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19 views

LPL)

Uploaded by

hhjjrr22331
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Definition 1:

system consisting of nonempty set R A ring is awith two


binary operations + and on R and mathematical denoted
by (R ,+, ) such that:
1. a + be R for each a, b eR. the
2. (a + b) + c = a + (b + + c) for each a b, CeR. a for each a e R].
3. There exists an identity element in Ro denoted by symbol 0,
[a
4. For each a E R there exists an element in R, denoted by such
that a + (-a) = (-a)+ a = 0, -a is called
additive inverse element of a. each a, be R.
5. d+ be- bet a, fo : R.
6. a • be R, for each asb
7 (a b) • c= a • (b • c) for each a , b , c e R.
8. a (b * o) = (a • b) + (a - c) and (b + c) • a = (b • a) + (c • a) for
each a , b , c ER. + and are
not necessary the ordinary addition and
multiplication.
Definition 2:
A ring (R , + , * ) is called commutative ring if a• b = b • a for
each a , b E R.

Definition 3:
A ring R,+,) is called ring with identity if there exists an identity
element in R for the operation of multiplication, denoted by the
symbol 1,
[a • 1 = 1 • a = a for each a E R].

Definition 4:
Let (R,+,) be a ring, a, b € R, are called divisors of zero iff a.b=0

Definition 5:
A ring (R,+,.) which 1s commutative with identity
and has no divisors of zero is called integral domain.

Definition 6:
Let (R. +, •) be a ring with identity an element a e R
is called invertible element if there exists the
inverse of a with respect to the binary operation
(multiplication) , and denoted by a-1

Definition 7:
A commutative ring with identity (F, +,.) is called a/field if
(F \ (0),.) is a group.

Definition 8:
Let (R, +,.) be a ring. If there exists a positive integer n such that
n • a = 0, VaR, (n • a = at a
then the least positive integer with this property is called the
characteristic of the ring if no such positive integer exists , then
we say that (R , + , ) has characteristic zero.

Definition 9:
Let (R, + * ) be a ring with identity ,
(R, + ; ) is called Boolean ring
if for each element a E R, a? = a.
Definition 11:
Let (R, +,.) be a ring, and S be a
nonempty subset of R . If the trip
(S, + ,.) is itself a ring, then (S , + , .) is said to be a subring of
(R,+, .).

Definition 13:
Let (F. tr be a field and (F', + , • ) be a subring of it . (F', + ,•)
said to be a subfield if itself is a field.
Will give an alternative definition:

Definition 13:
(F', +, • ) iS a subfield of a field (F , + , •) if and only if :
1) F' has at least one nonzero element.
2) Ifa, bEF' = a - beF'.
3) Ifa, b e F', where b + 0 =a • b-1 E F.

Definition 15:
If the ring (R,+,•) has no other ideal different from trivial ideals
is called simple ring.
Definition 17:
A commutative ring with identity (R,+,•) is called principal ideal
ring if every ideal of the ring is principal.

Definition 19:
Let (R, + ,• ) be a commutative ring with identity and let a1,a2 …
an E R, ai ≠ 0, a E R then a is called least common
multiple of a1, a2… an if a is common multiple of a1, d2 an and
any common multiple of a1, a2…an
is a multiple of a.

Definition 22:
Let I be an ideal of a ring (R,+; ), then the set R/I = (a + IN a € R}
is called Quotient of R by I and define two binary operations
+ ,• as
(a +1) + (b +1) (a+ b) + I, and
(a + 1) • (b+ 1) = (a . b) + I.

Definition 23:
from a ring (R, + , ) into a ring (R', +';') , f is Let f be a function
called homomorphism if
Af(at bi = f(a) + f(b),
2 Pa br af (a) • f(b)
for each a , b E R
Definition27:
then R is called Let (R,+,•)a be a commutative ring with identity
if it is integral domain and each ideal is principal ideal domain
principal.

Definition 28:
Let (R, +, •) be a commutative ring with identity, a nonzero
element
a is called prime if is not invertible and whenever a = b • c then
b or c is inverts let.

Definition 29:
Let (R,+,•) be a commutative ring with identity, let I be an ideal
of R ,then, the radical ideal of I denoted by I is defined as:

Definition 30:
Let (R , + , •) be a commutative ring
with identity let be an ideal of R, then I is called primary ideal if
whenever a • b el and a does not belong to I, then b" e I for
some n E Z+.
Definition 32:
For an arbitrary ring (R, +,;)
we can define a new set R[x] consisting
of all formal expressions which
iS called polynomial of indeterminate
x and defined as
f(x): do + ax + 02x2 + 03X3 + . + .3 anx",
degree of f(x) = n El+, and am iS called the leading coefficient of
f(x) ,and if an = 1, then the polynomial is called monic
polynomial.
tow polynomial elements of the same degree in REx| are equal
if and
only if their corresponding coefficients are equai/ That is, for

Definition34:
Let f(x) be polynomial in principal ideal domain (FIX], +;.) a
where F is a field, f (x) is called irreducible polynomial if f(x)+0,
principal ideal
and
whenever f(x)= g (x). h (x) then g (x) or h (x) is constant.
The constant polynomials are neither reducible nor irreducible.

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