https://www.google.

com

https://tourismnotes.com

https://legalstudymaterial.com

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_India

Development of tourism in India

Travel and Tourism are as old as mankind
on earth. Man at beginning of his
existence roamed about the surface of the
earth in search of food, shelter, security
and better habitat. However, in course of
time, such movements were transformed
into wanderlust.

During Hindu and Chinese civilization a

movement of religion, education and
culture began. Christian missionaries,
Buddhist monks and other traveled far
and wide carrying religious messages and
returned with fantastic images and
opinions about alien people.

In ancient time people travel for the

religious purpose in India. There are many
proofs that tell that people travel for Char
Dham Yatra in ancient time. Development
of Indian tourism starts into the 19th
century when Sir John Sargent committee
was set up in 1945 for promotion and
development of tourism in India.

After that, the Indian government took

many various incentives for the
development of Indian tourism through
tourism policies, economic reforms.
Various committees were created for
tourism development and separately
dedicated ministries and tourism
organizations established.

Various tourism policies, plans, and

committees were created by the Indian
government for the development of
Indian Tourism. These policies or plans
were headed by the Ministry of Tourism.
Ministry of Tourism (MOT) is a nodal
agency for the formulation of national
tourism policies and programmes related
to tourism.

Some major initiatives taken by the Indian

government for development and
promotion of Indian tourism are following
as:
Economic Reforms

The government of India has taken many

economic reforms for the development
and promotion of Indian tourism. Since,
1952 when India was adopted policy of
development through planning, in 1952,
when the first five-year plan was created.

There are a number of economic reforms

has been taken from time to time for
development of Indian tourism and Indian
economy like i.e. rising of disposable
income, middle-class family, Dual couple
model, LTCC (Leave Travel Concession),
Paid holidays etc.
Five Year Plans

Indian government allocates funds for the

development and promotion of Indian
tourism in these plans. India government
introduce a total eleven five years plans.
Tourism got a status of an industry in the
seventh five-year plan, and 68 crore funds
were allocated.

The highest fund was allocated for

tourism into the eleventh five-year plan, a
total sum of 9290 crores for development
of Indian tourism at domestic as well as
international level.

First Tourism Policy

In November 1982, a tourism policy was
formulated and presented to the
parliament of India. The objective of the
policy was to develop tourism, helps to
preserve Indian heritage and culture and
projecting the same to the world.

Another objective of this tourism policy

was to bring socio-economic benefits in
terms of employment, income generation,
revenue generation, and foreign
exchange.

National Action Plan

In 1992, a national action plan was
announced. It was regarded as an
emerging action plan to set things right in
some key areas. The objectives of this
action plan were to improve the tourism
infrastructure, restructuring, and
strengthening of the institutions for the
development of human resources.

National Tourism Policy 2002

For the first time in the history of tourism
development in India, the national
tourism policy was announced in 2002. It
is highlighted that a tourist should feel
satisfied and return with unforgettable
experiences.

The concept of hospitality included 7s of

tourism in this policy. These are following
as:
Welcome
Safety
Co-operation
Facilitation
Infrastructure Development
Information
Cleanliness
Incredible India Campaign
Incredible India campaign is a marketing
campaign for Indian tourism to promote
at the international level. Incredible India
title was officially branded and promoted
by Amitabh Kant in 2002. The main motto
of this campaign is to promote India as a
world-class tourism destination in the
world tourism market.
Many campaigns were held under
Incredible India campaign into developing
country such as USA or UK. Indian tourism
Ministry showcases Indian tourism beauty
and its potential into the world tourism
market to create awareness about Indian
tourism destination or to attract
international tourist.

Department of Tourism (DOT)

On March 1, 1958, a separate department
of tourism was created in place of a
tourist traffic branch under the Ministry of
Transport and Communications. It was
headed by a director general in the rank of
a joint secretary to the Govt. of India.
L.K Jha Committee
This committee was prompted by Indian
Government in March 1963 under the
chairmanship of Mr. L.K. Jha. This
committee made several
recommendations to improve tourism
inflow into India. This committee gives
some important suggestion and
recommendation to the Indian
government for development and
improvement of Indian tourism at
domestic as well as international level.

Indian Tourism Development Corporation

(ITDC)
The India Tourism Development
Corporation (ITDC) was established under
the MOT (Ministry of Tourism) in October
1966. ITDC has been responsible for
building tourism infrastructure,
promotion, and expansion in the country.

With the annual turnover of Rupees 500

crore, ITDC works for developing tourism
infrastructure and promoting India as a
tourist destination. It is a full government
owned and managed the corporation.

Tourism Finance Corporation of India Ltd.

(TFCI)
Tourism Finance Corporation of India was
set up a specialized all India Financial
Institution to meet the financing or
funding requirement of tourism and hotel
industry. TFCI was incorporated as a
public limited company under the
company act 1956, on 27th January 1989.
The operational activities were started on
1st February 1989.

Travel Agent Association of India (TAAI)

The Travel Agent Association of India is an
apex body and it is the oldest association
in India. It was established in the year
1951. The prime objective of TAAI is
threefold. These are following as:

To safeguard the interests of players in

the tourism industry.
To protect the rights of travelers.
To promote orderly growth and
development of the tourism industry.
As for as India is concerned, the
International tourist traffic has been
growing at a rate of 8 percent during the
last year. The Inbound visitors 2.28, 2.37,
2.36 and 2.51, 2.8 million in the year of
1996, 1997, 1998, 1999 and 2003
respectively. Tourism has created direct
employment of about 9.8 million in 1997-
98. It accounted for about 2.4% of the
total labor force.

The Ninth Plan Working Group Report of

the Planning Commission has forecasted
5.95 million arrivals in 2001 and US$ 8%
billion foreign exchange earnings by 2001.
Further, the world tourism and travel
council estimated that tourism will
contribute Rs. 5,00,000 crores to the GDP,
create 8 million new jobs, Rs. 1,30,000
crores in capital investments and Rs.
1,60,000 crores in export earning to the
Indian economy.
Further, WTTC’s third satellite accounting
research (SAR) Forecasts 7.4 percent real
growth of Indian tourism. The World
Tourism Organization (WTO) estimated
that 5.08 million tourists visit in India in
2010 and 8.90 million in 2020.

Internation tourism trends in India are

following as:

India receives 15.68% of inbound tourism

from Bangladesh, 14.73% from the United
States, 10.70% from the United Kingdom.
These three are the top three countries
from which India receive most of the
Inbound tourists. The details of the top 10
source country for inbound tourism in
India are following as:

Tamil Nadu attracts 19.1 %, Maharashtra

18.9 %, Uttar Pradesh 12.8% of the total
inbound tourism of India. These are the
top 3 states of India in the number of
foreign tourist visits. The share of top 10
states/UTs of India in the number of
foreign tourist visits are following as:
Foreign exchange earning from inbound
tourism of India is increasing year after
year. It was 3460 million US$ in 2000 and
13230 million US$ in 2017. Foreign
exchange increase at the rate of 22.3%
from 2000 to the present date. Foreign
exchange earnings from tourism in India
from 2000 to 2017 are following as:

The Indian government is developing a

world-class infrastructure to attract
foreign tourist as well as domestic
tourists. Ministry of tourism operates
many marketing campaigns for promotion
of Indian tourism among foreign tourists.
Wildlife plays a vital role in maintaining
the balance of our ecosystem. It serves
various purposes ranging from protecting
our biological diversities to maintaining
our cultural ethos. Wildlife is
indispensable for striking a crucial balance
that enables us to live and grow. However,
with growing modernization and
globalization, we are facing a climate crisis
and our wildlife in India is decreasing day
by day. Now, we are learning about
wildlife conservation in India and the
Importance of Wildlife Conservation. The
government has done the wildlife
conservation efforts in India. In this
article, we will explore the meaning of
wildlife conservation, the importance of
wildlife conservation and the projects
initiated by the government.
Table of Contents
What is wildlife?
Introduction of wildlife conservation
Wildlife Conservation Meaning
Types of Wildlife Conservation in India
Legal Provisions for wildlife Conservation
Efforts in India
Importance of Wildlife Conservation
Wildlife Conservation Efforts in India
Wildlife Conservation Projects in India
Threats to wildlife conservation efforts In
India
Methods of Wildlife Conservation
Wildlife conservation FAQ
Conclusion of wildlife conservation in
India
What is wildlife?
As the term “wildlife” itself suggests, it
means undomesticated or grown in the
wild. In simple terms, it refers to all the
flora and fauna that live in their natural
habitat.

The term wildlife is also defined under

Section 2(37) of the Wildlife Protection
Act, 1972. As per the section, wildlife
refers to any animal, either aquatic or
territorial, and vegetation that constitutes
our natural habitat. In simple words, it
means all the plants and animals that live
in the natural habitat will be considered as
our wildlife. These organisms are very
important for maintaining the ecological
balance and help us to fulfil our needs.
Introduction of wildlife conservation
Wildlife conservation is the process of
steps taken by us to protect the wild
species and their natural home. Because
wildlife is one of the most important parts
of the earth’s ecosystem. Due to the
increasing population of the world, the
human is destroying the wildlife for food
and shelter.

The destruction of our nature,

environment and wildlife can be easily
observed. The overexploitation of
resources led to irreversible damage to
our ecosystem. So, there is a stringent
need to protect our wildlife.

Wildlife Conservation Meaning

Wildlife conservation refers to a method
of protecting the wild species and their
natural habitat from the threats like
poaching, smuggling, killing etc. Through
their protection, we can ultimately
enhance, protect or restore our
vulnerable ecosystem.

It is important that various wildlife

conservation efforts have been taken at
both the national as well as at
international levels. A good number of
NGOs are also working for the same
cause.

Convention on International Trade in

Endangered Species of Wild Flora and
Fauna (popularly known as CITES) is
considered as one of the most important
agreements inked at the international
level in 1973. This agreement listed our
various species into various categories for
the purpose of their conservation.

Types of Wildlife Conservation in India

There are mainly two types of wildlife
conservation in India

Ex-situ conservation

In-situ conservation

In-situ conservation
In this, the species remain in their natural
habitats and the places are protected by
protecting the whole ecosystem of the
place. For instance: wildlife sanctuary.
Ex-situ conservation
In this, the protection of biodiversity or
wild animals is taken from their natural
habitat and shifted to a new safe place for
their conversion. For instance -the zoo.

Legal Provisions for wildlife Conservation

Efforts in India
In India, there are various laws that
provide for the conservation of wildlife, as
well as overall biodiversity. The chief
among them is the Wildlife Protection Act,
1972 which was implemented with the
objective of protecting our wild animals,
birds and plants. Further, a Wildlife Crime
Control Bureau has been set up to curb
illegal trade or smuggling of endangered
species in the country. There are many
constitutional provisions protecting the
environment.

Under Article 51(g), the constitution of

India also guarantees the protection of
wildlife and compassion for living
creatures. In addition to this, Article 48
also put an obligation on the state to
protect, safeguard and work for the
improvement of forests and wildlife of the
country. The subjects relating to the
protection of wildlife are mentioned
under the concurrent list, which means
both the Centre and the state government
is empowered to make law on this
subject.

In the case of the State of Bihar vs. Murad

Ali Khan (1989), the Honourable Supreme
Court held that hunting has been defined
under Section 2(16) of the Wildlife
Protection Act. If the same is done
without the permission of the forest
authorities, the offence is punishable
under Section 51 of the Wildlife Act.

Increasing the population of the world is

the main reason behind the destruction of
wildlife. We must take the necessary steps
for wildlife conservation because it is also
connected with us. But the question arises
that why is wildlife conservation
important or what is the importance of
wildlife conservation?

Importance of Wildlife Conservation

Our daily activities like Logging, poaching
and agriculture expansion is causing the
extinction of wildlife and loss of
biodiversity. Human activity is pushing the
wildlife species to near extinction. Due to
the poaching, many species like
rhinoceros and elephants are near
extinction in Africa.

We are doing thousands of activities that

are endangering the wildlife species in
danger. We should do the conservation of
forest and wildlife in India and in every
other country and protect these species
because there is many benefits for human
and animals including taking steps for the
wildlife conservation. So, let us discuss the
importance of wildlife conservation.

For the growth of crop

The small animals are like bees. Butterflies
and birds play a vital role in the growth of
crops and the production of food for
humans. These animals aid in the
pollination of crops. Pollination is
dependent upon these insects. Whenever
they travel from one flower to another,
they carry pollen and make the process
active.

For medicine

Plants are playing a major role in medicine

but there are also many animals that are
important for the production of medicine.
The venom from the king cobra is used for
the medicine of leprosy.

For relaxing the mind

The people always go to zoos and forests
to see the wildlife in their habitat.
According to the research, the person who
watches animals every day and walks in
the natural habitat is more stress-free
than others.

Watching wildlife documentaries

Whenever we get bored, we start

watching wildlife documentaries where
we learn thousands of things about
survival and it relax our mind.

To preserve culture
There are many plants and animals which
are recognized by our ancient culture. By
doing wildlife conservation, we are saving
our heritage and culture. The wildlife
conservation in India is working on this as
many trees and animals are recognized as
God and Holy.

For tourism attraction

The main reason for tourism to any

specific place is to see their flora and
fauna and natural habitat. Tourism is the
best source for earning. So, if we save the
wildlife and their natural habitat, then it
will be a profitable deal for that place.

For the protection of biodiversity

Our food chain is depending upon each
and every animal. We take our food from
nature, and it is important to make the
balance in nature to save our food. The
animals like tigers and lions are depended
upon other animals for their food. But if
the tiger of the lion dies, the other
animals will get more population and they
will eat all the plants which can cause the
shortage of food.

For ecological activity

Plants and trees are very important for

our ecological system as they give oxygen
which is most important for humans. It is
also balancing the carbon dioxide and
oxygen on the planet.
For education and learning

The wildlife is important for education and

learning for the children. The importance
of education in our life is very important.
By studying the wildlife, we can find many
new ideas for survival which are important
for our growth. If we teach our children
about the importance of wildlife
conservation, then they will be able to
recognize their duties against animals and
plants.

For the research of new plants

The main point for the protection of
wildlife is that we can research new plants
and trees.

As the climate is changing day by day, it is

possible that we need new types of plants
which can provide us with food. The
research of new plants can help us to
identify the new breeds of crops which
can help us to survive in the future.

After reading all the points related to the

importance of wildlife conservation, we
can say that we must take major steps to
save the wildlife so that the human can
survive on this planet for more time.

For preserve it for the future generation

There are many species that were on the
planet before our birth and which are
extinct due to humans behaviour. And
possibilities are that some other species
will be instinctive from the earth if we did
not understand the importance of wildlife
conservation. Our future generation will
be able to see most of the species in
future if we take the steps for wildlife
conservation.

Wildlife Conservation Efforts in India

The term Conservation has not been
explicitly defined in Indian statutes, but
for general understanding, it means
preservation, protection or restoration.
These efforts are undertaken with an
objective to ensure that the resources
shall be used in a sustainable manner and
the future generation also has access to
these resources. Wildlife is a part of
nature and it is our responsibility to
protect it.

Conservation efforts are undertaken to

integrate evolutionary theory with
environmental reality. It helps us to
predict how our wildlife would react to
future environmental changes. In our
rituals, there is the explanation of many
trees and animals which are still
considered as the sign of God and they are
worshipped as God. In my opinion, these
are the best steps taken by our Ancestors
to save such types of trees and animals
which are more important for the survival
of humans because almost all the trees
and animals which we worship are really
important for us.

Wildlife Conservation Projects in India

The Indian government has initiated
various projects to protect wildlife in the
country. Some of them are briefly
described below-

Project Tiger
The population of Indian Tigers started
declining drastically as we were
approaching the 20th century. A
nationwide Tiger Census was conducted in
1972 to estimate the population of tigers
in the country. From the finding, it came
out that the large-scale development
activities and establishment of industries
led to deforestation, and further loss of
habitat to the tigers.

So, keeping in mind the necessity, the

Project Tiger was launched in 1973 at the
Palamau Tiger Reserve, Jim Corbett
National Park, Uttarakhand. It was a
centrally sponsored scheme governed by
the Wildlife Act, 1972. For the
administration of this project, the National
Tiger Conservation Authority was set up
under Section 38 of the Wildlife
Protection Act in 2005.

In 1973, it started from 9 tiger reserves,

but now it has substantially grown to fifty
reserves. The Project has proven to be a
significant success in the recovery of the
tiger’s population in the reserved areas.
As per the 2019 census, there are 2967
Bengal tigers in India.

Project Snow Leopard

Project Snow Leopard was launched in
2009 with an objective to encourage
inclusivity and a participatory approach
for the conservation of this endangered
species.

The Snow Leopard mainly inhabits the

Himalayan landscape along with some
states such as Jammu and Kashmir,
Uttarakhand, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim,
etc. Schedule 1 of the Wildlife Protection
Act, 1972 and IUCN has declared the snow
leopard as a vulnerable species. They have
been accorded a very high conservation
status both nationally and internationally.
To encourage their conservation,
International Snow Leopard Day is
celebrated on 23rd October each year.
The Government also launched the ‘First
National Protocol on Snow Leopard
Population Assessment’ in the year 2019,
which encompasses the use of technology
such as camera traps and scientific
surveys.

This initiative was started with the

combined efforts of the Global Snow
Leopard and Ecosystem Protection
Program. More than 12 snow leopard
countries including India, Pakistan, Nepal,
Russia, China, Bhutan, Afghanistan,
Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia are a part of this
initiative.

Project Elephant
Elephants are the National Heritage of our
country. Indian has more than 27,000
elephants spread over 26 elephant
reserves but with utmost dismay, only
65% of the elephant corridors are in
protected areas.

This project was launched in the year 1992

by the central government. It was
implemented in 13 states and 88 elephant
corridors were set up. Under this project,
the Haathi mere Saathi Yojna was started
by the Ministry of Environment, Forest
and Climate Change in partnership with
the wildlife trust of India. To give true
effect to this project, The Elephants’
Preservation Act, 1879 was enacted.

Sea Turtle Project

This project was launched in 1999 by the
Ministry of Environment, Forest and
Climate Change in collaboration with
UNDP. The Olive Ridley Turtle visits India
during Winter. The task for implementing
the policies framed under this project has
been assigned to the Wildlife Institute of
India. It is placed in the Vulnerable
category in the IUCN list.

Crocodile Conservation Project

The main objective of this project is to
protect the population of crocodiles in
their natural habitat. It is important to
note that the “Gharial” is listed as
Critically Endangered in the IUCN list.

Project Dolphin
Recently, the Ministry of Environment,
Forest and Climate Change has notified
the Ganges River Dolphin as a National
Aquatic animal. It was listed in Schedule I
of the Wildlife Protection Act 1972.

Project Hangul
In the decade 1970, the Jammu and
Kashmir Government in collaboration with
the International Union for Conservation
of Nature (IUCN) and World Wildlife Fund
(WWF) started a project for the protection
of Kashmir Red Stag and its habitat. This
project was later on recognised as Project
Hangul.
The Hangul or Kashmiri Red stag is a
subspecies of the Central Asian Red Deer,
which is mostly found in the region of
Kashmir Valley and some parts of
Himachal Pradesh. Initially, their
population was approximately 5000 in
number, but with growing urbanisation, it
decimated to as low as 150 by the end of
1970. This project also aims to create an
enclosure for the artificial breeding of the
species.

India Adopts SAWEN

The term SAWEN stands for the “South
Asia Wildlife Enforcement Network”. It is
an intergovernmental wildlife support
body, which was launched in 2011 at Paro,
Bhutan. The main objective of SAWEN is
to establish mutual collaboration for
wildlife protection. The member countries
of SAWEN are Afghanistan, India,
Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri
Lanka and the Maldives.

Captive Breeding Program

It can be understood as a selection of
particular wild species and bred them in
an artificial condition under the
supervision of experts. This method is
perceived as the last chance to preserve a
species in the wild.

Wildlife Conservation Efforts in India,

Importance of Wildlife Conservation
Importance of Wildlife Conservation
Threats to wildlife conservation efforts In
India
In the present times, natural resources are
used in abundance and it led to the
scarcity of endangered species. Their
population is declining day by day. As per
a recent report, the wildlife population
has decreased by a whopping 68% since
1970. There are various reasons behind it
and some of them are enumerated below-

Overpopulation
Since the human population is rising day
by day, it results in increasing demand for
land and other things. The increasing
demand for land ultimately results in
deforestation which causes habitat loss to
these animals.
Poaching
It can be understood as the illegal trading
of animals. It is increasing rapidly as the
parts of animal bodies attract a very high
value in the international market.

Overexploitation
It can be explained as making use of
something in excess of our capacity. At
present, the diminishing rate of species is
very much faster than its recovery. Some
species are overtly exploited to meet our
human wants, which is a serious threat to
our ecosystem.

Climate change
Climate holds special importance in every
aspect. In the past few decades, it is
observed that due to global warming, the
temperature of Earth is rising, which cause
the melting of the glaciers, volcanic
eruptions etc. Various species of the
Himalayas have become extinct due to
global warming.

Pollution
Pollution is one of the major threats to
wildlife. The various types of pollution
including air pollution, water pollution,
and soil pollution is becoming a serious
cause of concern for us.

Natural or man-made Disaster

If we play with nature, it will play with us
too!
We have reached a situation wherein we
are witnessing deadly disasters almost
every year. The unprecedented covid-19
pandemic is the best example for us,
which put the entire world on standstill.
Apart from it, earthquakes, floods, and
land degradation have become quite
common.

Methods of Wildlife Conservation

The following are the methods of wildlife
conservation in India

Habitat management:
Establishment of the protected area:
Rehabilitation of Endangered species:
Captive breeding programme:
Mass education:
Promulgation of laws:
Wildlife conservation FAQ
What is Conservation?

The meaning of conservation is to prevent

the natural world by taking some small
and major steps towards our future.
Because without the wildlife, the human
will not survive for a long time.

What is wildlife conservation?

Wildlife conservation means the

protection of wildlife. Wildlife is an
important factor in our ecosystem,
without their existence, the ecological
balance will shift to an unbalanced state.
There is a strong need for wildlife
conservation. The action taken to save
wild plant and animal species from
extinction is called wildlife conservation.

No man or wild animal can imagine his life

without nature.

How can we conserve wildlife?

We can make minor and major steps in

our daily life for the conservation of
forests and wildlife, like fair use of natural
resources.

Conclusion of wildlife conservation in

India
Wildlife conservation is very essential for
sustainable development. Wildlife
conservation efforts in India is increasing
now. There are various efforts that have
been made at both the National and the
International levels like Project Tiger,
Project Elephant, Captive breeding
program etc., But still, there is a long way
to go. First and foremost, we should curb
the overexploitation of our natural
resources and put a combined step for a
better world and start the program to
show the importance of wildlife
conservation in our life. So that the people
should understand their responsibilities
and use the natural source least and only
for the fair use.

Access to everything is dangerous, so we

should take measures while using the tree
and animals for our food.
Share article: