ASSIGNMENT 1

1. Chapter 1:
Exercise 1.22:
- Sarah falls into for Pitfalls 5: Assuming a Causal Link and Pitfalls 6: Generalization
to Individuals. A statistic does not mean causation. Even if there was proof of
cause and effect, extending the outcome from a group to an individual is
inappropriate.

Exercise 1.25:
a)
- Six factors that affect grades: study time, natural ability of student, interest level in
subject, absenteeism, teaching methods, seating location.
- Smoking is not on the list .

(b)
- These results were observed because it cause a reverse causation. Students that receive
A's are most likely making healthy choices as well. Students who smoke are more likely to
make poor decisions when it comes to their study habits.

(c)
- Assuming these statistics are correct, giving up smoking may not be enough to change
a student's bad study habits or increase their interest in a subject because there is no proof
of causality

2. Chapter 2:
Exercise 2.46:
- Cluster sampling was most likely to have been used in this study

Exercise 2.57:
The difference between households who sign up and those who don’t is education and
income could affect who uses the no call-list. People with a high level of education will be
less likely to receive marketing calls or high-income households will be able to afford the
telemarketing “no-call list” service fee to avoid being disturbed.
a) The telemarketers promoting financial services won’t reach those who purchase
telemarketing “no call list” services.
b) The telemarketers promoting capet cleaning services won’t reach those who purchase
telemarketing “no call list” services.
c) The telemarketers promoting vaction packages won’t reach those who purchase
telemarketing “no call list” services.

3. Chapter 3:
Exercise 3.31:
A scatter plot, placing high school GPA on the X-axis and colGPA on the Y-axis.

-> the relationship between high school GPA and MSU GPA is weak positive
Exercise 3.33:
A scatter plot, placing libvol on the X-axis and salary on the Y-axis.

-> the relationship between no. volumes in lib., 1000s and median starting
salary is strong positive

4. Chapter 4: no. volumes in lib., 1000s

Exercise 4.65:
Re- arrange this data from smallest to largest, we have:
0 0 3 3 4 7 7 8 9 9 11 11 14 14 15 15 16 17 18 20 20 21 28 29 52 71 77 249
n

a) Mean: x = ∑
i=1
xi
=26.71.
❑
14+15
Median= 2
=14.5
 Mode: 0,3,7,9,11,14,15,20
X max + X min 249+0
Midrange= = = 124.5
2 2

b) Position of Q1 : (28+1) x 25% = 7.25 → → between two numbers with the 7th
and 8th positions
→ The value of Q1 = 7 + 0.25x(8-7) = 7.25
Position of Q2: (28+1) x 50% = 14.5 → → between two numbers with the 14th and
15th positions
→ The value of Q2 = 14 + 0.5x(15-14) = 14,5
Position of Q3: (28+1) x 75% = 21.75 → → between two numbers with the 21th
and 22th positions
→ The value of Q3 = 20 + 0.75x(21-20) = 20,75
Q3+Q 1 7.25+20.75
Midhinge = 2
=
2
=14

c) The geometric mean is only valid for data greater than zero, and the data set
has number zero, so we can’t use the geometric mean for this data set.
Exercise 4.73:
Sort Data:
8 12 15 16 17 19 22 25 29 37
8 12 15 16 17 20 22 25 29 49
9 13 15 16 18 20 23 25 31
10 13 16 17 18 20 23 26 31
11 13 16 17 18 20 24 27 32
11 13 16 17 19 21 24 27 34
11 14 16 17 19 21 24 28 34
12 14 16 17 19 21 25 28 36
a) Histogram for daily sales of Rice Krispies in the month of June in 74
Noodles & Company restaurants.

b) The distribution is skewed right

n

c) Mean : x = ∑ xi = 20.12
i=1
❑
Standard deviation: s= √❑=7.64
d) Position of Q1: (74+1)x25%= 18.75 → between two numbers with the 18th and
19th positions
Q1= 15 + 0.75x(15-15)= 15
Position of Q3: (74+1)x75%= 56.25 → between two numbers with the 56th and
57th positions
Q3= 25 + 0.75x(25-25)= 25
 Inner fences Outer fences
Lower fence Q1 – 1.5 (Q3-Q1) = 15-1.5x10 = 0 Q1-3(Q3-Q1) = 15-3x10 = -15
Upper fence Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1) = 25+1.5x10 = 40 Q3+3(Q3-Q1) = 25+3x10 = 55
→ There is one outlier at 49 (store 22).
5. Chapter 5:
Exercise 5.77:
a) Number of different plates can be issued: 263 x 103 = 17 576 000 plates
b) Number of unique plates are possible: 366 = 2 176 782 336 plates
Some conbinations of digits and letters be disallowed because they look similar to
each other
c) Some conbinations of digits and letters be disallowed because they look
similar to each other such as : digit 0 and letter O; digit 1 and letter I
d) More than 2 billion unique plates could be enough for every car in the US
(the current population of the United States is 329.5 million people) but not be
enough for every car in the world (the current population of the world is 7.8
billion people)
e) Number of different plates can be issued if the letters O and I are not used:
346= 1 544 804 416 plates

Some conbinations of digits and

c)

letters be disallowed because they

look similar to each other
digit 0 and letter O
digit 1 and letter I
→ e, 346= 1 544 804 41
Some conbinations of digits and
letters be disallowed because they
look similar to each other
digit 0 and letter O
digit 1 and letter I
→ e, 346= 1 544 804 41
Some conbinations of digits and
letters be disallowed because they
look similar to each other
digit 0 and letter O
digit 1 and letter I
Some conbinations of digits and
letters be disallowed because they
look similar to each other
Exercise 5.94:
a)
Consider S is the event that represents the selected person is smoker.
Consider N is the event that represents the selected person is Non-Smoker.
Consider W is the event that represents the selected person is white.
Consider B is the event that represents the selected person is Black.
Number of smoked persons 320
i) P(S) = Total number of person
= 1000 = 0.32
Number of White persons 850
ii) P(W) = Total number of person = 1000 = 0.85
P ( S ∩W ) 290
(iii) P(S | W) = P ( W ) = 850 = 0.341
P ( S ∩ B) 30
(iv) P(S | B) =
P ( B)
= 150
= 0.2
Number of White∧smoked person 290
(v) P (S and W) = Total number of person
= 1000
= 0.29
Number of non−smokers∧Black person 120
(vi) P(N and B) = Total number of person
= 1000
= 0.12

b)

Smoking and race are not independent. Since, the probability of White pepople,
given that they are smokers is:

P ( W ∩ S ) 290
P(W|S) =
P(S)
= 320 = 0.906
The marginal probability of S is:
Number of smoked person 320
P(S)= Total number of person = 1000
= 0.32

From the conditional and marginal probabilities, observe that the conditional
probability is not equal to the marginal probability. Therefore, the events race
and smoking are not independent.

c) No. The smoking rates shown here are not corresponding to my experience
because usually the smoking is independent of race, but in part (b) explains the
race is not independent of smoking.
d) The public health officials are interested in this type of date because they
might target or design special programs based on race.

Exercise 5.98:
Consider A is the event that represents the selected person is authorized
person.
Consider A’ is the event that represents the selected person is unauthorized
person .
Consider R is the event that represents refused .
Consider R’ is the event that represents admitted
Tree diagram:

1
P(R) :
1000
P(A): 0.95
999
P(R’): 1000

999999
P(R): 1000000
P(A’): 0.05
1
P(R’): 1000000
So, the is the probability of the person was really authorized given that a person
is refused admission is:

P(A|R)=
P(R∨ A)P ( A )
=
(
( 0.95 )
1000 )
1

= 0.0186
P (R∨ A) P ( A ) + P(R∨A ' )P ( A )
( 0.95 ) (
1000 ) ( 1000000 )
'
1 999999
+ ( 0.05 )