SMART STREET LIGHTING SYSTEM

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page Numbers

DECLARATION BY THE SCHOLAR iii

SUPERVISOR’S CERTIFICATE iv

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS v

LIST OF FIGURES vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT viii

ABSTRACT ix

CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 MOTIVATION 1
1.2 LITERATURE SURVEY 2

CHAPTER-2
PROPOSED SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 3

2.1 DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS 3

2.2 SENSORS 5
2.2.1 IR SENSOR 5
2.2.1.1 TRACKING THROUGH IR SENSOR 6
2.2.1.2 PRINCIPLE OF WORKING 8
 2.2.2 AMBIENT LIGHT SENSOR 9

CHAPTER-3
PROPOSED ALGORITHM 10

3.1 DETAILED EXPLANATION 10

3.2 FLOW DIAGRAM OF PROPOSED ALGORITHM 12
3.3 HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION 16

CHAPTER-4
REAL TIME CLOCK INTERFACING WITH
STREET LIGHTING SYSTEM 19

4.1 REAL TIME CLOCK (RTC) 19

4.2 CLOCK OUTPUTS 21

CHAPTER-5
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 25

REFERNCES 28

APPENDIX A 29

APPENDIX B 31
CFL Compact Fluorescent Light
HW Hi-Watt
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Enginners
IR Infrared
LDR Light Dependent Resistor
LED Light Emitting Diode
USB Universal Serial Bus
PC Personal Computer
PCB Personal computer
PWM Pulse Width Modulation
RTC Real Time Clock

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Caption Page No.

2.1 Arduino UNO Board with Pin Description 4

2.2 IR motion sensor 6
2.3 Infrared LED 7

2.4 IR Receiver 7

2.5 Showing detection through IR sensor 8

2.6 Graph characteristic of LDR 9

2.7 Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) 9

3.1 Flow diagram to illustrate working of the system 13

3.2 Flow diagram illustrate working of Glow lights function 14

3.3 Flow diagram illustrate working of Glow next lights function 15

3.4 The Prototype for the smart street light system 16

3.5 All LEDs turned on at minimum intensity (10%) when the

LDR resistance increase because of low lighting conditions. 16
3.6 The first 3 lights glow because of the object being
detected by the first IR sensor. 17
3.7 The next 3 lights glow because of the object being
detected by the second IR sensor. 17
3.8 The next 3 lights glow because of the object being
detected by the third IR sensor. 18
4.1 Real Time Clock Module 19
4.2 RTC connection to Arduino 20
4.3 Showing the clock time date month synced with real time 21
4.4 Counting time with lights off 21
4.5 Turning on the lights at the assigned time 22

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4.6 Showing output of the serial monitor 22

4.7 The next 3 lights glow because of the object being

detected by the first IR sensor. 23
4.8 The next 3 lights glow because of the object being
detected by the second IR sensor. 23
4.9 The next 3 lights glow because of the object being
detected by the third IR sensor. 24
4.10 Serial monitor output 24

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 ABSTRACT

The project is about a real time adaptive street lighting scheme, detecting the presence
of vehicles and dynamically adjusts the brightness of lights to the optimal level. The
main aim of smart street lighting system is reducing the power usage when no vehicle
movements are being detected on the road and to turn ON the smart street light only
when car approaches. When a vehicle comes, then the next pair of three lights glows
while the vehicle keep moving ahead, the coming pair of the lights glows and the pair
before, comes back to the initial level after a certain time interval. With this, the energy
efficiency is being improved of street lights and its usefulness. The streetlights are
assumed to start their operation at sunset and finish at sunrise the next day. We have
also proposed a new adaptive smart street lighting algorithm which will illustrate how
the system is going to operate according to seasonal changes, and what would be the
corresponding operational hours of the smart streetlights to keep them on without
causing any delays and problems for the vehicles.

Our proposed model uses Infrared (IR) sensor and LED lights. As LEDs are more
efficient and have longer lifespan, lights on the streets of our country are being
substituted by LED street lights, which helps to solve the problem of power wastage.
The other reason for using LED in our project is that its intensity can be varied as per
the time and traffic on road. The successful implementation of a prototype further will
be helping in large-scale development of the project. The project presents alternative to
a profitable and nature friendly solution to the excessive energy wastage problem with
the current street light systems and is one of the effective scheme for electricity saving
in smart city project.

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Motivation

Presently, in our country more than 28 million street lights are lit up during night
consisting mainly CFL, metal halides or sodium vapour lights. From several sources we
found that the demand of electricity usage to lit up street lights falls between 20% to
40% of the total energy produced in our country. So as the need of the hour, even our
government is considering to implement LED technology to reduce this energy
requirement to a much lower level. [1]. The glitches faced by the street lights include:

Lights not working

No reference data to find what is the number of lights that are not working. The next
point is that there is no record to understand which of the lights is working or not and
how long is the lifespan.

Stealing of electricity

Electricity stealing is a big issue in India. No statistics on the amount of electricity used
by a light every night is available and on a wider level there is no statistics summarizing
the amount of electricity that a phase is consuming.

Redundant wastage

Inspite of the fact that it is a country with a shortage of electricity, the conventional
street lights lead to wastage of power due to unnecessary on time. This entail to develop
a system which understand and avoid electricity wastage in street lights.

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 1.2 Literature survey
Following literature has been studied and the findings are discussed in below table.

Author/s Content

[2]
D. K. Srivatsa, B. Preethi, This paper is based on smart regulator of street lights to
R. Parinitha, G. Sumana and heighten the issue of power usage and brilliance of the streets.
A. Kumar

[3]
Y. M. Yusoff, R. Rosli, M. Paper helped us in learning how to program to control the light
U. Karnaluddin and M. Samad intensity of the LEDs and about the sensor usage and
connection to the board.

[4]
R. Müllner, A. Riener Learning of the paper involves wide-ranging accessibility to the
emerging technology like light emitting diodes and their
ecofriendly nature to the environment and long lasting ability
motivates the user to believe that power conserving street
lighting systems are a reality and can be implemented in the
country.

[5]
M. Castro, A. J. Jara and A. In this paper authors described the need of smart lighting
F. G. Skarmeta system. They have described that the sustainable development
of cities affects the overall electricity use of lighting and the
curiosity in offering greater control of its use. They have
proposed the solution for lightning system through Machine to
Machine protocols.

Based on the literature survey which we have carried out, it has been observed that
designing of smart street lighting systems is the need of hour which will play a major
role in smart city project also. This system will save a lot of electricity wastage
compared to the conventional street lights. A large number of street lights can be seen
glowing at full intensity on highways, as also observed on airport roads where the street
lights were always on during night time with full intensity even if there is no vehicular
or pedestrian movement which leads to a burden on power stations supplying
electricity. This excessive wastage of electricity can be utilized by some other electrical
systems requiring surplus amount of power.

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 CHAPTER 2

PROPOSED SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

2.1 Design Specifications:

For the proposed system, following are the list of necessities that system targets to deal
with to handle the glitches of the current light systems:

1. Signal Discovery: The sensors will be switching on lights when it is required or

motion is in range (when vehicle passes by).

2. Arduino: The microcontroller is the control unit with the following functions:
a. Course Statistics: Sensors detect the presence of vehicles.
b. Handle Output: It handles the potency of the lighting system according to
thereadings of sensors.

3. Intensity Management: This function ensures the adjusting of LED lights so that
lower lighting levels are used when there is motion according to the clock time.

4. Algorithm: Algorithms are used to control the lights smartly to act according to the
cars on the road.

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Microcontroller-Arduino

It is a microcontroller board which contains on-board power, USB to connect with

Computer. This is a regular board which can be programmed and easily connected to
without need of any PCB design and execution process. Anyone can get the details of
its design to modify it according to the requirements. Fig. 2.1 shows the Arduino UNO
Board with its components.

Figure2.1: Arduino UNO Board [6]

Arduino UNO Board has 14 digital input/output pins of which 6 can be used as PWM
output pins, there are 6 analog input and output. It has everything which is needed to
support the microcontroller. Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is
used to burn the code to the microcontroller.

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Power to Arduino:

The power to Arduino Uno is given through USB connection or external power through
battery. The power source selection is made by the user.

Vin: It is input voltage to Arduino when it is on an external power source.

5V Pin: Pin outputs a controlled 5V from the regulator on to the board.

3V3 Pin: 3.35volt supply which provides maximum current of 50mA.

Gnd Pin: Ground pins.

2.2 Sensors:

Sensors in our proposed system are performing functions such as detecting the vehicle
presence and controlling the ambient lighting, which are vital for switching on lighting
at night.

2.2.1 IR Sensor

IR stands for Infrared Sensor and is used for motion detection purpose and the
placement of the sensors is critical. IR sensor detects objects which align ahead of the
[7]
sensor. Sensor keeps spreading infrared lights and whenever object comes near, the
sensor detects by observing the reflected lights. Feature of IR sensor is to be activate
HIGH on object detection.

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 Figure 2.2:IR motion sensor [8]

2.2.1.1 Tracking through IR Sensor

The sensors have two elements namely infrared source and the infrared detector.
Infrared sources include an LED. Infrared detectors include photodiodes or
phototransistors. The energy which is emitted by the infrared source is reflected by an
object and falls on the infrared detector. [9]

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 IR Transmitter:

Infrared Transmitter is a LED which releases infrared radiations and hence named as
Infrared LED’s. An IR LED is similar to a normal LED, but the radiations of it is not
visible to the naked eye. The construction of a simple, this transmitter involve using an
infrared LED, a current limiting resistor and power supply.

Figure2.3: Infrared LED Transmitter [10]

IR Receiver:

Infrared receivers also called as infrared sensors detect the radiation from an IR
transmitter. The picture shown below is a IR receiver:

Figure2.4: IR Receiver [11]

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The existence of different types of IR receivers is based on the wavelength, voltage,
package. When it is used in an infrared transmitter it is important that receiver grouping
and the value of wavelength of that receiver should be matched with that of the
transmitter.

2.2.1.2 Principle of Working

The principle of an IR sensor working as an Object Detection Sensor can be very well
understood by observing the figure given below. An IR sensor consists of an IR LED
and an IR Photodiode so collectively both of them are called as Photo – Coupler. [12]

Figure2.5: Showing detection procedure of the IR sensor [13]

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2.2.2 Ambient Light Sensors

Light Dependent Resistor is basically optically variable resistor. The resistance and the
[14]
light intensity varies inversely in this sensor. When the intensity of light increases,
resistance decreases as is illustrated in Fig. 2.6. LDR keeps our smart street lights in
OFF state during the day and as the day passes and the light in the atmosphere
decreases, the resistance increases and then our system gets turned ON with LED’s
working at the intensity level as per the algorithm we designed as illustrated in the next
chapter.

Figure2.6: Graph characteristic of LDR [15]

Figure2.7: Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) [16]

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 CHAPTER 3

PROPOSED ALGORITHM

3.1 DETAILED EXPLANATION

Our developed algorithm will work throughout the year. We have proposed timings
according to seasons for which we have considered two seasons – Summer Season and
Winter Season. Our project aims to control the intensity of the street lights between
different time intervals according to the seasons.
We have decided the intensity levels of street lights on the basis of natural light at that
time and the amount of traffic.
For example: When the Sun is about to set there is some amount of light present, so we
have decided to keep intensity of street light to 50% at the time just before sunrise and
at the time just before sunset.
We are using LED’s instead of Sodium Lamps which causes environmental pollution
and their lifetime is also low when compared to LED’s.
We have decided four intensity levels as:
50% intensity:
50% intensity will be there at time of sunrise and sunset when there is some amount
of natural light in the atmosphere.
100% intensity:
100% intensity will be there after sunset and before sunrise. Because after sunset,
there is no natural light present in atmosphere and the traffic amount is high due to
rush hours.
65% intensity:
65% intensity will be there after the peak time in night had over. At that time, we
don’t need 100% intensity because the amount of crowd near the midnight is very
few.
10% intensity:
Our proposed model glow light to a brighter intensity only when a vehicle is there,
otherwise the default intensity of street light when there is no motion near the street
lights is set to 10%, so that there is little consumption of electrical energy.

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 We have thought to close the lights when there is no motion near the street light but
its sounds darkness, so we have decided to keep initial level intensity to 10%.

We will use LED’s, so that their intensities can be controlled. Our algorithm will start
working according to clock in the real world.
We have pre-defined the times intervals keeping in sync with sunset and sunrise and
according to season.

Following are the main steps of our proposed algorithm:

 When the sun is about to set till sun is about to rise, our purposed system will glow
lights at default intensity, that is 10%.
 During the day time, the street lights will be switched off.
 If there is motion on the road near the street light, as detected by IR senor, our
purposed system will check time interval and glow the light according to the interval
set intensity as shown in Fig. 3.1
 The next 3 lights will glow from the light where motion is detected.

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3.2 FLOW DIAGRAM OF THE PROPOSED ALGOTITHM

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Figure 3.1: Flow diagram to illustrate Smart Street Lighting System working

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Figure 3.2: Flow diagram to illustrate working of Glow lights function

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Figure 3.3: Flow diagram to illustrate working of Glow next lights function

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3.3 HARWARE IMPLEMENTATION
In the Figure 3.5 shown below, the connections of the LEDs, LDR and the IR sensors to
the Arduino UNO microcontroller is shown. There are 9 LEDs whose output is
connected to the digital pins of the Arduino UNO and 3 IR sensors having output pins
connected to the Analog Pins A1, A2 and A3 and the LDR is connected to A0.

Figure3.4: Showing the Prototype for the smart street light system

Figure3.5: All LEDs turned on at minimum intensity (10%) when the LDR resistance
increase because of low lighting conditions.

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Figure3.6: The first 3 lights glow at night with full intensity because of the object being
detected by the first IR sensor.

Figure3.7: The next 3 lights glow because of the object being detected by the second IR
sensor.

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 Figure3.8: The next 3 lights glow because of the object being detected by the third IR
sensor.

The above circuit is powered by a Hi-Watt (HW) 6F22 9V battery for transistor radios
and the source code for the circuit is also mentioned in the Appendix A.

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 CHAPTER 4

REAL TIME CLOCK INTERFACING WITH STREET

LIGHTING SYSTEM

Need of introducing Real Time Clock (RTC) module in our smart street lighting
system is to overcome the drawbacks of the LDR based smart street lighting system
which will turn on lights due to dark weather conditions during the day. Therefore, RTC
module will help in better management and support our aim of power consumption.

4.1 REAL TIME CLOCK (RTC)

The DS1307 RTC has 58 bytes of battery standby. The clock provides detail of every
second, every minute, every hour, every day, every date, every month and the present
year. It has feature of adjusting the last date of every month of the year. Some amount
keeps the clock animated. RTCs have many applications like embedded systems and
computer mother boards. The real time clock (RTC) is shown below. [17]

Figure4.1: DS1307 Real Time Clock Module [18]

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 Figure4.2: Connection of RTC to the Arduino UNO [19]

The above figure shows the connection of the pins on the RTC to the Arduino UNO.
The connection and functions of the pins are as follows:

 The SCL pin is connected to the A5. The function of this is to synching of the
data.
 The SDA pin is connected to the A4. The function of this is to provide pull up
voltage to 5.4V with help of a resistor.
 The VCC pin is connected to the 5V. The function of this is to supply power the
clock to read and update time on the clock.
 GND pin is connected to the GND.

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4.2 CLOCK OUTPUTS

As illustrated in Fig. 4.3, the clock embedded in our proposed system is

configured with the current time showing month and year also.

Figure4.3: Showing the clock time date month and year synced with the real time.

Taken a sample case we have programmed the clock time 20:17 to 20:18 to
turn on lights. So seeing the time on serial monitor we have generated the
below observations.

Figure4.4: Counting time with lights off

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Figure4.5: Turning on the lights at the assigned time

Figure4.6: Showing output of the serial monitor.

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 Figure4.7: The first 3 lights glow because of the object being detected by the first IR
sensor.

Figure4.8: The next 3 lights glow because of the object being detected by the second IR
sensor.
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 Figure4.9: The next 3 lights glow because of the object being detected by the third IR
sensor.

Figure4.10: Serial monitor output

The above shown results are generated by the source code attached in the appendix B.

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 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

The aim was to control the intensity of the road light framework between various time
intervals with regular change, identify the movement out and about and increment the
power of the lights when there is car moving and lessen the intensity once the
movement has finished. By the utilization of Smart Street Light, additional portion of
vivacity can be spared which is ended by superseding sodium vapour lights by LED. It
counteracts the wastage of power brought about by manual exchanging of streetlights. It
furnishes with a productive and programmed shrewd streetlight control basis with the
support of IR sensors. It can control the vitality utilization and keep up the expense.
This savvy framework is profoundly adaptable and unconditionally flexible to client
needs.

This undertaking of Smart Street Light System is an effortful, functional, eco-

accommodating and the most secure approach to spare vitality. It spares the vitality
effectively by supplanting the traditional knobs by LEDs and via programmed
darkening of LEDs as and when require. Primary downsides of this framework are the
underlying establishment cost and support. Be that as it may, the costly scale usage of
this proposed framework will definitely lessen the general expense up as it were. This
undertaking has an extension in various different applications like: giving lighting in
transport safe house and parking garages. The proposed framework is suitable for road
lighting uncommonly in remote urban and rustic territories where the traffic is low on
occasion. It can likewise be executed in the remote territories where established
frameworks are restrictively costly.

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Future Scope

In coming future fixing of security cameras will be central feature for the system we
proposed. The job of the cameras would be to automatically capture the image of an
object in motion across the streetlight and save it in its memory which can be used as a
reference in future to ensure the safety at nights. This system can also be customized by
upgrading ordinary LED lights to the solar LED lights which are new & renewable
energy sources we could serve the same purpose of automatically controlling the street
lights much more effectively in both aspects of cost and manpower. The system now is
only to be used for one-way traffic on highways. The system has bright feature in two-
way traffic environment which enables the system more efficient.

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 REFERENCES

1. https://www.analyticsindiamag.com/smart-cities-optimize-street-lighting-india.

2. D. K. Srivatsa, B. Preethi, R. Parinitha, G. Sumana, and A. Kumar, "Smart Street

Lights," 2013 Texas Instruments India Educators' Conference, Bangalore, 2013,pp. 103-
106.

3. Y. M. Yusoff, R. Rosli, M. U. Karnaluddin and M. Samad, "Towards smart street

lighting system in Malaysia," 2013 IEEE Symposium on Wireless Technology &
Applications (ISWTA), Kuching, 2013, pp. 301-305.

4. Reinhard Müllner and Andreas Riener, (2011) "An energy efficient pedestrian aware
Smart Street Lighting system", International Journal of Pervasive Computing and
Communications,Vol.7, Issue:2, pp.147-161.

5. M. Castro, A. J. Jara, and A. F. G. Skarmeta, "Smart Lighting Solutions for Smart

Cities," 2013 27th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and
Applications Workshops, Barcelona, 2013, pp. 1374-1379.

6.https://www.elprocus.com/what-is-arduino-uno-r3-pin-diagram-specification-and
applications/

7. https://www.elprocus.com/infrared-ir-sensor-circuit-and-working/

8.https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/ir-sensor-module-for-arduino-rasberry-pi-
16016512830.html

9. Dr Javier Barria, Roxana Alexandru, Vijay Gami, Vivek Aggarwal, Jiaxi Sun, Pei Tu,
Iulian Ionascu, Niccolo’ Lamanna “Smart LED Street Lighting”

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10. https://www.electronicshub.org/ir-transmitter-receiver-circuits/

11 https://circuitdigest.com/electronic-circuits/ir-transmitter-and-receiver-circuit

12 https://www.electronicshub.org/ir-sensor/

13https://www.google.com/electronicshub.org%2Fir-sensor%

14. Shagun Malhotra, Vivek Kumar “Smart Street Lighting System: An Energy Efficient
Approach, International Journal of Science and Research
(IJSR)”https://www.ijsr.net/show_abstract.php

15. http://www.edgefx.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Light-Intensity-vs-LDR-
Resistance.jpg

16. https://www.kitronik.co.uk/blog/how-an-ldr-light-dependent-resistor-works/

17. https://howtomechatronics.com/tutorials/arduino/arduino-ds3231-real-time-clock-
tutorial/

18. https://robu.in/product/ds3231-precise-real-time-clock-module-i2c-rtc-at24c32/

19. https://howtomechatronics.com/tutorials/arduino/arduino-ds3231-real-time-clock-
tutorial/

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 APPENDIX A
Code of LDR Based Smart Street Lighting

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 APPENDIX B
Code of RTC to set seconds, minutes, hour, date and year

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Code to set the time to turn on lights and to turn off lights

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