MARKING KEY

SECTION A: WORLD HISTORY FROM 1870 – 1945

1 (a) Study the map below and answer the questions that follow.

Questions
(i) Identify two countries on the map that were never colonized. [1]
Liberia and Ethiopia
(ii) List two countries on the map that were colonized by Germany. [1]
Namibia, Togo, Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi and Cameroun
Any two
(iii) Which European country colonized Angola and Mozambique? [1]
Portugal
(iv) What term describes the control of overseas territories by European powers? [1]
Imperialism
(v) Name two countries on the map that were colonized by Portugal. [1]
Angola and Mozambique
(vi) Mention two West African countries that were colonized by France. [1]
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(vii) Who was the Briton responsible for the British colonization of South Africa? [1]
John Cecil Rhodes
(viii) What term is used to describe the division of African territories as depicted on the map? [1]
The Partition of Africa
(ix) List two reasons why African territories were colonized. [2]
1. Resource Exploitation: European powers were eager to access and exploit Africa's
abundant natural resources, including minerals, rubber, timber, and agricultural products.
2. Markets for Goods: Colonizing Africa provided new markets for European
manufactured goods, helping to sustain their industrial economies.
3. Investment Opportunities: Africa presented opportunities for investment in
infrastructure, mining, and plantations, promising high returns.
4. National Prestige: Colonizing territories was seen as a demonstration of national power
and prestige, enhancing the status of European countries on the global stage.
5. Strategic Rivalries: European powers engaged in a competitive scramble to acquire
territories to prevent rival nations from gaining strategic advantages.
6. Civilizing Mission: Many Europeans believed in the notion of a "civilizing mission,"
feeling a moral obligation to spread their culture, religion (Christianity), and education to
African populations.
7. Scientific Curiosity: Exploration and scientific research were also motives, as Europeans
were interested in discovering and documenting Africa's geography, flora, fauna, and
Military Bases and Naval Ports: African territories provided strategic military bases
and naval ports that were crucial for controlling sea routes and projecting power.
8. Population Pressure: Some European countries faced population pressure and saw
colonization as a solution for relocating surplus populations, including settlers and
administrators.
10. Technological Advancements: Advances in navigation, transportation (e.g., steamships),
and communication (e.g., telegraph) made it easier for European powers to explore,
conquer, and administer distant territories.
11. Medical Advancements: Medical advancements, such as the development of quinine to
treat malaria, reduced the health risks associated with living in tropical regions, making
colonization more feasible.
Any two
[10 marks]

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(b) Study the following passage and answer the questions that follow.
It was believed by many that the year 1919 ushered in a new age in international
understanding and cooperation. Much of the idealism at Versailles, where the peace
conference were held was brought by the president of the United States of America
(USA).

Although many of his ideas included in his 14 points were not accepted, he secured the
acceptance of the last point which stated that “a general association of nations must be
formed for the purpose of affording political independence and territorial integrity to
great and small states alike”. The USA president insisted that the formation of this
association of nations should become part of the peace making process of Paris Peace
Conference rather than be left until later.
Questions
(i) What was the name of the association of nations formed as a result of the Versailles
Conference? [1]
The League of Nations
(ii) Which American president proposed the idea of this association of nations? [1]
President Woodrow Wilson
(iii) When was this association of nations officially established? [1]
January 10, 1920
(iv) Where was the headquarters of this association located? [1]
Geneva, Switzerland.
(v) List three aims of this association of nations. [3]
1. Maintain World Peace and Security: Preventing wars through collective
security, disarmament, and settling international disputes through negotiation and
arbitration.
2. Promote International Cooperation: Encouraging economic and social
cooperation among countries and addressing issues such as health, labor
conditions, and human trafficking.
3. Disarmament: Promoting the reduction of armaments to the lowest point
consistent with national safety and enforcing international obligations.
4. Uphold International Law: Ensuring that international agreements were
respected and followed, and providing a platform for resolving disputes legally.
5. Human Rights Protection: Promoting fair and humane treatment of all peoples,
including the protection of minorities and overseeing mandates for former
colonies and territories.
Any three
(vi) Name two countries that were excluded from membership in this association. [2]
1. Germany (initially).
2. Soviet Union (initially)
(vii) Provide one reason why the USA did not join this association. [1]
1. Senate Opposition: The U.S. Senate, led by prominent isolationist senators such as
Henry Cabot Lodge, opposed the League of Nations. They feared it would entangle
the U.S. in international conflicts and compromise national sovereignty.

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2. Isolationist Sentiment: There was strong public and political sentiment in favor of
isolationism. Many Americans wanted to avoid foreign entanglements after the heavy
toll of World War I.
3. Concerns Over Article 10: Article 10 of the League's Covenant, which called for
member nations to come to the aid of any member that experienced aggression, was
particularly controversial. Opponents feared it would obligate the U.S. to commit
military forces without Congressional approval.
4. Political Rivalries: President Woodrow Wilson, a Democrat, faced strong opposition
from the Republican-controlled Senate. Political rivalries and disagreements over the
Treaty of Versailles contributed to the Senate's refusal to ratify the treaty and join the
League.
5. Desire for Autonomy in Foreign Policy: Many Americans and policymakers wanted
to retain full control over U.S. foreign policy decisions, rather than be influenced by
an international organization.
Any one
[10 marks]

(c) Study the table below showing a time table of events before World War I began and
answer the questions that follow.
Reichstag election results May 1924 – March 1933
Political parties in the May Dec May Sep July Nov Mar
Reichstag 1924 1924 1928 1930 1932 1932 1933
Communist party (KPD) 62 45 54 77 89 100 81
Social Democratic Party 100 131 153 143 133 121 120
Catholic Centre Party 81 88 78 87 97 90 91
(BVP)
Nationalist Party (DNVP) 95 103 73 41 37 52 52
Nazi Party (NSDAP) 32 14 12 107 230 196 288
Other parties 102 112 121 122 22 35 23
Questions
(i) Which political party gained the most seats in the Reichstag from 1930 to 1933? [1]
The Nazi Party (NSDAP).
(ii) Why did the political party mentioned in question (1) gain seats from 1930 to 1933? [1]
The Nazi Party gained seats due to the economic instability and widespread
discontent caused by the Great Depression, which they exploited by promising to
restore Germany's economy and national pride, and by using effective propaganda
and mass rallies
(iii) Name the leader of the party mentioned in question (1) that was gaining more seats from
1930 to 1933. [1]
Adolf Hitler.
(iv) What was the symbol of the party mentioned in question (1)? [1]
The swastika.

(v) State one reason why the leader of the Nazi Party hated the Jews. [1]
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1. Scapegoating for Germany's Problems: Hitler blamed Jews for Germany's
defeat in World War I and for the economic hardships that followed, including the
hyperinflation of the early 1920s and the Great Depression.
2. Antisemitic Ideology: He subscribed to long-standing antisemitic stereotypes and
ideologies that depicted Jews as dangerous, corrupt, and a threat to the Aryan race
and German purity.
3. Conspiracy Theories: Hitler believed in various conspiracy theories, including
the idea that Jews were behind both capitalism and communism, working to
undermine Germany and the world for their own gain.
4. Personal and Cultural Biases: His hatred was also influenced by personal biases
and the cultural antisemitism that was prevalent in Europe at the time.

Any One

(vi) Who was the leader of the Social Democratic Party (SDP)? [1]

(vii) Name the republic that was established in Germany during the rule of the Social
Democratic Party. [1]
Friedrich Ebert
(viii) Explain two weaknesses of the government mentioned in question (vii). [2]
1. Proportional Representation: The electoral system of proportional representation led to
a fragmented Reichstag with many small parties. This made it difficult to form stable
majority governments, leading to frequent changes in government and political
instability.
2. Coalition Governments: Due to the lack of a clear majority, coalition governments were
common. These coalitions were often unstable and prone to collapse, as parties had
conflicting interests and ideologies.
3. Hyperinflation (1921-1924): The Weimar Republic experienced severe hyperinflation,
which eroded savings and led to widespread economic hardship. The government's
inability to control inflation undermined public confidence.
4. Great Depression (1929 onwards): The global economic downturn hit Germany hard,
causing massive unemployment, poverty, and social unrest. The government's response
was seen as inadequate, further diminishing its legitimacy and support.
5. Harsh Terms: The Treaty of Versailles imposed heavy reparations, territorial losses, and
military restrictions on Germany. Many Germans viewed the Weimar government as
weak for accepting these terms, which led to widespread resentment and a desire for
revenge.
6. Stigma and Humiliation: The association of the Weimar Republic with the treaty and
the “stab-in-the-back” myth (the belief that the military was betrayed by civilian leaders)
damaged the government's credibility and patriotism in the eyes of many Germans.
7. Weak Presidencies: The presidents of the Weimar Republic often lacked the strong
leadership needed to guide the country through crises. For example, President
Hindenburg's decisions later in the Republic's history were influenced by conservative
and anti-democratic forces.

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8. Political Extremism: The Republic faced threats from both the far left (Communists)
and the far right (Nazis). These extremist groups exploited the government's weaknesses,
undermining democratic institutions and gaining popular support.
9. Class and Political Divisions: Deep divisions within German society, including class
conflicts and ideological differences, hindered national unity and cooperation.
10. Mistrust of Democracy: Many Germans were unfamiliar with and mistrustful of
democratic governance, having been accustomed to autocratic rule. This lack of
democratic tradition made it difficult for the Republic to establish strong democratic
norms and institutions.
Any two

(ix) Give the name of the person accused of setting the Reichstag building on fire. [1]
Marinus van der Lubbe.
[10 marks]
SECTION B: WORLD HISTORY FROM 1945 TO PRESENT TIME

2 (a) Study the picture below and answer the questions that follow.

Questions

(i) Identify the two prominent leaders seated in the picture above. [2]
1. Franklin D. Roosevelt
2. Winston Churchill
3. Joseph Stalin
Any two

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(ii) In which country is Crimea located? [1]
Ukraine
(iii) What was the outcome of the Yalta Conference? [1]
The Yalta Conference resulted in agreements on the post-war reorganization of
Europe, including the division of Germany into occupation zones, the establishment
of the United Nations, and the promise of free elections in Eastern Europe.
(iv) Name one other conference held in the formation of the United Nations besides Yalta and
San Francisco. [1]
The Dumbarton Oaks Conference.
(v) After the failure of which organization was the United Nations formed? [1]
The League of Nations.
(vi) Describe two aims of the organization that resulted from the San Francisco Conference of
April 1945. [2]
1. The UN aims to prevent and resolve conflicts between nations through diplomacy,
peacekeeping operations, and collective security measures.
2. It works to create conditions conducive to peaceful and just relations among
nations, fostering stability and preventing the outbreak of wars.
3. The UN seeks to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger
freedom.
4. It addresses challenges related to poverty, hunger, disease, illiteracy, environmental
degradation, and discrimination.
5. The UN supports sustainable development by fostering economic growth, promoting
full employment and decent work for all, and ensuring access to education and
healthcare.
6. The UN is committed to upholding and promoting human rights for all, as
enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
7. It works to protect vulnerable groups, such as refugees, women, children,
indigenous peoples, and persons with disabilities, from discrimination, violence, and
abuse.
8. The UN promotes respect for international law and treaties, providing a framework
for resolving disputes peacefully and ensuring compliance with legal obligations.
9. It supports efforts to strengthen international justice systems and combat impunity
for war crimes, genocide, and crimes against humanity.
10. The UN serves as a forum for dialogue and cooperation among nations on global
issues, including climate change, terrorism, migration, and disarmament.
11. It facilitates collaboration between governments, international organizations, civil
society, and the private sector to find collective solutions to shared challenges.
12. The UN coordinates humanitarian assistance during crises and natural disasters,
providing relief and support to affected populations.
13. It fosters cooperation in areas such as trade, science, culture, and education to
promote mutual understanding and respect among peoples.
Any two
(vii) Where is the headquarters of the formed organization located? [1]
New York City, United States
(viii) Who is the current Secretary-General of the United Nations? [1]
António Guterres
[10 marks]
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(b) Study the extract below on Cuban Missile Crisis and Answer the questions that
follow.
1959 – 1961 For two years Cuba and the USA maintained a frosty relationship but
without any direct confrontation, Castro took over American owned
business in Cuba, but het let the USA keep its naval base. Castro assured
Americans living in Cuba that they were safe. He said he simply wanted
to run Cuba without interference. However, from the summer of 1960 he
was receiving arms from the Soviet Union and American spies knew
this.

January 1961 The USA broke off diplomatic relations with Cuba. Castro thought that
the USA was preparing to invade. It did not, or not directly, but it was
clear the USA was no longer prepared to tolerate a Soviet Satellite in the
heart in the heart of its own ‘sphere of influence’.

April 1961 President Kennedy supplied arms, equipment and transport for 1400
anti-Castro exiles to invade Cuba and overthrow him. The exiles landed
at the Bay of Pigs. They were met by 20, 000 Cuban troops armed with
Tanks and modern weapons. The invasion failed disastrously. Castro
captured or killed them all within days. To Cuba and the Soviet Union,
he failed invasion suggested that the USA was unwilling to get directly
involved in Cuba. The Soviet leader Krushchev was scornful of
Kennedy’s pathetic attempt to oust Communism from Cuba.
Questions
(i) Briefly explain why the United States of America (USA) broke off diplomatic relations
with Cuba in 1961. [1]
The USA broke off diplomatic relations with Cuba in 1961 because Fidel Castro's
alignment with the Soviet Union and Cuba's nationalization of American-owned
businesses.
(ii) When did Fidel Castro come to power? [1]
1959
(iii) Who was the ruler of Cuba before Castro took over? [1]
Fulgencio Batista
(iv) Name the two leaders from the USA and the Soviet Union who were at the center of the
Cuban Missile Crisis. [2]
1. President John F. Kennedy of the USA
2. Premier Nikita Khrushchev of the Soviet Union.
(v) What type of plane did the Americans use in 1962 to spy on the missile sites being built in
Cuba? [1]
U-2 reconnaissance planes
(vi) Name the organization that intervened to resolve the Cuban Missile Crisis by 1962. [1]
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United Nations (UN)

(vii) Name the leader of the country that supplied missiles to Cuba. [1]
Nikita Khrushchev
(viii) Mention two other Cold War incidents. [2]
1. The Berlin Blockade and Airlift (1948-1949)
2. Congo crisis (1960 – 1965)
3. The Korean War (1950-1953)
4. The Hungarian Revolution of 1956:
5. The Prague Spring (1968)
[10
marks]

(c) Study the diagram below showing the structure of Common Market for East and
Southern Africa (COMESA).

Question
(i) What do the letters COMESA stand for? ` [1]
COMESA stands for Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa.
(ii) Name the highest policy-making organ of COMESA labeled A. [1]
The highest policy-making organ of COMESA is the Council of Ministers (A).
(iii) What is the function of organ A? [1]

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The highest policy-making organ of COMESA is the Council of Ministers (A).
(iv) Who heads the Secretariat? [1]
The Secretariat of COMESA is headed by the Secretary General.
(v) List two aims of COMESA. [2]
a) Promoting regional economic integration among member states.
b) Facilitating trade and investment.
c) Enhancing industrial cooperation and development.
d) Promoting sustainable development and poverty alleviation.
e) Strengthening political stability and security within the region.
f) Enhancing the competitiveness of member states in the global economy.
g) Promoting the establishment of a customs union and a common market.
h) Facilitating infrastructure development and connectivity within the region.
i) Enhancing agricultural development and food security.
j) Promoting cooperation in social and cultural development among member states.
Any two
(vi) State two functions of the Council of Ministers. [2]

a) Policy Formulation: The Council formulates policies and strategies aimed at

promoting regional integration and economic development among member
states.
b) Decision-Making: It makes decisions on important issues affecting COMESA,
such as trade agreements, investment policies, and regional development
initiatives.
c) Implementation Oversight: The Council oversees the implementation of COMESA
programs, projects, and decisions made by member states to ensure alignment
with agreed-upon policies and objectives.

Any two

(vii) In which country is the headquarters of COMESA located? [1]

The headquarters of COMESA is located in Lusaka, Zambia.
(viii) Which organization was replaced by COMESA? [1]
COMESA replaced the Preferential Trade Area for Eastern and Southern Africa
(PTA).
[10 marks]

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SECTION C: WORLD HISTORY FROM 1870 TO 1945

3. Write briefly on aspects of Bismarck’s Germany under three of the following headings:

(a) Bismarck’s and the Catholic Church,

(b) Bismarck’s and the socialists,
(c) Objectives of his foreign policy,
(d) Reasons for the fall of Bismarck. [7:7:6]

Solution

(a) Bismarck's and the Catholic Church

1. Kulturkampf (Culture Struggle)
o Bismarck's conflict with the Catholic Church due to its perceived allegiance to the
Pope over the German state.
o Introduction of anti-Catholic laws aimed at reducing Church influence, such as
the Jesuit Law and May Laws.
2. Conciliation Policies
o Shift in Bismarck's approach post-1878 towards conciliation with the Catholic
Church.
o Signing of the Kulturkampf Laws (1878) and eventual repeal of the remaining
anti-Catholic laws.
3. Impact
o Effects of the Kulturkampf on German society and politics.
o How Bismarck's policies towards the Catholic Church shaped religious and
political dynamics in unified Germany.
(b) Bismarck's and the Socialists
1. Anti-Socialist Laws
o Bismarck's response to the growing Social Democratic Party (SPD) threat with
repressive measures.
o Enactment of the Anti-Socialist Laws (1878) aimed at suppressing socialist
activities.
2. Welfare Reforms
o Introduction of social welfare measures to counter socialist appeal, such as
accident insurance and health insurance.
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o Bismarck's pragmatic approach to appease working-class discontent.
3. Impact
o How Bismarck's policies towards the Socialists influenced German politics and
social reforms.
o Long-term implications for the SPD and the development of the welfare state in
Germany.
(c) Objectives of His Foreign Policy
1. Prevent Isolation of Germany
o Bismarck's aim to maintain a balance of power in Europe to prevent Germany's
isolation.
o Formation of the Dual and Triple Alliances to safeguard German interests.
2. Avoidance of Wars
o Bismarck's policy of avoiding unnecessary conflicts through diplomacy and
alliances.
o Role in preventing major European wars through his diplomatic maneuvers (e.g.,
Congress of Berlin, 1878).
3. Colonial Expansion
o Bismarck's pursuit of overseas colonies to bolster Germany's prestige and
economic interests.
o Establishment of the German colonial empire in Africa and the Pacific.
(d) Reasons for the Fall of Bismarck
1. Dismissal by Wilhelm II
o Conflict with Kaiser Wilhelm II over policy directions and personal differences.
o Dismissal of Bismarck as Chancellor in 1890.
2. Change in Political Landscape
o Shifts in German domestic politics and the rise of new political forces.
o Increasing influence of nationalist and militarist factions.
3. Policy Disputes
o Disagreements over future policy directions, including social reforms and foreign
policy priorities.
o Bismarck's isolation in the face of changing political dynamics and public
opinion.

4. In relation to the history of Russia, write on any three of three of the following people:

(a) Gregory Rasputin,

(b) Leon Trotsky,
(c) Vladimir Lenin,
(d) Alexander Kererisky. [6:7:7]

Solution

(a) Gregory Rasputin

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1. Background and Rise to Influence
o Rasputin's early life and entry into the Russian court.
o His reputation as a mystic and spiritual healer.

2. Influence on the Romanovs

o Rasputin's relationship with the Tsarina Alexandra and the Romanov family.
o His role in influencing political decisions and appointments during World War I.

3. Controversies and Downfall

o Opposition to Rasputin within the Russian aristocracy and political circles.
o Assassination of Rasputin in 1916 and its impact on Russian politics and society.

(b) Leon Trotsky

1. Role in the Russian Revolution

o Trotsky's leadership in the October Revolution of 1917.
o Formation of the Red Army and his role during the Civil War.

2. Ideological Contributions
o Trotsky's advocacy for permanent revolution and internationalism.
o Differences with Stalin over the direction of Soviet policy and ideology.

3. Exile and Legacy

o Trotsky's exile and eventual assassination in Mexico.
o Impact of Trotsky's ideas on global socialist movements and critiques of
Stalinism.

(c) Vladimir Lenin

1. Leadership in the Bolshevik Revolution

o Lenin's leadership in the February and October Revolutions of 1917.
o Establishment of Soviet power and the Bolshevik government.

2. Formation of Soviet State

o Lenin's implementation of War Communism and New Economic Policy (NEP).
o Role in shaping Soviet policies on land, nationality, and economic development.

3. Legacy and Impact

o Lenin's death and the struggle for succession within the Communist Party.
o Evaluation of Lenin's contributions to Marxism, Soviet state-building, and global
communism.

(d) Alexander Kerensky

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1. Role in the Provisional Government
o Kerensky's leadership in the Provisional Government after the February
Revolution.
o Attempts at reform and managing the challenges of war and internal instability.

2. Challenges and Criticisms

o Kerensky's handling of the Kornilov Affair and the growing Bolshevik threat.
o Criticisms of his leadership style and policies during a critical period of Russian
history.

3. Fall from Power

o Overthrow of the Provisional Government in the October Revolution.
o Kerensky's exile and subsequent political career outside of Russia.

5. Explain the system of government and causes of discontent in Italy in the period 1918-1922.
What features did Mussolini adopt in foreign policy between 1922 and 1939? [10:10]
Solution
Part 1: Italy 1918-1922 [10]
System of Government and Causes of Discontent
1. Government System
o Overview of Italy's political structure post-World War I.
o Formation and challenges of the Italian parliamentary system.
2. Post-War Economic and Social Issues
o Impact of World War I on Italy's economy and society.
o Economic hardships, inflation, and unemployment.
3. Political Instability
o Fragmentation of political parties and coalitions.
o Role of socialist and nationalist movements in shaping discontent.
4. Social Unrest
o Strikes, protests, and labor movements.
o Rise of radical ideologies and political violence.
5. Rise of Fascism
o Emergence of Benito Mussolini and the Fascist Party.
o Appeal of Fascism amid social and political turmoil.

Part 2: Mussolini's Foreign Policy 1922-1939 [10]

Features of Mussolini's Foreign Policy
1. Expansionist Ambitions
o Mussolini's desire to restore Italy's imperial glory.

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o Invasion of Ethiopia and aspirations for territorial expansion.
2. Alignment with Nazi Germany
o Relationship with Adolf Hitler and the Axis Powers.
o Rome-Berlin Axis and the Anti-Comintern Pact.
3. Mediterranean Policy
o Italian interventions in Spain and Albania.
o Control over the Mediterranean and North African interests.
4. Pact of Steel
o Military alliance with Nazi Germany in 1939.
o Italy's role in European geopolitics and alliance dynamics.
5. Decline and Legacy
o Impact of Italy's foreign policy on domestic stability and international relations.
o Assessment of Mussolini's leadership and Italy's role in World War II.
Conclusion
 Summary of Italy's political and social challenges from 1918 to 1922.
 Evaluation of Mussolini's foreign policy features and their consequences.
 Reflection on Italy's trajectory from post-war turmoil to fascist dictatorship and
involvement in global conflict.

6. What were the problems in the U.S.A. which prompted President F.D. Roosevelt to introduce
the New Deal between 1932 and 1936? Why did some Americans oppose the New Deal?

[10:10]
Solution
Part 1: Problems in the U.S.A. Prompting the New Deal (1932-1936) [10]
Introduction to the New Deal Era
1. Great Depression
o Impact of the Wall Street Crash of 1929 on the U.S. economy.
o Rapid rise in unemployment, poverty, and homelessness.
2. Banking Crisis
o Bank failures and the collapse of financial institutions.
o Run on banks and loss of savings.
3. Agricultural Crisis
o Decline in farm prices and overproduction.
o Farmers' debt and foreclosure on farms.
4. Industrial Decline
o Sharp decrease in industrial production and layoffs.
o Strikes and labor unrest.
5. Social Unrest
o Breadlines, shantytowns (Hoovervilles), and hunger marches.
o Increase in homelessness and destitution.
Introduction of the New Deal

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1. Roosevelt's Response
o Election of Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal agenda.
o Initial emergency measures and relief programs.
2. Three R's of the New Deal
o Relief programs to provide immediate assistance.
o Recovery measures to stimulate economic activity.
o Reform initiatives to regulate financial markets and prevent future crises.
3. Legislative Agenda
o Creation of agencies like the CCC, NRA, and TVA.
o Social Security Act and labor reforms.
Part 2: Opposition to the New Deal [10]
Reasons for Opposition
1. Conservative Criticism
o Opposition from business leaders and conservative politicians.
o Critique of New Deal programs as socialist or communist.
2. Supreme Court Challenges
o Supreme Court rulings against New Deal legislation.
o Threats to the separation of powers and federalism.
3. Criticism from the Left
o Critique from the political left for not going far enough.
o Radical groups like the Communist Party's opposition to compromise.
4. Long-term Economic Concerns
o Concerns over deficit spending and national debt.
o Debate over the effectiveness of New Deal policies in achieving long-term
recovery.
5. Cultural and Social Opposition
o Resistance to federal intervention in local affairs.
o Debate over the role of government in addressing economic hardships.
Legacy of the New Deal
1. Impact on American Society
o Transformation of the role of the federal government.
o Legacy of social welfare programs and economic regulations.
2. Evaluation of Success
o Debate over whether the New Deal ended the Great Depression.
o Long-term effects on American politics and economics.
Conclusion
 Summary of the economic and social challenges that prompted the New Deal.
 Analysis of reasons for opposition to New Deal policies.
 Reflection on the lasting impact and legacy of the New Deal in American history.

SECTION B: WORLD HISTORY FROM 1945 TO PRESENT TIME

7. Why did the United States of America drop the atomic bombs on Japan in 1945? How has
Japan recovered from the defeat of 1945? [6:14]

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MARKING KEY
Solution
Part 1: Why did the United States of America drop the atomic bombs on Japan in 1945?
[10]
Context and Background
1. Pacific War and Strategic Considerations
o Overview of the Pacific War and Japan's military aggression.
o Strategic importance of Japan in the Allied war effort.
2. Military Calculations
o Assessment of conventional warfare's cost in terms of lives and resources.
o Strategic objectives of bringing a swift end to the war.
Reasons for Dropping Atomic Bombs
1. Japanese Refusal to Surrender
o Japan's refusal to accept unconditional surrender terms.
o Prolonged war prospects and projected casualties.
2. Demonstration of Power
o Display of technological superiority and deterrent effect.
o Impact on international relations and geopolitical posturing.
3. Humanitarian Considerations
o Debate over the moral and ethical justifications for using atomic weapons.
o Discussions within the U.S. government and military circles.
Part 2: How has Japan recovered from the defeat of 1945? [10]
Immediate Post-War Challenges
1. Occupation and Reconstruction
o Allied Occupation of Japan under General Douglas MacArthur.
o Demilitarization and democratization reforms.
2. Economic Rehabilitation
o Economic devastation and the rebuilding process.
o Role of U.S. aid and the Marshall Plan in Japanese recovery.
3. Social and Political Reforms
o Constitutional reforms and the adoption of pacifist policies (Article 9).
o Transformation of Japanese society and governance.
Japanese Economic Miracle
1. Industrialization and Growth
o Emergence of keiretsu and zaibatsu conglomerates.
o Focus on heavy industry, manufacturing, and export-oriented growth.
2. Technological Advancements
o Innovation in electronics, automotive, and consumer goods industries.
o Rise of global brands and technological leadership.
3. Global Influence and Diplomacy
o Reintegration into the international community and alliance with the United
States.
o Role in global trade, diplomacy, and peacekeeping efforts.
Conclusion
 Summary of the reasons behind the atomic bombings of Japan in 1945.
 Evaluation of Japan's recovery process and transformation post-World War II.

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 Reflection on Japan's modernization, economic success, and international standing in the
aftermath of defeat.

8. Describe the aims and membership of any three of the following:

(a) North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO),
(b) Warsaw Pact,
(c) The European Union (EU),
(d) African Union (AU). [7:6:7]
Solution

(a) North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Aims
1. Collective Defense
o Mutual defense among member states against potential aggression.
o Article 5 commitment to collective defense: "An attack on one is an attack on all."
2. Security and Stability
o Preservation of peace and stability in the North Atlantic area.
o Crisis management, conflict prevention, and peacekeeping operations.
3. Political and Military Cooperation
o Promotion of democratic values, individual liberty, and rule of law.
o Partnership with non-member states and international organizations for security
cooperation.
Membership
1. Founding Members (1949)
o United States, Canada, and Western European countries (e.g., United Kingdom,
France).
o Expansion to include former Warsaw Pact and Eastern European countries post-
Cold War.
2. Criteria for Membership
o Commitment to democratic principles, defense spending, and military
interoperability.
o Political alignment with NATO's objectives and collective defense obligations.

(b) Warsaw Pact

Aims
1. Collective Security
o Counterbalance to NATO's military alliance in Europe during the Cold War.
o Coordination of defense and security policies among Eastern Bloc countries.
2. Political and Ideological Solidarity
o Support for communism and Soviet leadership.
o Military cooperation and joint defense planning.
Membership
1. Soviet Bloc Countries
o Soviet Union and satellite states in Eastern Europe (e.g., East Germany, Poland,
Czechoslovakia).

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o Political alignment with Soviet foreign policy and military integration.
2. Disintegration
o Dissolution following the end of the Cold War and collapse of the Soviet Union
(1991).
o Impact on member states' transition to democratic governance and integration
with NATO.

(c) The European Union (EU)

Aims
1. Economic Integration
o Creation of a single market and customs union.
o Economic growth, trade liberalization, and prosperity.
2. Political Cooperation
o Strengthening of political ties and institutions.
o Promotion of democracy, human rights, and rule of law among member states.
3. Social Cohesion
o Development of social policies, labor standards, and environmental sustainability.
o Mobility of citizens, education, and cultural cooperation.
Membership
1. Founding Members (1957)
o France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg.
o Enlargement to include Central and Eastern European countries post-Cold War.
2. Expansion and Integration
o Accession criteria based on political stability, economic readiness, and alignment
with EU policies.
o Deepening integration through treaties (e.g., Maastricht Treaty, Lisbon Treaty).

(d) African Union (AU)

Aims
1. Pan-Africanism
o Promotion of unity, solidarity, and cooperation among African countries.
o Peace, security, and stability in Africa.
2. Political Integration
o Strengthening of governance, democracy, and human rights.
o Conflict prevention, management, and resolution.
3. Socio-Economic Development
o Economic integration, infrastructure development, and sustainable development
goals.
o Regional economic communities (RECs) coordination and cooperation.
Membership
1. Member States
o All 55 African countries are members of the AU (formerly the Organization of
African Unity, OAU).
o Commitment to AU's objectives, principles of sovereignty, and territorial
integrity.
2. Integration and Cooperation

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o Decision-making processes, consensus-building, and policy implementation.
o Role in peacekeeping operations, regional stability, and international relations.

9. Describe the six-day war and Yom Kippur war. [10:10]

Solution

1. Six-Day War (1967) [10]

Background and Causes
1. Political Tensions
o Escalating tensions between Israel and its Arab neighbors (Egypt, Jordan, Syria).
o Blockade of the Straits of Tiran by Egypt, cutting off Israeli shipping access.
2. Military Build-Up
o Mobilization of military forces by Egypt, Syria, and Jordan.
o Strategic alliances and military support from Soviet Union to Arab states.
Course of the War
1. Preemptive Strike
o Israeli Air Force launches preemptive strikes on Egyptian airfields (June 5, 1967).
o Destruction of Arab air forces, gaining air superiority.
2. Ground Operations
o Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) launch ground offensive into Sinai Peninsula, West
Bank, and Golan Heights.
o Rapid territorial gains and capture of strategic locations.
3. Ceasefire and Aftermath
o Ceasefire declared on June 10, 1967, following rapid Israeli advances.
o Occupation of Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip, West Bank, East Jerusalem, and Golan
Heights.
Impact
1. Political Consequences
o Shifts in regional power dynamics and Israeli territorial expansion.
o United Nations Security Council Resolution 242 and calls for Israeli withdrawal
from occupied territories.
2. Long-Term Effects
o Continued Israeli-Arab tensions and unresolved Palestinian issues.
o Settlement policies and international diplomatic responses.
2. Yom Kippur War (1973) [10]
Background and Causes
1. Strategic Planning
o Egyptian and Syrian military preparations for regaining lost territories (Sinai and
Golan Heights).
o Surprise attack launched on Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement), October 6, 1973.
2. International Context
o Cold War dynamics and involvement of superpowers (Soviet Union backing Arab
states, U.S. supporting Israel).
o Diplomatic efforts and UN resolutions preceding the conflict.
Course of the War

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1. Initial Arab Advances
o Egyptian and Syrian forces make initial gains in Sinai and Golan Heights.
o Heavy casualties and initial setbacks for Israeli Defense Forces (IDF).
2. Israeli Counter-Offensive
o IDF regroups and launches counter-offensives against Egyptian and Syrian forces.
o Recapture of territories and strategic positions.
3. Ceasefire and Aftermath
o Ceasefire negotiated under UN auspices (October 22, 1973).
o Diplomatic initiatives and peace negotiations (Camp David Accords, 1978).
Impact
1. Military Reassessments
o Lessons learned in military strategy and defense preparedness.
o Reevaluation of intelligence and military responses.
2. Political and Diplomatic Shifts
o Ongoing peace negotiations and regional stability efforts.
o Long-term implications for Arab-Israeli relations and peace process.

10. Write on any two of the following topics:

(a) What are early marriages? State the causes of these marriages.
(b) The roles played by the media and difficulties faced by the media in third world countries
like Zambia.
(c) What are the causes and dangers of Teenage pregnancies? [10:10]

Solution

(a) Early Marriages: Causes and Consequences

Definition and Context
1. Definition of Early Marriages
o Define what constitutes early marriages (age brackets, cultural contexts).
o Mention prevalence in different regions and communities.
Causes of Early Marriages
1. Social and Cultural Factors
o Traditional beliefs and customs promoting early marriage.
o Cultural norms regarding gender roles and responsibilities.
2. Economic Factors

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o Poverty and economic hardship forcing families to marry off daughters early.
o Bride price and economic benefits to the family.
3. Lack of Education
o Limited access to education, especially for girls.
o Perception that education is less valuable for girls compared to boys.
4. Legal and Policy Factors
o Weak enforcement of laws against child marriage.
o Legal loopholes and lack of protection for minors.
Consequences of Early Marriages
1. Health Risks
o Physical health risks related to early childbirth.
o Maternal mortality and complications during pregnancy.
2. Psychological Impact
o Emotional stress and mental health challenges.
o Limited personal development and autonomy.
3. Social and Economic Implications
o Interruption of education and limited economic opportunities.
o Generation of cycles of poverty and dependency.

(b) The Roles Played by the Media and Difficulties Faced in Third World Countries like
Zambia
Roles Played by the Media
1. Information Dissemination
o Role in educating the public and raising awareness.
o Promotion of societal values and civic education.
2. Public Opinion Shaping
o Influence on public perceptions and attitudes.
o Facilitation of public discourse and debate.
3. Entertainment and Cultural Preservation
o Role in promoting local culture and traditions.
o Entertainment value and cultural identity preservation.
Difficulties Faced by the Media
1. Political Interference
o Government censorship and restrictions on press freedom.
o Threats and intimidation of journalists.
2. Financial Constraints
o Lack of funding and economic viability.
o Dependency on advertisers and commercial pressures.
3. Technological Challenges
o Limited access to technology and infrastructure.
o Digital divide and access to online platforms.

(c) Causes and Dangers of Teenage Pregnancies

Causes of Teenage Pregnancies
1. Lack of Comprehensive Sex Education
o Insufficient knowledge about contraception and safe sex practices.

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o Cultural taboos and stigmatization of discussing sexual health.
2. Poverty and Socioeconomic Factors
o Limited access to healthcare and reproductive services.
o Economic pressures and lack of opportunities.
3. Peer Pressure and Influence
o Influence of peers and social norms on behavior.
o Desire for acceptance and validation.
Dangers of Teenage Pregnancies
1. Health Risks
o Higher risk of complications during pregnancy and childbirth.
o Maternal mortality and infant mortality rates.
2. Educational Disruption
o Dropout rates from school due to pregnancy.
o Impact on future career opportunities and economic independence.
3. Social Stigma and Psychological Impact
o Stigmatization of teenage mothers in society.
o Psychological stress and emotional challenges.

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