Modular Distance Learning

Lesson 1-3

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. Describe the characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and kinds of quantitative research (CS_RS12-
Ia-c-1);
2. Illustrate the importance of quantitative research across field (CS_RS12-Ia-c-2);
3. Differentiate the kinds of variables and their uses (CS_RS12-Ia-c-3);

Exercise 1
Directions: Read and analyze the statements below. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. Which of the following statements is NOT a characteristic of quantitative research?
A. Its results are taken from a sample can be generalized to the population.
B. It delivers an in-depth understanding of the problem or study.
C. It provides a more credible and reliable result.
D. It involves statistical analysis of numerical data.
2. In an experiment, which group does not receive intervention?
A. The treatment group C. The control group
B. The participant group D. The experimental group
3. Which of the following research questions could be answered by using quantitative research
methods?
A. What is the most popular social media platform used by Senior High School students?
B. How has the Covid-19 pandemic affected career choices among college students?
C. What are the factors affecting depressive behavior?
D. None of the above.
4. Which statement below illustrates a weakness of quantitative research?
A. The responses of the participants are limited to what has been asked and the choices
given.
B. The researcher's perspective can influence interpretation of results.
C. Data gathering takes too much time.
D. There is low degree of subjectivity.
5. Which of the following is NOT a strength of quantitative research?
A. Speedy data analysis C. Replicable
B. Less expensive D. Objective
For items 6 and 7, identify whether the given research topic is:
A. Correlational C. Descriptive
B. Quasi- experimental D. Experimental
6. Determination of the degree of satisfaction of parents, teachers, and students on the online and
modular blended learning
7. The effects of non-renewal of the ABS-CBN franchise to the average television viewing time of
housewives
8. Which type of quantitative research seeks to determine relationship of one characteristic to the
other?
A. Correlational C. Ex-post facto
B. Experimental D. Descriptive

9. Which of the following statements is NOT true about the importance of Quantitative Research?
A. It helps educators identify ways to improve learning
B. It helps improve crop production using safe organic fertilizers
C. It helps pharmaceutical companies explore safe and effective medicines
D. It helps understand victims of domestic violence perception of satisfaction

For items 10 to 12, determine if the statement is:

A. Always true C. Never true
B. Sometimes true D. Cannot be identified
10. A nominal variable is expressed in numbers.
11. The independent and dependent variables are applicable to ALL quantitative studies.
12. Dependent variables can be manipulated.
13. A group of students would like to know if spending time with a cat or dog decreases the amount of
stress and allows students to perform better on tests. Which of the following is an extraneous variable?
A. Student’s feeling towards the cat or dog
B. Amount of time spent with a cat or dog
C. Test scores of students
D. Amount of stress
14. A famous vlogger wanted to know if changing the content of his vlogs (food review, travel, study
tips, etc.) will affect the number of views per uploaded video. The number of views per uploaded video is
the:
A. Confounding variable C. Dependent variable
B. Independent variable D. Continuous variable
15. Which of the following is an example of a continuous variable?
A. Learning modality used C. Student’s height
B. Student’s test score D. Student’s IQ

Quantitative Research
You have learned from Practical Research 1 that research method is classified into two main types:
quantitative and qualitative. While both methods utilize a specific data gathering procedure, the former is
generally concerned with understanding phenomenon relating to or involving quality or kind. The latter, on
the other hand, is based on the measurement or quantity. In this module, we will focus on quantitative
methods of research and its different kinds.
Quantitative research uses scientifically collected and statistically analyzed data to investigate
observable phenomena. A phenomenon is any existing or observable fact or situation that we want to
unearth further or understand. It is scientific for the fact that it uses a scientific method in designing and
collecting numerical data. Once data is collected, it will undergo statistical analysis like Pearson’s r, t-test
and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for analysis. Since data is analyzed statistically, it is imperative that
the data obtained must be numerical and quantifiable, hence its name quantitative research.
Numerical data are generally easier to collect than descriptions or phrases used in qualitative
research. Information like student’s grades in different subjects, number of hours of engagement in social
media platforms of teens, percentage of consumers who prefer the color blue for soap packaging, and
average of daily Covid-19 patient recovery per region are just few examples of research data expressed in
numbers. Some data, on the other hand, are not directly countable and thus require conversion from non-
numerical information into numerical information. For instance, determining which brand of canned
sardines is the best choice for consumers in terms of taste cannot be expressed in numbers unless we do a
survey using a rating scale. Several forms of rating scales are available, e.g., the Likert scale that we can
use to quantify data. Usually, they come in a selection of numbers with a corresponding meaning for each
choice, for example: 1= tastes very good, 2 = satisfactory, or 3 = undesirable. Numerical choices convert
texts into numbers so the researcher can perform mathematical operations for faster, more accurate, and
more objective analysis.
Characteristics of Quantitative Research
Quantitative research is commonly used in natural sciences research problems
because of the following characteristics:
1. Large Sample Size. To obtain more meaningful statistical result, the data must come from a large
sample size.
2. Objectivity. Data gathering and analysis of results are done accurately, objectively, and are
unaffected by the researcher’s intuition and personal guesses.
3. Concise Visual Presentation. Data is numerical which makes presentation through graphs, charts,
and tables possible and with better conveyance and interpretation.
4. Faster Data Analysis. The use of a statistical tools gives way for a less time- consuming data
analysis.
5. Generalized Data. Data taken from a sample can be applied to the population if sampling is done
accordingly, i.e., sufficient size and random samples were taken.
6. Fast and Easy Data Collection. Depending on the type of data needed, collection can be quick
and easy. Quantitative research uses standardized research instruments that allow the researcher to collect
data from a large sample size efficiently. For instance, a single survey form can be administered
simultaneously to collect various measurable characteristics like age, gender, socio-economic status, etc.
7. Reliable Data. Data is taken and analyzed objectively from a sample as a representative of the
population, making it more credible and reliable for policymaking and decision making.
8. High Replicability. The Quantitative method can be repeated to verify findings enhancing its
validity, free from false or immature conclusions.
Advantages of Quantitative Research
The following are the advantages of quantitative research or its strengths:
1. Very objective
2. Numerical and quantifiable data can be used to predict outcomes.
3. Findings are generalizable to the population.
4. There is conclusive establishment of cause and effect
5. Fast and easy data analysis using statistical software.
6. Fast and easy data gathering
7. Quantitative research can be replicated or repeated.
8. Validity and reliability can be established
Disadvantages of Quantitative Research
The following are the disadvantages of quantitative research or its weaknesses:
1. It lacks the necessary data to explore a problem or concept in depth.
2. It does not provide comprehensive explanation of human experiences.
3. Some information cannot be described by numerical data such as feelings, and
beliefs.
4. The research design is rigid and not very flexible.
5. The participants are limited to choose only from the given responses.
6. The respondents may tend to provide inaccurate responses.
7. A large sample size makes data collection more costly.

Kinds of Quantitative Research

Quantitative research is a broad spectrum that it can be classified into smaller and more specific
kinds: descriptive, correlational, ex post facto, quasi-experimental, and experimental.

1. Descriptive design is used to describe a particular phenomenon by observing it as it occurs in

nature. There is no experimental manipulation, and the researcher does not start with a hypothesis.
The goal of descriptive research is only to describe the person or object of the study. An example
of descriptive research design is “the determination of the different kinds of physical activities and
how often high school students do it during the quarantine period.”
2. The correlational design identifies the relationship between variables. Data is collected by
observation since it does not consider the cause and effect, for example, the relationship between
the amount of physical activity done and student academic achievement.
3. Ex post facto design is used to investigate a possible relationship between previous events and
present conditions. The term “Ex post facto” which means after the fact, looks at the possible causes
of an already occurring phenomenon. Just like the first two, there is no experimental manipulation
in this design. An example of this is “How does the parent’s academic achievement affect the
children obesity?”
4. A quasi-experimental design is used to establish the cause-and-effect relationship of
variables. Although it resembles the experimental design, the quasi-experimental has lesser validity
due to the absence of random selection and assignment of subjects. Here, the independent variable
is identified but not manipulated. The researcher does not modify pre-existing groups of subjects.
The group exposed to treatment (experimental) is compared to the group unexposed to treatment
(control): example, the effects of unemployment on attitude towards following safety protocol in
ECQ declared areas.
5. Experimental design like quasi- experimental is used to establish the cause-and-effect relationship
of two or more variables. This design provides a more conclusive result because it uses random
assignment of subjects and experimental manipulations. For example, a comparison of the effects
of various blended learning to the reading comprehension of elementary pupils.
Exercise 2
Directions: On the space provided, write TRUE if the statement describes quantitative research and FALSE
if it is incorrect.
1. Quantitative data can be presented using tables and graphs.
2. The results of quantitative research can be used to generalize and predict.
3. Quantitative research is flexible so at any stage, the study may change.
4. Quantitative data are more credible, reliable, and useful than qualitative data.
5. The research study cannot be replicated or repeated because it is unique in every case.
6. Data are in the form of numbers and analyzed statistically.
7. Data analysis is an on-going process. It can be done at any stage of the process.
8. The behavior of the participants is observed and is critical to the analysis of results.
9. Analysis of data is less time-consuming.
10. In quantitative research, the researcher participates and engages the participants in the study

Exercise 3: Yes or No
Direction: Write YES on the blank if the question requires for quantitative approach and NO if it does not.
1. Are high grades in Mathematics a good indicator for employment after graduation?
2. Will taking brain enhancers increase examination scores?
3. Are there changes in consumer behavior before and after online selling was popularized?
4. Do online learning materials enhance the computer skills of students?
5. Are there changes in the study habits of public-school students before and after the
Covid-19
pandemic?
6. What kind of pick-up lines are most appealing to both genders at the early adult stage?
7. Is there a difference in the academic performance of students using online, blended and
modular
learning modalities?
8. Will student’s and parent’s attitudes towards distance learning change over time?
9. Which of the four SHS tracks (Academic, Tech-Voc, Sports, Arts & Design) is greatly
affected
by the Covid-19 pandemic?
10. What are the factors affecting the delayed completion and submission of assignments/tasks
given to students using modular learning modality?

Answer Key
Exercise 1
1. B 6. B
2. B 7. A
3. C 8. A
4. C 9. C
5. C 10. D

Exercise 2
1. TRUE 6. TRUE
2. TRUE 7. FALSE
3. FALSE 8. TRUE
4. TRUE 9. TRUE
5. FALSE 10. FALSE

Exercise 3
1. YES 6. NO
2. YES 7. YES
3. NO 8. NO
4. YES 9. YES
5. NO 10. NO