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EN ISO 52016-1: The New International Standard To Calculate Building Energy Needs for
Heating And Cooling, Internal Temperatures And Heating And Cooling Load

Dick van Dijk1

1
EPB-research – Dick van Dijk, Delft, The Netherlands

This paper focusses mainly on the rationale behind and

Abstract
the wide applicability of the hourly calculation method
The set of Energy Performance of Buildings (EPB) of ISO 52016-1 and how this relates to dynamic building
standards has been published in 2017. One of the key simulation tools.
EPB standards is (EN) ISO 52016-1, to calculate the
energy needs for heating and cooling, internal The set of EPB standards
temperatures and sensible and latent heat loads. This The set of standards and accompanying technical reports
standard replaces (EN) ISO 13790:2008. Like its on the energy performance of buildings (set of EPB
predecessor, ISO 52016-1 contains both a monthly and standards) have been prepared (2011 – 2016) under a
hourly method, but the hourly method in ISO 52016-1 is mandate, given to CEN by the European Commission
more advanced and better suited to deal with dynamic and the European Free Trade Association, to support the
effects. Additional standardization work has been EPBD (Mandate M/480, 2010).
initiated to further increase the applicability: (1) to Figure 1 shows a simplified flow chart of the main
include the effect of adaptive façade elements and (2) to modules or elements in the assessment of the energy
introduce specific criteria and validation procedures for performance of buildings. Each of these modules is
alternative calculation procedures. covered by one or more EPB standards.
Introduction A complete overview of all EPB standards is given at the
The set of Energy Performance of Buildings (EPB) EPB Center website (www.epb.center, EPB Center,
standards has been published in summer 2017. This set 2019). More background information can also be found
enables to assess the overall energy performance of a in recent articles, e.g. in the REHVA Journal (Hogeling,
building. A number of key EPB standards are available 2016a and 2016b, 2017 and van Dijk and Hogeling,
at global level (the (EN) ISO 52000 family of standards), 2019).
while others are for this moment only available at Holistic approach: instrument for policy
European level (CEN standard: EN xxxx).
targets and driver for innovation
(EN) ISO 52016-1 (International Organization for
In the past, energy performance requirements were set at
Standardization, 2017), accompanied by the technical
component level – minimum thermal insulation levels
report (CEN) ISO/TR ISO 52016-2 (International
and minimum efficiencies of products. However,
Organization for Standardization, 2017)1, is one of the
nowadays this would lead to sub-optimal solutions and
key standards of the ISO 52000 family. ISO 52016-1
create a barrier to the necessary technology transitions.
provides the method to calculate the energy needs for
heating and cooling, internal temperatures and sensible The set of EPB standards is based on the holistic or
and latent heat loads. It replaces the renowned and systemic approach: the assessment of the overall energy
widely used ISO 13790 (International Organization for performance of a building. This implies that all types of
Standardization, 2008). Like its predecessor, ISO 52016- building related energy uses (heating, lighting, cooling,
1 contains both a monthly and hourly method. The air conditioning, ventilation) and outdoor climatic and
hourly method in ISO 52016-1 is more advanced than local conditions, as well as indoor climate requirements
the simplified hourly method in ISO 13790 and better are considered, including the sometimes complex and
suited to deal with dynamic interactions between dynamic interactions between these various aspects.
building components and system elements. At the same This also implies that any combination of technologies
time, it has been tailored in such a way that it remains can be used to reach the intended overall energy
fully transparent and requires no extra input data performance level, at the lowest cost. Due to this
compared to the monthly method. 'competition' between different technologies, the holistic
approach is a key driver for technological innovation and
change.
1 Of course, to benefit optimally from the holistic
From here on, the addition “EN” and “CEN” will be
approach the EPB standards have to be able to cope
omitted when referring to EN ISO standards or CEN ISO
adequately with innovative techniques. In this respect,
technical reports.

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Proceedings of the 16th IBPSA Conference 4061
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the main distinction is between hourly and monthly So ISO 52016-1 is one of these key EPB standards. In
calculation time intervals. This is explained in more fact, the backbone of the holistic calculation is formed
detail further on. by ISO 52000-1 and ISO 52016-1, with input from the
product-related standards and in interaction with the
Weighted overall system standards.
Overall EP
(primary) EP, share indicators Hourly and monthly calculation procedures
of renewables, … and rating The overarching EPB standard ISO 52000-1
ISO 52000-1 ISO 52003-1
The overarching EPB standard ISO 52000-1
(International Organization for Standardization, 2017)
Heating, ventilation, lists different options for the time interval for the
cooling, DHW & lighting calculation of the energy performance: hourly, monthly,
systems EP seasonal, yearly and bin. The choice can be made at
indicators national level. In most countries a choice is made
th. energy between monthly and hourly calculation procedures.
Energy needs heating & balance
cooling Balanced accuracy
and
and indoor temperatures fabric For use in the context of building regulations it is
essential that the procedures to calculate the energy
ISO 52016-1 ISO 52018-1 performance of a building are not only accurate, but also
robust (applicable to a wide range of cases). It is also
Building elements (thermal, solar) essential that they are reproducible (unambiguous) as
well as transparent and verifiable (e.g. for municipalities,
to check compliance with national or regional minimum
Building automation and control energy performance requirements) and
applicable/affordable (e.g. for inspectors, assessing the
Climatic data for energy calculations energy performance assessment of an existing building).
ISO 52010-1 The accuracy of the model should always be in
proportion with the limitations and uncertainties in
(Standard) conditions of use available input data and with the required robustness and
reproducibility of the method. But at the same time the
Building and space categorization calculation should provide a sufficient and realistic
appreciation of the wide variety of available energy
ISO 52000-1 saving technologies: a balanced accuracy.
Common terms, definitions, symbols The importance of keeping a balance between accuracy
and quality of input was introduced more than a decade
ISO 52000-1 ago by Bart Poel (e.g.: Poel, 2007). He proved that, for a
specific application, the most accurate, complete and
Figure 1: Flow chart of the set of EPB standards with
state of the art method is not necessarily the most
position of the five key EPB standards (in bold).
appropriate method. This is in particular true for
The five key standards mentioned in EPBD calculations in the context of building regulations, and is
The revised European Energy Performance of Buildings very strongly true for existing buildings.
Directive (EPBD, 2018), mentions explicitly five key (in Low energy use: strong dynamic effects
EPBD called: ‘overarching’) standards of the EPB set: Still keeping a balanced accuracy in mind, many
ISO 52000-1, 52003-1, 52010-1, 52016-1 and 52018-1. technologies, in particular for low energy buildings
The EU member states are obliged to take these aiming to meet today’s energy performance
standards into account in their reports to the European requirements, are strongly and dynamically interacting
Commission. with the hourly and daily variations in weather and
Figure 1 (roughly) shows which elements are covered by operation (solar blinds, thermostats, needs, occupation,
these standards (bold and numbered). These five key accumulation, mechanical ventilation, night time -free
EPB standards have in common that each of them cooling- ventilation, weekend operation, heat pump,
describes an important step in the assessment of the solar panels, etc.). This has a strong effect on the
energy performance of building. It is very fortunate that calculated energy performance.
these five EPB standards are also available as ISO In the past, the dynamic effects had less prominent
standards, which creates a strong basis for the roll-out of effects, but in low energy buildings these effects can
the other (CEN) EPB standards at worldwide level as become very large (van Dijk, 2018). This strongly
well. Harmonization of EPB assessment methodologies influences the pro’s and con’s of the monthly versus
at global level will strengthen innovation on EPB hourly calculation method.
solutions and products.

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Monthly vs hourly method in ISO 52016-1 opens the possibility to deal with adaptive building
elements.
ISO 52016-1:2017: successor of ISO 13790:2008
Of all EPB standards, the choice between hourly or
monthly calculation procedures is most prominently
Window 1
visible in the calculation of the energy needs for heating
and cooling and indoor temperatures: ISO 52016-1. Mean,
Window … lumped
Monthly method in ISO 52016-1
The monthly calculation method in ISO 52016-1:2017

Calculation
has not been fundamentally changed compared to it’s Roof
predecessor ISO 13790:2008. It contains correction or
correlation factors to account, in a kind of statistical
way, for the dynamic effects that are mentioned above. Wall 1
These factors are usually pre-calculated, based on a large
series of building simulations with e.g. variations of Wall .. Mean,
daily weather, conditions of use and building design. lumped
However, for low energy buildings and buildings with Ground
dynamically (inter-)acting technologies, the monthly floor
method is no longer the simple transparent method that it
used to be. Due to the necessity to introduce an Thermal
Input, per building element:
increasing number of correction factors, the original - Thermal properties zone
transparency and robustness of the monthly method has - Solar properties
been lost. Moreover, a serious weakness of the monthly - Thermal capacity
method is that the calculation of the monthly heating and
cooling needs are done separately, without interaction.
Figure 2. Illustration of simplified hourly method in
Hourly method in ISO 52016-1 ISO 13790:2008
An hourly calculation method does not need the series of
correction factors that the monthly method requires. It
can directly calculate the effect of dynamic interactions. Window 1
But the challenge for an hourly method is to avoid the
need for too many input data from the user. As Window …
mentioned above (‘Balanced accuracy’), more input data
would introduce more uncertainties that could easily lead

Calculation
to a loss of overall accuracy, or lead to significantly Roof
higher EP assessment costs.
With this in mind, the hourly calculation method in Wall 1
ISO 52016-1 has been improved drastically compared to
its predecessor (ISO 13790:2008), in two ways:
Wall ..
First: ISO 13790:2008 contained a very simple,
aggregated (few lumped parameter nodes) model in
which all building elements enclosing a thermal zone Ground
(except windows) were aggregated to a single overall floor
thermal transmittance, including such different elements Thermal
as roofs, walls and ground floor (see Figure 3). This is Input, per building element:
- Thermal properties zone
actually a loss of already available information (input
data such as the U-value, size, orientation and mass of - Solar properties
each building element) and leads –consequently- to - Thermal capacity
problems in e.g. the estimation of the effects of thermal
mass and the effects of solar irradiation. The only Figure 3. Illustration of improved hourly method in
advantage of the lumped parameter model was the ISO 52016-1:2017
shorter calculation time, which –of course- is now less Of course, this is nothing different from conventional
relevant than 10 years ago. building simulation models (Loonen, 2017). The novelty
In contrast to this, ISO 52016-1 contains a full dynamic is, that the details of this hourly method in ISO 52016-1
method, in which the U-value, size, orientation and mass have been tailored to the goal: they are spelled out
of each building element are used directly, without unambiguously and transparent and, equally important:
aggregation (see Figure 3). Because each construction Second: One of the main accomplishments of this new
element is modelled separately, ISO 52016-1 is much hourly method is that it does not require extra input
more powerful and transparent than ISO 13790 and it compared to the monthly calculation method.
resembles building simulation tools more closely. It also

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Hourly data, conditions: Link with ISO 52010-1 for the conversion of solar
- Weather irradiation
- Temperature and One of the additional causes for the kind of “noise”
ventilation settings mentioned above is the calculated solar irradiation at
- Internal heat sources vertical and tilted planes, derived from the measured
-… solar irradiation at horizontal plane. This is an important
Hourly calculation input for the calculation of energy needs and indoor
method temperatures, especially in case of low energy buildings.
Input data with model tailored to
(same for avoid excessive input The main internationally available building simulation
monthly and data tools use quite similar but yet different algorithms for
hourly this conversion. In the so called BESTEST cases
method): Monthly calculation (ANSI/ASHRAE, 2014) this is one of the causes for
method discrepancies between building simulation tools in the
With national calculation cases on the energy needs for heating and
Aggregation correlation factors to cooling and indoor temperatures (see Table 1). With the
to monthly deal with dynamic introduction of ISO 52010-1 (International Organization
data effects for Standardization, 2017) this conversion of the solar
irradiation to tilted and vertical planes has now been
harmonized which eliminates this part of the noise. This
Output (hourly method) Output (monthly is explained in more detail in 7.2.1 of ISO/TR 52016-2
- Energy needs for (sensible method) (International Organization for Standardization, 2017).
and latent) heating and - Monthly energy Why is “bin” not an option in ISO 52016-1?
cooling needs for "Bin" refers to a statistical method, where, as step 1, for
- Hourly heating and (sensible and one or more boundary conditions, the frequency of
cooling load latent) heating occurrence of a specific value (within a given
- Hourly internal and cooling bandwidth) is counted over the year, using a specific
temperatures short time interval (the "bins"). For example: the hourly
values of the outdoor air temperature within a bandwidth
of one or a few degrees. The result can be compared
with a bar chart of the number of hours in a year with a
Extra output: given outdoor temperature.
- Monthly key characteristics As step 2, the calculation of the energy or thermal
As basis for generating performance is done bin by bin, for each boundary
correlation factors for monthly condition. And finally, as step 3, the result is summed
method over all bins, each multiplied by the frequency of the
respective bin.
This method is especially of value for calculations of
Figure 4. ISO 52016-1: links between the hourly and the technologies where the influence of the variation of a
monthly method provided in this standard driving force is significant and -consequently- averaging
Hourly method in ISO 52016-1 to derive monthly is not acceptable (e.g. the outdoor temperature for air-to-
correlation factors water heat pumps).
The hourly and the monthly method in ISO 52016-1 are The limitation of the bin method is that there is no
closely linked: they have been developed side by side 'memory' between the bins. In case of energy storage
and they use, all together, the same input data and systems or in case of heat accumulation in building
assumptions. Consequently, the hourly method is also elements, a bin does not know how much heat was
very well suited for the derivation or validation of the accumulated or released during the previous time
correction and correlation factors of the monthly interval, because the bins are not sequential in time in
method. For instance, by carrying out a large number of contrast with the calculation using a sequence of (e.g.
hourly calculation runs for a specific range of building hourly) time intervals.
categories, with a variety of building types and designs. This limitation is the reason why a bin method is not an
This is illustrated by the flow chart in Figure 4. option for the calculation of the energy needs for heating
Normally, another dynamic simulation tool is needed for and cooling in a building: the heat accumulation in the
such purpose; with the consequence that differences in building mass typically stretches over several days.
assumed conditions and differences in model approaches What about building simulation tools?
lead to significant noise in the derivation/validation of
the correction or correlation factors. By using the hourly For application in the context of building regulations
and the monthly method both from ISO 52016-1 this (energy label, minimum energy performance
noise is eliminated. requirements), a calculation method has to be realistic,

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sufficiently sensitive (=discriminating between Design heating and cooling load in

technologies with different performance) and fair (level ISO 52016-1
playing field). But also: affordable, reliable, verifiable
and robust (to be trusted blindly for a wide variety of ISO 52016-1 includes specific details and boundary
cases, reproducible and unambiguous). conditions for the calculation of the design heating and
cooling load, including latent heat load, as a basis for the
A detailed dynamic simulation tool introduces many dimensioning of equipment for cooling and
choices, details and complexities that go beyond what is dehumidification, on zone level or on central level. It
needed to assess the energy performance of a building in specifies also the methods and conditions for the
the context of building regulations, thus requiring extra calculation of the humidification load. The main idea is
input data (including detailed boundary conditions) that that there is only one method needed for load and energy
are not available or –if available- not verifiable, calculations for heating and cooling in case of an hourly
maintainable or comparable (level playing field!). calculation interval.
Initiative to open up ISO 52016-1 System specific calculation of the energy
Within ISO and CEN, initiatives are taken to explore the needs for heating and cooling
possibilities to open up the hourly calculation method of
ISO 52016-1 by allowing, to a certain extent, alternative In addition to the calculation of the basic energy loads
calculation methods, while maintaining unambiguity, and needs, the effect of specific system properties can be
transparency, robustness, verifiability, affordability and taken into account in ISO 52016-1. This leads to system-
reproducibility and a level playing field for different specific energy loads and needs. It concerns e.g.: (1)
products and technologies. The main challenge is to find undersized heating or cooling power (hourly method
a good balance between opening up the calculation only); (2) recoverable system heat losses (dissipated
procedures, while maintaining the existing quality heat: effect on the energy balance); (3) adjustment of the
aspects mentioned above. This requires, without re- temperature set-points (value and time-schedule) due to
inventing the wheel (e.g. ANSI/ASHRAE, 2014), the imperfect system control, and (4) limitation of the
specification of carefully designed or selected test cases heating or cooling season for the calculation defined by
with reference results and acceptance criteria. the operation time of the respective technical systems.
And the other way around: in case of the hourly method,
ISO 52016-1 versus ISO 52017-1 the hourly output of the calculation is important input for
ISO 52017-1 contains a generic (reference) hourly system standards, to assess the performance of the
calculation method for (a thermal zone in) a building. It technical systems and their components as a function of
is called generic as it describes the physical process the heating and cooling load and indoor environment
(energy balance) without specific assumptions, boundary temperature.
conditions, simplifications or solution techniques.
Built in options to tailor the EPB standards
ISO 52017-1 is based on and, together with ISO 52016-
1, it replaces ISO 13791 and ISO 13792 (International
to the national situation
Organization for Standardization, 2012). The main The set of EPB standards offers an internationally agreed
changes compared to ISO 13791 are: set of methods to assess the energy performance of
buildings in a harmonized, modular and transparent way.
(1) The energy needs for heating and cooling are added
At the same time, the individual countries can tailor the
to the energy balance equations. This significantly
standards to their national building regulations, building
increases the application range. is left up to the
tradition, technology infrastructure and climate. They
application standards like ISO 52016-1.
thus combine the benefits of an internationally
(2) The validation cases have been omitted. Validation harmonized approach with specific national or regional
requires specification of test cases, a variety of features. This is also the case for ISO 52016-1. More
assumptions & simplifications and input data and details can be found in van Dijk (2017) and van Dijk and
specification of the range of validity and accuracy. This Hogeling (2019).
makes more sense when the specific application is
known. Ergo: to keep a clear distinction between the Validation of ISO 52016-1 against
generic method and a specific application, verification BESTEST cases
and validation cases have been moved to ISO 52016-1. The hourly calculation procedures on the thermal zone
ISO 52016-1 replaces ISO 13790:2008. The hourly level have been validated by using relevant cases from
calculation method in ISO 52016-1 is a specific the so called BESTEST series. The BESTEST cases are
application of the generic method provided in well established since decades (several IEA ECBCS
ISO 52017-1. ISO 52016-1 further contains specific annexes and IEA SHC tasks), widely used worldwide,
boundary conditions, specific simplifications and input well described (in particular in ANSI/ASHRAE, 2014)
data, for each of the applications that are within its and regularly extended with additional cases.
scope. The limitation of the BESTEST series is that there is no
single reference "true" result and no acceptance criteria.
The hourly calculation procedures in ISO 52016-1 are

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fully described ('prescribed'). This means that the results The technical report ISO/TR ISO 52016-2 provides
of the test cases should be the same for all users, if the background information, explanation (including
same input data and boundary conditions are used. The examples) and justification (including more validation
test cases enable a verification of software tools based on cases). For example: comparison of peak hourly heating
this standard. load against the "reference" programs for Case 940
Of course, even without a reference (“true”) result, it is (heavy weight, night set back) is the only result that
interesting to compare the results with the results shows a significant discrepancy: ISO 52016 1, 8 kW,
available from the renowned software tools. Some with the reference programs between 4,0 kW and 6,4
results are presented below. kW. Note that in ISO 52016 1 the operative temperature
is used for the set-point. This requires much more power
The same BESTEST cases are also used for the
than only heating the air. Heating up only the air
validation of the procedures in ISO 52010-1, to calculate
temperature to the set point and disregarding a low mean
the distribution of solar radiation on a non-horizontal
radiative temperature does not lead to the thermal
plane based on measured hourly solar radiation data on a
comfort that is expected by the occupants and expected
horizontal surface. These results have been presented in
as standard conditions for the calculation of the system
Plokker and van Dijk (2016). The results of that
design capacity. The peak hourly cooling load does not
calculation, the hourly irradiation at vertical planes of
show a significant discrepancy, so it is especially for the
different orientation, are input for the validation tests of
fast heating up after night set back (in the given cold
ISO 52016-1. The following cases were selected:
climate!) that this phenomenon occurs.
Table 1. The selected BESTEST cases
Case Continuous Intermittent No heating Case 600, heating (MWh/an)
identifier heating and heating and and cooling
cooling cooling (free float) 6,0
5,0
Lightweight 600 640 600FF 4,0
construction
3,0
Heavyweight 900 940 900FF 2,0
construction 1,0
Note that the selected BESTEST test cases do not 0,0
include for instance:
- Ground floor heat transfer coupled to ground.
- Thermal coupling between two or more zones.
- The effect of thermal bridges.
- Sunspace or other thermally unconditioned spaces.
Case 600, cooling (MWh/an)
- Solar shading by external obstacles (distant, remote
or from own building elements). 10,0
8,0
- Complex control patterns (e.g. weekend interruption 6,0
of mechanical ventilation and/or heating and cooling 4,0
and/or solar shading, etc.; night time ventilation as free 2,0
0,0
cooling, heat recovery by pass, …)
The ground floor heat transfer has been validated
separately, as described in ISO/TR 52019-2
(International Organization for Standardization, 2017).
In the selected BESTEST cases the heat transfer is
decoupled from the ground. The other features may be
tested analytically or require dynamic links with system
Case 600, peak heating load (kW)
related calculation standards. 5,0
The composite Figure 5 provides the main results of the 4,0
Case 600 and 600FF. Note that the climate is Denver 3,0
2,0
(Col., USA), with quite cold but sunny winter and warm 1,0
and sunny summer. 0,0
It also has to be taken into consideration that not each
software program who's results are available for the
comparison use nowadays state-of-the-art algorithms (in
that sense these are not reference results). This is
because these base cases of the BESTEST series were
created and tested many years ago.

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Accompanying spreadsheet
Case 600, peak cooling load (kW)
A detailed spreadsheet was produced on ISO 52016-1 in
8,0 parallel with the standard, to test and demonstrate both
6,0 the hourly and the monthly calculation method. With this
4,0 spreadsheet the hourly and monthly method can be
compared directly in the same run. This spreadsheet was
2,0
also used for the validation cases shown above. A draft
0,0 of the spreadsheet is publicly available since May 2015,
based on the draft standard (www.EPB.center). An
update will become available around May 2019.
Adaptive facade elements
Case 600FF, min.indoor temp. As shown by Loonen (2017), performance prediction of
(°C) adaptive facades can be a challenging task and the
information on this topic is scarce and fragmented.
-20,0
A new (EN) ISO standard is in preparation (2018-2020)
-15,0 that builds on ISO 52016-1, but adds the extra elements
in the calculation that are needed in case adaptive
-10,0 building envelope elements are involved. The advantage
of using ISO 52016-1 is that it is fully dynamic but
-5,0 relatively simple and fully transparent.
This facilitates linking the thermo-physical model of the
0,0 adaptive façade elements to the hourly model of
ISO 52016-1. This also makes the translation
straightforward, from the physical control parameters
Case 600FF, max.indoor temp. (climate boundary conditions, material or zone states,
(°C) occupant preference or even HVAC, BMS interaction) to
100 the parameters in the ISO 52016-1 model.
On the other hand, because lighting and ventilation are
50 covered in separate EPB standards, it will cost extra
efforts to ensure that these aspects are correctly
0 integrated in the calculations.
However, the main challenge will be to reach agreement
on specific default control strategies. Without common
assumptions on the control strategy there is no level
40 playing field for the comparison of the predicted energy
Ref.1 performance of products. For this new standard it is
envisaged, starting with the most representative
30 Ref.2 categories of adaptive façade technologies, to develop
specific default control strategies at 3 or 4 successive
Ref.3 levels of complexity.
20
Conclusion
Ref.4
The set of EPB standards has been published in 2017.
10
Ref.5 One of the key EPB standards is (EN) ISO 52016-1, the
successor of ISO 13790:2008. This paper focussed
0 Ref.6 mainly on the rationale behind and the wide applicability
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 of the hourly calculation method of ISO 52016-1 and
Ref.7 how this relates to dynamic building simulation tools.
-10 ISO 52016-1 offers the robustness, transparency and
Case 600FF, hourly Ref.8 reproducibility that is required for EPB calculations in
pattern free float the context of building regulations.
-20 temperature during a Ref.9 The hourly method in ISO 52016-1 paved the ground for
winter day (°C)
additional standardization work: (1) to add extra
-30 ISO 52016-1 elements in the calculation that are needed in case
adaptive building envelope elements are involved and
Figure 5. BESTESTS: Main results for Case 600 and
(2) to set up specific validation cases that enable
600FF, ISO 52016-1 compared with the available 9
alternative methods for specific calculation elements in
reference tools

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ISO 52016-1. These new developments will further EPB assessment – Part 1: General framework and
increase the applicability of the set of EPB standards. procedures ([EN] ISO 52000-1).
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Proceedings of the 16th IBPSA Conference 4068
Rome, Italy, Sept. 2-4, 2019