Regulation: IFETCE R2023 Academic Year: 2023-2024

IFET COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(An Autonomous Institution)
Subject Name: Calculus & its Applications Subject code: 23MA1201
Year/Sem: I/I Dept: Common to all branches
Unit-1-MATRICES
Syllabus:
Characteristic Equations- Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors of a real matrix - Properties (without

Proof) - Orthogonal transformation of a symmetric Matrix to diagonal Form - Quadratic form

- Reduction of quadratic form to canonical form by orthogonal transformation - Cayley

Hamilton Theorem (Statement & Applications only) – Applications: Stretching of an elastic

Membrane. *Activity: Calculation of Matrix operations, Eigen values and Eigen vectors

using software tools.

The Eigenvalue problem is a problem of considerable theoretical interest and wide-ranging

application. For example, this problem is crucial in solving systems of equations, analysing

population growth models, and calculating powers of matrices. So, this unit primarily focuses

on finding Eigen values and Eigen vector for a given matrix.

PART – A
EIGEN VALUES AND EIGEN VECTORS

1 2
1 For what values of „c‟ the Eigenvalues of the matrix   are real and unequal,
c 4 S
real and equal, complex conjugate.

What are the Eigen values of the matrix A  3I if the Eigenvalues of the matrix
2
 1 2  U
A  are 6 and -1? Why?
 5 4 
3 1 5 
3 Find the Eigen values of A   0 1 4  . Also find the Eigen values of 3A .
 U
0 5 
 0
 a 4
4 Find the values of a and b such that matrix   has 3 and -2 its Eigen values. U
1 b

1
 Regulation: IFETCE R2023 Academic Year: 2023-2024

Find the Eigen vectors corresponding to the Eigen value 1 of the matrix A=
5
2 2 1
1 3 1 . U
 
1 2 2
 
6 Show that every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as a sum of symmetric and
A
skew-symmetric matrix

7 Show that the Eigenvalues of a null matrix are zero. A

PROPERTIES OF EIGEN VALUES AND EIGEN VECTORS

 8 6 2 
8 Two Eigen values of the matrix A=  6 7 4  are 3 and 0. What is the third
  U
 2 4 3 
 
Eigen value? What is the product of the Eigen value of A?
 7 2 0 
9 Find the Eigenvalue of a matrix  2 6 2  corresponding Eigen vector
 
 0 2 5 
  U
 4 2 4  .
T

2 0 1
 
10 If 2,3 are the Eigen values of  0 2 0  , then find the value of b.
b 0 4 U
 
2 1 2 
 
11 Find the sum and product of the Eigenvalues of the matrix  1 3 1  .
 2 1  6 U
 
1 2 3
12 Find the Eigen values of the matrix A   0 4 5  and hence find the Eigen values
 
0 0 6
  U
1
of A .
 6 2 2 
 
13 The product of two Eigenvalues of the matrix A    2 3  1 is 16. Find the
 2 1 3 
  U
third Eigen value of A.
2 2 1
14 Two Eigenvalues of the matrix A   1 3 1  are equal to 1 each. Find the Eigen
 
1 2 2 U
 
1
value of A .

2
 Regulation: IFETCE R2023 Academic Year: 2023-2024

15 Find the symmetric matrix A, whose Eigen values are 1 and 3 with corresponding
1 1 U
Eigen vectors   and   .
 1 1
 3 10 5 
16 If 2 and 3 are the eigen values of the matrix A   2 3 4  , find the
 
 3 5 7 U
 
1
eigenvalues of A .
2 1 0
 
17 Find the sum of the Eigen values of the inverse of the matrix A   0 3 4  . U
0 0 4
 
18 If the Eigen values of the matrix A of order 3 x 3 are 2, 3 and 1, then find the Eigen
U
values of adjoint of A.
19 If 2, -1, -3 are the Eigen values of the matrix A, then find the Eigen values of the
U
matrix A2  2 I .
20 If  is the Eigen values of matrix A, then prove that  2 is the Eigen value of A2 . A
21 If A and B are non-singular matrices, then prove that AB and BA will have the same
A
Eigenvalues.
22 If A is a singular matrix of order 3 and 2 & 3 are its Eigen values. Find its third
R
Eigen value.
1 3 1 
 
23 If one of the Eigen values of the matrix  2  2  6  is “2” and the matrix is
 3 1  5 U
 
singular, find the other two Eigen values.
24 Find the sum and product of the Eigenvalues of a 3 x 3 matrix A whose
U
characteristic equation  3  7 2  36  0 .
25 Prove that the square matrix A and A have same characteristic values. A

CAYLEY HAMILTON THEOREM

26 State Cayley–Hamilton theorem and find the characteristic equation of the matrix
1 2  R
A .
2 1 
1 0
27 If A    express A3 in terms of A and I using Cayley –Hamilton theorem. U
 4 5 
 2 3 1 
 
28 Show that the matrix A   3 1 3  satisfies the equation A  A  I  A  2I   0 U
  5 2  4
 

3
 Regulation: IFETCE R2023 Academic Year: 2023-2024

ORTHOGONAL TRANSFORMATION

 cos sin  0
 
29 Check whether the matrix B    sin  cos 0  is orthogonal? Justify U
 0 1 
 0
1 0
30 Can A    be diagonalized? Why? A
0 1 
 cos sin  
31 Show that the matrix P =   is orthogonal. A
  sin  cos 
32 If A and B are orthogonal matrix, then Show that AB is also orthogonal. A

REDUCTION OF QUADRATIC FORM

 0 5  1
 
33 Write down the quadratic form corresponding to the matrix A   5 1 6  U
1 6 2 
 
34 Write down the matrix of the quadratic form 2 x 2  8 z 2  4 xy  10xz  2 yz . U

35 Identify the nature, index and signature of the quadratic form 2 xy  2 yz  2 zx . A

 1 0 0 
36 Explain the nature of the quadratic form whose matrix is  0 1 0  . U
 
 0 0 2 
 
37 Write down the matrix corresponding to the quadratic form
U
x 2  y 2  z 2  2 xy  4 xz  4 yz.
Discuss the nature of the quadratic form x  y  z  2 xy  2 yz  2 xz .
2 2 2
38 U

Explain the nature of the quadratic form 2 x  2 xy  3 y .

2 2
39 A

40 When is a Q.F. said to be singular? What is its rank then? R

PART-B

EIGEN VALUES AND EIGEN VECTORS

 11  4  7  8 U
 
1 Find the Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors of A =  7  2  5  .
10  4  6 
 

4
 Regulation: IFETCE R2023 Academic Year: 2023-2024

1 2 1 8 U
 
2 Find the Eigen values and Eigenvectors of  6 1 0  .
 1 2 1 
 
 6 6 5  8 U
3 Find the Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors of 14 13 10  .
 7 6 4 
2 2 1 8 U
4  
Find the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of the matrix  1 3 1 
1 2 2
 
2 0 1 8 U
5 Find the Eigen values and Eigenvectors of the matrix A   0 2 0 
1 0 2
 

CAYLEY HAMILTON THEOREM

 1 2 0
 
6 Verify if the matrix A   2  1 0  satisfies its own characteristic equation. If so,
0 0 1 8 A
 
-2
find A .
1 0 3
 
7 Using Cayley Hamilton theorem, Find the inverse of the matrix A  2 1  1 . 8 A
1  1 1 
8 Verify Cayley–Hamilton theorem and evaluate the matrix 8 A
1 2 3
 
( A  A  18 A  39 A  2I ) and A
4 3 2 1
given the matrix A  2  1 4  .
 3 1  1
 
 3 1 1 
9 Verify Cayley Hamilton theorem for the matrix  1 5 1 & hence find its
  8 A
 1 1 3 
 
inverse.
 1 2 2 
10 Using Cayley-Hamilton theorem find A and A , if A   1 3
1 4
0  .
 8 A
 0 2 1 
 
11 Using Cayley Hamilton theorem to find A1 and the value of the matrix given by 8 A
2 1 1
A  5 A  7 A  3 A  A  5 A  8 A  2 A  I , If the matrix A   0 1 0 
8 7 6 5 4 3 2

 
1 1 2
 

5
 Regulation: IFETCE R2023 Academic Year: 2023-2024

1 4 
12 Find An using Cayley-Hamilton theorem taking A    . Hence find A3 . 8 A
2 3
 2 1 1 
13 Using Cayley-Hamilton theorem find A4 & A-1 for the matrix A   1 2 1 .
  8 A
 1 1 2 
 
 1 1 1 
14 Show that the matrix  0 1 0  satisfies its own characteristic equation. Also
  8 A
 2 0 3
 
find its inverse.
DIAGONALISATION

 2 1 1 
15 Diagonalize the matrix A   1 1 2  by means of orthogonal transformation.
  8 A
 1 2 1 
 
2 0 1
 
16 Diagonalize the matrix A   0 3 0  8 S
1 0 2
 
 3 1 1 
 
17 Reduce the matrix  1 5 1 to diagonal form. 8 S
 1 1 3 
 
REDUCTION OF QUADRATIC FORM

Reduce the quadratic form 2 x  5 y  3z  4 xy into canonical form by 16 S

2 2 2
18
orthogonal reduction and state its nature.
Reduce the quadratic form x1  2 x2  x3  2 x1 x2  2 x2 x3 to the canonical form 16 S
2 2 2
19
through an orthogonal transformation and hence show that is positive semi definite.
Also given a non-zero set of values ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) which makes this quadratic form
zero.
20 Reduce the quadratic form 2 x1 x2  2 x1 x3  2 x2 x3 into canonical form. Find the 16 S
nature, rank, index and signature of the quadratic form.

21 Reduce the quadratic form 3x12  2x22  3x32  2x1 x 2 2x2 x 3 to canonical form by 16 S
means of an orthogonal transformation. Hence find the rank, index, signature and
nature of the quadratic form.
Reduce the quadratic form x  y  z  2 xy  2 yz  2 zx to canonical form 16 S
2 2 2
22
through an orthogonal transformation.

6
 Regulation: IFETCE R2023 Academic Year: 2023-2024

Reduce the quadratic form 8 x  7 y  3z  12 xy  8 yz  4 xz to the canonical 16 S

2 2 2
23
form through an orthogonal transformation. Hence find the following:
(i)Nature of the quadratic form
(ii)Rank, index and signature of the quadratic form, and
(iii)A set of non-zero values x, y, z which will make the quadratic form zero.
24 The eigenvectors of a 3x3 real symmetric matrix corresponding to the eigenvalues 2, 8 A
3, 6 are (1,0, -1) T, (1,1,1) T, (-1,2, -1) T respectively, find the matrix A.
APPLICATIONS: STRETCHING OF AN ELASTIC MEMBRANE

An elastic membrane in the x1x2- plane with boundary circles x12  x 2 2  1 is

stretched so that a point P : (x1 , x 2 ) goes over into the point Q : (y1 , y 2 ) is given by
y   5 3   x1 
25 y   1   Ax      ; in components y1  5x1  3x 2 ; y 2  3x1  5x 2 16 A
 y2   3 5  x2 
Find the principal directions, that is the direction of the position vector x of P for
which the direction of the position vector y of Q is the same or exactly opposite.
What shape does the boundary circle take under this deformation?