jur oFher tasks. COO initializes DMA Cotrtlley by senslieg memerg address Ad the Sock size Crgimter of words ) SEcT0nN-@ Wee byief notes oy fo) kate Organi ga ilib, . &n4 (a) Tsdyucdion Farmats, Computer perwm tasle om tre loerkis of instr clon prvided PL lwahdtion im Comprhey Comprises of qrougs calted bields. Ce moat common fields ave opevalion field whitch Specifies re operation Ge be Perprmed Lilee adkclitron, Haddvess Held whic Contaly ty bochion Locttion of Opeard. fe. Keyser ov memory Lectlten , Mode pela which specifies bow operand Vs fo be founded, A Inslsuctron je of varvions dength Acpendiing- vpmy He wumber ee addwesses Tk. Cobain, Guaevally ced organi shou ane Y three Capes on ta LAtis of number 4 addwees fielcls. D Sivgle Accumnlby orgenizalron » General Heck register orgeni gabon 2) Stuck organi gabon Do bast ovaani gation operation js Aone Involving QR MPecinl ~weqisder Clef qceermalatm Ly Second Om muddeple vegictens awe wed tw the Computation propose = Tn third Organization Wa worle on Stele Lasis Operatron Aue to which Tk oloes woe Contain any oddvess pield. TF is nok necessary thar OWly 9 Single Orgcnigetion jx oped a Lend vi Various Organization 1 most, whatwe see Jenevetly. One Te Gatis 4 number of addvers jratrudlon ane chousi Sed os: N) SOO acolvess jnstuctio’w: Ashok eae) Computer de wok use addvecs felt jn jrstrndtro, To evaluale a expression fist [F Converted lm yerue Polish Aotatro, Le. Fost pie Notation, Erpreaions y= (8) * Cctp) post bivet: X= ART COT # TOP mens top of Mace MIX is amy memory Le caLon Pus A “pP=4 dusk B&B Tor =8 ADD Tor= A+R kis Tor = ¢ Pustt 9 Tor=p Pp TRP= CHD Mor Tor = (c4p)4 (ATG) Por x M(xJ= Toe C2 One address Tnatryetions — “Wis We a irplied Acco murarTan register fur date manip ntelion . One operand ts Ty ACCuMulatoy amd otrer” Te ty wegishey of memory Locilion . Dunplicd ereang Aer be CPU abtady kno hat” ore operand 1s in aceymuley so Tore fs no need Se petty TE Opcode openomd aoldress [rte | Fy preston: X= (a+) ® (C+D) AC & Accummsacv MEY & any Location MU} is temporary Loctron CoAD OA Ac=MlAJ hop B Ace AcH™M (se) sTRE Mts AC L&D ¢ Ae=micJ ADD = Acp mee Ac+mMolDd) Mit + Ace ACH MET) STORE X Mode Ae Q. Tuo Aetelvess Tnedry chvons — Ts Ts common jy Commercial Compnters, tere sho adolvess cam be eta Th the fasdradtion Undike earlier Th one actdvess tnatruction thal rest par stored in acCumbtebr Were ye table cab be shred sb Ai'fferent Locellion vodthey than Fos aActuwes Lebov , tow vrequive more number og Wile wepresent adetvess. TT in opcode [ee stinstinaddtecs owe addres [ mode. Here dertinthion adelyess Com alto corbin operand Gepre Sion » = AtB)¥ (c40) Ay Rp VL resisters mC4 ts any memory byecTont Mev RA Re mal ADD =—- &1/@ RH tMCBI mov Re Ri=e ADD RD RL=R4D mMue = Ry, Re Ay= Ri # Ar Mov x, Ry Mm(xJ= 4) a) Tyree Addwess jratry dow — Weer Wee three adelress freld le Hpedtdy « weqister ov a4 wemory Lecttion. Program crated au much ghar fn ste Wk number of bib pew jrstra doy jneverte md Tan much fatter Lecanse now Tastndlt ony Conkin more juformelzon toute end micvo operation Lill be Porgeme Ta ome oc only, Source | Cource q address ae | Evpreatons X= (&+@) * CCtD) Deshinetvon opcode puareco A RL ave segisters mL is any memory Locethion nop 4,48 Rye M(AJ+m(eJ Rod Rat R= mle} + mp) me XR, Re MixJ= RI Rs Qo lp AA ressing Modes fra Lb) Boats A wLbept calion Argo rida s. WW Re differen way of specifying te Locclion of a9 operand in Tustin one called a adalreating moales (hy Implied Addversing Mocle t~ (hae def nition oy the instr Lion Ttsell Epectfs the operands rapleeitly - Tr is alee called oy tingle add ve cing mode. ay Stale AelAvessing Mode! fhe open Ts contained ok the Sep Of te skeck tity thee vesnle so obted: afer eperlen 7. pases agen aly thy Sop of the sta 3. Tmmediote Addie Sing Mede > te operand rs mee fred in Te induction enelicity , Dnrtead adeleess field , an operand field is preset tar Conkeirs the operand - | opcode, Oper aond Tmmedial< addmscing mode Ite Diver Adelessing mode :- Cha addvers bield of the Instruction conbedas the effective acldvect of tha epeand at only one reference tf memory is eq uived te fetch the operand Le is alte calted absolute crclclye sting memory D Guoliveck Aekdvessivg Mock: Te address pielf Of the In Sctry ction epecthres the actress af memory localion thal” conteuns the effective address Of Be eptrand. Two veperences bo Memory negesived 05 fetch ia. epevand optode. memory 6) Register Direct Adilvessing Mode. Ihe operand fc Contrined in a register cet. | The cackelvers biel Of the Tritry elton vefert te a CPU nigistey that Contains the operancl NP veference te memory fy reguived So fetch the Spevand. 2L Tk a rte mek — Ragicter sor J. Register Tudirect” Addestiey Meda? le adctvers freld gg He Instywdlion vefess fe 2 CPV srepister thor Contant the effectie addvecs oF to operand. Onky me weference & memory fs wmequird Se fetch a operand EA Resjster sete memacy 8) Relatie Adldvessing Mede : effect address of the operand He Obtained ry adelens, te content F prOgtam counter witty te acblvecs pawk af tas Tnatiy cLiog Ejiedie addy = Content of Program Counter + Addvess Poot A te Tratrnckion 23 ate Inete = Frosram Connter (PC) always contains tty addlvecs by We newt ingdryclion te be erected. vy fetching tr adtrecs of the Fastryctiton thee value °F prgram counter Immediately jnevenses. Bre vale Pneves ses javespe clive a wheter the jnstrnclion hes tompletely exeated or not. A. Tuoleret Aad ve sting Mode = hye cine actlvert of fue operand io obleainesl tng Gdckicg ta content ef inder ‘azicten with te acletvess Pact of ta induction, - _ Lorbeak of Dude ster + Pddlve se i a “a oh the vested Respister cel Memory (. Bete Regictey Acblre sting Mek cpeatie adds of the operand fs Obtained Sy adbig tte coment of Yegiste with, Te acdrecc port of the instruion | ae oddvess — Cente ¥ se Regi chen + Address par! of eo Wetudhen L Aab> ~Lucyemeut Addversing oe Teds addressing wmode Ws a epectot case of Reoyistew \wdivect Mole vohere Etfedive Address of the cperand= Contest eg Register 4» Athy accessing tha operand , he content of the veqistey is aubsmattcall, jnoremerted ty stp eize'd” 3 skp sie A’ daperds outta £i,¢ 9} operand aceecred = onby me veference te memory js mequaved & fetch To eromd . op code | Reuro SBoo 23020 Resictey seb Hew AS56me orevand size > 2 layin Agter fetching tie opervomd 62, the Inthudlio reqettey Rauro VAN Ge drut cally Treremented ky 2. tum updehed valve PE memery allress, Memory Rare Will be %o0t2 =2t0r . 1a. Au Dectemet- Aaldbrerting Mode Ta adclersiny wade ig ayein a gpeury Cre of Reyistey frdiveck Addoessi Mele where : 2 Eten Address tte Opernd = Goutundof Ragisted — Step Size Brer (te wetk bzerawd Will be feud i) Reatne Mulliptealion ALgan'thm ArsH|9 Booths algerithm gives a proceclure fee mu Melplying lotmary Takeqers in signed - 2! Complement representation a De ofertas ob the feck thar strings of O's Sym in be multiplier vequive no oddttion tab juste stitfing , and a string of V's inthe Wudstigliey trom we weir Ze b weigee TM wom be treated a AkF[- eM A Fur exevnple , the Leinary number 06 (lo Cty how a ting U's from AS te 21 Clees,m=1) 3 We wembor can lee veptesenke4 oR Bkyl-2>mM=24-2) = (pray. Metyne, he wubigiication Mxty gobo ik tee btigliard cnet ly Ca matipliey cone Aone as Mx24- MK2)\ Tas ta product com Ke olkethed by clitpling, Me ray wrbtiptiction M four times Lo Te Daft amd subtracting m shifted Aah once. 785 Govt all multiphicclion thems , rovoth ab gorithon requires eramivetion af the murtkipter its amd clvigting of extind pvodmer. fene on ashy (AC 4 QR) END Reooth algorithm Pur mullipiction of signed , Ft Complement number. Zn

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