II [

• ~~~~~~~~~----..J
ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS J
Section A: QUICK REVISION OF THE CHAPTER

1. CIRCULAR MOTION: l
(i1) Frequency (n) = period
Motion of an object along the circumference of circle is
called circular motion. For e.g. 1
n = 7'
(1) Motion of the earth around the sun.
(1i) Motion of the moon around the earth. (iii) S .I. unit of period is second (s)
(in) Motion of planets around the s un . (iv) S.I. unit of frequency is Hertz (Hz) or s-1
(iv) Motion of an object tied at the end of a string CENTRIPETAL FORCE (?PF): .
and whirled in a circle. 8.
The force a cting on a parti~le perfo~g UCM, Which
2. CHARACTERISTIC OF CIRCULAR MOTION:
is along the radiu~ of the cll'cle and dll'ected tOlrarda
(1) It is an accelerated motion. the centre of the ci.rcle.
mrl- 2
(11) It is a periodic Motion. (i) Magnitude of CPF = -r- = mn:i>
3. (ii) S.I. Unit= N (ne10?) 2
KINEMATICS OF CIRCULAR MOTION: (iii) Dimensions = [M L I I
. Arc 6s
(i) Angular displacement 68= - R di = - CENTRIFUGAL FORCE (CFF):
. a us r 9.
(a) It 1s a vector quantity Centrifugal force is _a pseudo [orce in UCM. It acts
(b) Its S.l. unit is radian along the radius of circle and directed away &ona the
centre of the circle.
(c) It is dimensionless quantity i.e. [M0 L°T°] mrl- 2
{i) Magnitude of CFF = - , - = mrc.>
(ii) Angular velocity = Angular dislpacement
time (ii) S.I Unit = N (newton)
(iii) Dimensions= [M 1 L 1 1 ]
2

'ct = lim ~ or ➔=~ {iv) There are two _w ays of writing force equation for
6t➔O 6t 00
dt a circular Motion.
(a) It is a vector quantity Resultant force = -mli)rt or
➔
(b) Its S.l unit is rad/s TTl/i)2 r + l:{real force) = 0
(c) Dimensions of angular velocity are [M0 L°T- 1j
10. APPLICATIONS OF UCM:
. Change in angular velocity (a) Vehicle along a Horizontal Circular Track:
{iii) Angular acceIeration = .
➔ time For a car moving on a Ho~ntal circular track
➔ ➔ ➔ d of radius ' r', plane of figure 1~ a vertical plane
a = lim 6oo or a =~
perpendicular to track. Forces acting on the car are-
6t➔O 6t dt
It is a vector quantity
(a) {i) It's weight (mg) vertically downwards
(b) Its S.l unit is rad/s2 (ii) Normal reaction (N) vertically upwards that
( c) Dimensions of angular acceleration are (M L°1"'2 ]
0 balance the weight (mg) and
(iii) Force of static friction (f,J between roads and the
(iv) The quantities angular displacement, angular velocity
and angular acceleration are analogous to linear tyres.
displacement, linear velocity and linear acceleration This is static friction because it prevents the
of linear motion. vehicle from outward slipping or skidding. This is
(v) The direction of angular displacement, angular
the resultant force which is centripetal.
velocity and angular acceleration can be determined
by the right hand rule.
4. UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION:
Motion of an object along the circumference of circle C ?~g
with constant speed is called uniform circular motion.
5. NON-UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION: r
In circular motion if speed of an object is not constant Fig. 1.1 Vehicle on a horizontal road
then it is called as non uniform circular motion. While working in the frame of reference attached to
RELATION BETWEEN LINEAR VELOCITY AND
the vehicle, it balances the centrifugal force.
6.
ANGULAR VELOCITY: N = mg ... (1)
Linear velocity = Radius x Angular velocity mil-
v = roo r ... (2)
In vector form v = ro x i' Dividing equation (2) by (1)
7. PERIOD AND FREQUENCY:
.) Circumference
~ - v2
(1 N - rg
Period (T) = Linear velocity
v2
21rr 21t µ = ... (As fs - µN)
T = - .. - rg
v c.)

(4) vnuu = ✓µ rg
Rotational Dynamics 5

(b) Well (or Wall) of Death: (a) Most safe speed:

This is vertical cylindrical wall of radius 'r' inside From equation (3), v • ..frg tan 0
which a vehicle is driven in horizontal circles. This
(b) Banking angle:
can be seen while performing stunts. As shown in
following figure, the forces acting on the vehicle are From equation (3), 0 • tan 1 (;;)

(c) Speed limits:

NcosO
''
C• N , ''
••••••••·•••••••••••••• mg to centre !
of motion
(
i
N sin 8
···-·--················
Fig. 1.2 Well of dcat.h
(i) Normal reaction (N) acting horizontally towards
the centre
(1i) Weight (mg) acting vertically downwards mg
(iii) Force of static friction ([J acting vertically
upwards between walls & tyres. It has to prevent 8
the downward slipping. Its magnitude is equal to ---- - ----- --- ----- -- -- --· ---- .... -- -·-.... -- -- ....... -- -
Fig. 1.4 Banked road: lower speed llmJt
mg in upward direction.
mv2 The forces acting on the vehicle are -
N .. - , - and mg= ls (l) Weight mg vertically downwards and
Force of static friction ([J is always less than or equal (iii Normal reaction N, perpendicular to the surface
to µ 5 N. of road,
mv2) N resolve into two components N cos 0 and N sin 0
lsSµ N 8 :. mg S µ5 (- , -
In practice, vehicle never travel exactly with this
µ v2 ) rg speed. For speeds other than this, the components of
gs (+ :. v2 ~ µs force of static friction between roads and tyres helps
V . ,. . ~
us upto a certain limit
mtn ·~~
For speed v 1 < ✓rg tan 8
mv 2
(c) Vehicle on a Banked Road: .:=i... < Nsin0
(i) Banking of Roads: The arrangement of keeping r
From figure 1.4,
the outer edge of the road surface inclined with the
horizontal is called banking of roads. mg • ls sin 0 + N cos 0 ... (3)
(ii) Angle of Banking: The angle made by the inclined mv 2
.!!!!L = N sin 9 - f. cos 8 ... (4)
road surface with the horizontal is called angle of r s
banking. N .•• N cos 8 Dividing (4) by (3) and puttingla• µs N, we get

:. (v 1lm1n - rg ( t:nµs ~ Sel .. (5)

For µs ~ tan 9, v"lja = 0. This is true for rough surface

For speeds v2 > '\/rg tan 9
In this case, the direction of force f. is along the
inclination of the road as shown in fig..1.5
Fig. 1.3 Vehicle on a banked road
Fig 1.3 shows the vertical section of vehicle on curved N j ••••. Ncos9
road of radius 'r' banked at an angle '8' with the
horizontal. Consider the vehicle to be a point and to centre i
ignoring friction and non conservative forces like air
resistance.
t~~~~~---··!!-~!~-~
There are two forces acting on vehicle - f. cos 9f.-,.-,-~
(a) Weight (mg) vertically downwards f.
(b) Normal reaction (N) perpendicular to surface of
road.
N resolve into two components -
(ii N sin 8 - horizontal component being resultant Fig. 1.5 Banked road: upper apeed limit
force, must be the necessary C.P force
(il) N cos 8 - vertical component balances weight From fig. 1.5 mg .. N cos 8 - la sin 0 ... (6)
(mg) mv 2
mv2
... (1)
7 = N sin 9 + la cos 0 ... (7)
Nsin 8 = r
Dividing equation (7) by (6) and putting Fs • µ1 N, we get
Ncos 8 = mg ... (2)
Dividing equation (1) by (2)
v2
tan 8 = rg ...(3)
 9 1 fftfi )!t -:n i { p;; ;; IS hHJ 1JC

6 uTTAM's Physics Papers Soiutio

. 11,i,,.
l 1. CONICAL PENDULUM: Let m be the mass of an ob~ect & r be the raci• :"1
Conical pen_d ulum is a simple pendulum which ·ves vertical circle. l\ia or
such a motio~ that bob describes a horizontal !rcte Let v _ be the velocity of an object at hi&hc
& stnng descnbes a cone. st
whic~ is minimum Poi~t
.,, ,o A
Q)

Vs
_ be the velocity of an
.
object at lowest po·
tru 'Iii.,
8 : cos 0 is maxunum ·~h
' v - be the velocity at point C
B T~e forces acting on object at point A arc
mg mg (i} Tension TA acting downward direction.
Fig. 1.6 (ll) Fig. 1.6 (b)
In 11n lncrtllll f (ii} Weight mg acting vertically downward.
rllmc In ll non-lncrtfal frame
Above figure shows the vertical section of a conical At point A: Centripetal Force • Weight+ Tension
pen~ulurn h~~g bob of mass m & string of length 'L'.
In gtven poSition B, the forces acting on bob are-
mv 2
+=
mg+ TA ... (1)
(a) It's weight mg vertically downwards and
The forces acting on object at point B arc
(b) The force T0 - along string.
(i} Tension T8 acting vertically upwards
This To resolved into two components -
(ii} Weight (mg) acting vertically downwards
(i) To cos 8 - balances the weight mg
(ii) To sin 8 - becomes the resultant force which is mvi
At point B : - , - =Ta - mg ... (2)
the C.P. force.
(a) Linear velocity at highest point A:
T0 sin 8 = ml'lll2 ...(1) At point A string becomes slack :. TA ,. 0
T0 cos 8 = mg ...(2) mvA2
Dividing equation (1) by (2) Eq"(l) becomes-,- = mg

~=~ ... (3)

[ VA = Wg I
2n (b) Linear velocity at lowest point B :
But T = 7; As an object moves fr~m point A to B th~re is dCCrcasc
From eqn (3) T = 2n in P.E. while K.E. increases according to law or
conservation of energy.
From fig.1.6 r = L sin 8 (T.E.} at A (T.E.) at a
T = 2 n ✓Leos 8 ... (4) (K.E. + P.E.) atA (K.E. + P.E.)at a
1 g
Frequency (n) = T 21 muA2 + mghA .!.2 mvB2 + mghB

n
1
= 2n ✓L c~s 8 ...(5)
Putting vA " --/gr, hA = 2 rand ha = 0
1
.!. m(g,j + 2 mgr = 2 mv82 + 0
12. VERTICAL CIRCULAR MOTION (VCM): 2
5 1
Two types of VCM are observed in practice 29'" 2va2
(a) A controlled VCM such as a giant wheel not
totally controlled only by gravity
(b) VCM controlled only by gravity.
13. POINT MASS UNDERGOING VERTICAL CIRCULAR (c) Linear velocity at midpoint C
MOTION UNDER GRAVITY: According to law of conservation of energy.
Case I : Mass tied to a string:
The following fig 1.7 shows a bob tied to a massless (T.E.).1 8 • (T.E.J.1 C
& inextensible string. It is whirled along vertical circle 1 2 1 2
so that bob perform VCM. 2 mv8 + mgh8 .. 2 mvc + mghc
TA A
Putting v8 • --lg,, h 8 • 0 and h0 = r, we get

Sgr • vc2 + 2gr

I Ve • "3i I
Cue U : Mau tied to a rod :
Conaider a bob tied to a massless & rigid rod and
whirled along a vertical circle. The basic difference
between the rod and the string is that the string
.needa IOIDe tension at all the points including the
mg ~ point. Thus zero speed is possible at the
Ftg. 1.7 Vertical clrcular motioa point i.e. VA • Q
Rotational Dynamics 7
* Linear velocity at lowest point: Consider a rigid body rotating ~th cons tant angular
According to law of conserva tion of energy s peed (w) about an axis perpendic ular to the pl~e of
(T.E)8 • (T.E),.. paper. Suppose that the body cons ists of. n particles
1 of masses m" '¾• '"3······'"n s itu9:ted a t d1s.tances ' "
1 2 r2, r3 •••. rn respectively from the &XIS of ~~tation. .
2 mva2 + mgh8 • 2 mvA + mghA Let vi' v2 , v3 ••••vn be their linear velocities . Cons1d r
1 particle of mass m . When the body rotates, this
7
2 mvs'2 + 0 • 0 + mg (2 r) 1
particle revolves in a circular orbit with radius r 1 and
va2 = 4gr velocity v1

\vs -~\
Similarly velocity at horizonta l position is minimum
K.E. of l 11 particle is E 1 • l m1v12
2
1
velocity = ✓2gr • 2 m1 r12 co2 (As v • rco)
Als o T8 - T,.. = 6 mg l
Similarly K.E. of 2 nd particle is E 2 • 2 2 .. 2
~r2 ur
14. SPHERE OF DEATH: l
This is a popular show in a circus. During this, two - K.E. of 3n1 particle is E3 = 2 '"3rlco2
wheeler rider undergo rounds inside a hollow sphere. and so on
Starting with small horizonta l circles, they eventuall y Total K.E. of a rotating body is
perform revolutio ns along vertical circles. This VCM is
same as that of the point mass tied to the string.
E = E 1 + £i + ~ + ...... +En
E = l m1r122
co + l ~r222
co + ...... + .l 22
15. VEHICLE AT THE TOP OF CONVEX OVER• 2 2 2 '"n'nco
BRIDGE: N
E= ½co2 (m1r 12 + ~rl + ...... + 1l\/n2 l

E
1
= 2 co2I t m;r,2] • 2
n

I
1
I co2 ••• (i) , where, I • t
n

I m.r,2
l
Equation (i) is analogou s to translatio nal K.E. "' 2 mv2
Thus moment of inertia analogou s to mass
and I is defined to be the moment of inertia,
Fig. 1.8 Vehicle on a convex over bridge I= f
I• I
rr1;r;2 and I = Jr2 dm
Above figure shows a vehicle at the top of a convex
over bridge. During its motion forces acting on the 17. MOMENT OF INTERTIA OF A UNIFORM RING:
vehicle are• Consider a uniform ring of mass M and radius R
(a) Weight (mg) in downwar d direction
rotating about an axis passing through centre of ring
(b) Normal reaction force (N) in upwards direction
and perpendi cular to the plane of ring.
The resultant of these two must provide the necessary
centripet al force
rro12
mg - N=-,-
As speed is increased, N goes on decreasin g. Thus for
jus t maintain ing contact N = 0
mv2
mg = -,- Fig. 1.10 M.l . ofa ring
v = ..Jrg M.I. of uniform ring rotating about an axis passing
16. MOMENT S OF INERTIA AS AN ANALOGOUS through point O is I= I R2 dm
QUANTITY FOR MASS: I= MR2
We !mow in expressio n of linear momentu m, force 18. M.I. OF A UNIFORM DISC:
and K.E, mass is a common term. In order to have Consider a uniform disc of mass M and radius R
their rotationa l analogou s we need a replacem ent for rotating about an axis which is perpendicular to its
mass. To !mow this let us derive an expressio n for plane & passing through its centre.
rotationa l K.E. Mass M
Surface density (a) "' Area = ,cR2
As it is a uniform circular object, it can be considere d
to be consistin g of a number of concentri c rings of
radii increasin g from zero to R. One of such ring of
mass dm is shown by shaded portion (Fig 1.11)

Fie. 1.9 A body of n particle■ Fie. 1.11 M.I. ofa dJac

 ns·:;e,!'1 ■lfiiil'IJldW-EB-/4:IJ'.P-----~--....~-l!Jt
---•-:J&&:l#l!Eiiii\~iii~+~e~4L2!:2===1r-
8 uTTAM's PhJiSiCS Papers So
. l~t
2 + (PQ)2 IO~
(OP)2 .. (OC + CQ) ~
Let r nnd dr b c tI,c rnd,us nnd width or ring 2
OP)2 (OC)2 + 2 oc·CQ + (CQ) + (PQ)2
Arca of this nng is A - 2nr.dr 2
:OP) 2 • (OC)2 + 2 OC·CQ + (CP)
Mass dm
0-•.__"'_ ..[As (CQ)2 + (PQ)2 ,. (CP)l
Area 2nr.dr
. . I
dm .. 21tor.dr Multiplying by dm & integrating we get
By definition 0 f
moment of inertia (w1lh limit O to R)
f(OP)2 dm • f(OC)2 dm + f2 OC CQ dnt + f(C1>j2
I•
! r2 dm " ! ,-J 21tor dr
2 ~
/= 21to ! r3 dr '" 2no [fJ:
1
f f
f
By definition lo .. (OP) dm and putting Oc" h ···fll
c. (CP)2 dm, dm • M "' total mass '
/= 2no 1~44] er
M R4
2n x nR2 x 4 Equation (I) becomes
MR 2
/=- I = Mh2 + 2hfCQ dm + lc
2
19. RADIUS OF GYRATION ·
· of· a body about a given ruos·
i° = I + Mh
0 C
2 ••• (as f CQdm"O)
The radius. of Gyration
of rotati Hence proved.
if on is defmed as the distance between the axis
~herc;:a;on and a point at which the whole mass of 21. THEOREM OF PERPENDICULAR AXES:
to O Y can be supposed to be concentrated so as
possess the same moment of inertia as that of the Statement:
b0 dy . "The moment ofinertia of a plane lamina abo
. l . utan
perpendicular to its p ane IS equal to the SU111 ~
0
moment of inertias about two mutually perpe ! Ila
axes in the plane of the lamina and intersecn ~IQ,
o ,-.,,...._ _ p oint where the perpendicular axes cuts the 1Ilg at 1/ie
P OllUllQ•

~ i.e, Iz = IX + 1-Y

Proof:
Let OX and OY be the two ~utually perpendi
Fig. 1.12 Radius of gyration axes in the plane of _the l ~ a._ Let OZ be thcCUlar
I= MK2 passing through the_,r point of mtersection ,0, aitis

K= i perpendicular to their plane. Let Ix, ~ and I be and

moment of inertias of the l_amina about ox, 'oy the

Jo;st
oz axes respectively. Consider a particle of ma ancl
20. THEOREM OF PARALLEL AXES:
Statement: situated at point P _with co-ordinates (x,y)
Draw PM l to X - ruos and PN l to Y - axis. P.
~ '!1oment of inertia (I,) of a rigid body about any
axis IS equal to the sum of - Let PN = OM = x and PM = ON = y
(i) it'.s mom~nt of inertia (I,) about an axis parallel to the z
gwen axis, passing through the centre of mass and
(ii) the product of the mass of the object and the square of
the distance between the two axes (Mh2)
10 = le + Mh2
Proof :
Consider the rigid body of mass M rotating about an 0
axis passing through ·o•, Let C be the centre of mass ~ ..,.-••-.--:z;:i-.;---~~y
of the body M A
~

X
Fig. 1.14 Theorem of perpendicular axes
p
From fig. (OP)2 • (OM)2 + (PM)2
Q -? • r+#
Multiplying by dm & integrating we get
J-,2 c1m • Jr c1m + Jy2 elm ...111

Fig. 1.13 Theorem of parallel ue■ By definition of moment of inertia about X, Y & Zam
Consider a particle of mass dm at point 'P'. Join OP I...:• ~ dm, 1.,• fr dm, /21 • lr1 dm
& CP. Draw PQ perpendicular to OC.
meal•I+I
ll JC /I
In .1OPQ
(OP)2 • (OQ)2 + (PQ)2
Rotational Dynamics 9

22. ANGULAR MOMENTUM OR MOMENT OF LINEAR Cl

MOMENTUM:
The quantity angular momentum is analogous to
linear Momentum.
If p 1s the instantaneous linear momentum of a
particle undertaking circular motion , its angular
momentum is given by
➔ ➔ ➔
L• r x p
L .. r p sin 8 ➔
➔
where 8 is the smaller angle between p and r Fig. 1. 16 Expreaalon for torque

23. EXPRESSION FOR ANGULAR MOMENTUM IN Consider first particle of mass m 1. The linear
TERMS OF MOMENT OF INERTIA:
acceleration of this particle is
a 1 .. r 1a
Consider a rigid body rotating with a uniform angular
velocity (ro) about a fixed axis passing through point Force acting on 1• t particle is
O. Suppose that the body consis ts of n particles of J; = m1a1
masses ml' 17½, '"3, .... .. m,, situated at distances rl' J; • m 1r 1a
r2, r3 , ..... rn respectively from axis of rotation. As the Torque (t 1) = / 1 r 1
body rotates, all the particles performs UCM with • m1r1la
same angular velocity ro. Similarly, torque acting on 2nd article is t 2 • "½r/a
(l)
For 3rc1 particle, t 3 = '¾r/a and so on .
Total torque acting on body is
t = t I + t 2 + t 3+ ......... + tn
t = m1r12a + "½r/a + '¾r/ a + ..... + m,,r/a
t = (m1r/ + "½r/ + ..... + 11\irn2)a
t "' ~ "1tr?)a
t = Ia
where I = ~ m.r,2 = Moment of inertia
f-1 ··~ I
25. CONSERVATION OF ANGULAR MOMENTUM:
Statement:
Fig. 1.15 Expression for angular momentum "If no external torque acts on a body then angular
Consider 1s1 particle of mass m1. Its linear momentum momentum of the body remains constant"
is p 1 = m1v 1= m 1r1ro ... ('.· v = ru>) Proof:
Angular momentum of first particles is Angular momentum of system is given by
➔ ➔ ➔
Li = P i r1 "' m1r1ro x r1 = m1r120l L=r xp
Similarly for 2nd particle angular momentum is Di!J'ercntiating w.r to time we get
dL d
£.i = "½r/ro dt =dt (rx p)
For 3rd particle it is - ➔ -
dr _
dL _ dP
~ = '"3r32 ro and so on. dt • r dt _+ dt P
Total angular momentum (L) of rotating body is dr _ .!!£..
L = LI + £.i + ~ +......+ Ln
-
Welmow dt - vand dt =F'
dL - - - -
L = m1r12ro + "½r22ro + '¾r/ro +..... + m,,rn2ro
L = [ m 1r .,2 + ~r/ +..... + mnr/ ]ro

~
-
Tt • r x F+v x mv
dL - -
dt • r x F + m x (v x v)
... (': p '" mv)

L=- n,r? )ro

L = loo, where I =
24. EXPRESSION FOR TORQUE
tnv? = Moment of inertia
IN TERMS OF
But x
-
v v• 0 and r x F • -;
dL
- dt .. t

➔
➔
_
dL
MOMENT OF INERTIA: Thus if t .. 0, dt .. 0
Consider a rigid body rotating about a fixed axis L • constant
passing through point O with uniform angular i.e. Angular momentum is conserved
acceleration.(a) * Examples of conservation of angular momentum:
Suppose that the body consists of n -particles of (1) Ballet dancers
masses ml' 11½, '"3····•111,, situated at distances (2) Diving in a swimming pool
r1,r2,r3, ...... rn respectively from axis of rotation. (3) Acrobat in a circus
Let.I;, J;, J;, ....J;. be the forces acting on the particles. (4) Ice Skating
 UTTAM's Physics Papers Sot
10 - ------=:..::::: %011
KE, •P.E. ~
26 , ROLLING l\tOTlON
The ObJect like n cylinder sphere wheel etc. nrc quite
oft I
en seen to perform rolling motion
I
!.2 Mv1 ( I + *)'" Mgh

When body rolls 1t hns boU1 translational motion as

well as rotational motion
Total KE. of rolling body is
••{r.2:~
. d ' tance travelled is s = ~
h
Total K.E. • Translat.Jonal K E. + Rotat.Jonal K.E. Linear is
1 1
·nematical equauon,
E• 2 Afvl + 2 [(J)2 By 3rd ki
2as • v2. u2
Putting I = MK2 and (J) .. .:!
R
_!!:,_ u=Oandv =
1 l (~\2
E = 2 Afvl + 2 MJ(2 Rl
Putting s " sin8 '

1.e. Total K.E. = ½Afv2 (l + ~:1 We get, a=

gsin9
J(l
27
, LINEAR ACCELERATION AND SPEED WHILE PURE
(1 R2)
+
ROLLING DOWN AN INCLINED PLANE:
Consider a rigid object of mass M and radius R rolling * Analogous Kinematical Equations:
down on an inclined plane without slipping. ..---::---:-:;::-7n;;--- 7 Eji;;ill~i;;~;:;
Let 8 be the angle between inclined plane & horizontal Equation for Equation for Rota.uo
s••-"a
"'"' ce. ._ ..._
.,_ uau Motion
.. ,1auo--' Motion n.i
u+v (J) + (I)

./··:r Va v " 2 (J)au=~

. ~ r· s(s1110,
V = U + at
1
(J) = co + at

~ l
• ... ...................J
. Fig. 1.17 Rolling along an plane
s = ut+ 2 ail
v2 = u2 + 2as 2
(J) = co 2 + 2a8
As the ObJ~ct starts rolling down, its gravitational P.E.
converted into K.E.
Ezpre11ioo of moment
Object Axil of inertia Figure

Thin ring or hollow cylinder Central

I =MR2
~
I I

'•·····t·······'
I

1
Thin ring Diameter [=-MR2
2

Annular ring or th.ick walled hollow cylinder Central 1

r= M(r/ + r/)
2

Uniform disc or solid cylinder Central 1

r --MR2
2

l
•, I
:-..... .....•·
I '

Uniform disc Diameter I•-MR2

4

Thin walled hollow sphere

Rotational Dynamics 11

Object Alda Expr eHlo n of mom ent

Figure
oflne rtla

♦
Solid sphe re Cent ral 2
I .. -Af.R'J
5

♦---
I
Uniform symm etric spher ical shell Cent ral 2 (r/ - r ,5)
'
I • -M
5 (r/ - r/)
.

'c:f-5
Perpe ndicu lar to
Thin unifo rm rod or recta ngula r plate lengt h and passi ng 1
throu gh centr e I = -ML2 I I
12 t----- ----- ·

b
Perpe ndicu lar to
Thin unifo rm rod or recta ngula r plate lengt h and abou t 1
I = -MR 2
one end 3
-
I '1

Uniform plate or recta ngula r parallelopiped

'I
Cent ral
I
,~
1
I=-M (L2 +b2}
12
ti
.:..---r-1?
,-z;',,/ .
-

Uniform solid right circu lar cone

Cent ral ' 3
I=-M R2
10

Uniform hollow right circu lar cone

Centr al
.

1
I = -MR2
2
'4