Analysis:

The fifth experiment is entitled "Electric Fields and Equipotential Lines",

and it tackles about the application of Electric Fields and Equipotential Lines.
Electric Field surrounds electrically charged particles and time-varying magnetic
fields. The electric fields depicts the force exerted on other electrically charged
objects by the electrically charged particle the field is surrounding. The concept of
an electric field was introduced by Michael Faraday. The electric field is a vector
N V
field with SI units of Newtons per Coulomb ( C ) or Volts per meter ( m ). The

magnitude of the field at a given point is defined as the force that would be exerted
on a positive test charge of 1 Coulomb placed at that point; the direction of that
force. Electric fields contain electrical energy with energy density proportional to
the square of the field amplitude. The electric field is to charge as gravitational
acceleration is to mass and force density is to volume. An electric field is a region
in which electrostatic force is present. The strength of the field at any particular
point (electric field intensity, E) is defined as force divided by the charge

F
E= q

E is a vector quantity and it follows the direction of the force on a positive test
charge placed at that point in the field. Figure 1 shows the sketch of electric field
intensity for a single positive and single negative charge.

Figure 1
The first figure is Electric Field Strength's Direction due to a Positive Charge and
the second figure is an Electric Field Strength's Direction due to a Negative
Charge.

The magnitude and direction of an electric field are visually represented by

lines called electric field lines or electrostatic lines of force. The direction of the
field line follows the path taken by a positive test charge as it moves from one
point to the next in the electric field.

Figure 2

Electric Lines of Force

between a Positive and a

Negative Charge.

If a test charge q (Figure 3) is located at an infinite distance from charge Q, the

work done per unit charge from that point to point A close to charge Q is called
potential at A.

W ∞⇾ λ
VA =
q

Moving the test charge against the electric field from point A to point B will give
rise to a potential difference between the two points traversed,

W
V= q
Figure 3. Potential and Potential Difference in an Electric Field

If the charge is moved from B to C (path BC is perpendicular to line of force),

resulting to a zero component of force along the path, the work done is zero. Points
B and C are said to be at the same potential and the path is called equipotential
line. Figure 4 shows a complete sketch of the electric lines of force and
equipotential lines of two unlike charges.

Figure 4

Figure 4 shows the electric field lines and equipotential lines of two unlike
charges. An electric field that changes with time, such as due to the motion of
charged particles in the field, influences the local magnetic field. That is, the
electric and magnetic fields are not completely separate phenomena, what one
observer perceives as an electric field, another observer in a different frame of
reference perceives as a mixture of electric and magnetic fields. For this reason,
one speaks of "electromagnetism" or "electromagnetic fields". In quantum
electrodynamics, disturbances in the electromagnetic fields are called photons, and
the energy of photons is quantized. In this experiment, electric field is set up using
a conductive paper and a silver ink pen to mark the electrodes. The equipotential
line is mapped using a digital multimeter to locate points with equal potential. In
this experiment, we used two pieces of conductive paper, a piece of silver ink pen,
a piece of corkboard surface, ten pieces of push pins, two pieces of connecting
wires, a piece of circular template, a piece of digital multimeter, and a piece of
battery. The images of the equipments follows:
Moreover, in this expeirment, we have a single objective which is to study the
nature of electric fields by mapping the equipotential lines and then drawing in the
electric lines of force. Equipment care is also important. For the Digital
Multimeter, we should make sure that the knob is in the voltage selection when
measuring the voltage. Also, we shouldn't attempt to touch the grid marks of the
conductive paper in mapping the equipotential line.

The first part of the experiment is the observation of dipoles of unlike

charges. First, we take the cross hair of the paper as the origin. We marked the
(0,10) and (0,-10) coordinates of the conductive paper using the silver ink pen on a
hard surface. Then we transferred the conductive paper to the corkboard and used
the push pins to safely secure the paper. We placed the push pins on the marked
coordinates. These will serve as the electrodes. We connected the electrodes to the
battery using the alligator type connecting wires. The equipotentials are plotted by
touching one probe of the multimeter to one of the electrode push pins. This serve
as the reference. The other probe of the multimeter is used to measure the potential
at any point on the paper. In mapping the equipotential line, we set at least 1 cm
distance from the reference electrode and start moving the probe to a desired
potential indicated on the multimeter. We take note of the x and y coordinates. We
repeated the steps for more equipotential lines. The new starting point should be at
least 0.5 cm from the previous line. We continued to move the probe in one
direction keeping the multimeter reading constant. We can also use a pencil to
mark the points. We then transferred the coordinates to the data sheet and start
connecting the points using a smooth curve. Keeping in mind that the equipotential
line is perpendicular to the lines of force, we drew a smooth line to represent the
electric field lines from the positive electrode to the negative electrode. From the
experiment, we obtained the following results:
Multimeter Reading Coordinates, (x,y)
0 9
1.218 Volts 0.8 9.4
0.7 9.2
1.4 11.8
0 8
2.08 Volts 1.1 8.9
1.5 10.5
1.7 10.6
0 7
1.221 Volts 0.9 7.2
1.2 7.4
0.5 7.1
0 6
1.400 Volts 0.9 6.2
1.3 6.5
0.5 6.1
0 5
1.646 Volts 0.8 5.3
1.3 5.5
0.6 5.2

The graph for the first part of the experiment will look like the following:
The second part of the experiment is the observation of the point source and a
guard ring. First, we repeated the experiment using a different electrode
configuration: a point source and a guard ring. The point source is located at the
origin of the conductive paper. we set the radius of the ring to 7 cm. We placed the
push pins at the center and at (0,-7 cm).

Multimeter Reading Coordinates, (x,y)

0 1
3.20 Volts 0.9 0.9
0.5 0.95
1 0
0 2
4.86 Volts 1.45 2
1.8 0.9
2 0
0 3
5.58 Volts 2.25 1.8
1.65 2.4
 3 0
0 4
6.07 Volts 3.1 2.2
3.5 1.2
4 0
0 5
6.53 Volts 3.45 3.65
4.2 2.05
5 0
The graph of the obtained values will look like:

For additional information, there is a proper usage of the apparatus. The ink in the
Silver Conductive Ink is a silver pigmented paint and it contains hazardous
ingredient like organic ester solvent. Too much exposure or if inhaled intentionally
can cause nausea. In using the silver ink pen, shake the pen vigorously for 20
seconds, with the cap on. Remove the cap. Press and squeeze the pen barrel firmly
and start your drawing. Drawing the pen little by little across the paper produces a
solid line. The silver conductive ink reaches its maximum conductivity after 20
minutes drying time. For the conductive paper, we shouldn't attempt to draw
electrodes while the paper is on the corkboard. We also shouldn't attempt to make
measurements by placing the probe on the grid marks. Touch the multimeter probe
only on the solid black areas of the paper. These are some of the proper ways of
using the equipments like the silver conductive ink, the corkboard, the multimeter,
and the like. In the future, we will also be able to use these equipments in the
outside world. Therefore, proper handling of these materials and proper usage are
needed. These are some of the proper ways of using the equipments like the silver
conductive ink, the corkboard, the multimeter, and the like. In the future, we will
also be able to use these equipments in the outside world. Therefore, proper
handling of these materials and proper usage are needed.
Conclusion:

Experiment 305 which is entitled "Electric Fields And Equipotential Lines"

helped us more in applying the concepts of electric fields in things that we will be
encountering in the near future. Also, as we can see, there is a unique pattern in the
graph of each part. In the first part of the experiment, we formed a parabolic
pattern while in the second part, we formed a circular pattern of the locations
where the voltages are the same from the first. Also, we applied the concept that
the magnitude and direction of an electric field are visually represented by lines
called electric field lines or electrostatic line of force(even though the lines are not
really seen during the experiment). An electric field is a region in which
electrostatic force is present. The strength of the field at any particular point
(electric field intensity, E) is defined as force divided by the charge. Also, the
positive releases a charge and the negative charge absorbs the charge, that's why a
positive and negative pole were to be held together, they attract one another. This
is one of the experiments that will enable us students to apply our knowledge about
electric fields and equipotential lines in the near future as we become
Engineers/Architects. There are also equipments in this experiment that are
significant if we are already Engineers, like the multimeter, conductive paper, etc.,
and proper equipment care are needed to be done in order for the experiment to
have very good results. As we have noticed, there are no percent error in this
experiment because there are no actual value of the data obtained in this
experiment. Lastly, I conclude that in this experiment, electric field is set up using
a conductive paper and a silver ink pen to mark the electrodes. The equipotential
line is mapped using a digital multimeter to locate points with equal potential.