S TA N D A R D S R E S E A R C H

DC Microgrids in Buildings
Planning Today for Tomorrow’s Needs

October 2020
DC MICROGRIDS IN BUILDINGS: PLANNING TODAY FOR TOMORROW’S NEEDS

Authors
Andrew Pride, P. Eng., Andrew Pride Consulting

Project Leads
Sam Loggia, CSA Group
Claudia Hamza, CSA Group

Acknowledgements
We would like to extend a special thank-you to Cisco Systems, Inc. for assisting with logistics and hosting the
workshop.

Thank you also to all participants in the workshop, as well as the following Presenters and Expert Interviewees:
Brent Lipson & Ark Tsisserev, AES Engineering
William (Bill) MacGowan, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Ted Olechna, Electrical Safety Authority
Mark Nahorniak, Oxford Properties Group
Richard de Lhorbe, Schneider Electric Canada
Craig Prewett, Stantec

Disclaimer
This work has been produced by Andrew Pride and is owned by Canadian Standards Association. It is designed to provide
general information in regards to the subject matter covered. The views expressed in this publication are those of the author and
interviewees. Andrew Pride and Canadian Standards Association are not responsible for any loss or damage which might occur
as a result of your reliance or use of the content in this publication.

Copyright
© 2020 Canadian Standards Association. All Rights Reserved.

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DC MICROGRIDS IN BUILDINGS: PLANNING TODAY FOR TOMORROW’S NEEDS

Table of Contents
Executive Summary 5

1.0 Introduction 6

2.0 Methodology 6
2.1 Stakeholders 7
2.2 Expert Interviews 7
2.3 Workshop Development 8
2.4 Analysis 8

3.0 DC Microgrids – Defining the Value Proposition and Value Enablers 8

3.1 DC Microgrids 8
3.2 Value of DC Microgrids 9
3.3 Enabling DC Microgrids 12

4.0 High-Level DC Microgrid System Interoperability Solutions 13

4.1 Opportunity: Return on Investment 13
4.2 Opportunity: Sustainability, Climate Change, and Renewables 13
4.3 Opportunity: International Economic Development Opportunities 13
4.4 Barrier: Grid Connection Rules and Regulations 13
4.5 Barrier: Current AC Infrastructure 13
4.6 Solutions 14

5.0 Connecting the Pieces: Standardization for DC Microgrids in Buildings 14

5.1 Urgent Items 16
5.2 Standardization Required in a Timely Manner 16
5.3 Items to Be Considered in Due Course 17

6.0 Additional Support for DC Microgrids in Buildings 17

6.1 Research Needs 17
6.2 Pilot Programs 18
6.3 Incentives 18

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DC MICROGRIDS IN BUILDINGS: PLANNING TODAY FOR TOMORROW’S NEEDS

7.0 Discussion and Analysis 19

7.1 Comparison with the Original DC Microgrids Report 19
7.2 Priority Work – High-Level Perspective 19
7.3 Priority Work – Standardization 20

8.0 Conclusions 21

References 22

Appendix A: Workshop Results 23

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DC MICROGRIDS IN BUILDINGS: PLANNING TODAY FOR TOMORROW’S NEEDS

Executive Summary
Direct Current (DC) microgrids in buildings are evolving and expanding. There is a need, and an industry desire, to see
more awareness, tools, education, and standardization in the DC marketplace. The alternating current (AC) market
has been in place for over a century. While DC has been around for longer, AC dominates the industry. However,
this may change since, over the past decade, new and more efficient DC devices have been introduced to building
systems. Further, the lower cost and higher benefits of distributed energy resources (DER) such as photovoltaic
(PV) power and battery storage are increasing in popularity. Interconnecting DER with DC technologies is creating
microgrids that are evolving beyond the current set of standards documents and safety protocols.

CSA Group published a research report in March 2019 [1], which produced an important knowledge base, as well as
a list of high-priority items for standards development. To expand upon the initial research, this report summarizes
insights from a workshop involving over 40 Canadian industry stakeholders who were asked to visualize the DC
microgrids of the future (2030); explore the DC microgrid value; uncover tools needed to capture that value; and
identify solutions to barriers and opportunities. They were also asked to provide their views on the highest priorities
for standardization and research needed for DC microgrids to be successful, efficient, and safe. The potential value
of DC microgrids; the tools, solutions, and standardization needs; and the further research required as identified in
the workshop are summarized herein.
•V
 alue proposition – Stakeholder feedback identified several key items that form the value proposition for DC
microgrids in buildings. The highest-rated values included energy savings; interoperability of systems; integration
of renewable energy, including the reliability/business continuity it provides; and improved experiences.
•T
 ools – Stakeholders identified several value enablers for DC microgrids in buildings, including awareness and
education; DC standards documents; government policies and regulations; and demonstration projects and
incentive programs.
•O
 pportunities and barriers – Many of the value propositions described earlier are predicated on the ability for DC
microgrids in buildings to operate seamlessly with other DC and AC systems. The opportunities identified included
return on investment; sustainability, climate change, and renewables; and international economic development
opportunities. The barriers to DC microgrids were identified as grid connection rules and regulations; and current
AC infrastructure. Solutions for these opportunities and barriers were explored in the workshop and included
demonstration projects, case studies, engagement with policymakers and utilities, and expansion of codes and
standards.
•S
 tandardization requirements – With a clearer understanding of the value and interoperability of DC microgrids,
high-priority areas urgently needing standards documents were identified. The highest priority items included
standard DC voltages; DC receptacles; DC connector plugs; DC voltage ranges; DC overcurrent protection; and
standards for health and safety. In addition, there were several standards identified that should be developed in
both the medium to long term.
•T
 opics to further the development of DC microgrids – Other initiatives were raised that could further the
development of DC microgrids in the buildings industry, including research activities, pilot programs, and
incentives. For example, stakeholders concurred that the industry would benefit from a roadmap exercise that
would summarize the current landscape for DC systems and propose a path to integration and transition from AC
to DC systems. Further, the implementation of pilot projects in buildings with high-value attributes such as green
buildings and electrified mobility could ease adoption of the technology while linking DC with a superior brand.

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DC MICROGRIDS IN BUILDINGS: PLANNING TODAY FOR TOMORROW’S NEEDS

“Direct current (DC) microgrids are

seen to have many benefits, including
resiliency, safety, performance,
efficiency, stability, and “plug-and-
play” capabilities.”

1.0 Introduction 6. Determining life-safety installation provisions for DC

microgrids; and
As an emerging area, direct current (DC) microgrids
7. Developing product standards and installation rules
are seen to have many benefits, including resiliency,
for DC protective devices.
safety, performance, efficiency, stability, and plug-
and-play capabilities. They are also a major part of the Standardization plays an important role in the growth
modernized smart grid power system that incorporates of many new and emerging technology areas; and
distribution, decentralization, and digitization. having a strong standards base can allow for broader
acceptance and uptake of many of these technologies.
In 2019, CSA Group published a research report on
Also, consensus-based standards can assist in industry
DC microgrids in buildings [1]. As part of the research,
acceptance and further the growth of safe, reliable
43 recent DC microgrids were evaluated, including
products, technologies, and systems.
commercial, institutional, industrial, and nanogrid
residential projects. Further, an analysis of the current The objectives of this project are as follows:
standards environment was conducted to determine
gaps and identify the most critical steps to enable the •C
 onfirm that the conclusions of the 2019 report [1]
adoption of DC power systems. accurately reflect stakeholder perceptions;
•U
 nderstand stakeholder perspectives on priority
The report identified seven high-priority items for DC
actions; and
systems:
• I dentify new research needs.
1. Establishing a standard for DC voltage levels and
ranges; A creative engagement strategy enabled industry
2. Developing approval criteria for DC power metering stakeholders to provide their perspectives, without
equipment for revenue billing; leading them to predetermined solutions.

3. 
Establishing standard receptacle and plug
configurations for DC circuits; 2.0 Methodology
4. 
Updating product standards to enable The research was undertaken with the following
commercialization of DC lighting, motor drives, and approach:
electric vehicle supply equipment;
1. Identify stakeholder groups interested in, or impacted
5. Clarifying the rules for interconnection of distributed by, DC microgrids in buildings;
energy resources;

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DC MICROGRIDS IN BUILDINGS: PLANNING TODAY FOR TOMORROW’S NEEDS

2. 
Conduct expert interviews with member(s) from within alternating current (AC) and DC systems. They
each stakeholder group; also saw an opportunity for increased resilience with
DC systems by having their own renewable generation
3. C
 onvene a workshop building on the initial report [1],
and battery storage. Manufacturers indicated that there
seeking additional feedback from the experts; and
was a strong value proposition for DC microgrids in
4. Review findings and develop conclusions. buildings, however, the message has not been well
articulated and communicated to all stakeholders. They
2.1. Stakeholders stated it would be helpful to have a proof of concept
Over 100 potential DC system stakeholders were through demonstration and pilot projects, perhaps
identified from a broad range of disciplines. After even an innovation lab that enabled switching from
discussions with industry experts, the stakeholder conventional AC to DC. Regulators expressed concern
grouping was simplified into three categories of those that the rapid evolution of DC and the proliferation
who may (1) manufacture and distribute; (2) specify, of simple communication protocols could quickly
control, and regulate; and (3) use, install, or maintain DC transform products and systems. This could open the
microgrids. This is illustrated in Figure 1. door to unforeseen safety hazards if codes, standards,
and regulatory requirements do not adapt to the swiftly
2.2. Expert Interviews changing technology.

Six industry experts participated in the interview

process. These experts represented building owners and
managers; consultants; suppliers and manufacturers; I envision that voltages across wires will change
and regulators. The expert interviews provided insight based on a device’s needs as communications are
into the range of topics and considerations for DC built into the power lines. So, how do we protect
microgrids in buildings. An array of perspectives and
the lines and keep the system safe when voltages
differing opinions emerged on where DC systems may
head over the next decade. For example, building owners constantly change?
expressed concern about the uniformity of systems and —REGULATOR

components and the ability to easily switch between and

Figure 1: Stakeholder Grouping

• Manufacturers
Technology • Integrators
Group 1 • Suppliers

Specify, Control &

• Consultants • Utilities
Regulate • Regulators • Incl. Associations
Stakeholder Group 2
Grouping
•B uilding Owners • Contractors
Users & Installers & Managers • Incl. Associations
Group 3 • Investors

Mixed Stakeholders • Cross-Disciplined

Group 4 & 5

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DC MICROGRIDS IN BUILDINGS: PLANNING TODAY FOR TOMORROW’S NEEDS

2.3. Workshop Development projects currently underway in Canada; potential pilots

and demonstration projects; and other research needed
Overall, the responses from the expert interviews
in the DC field.
demonstrated the need to begin the workshop
discussion at a high level before addressing the seven
priorities identified in the first research report. The 2.4. Analysis
workshop was designed to first probe stakeholders The workshop results were compiled and tabulated for
on their perspectives of the DC microgrid building analysis as presented in this report. The DC microgrid
of the future. To provide a sense of reality, the future value assessment was based on the number of similar
was defined as the year 2030. Presentations by key responses from the stakeholders. Enabling tools
industry leaders were given to inspire the participants and interoperability opportunities and barriers were
with their perspectives on the future DC building. After brainstormed and reported back with appropriate
each presentation, the participants broke into five pre- context. The solutions were tabulated and cross-
arranged groups – three were stakeholder specific, and referenced to the identified opportunities and barriers.
two were cross-disciplined (Figure 1). Three breakout And finally, a prioritization formula was used on needed
sessions flowed from high-level discussions down to standardization based on the frequency of an item and
specific actions. Within the sessions, participants were the relative importance expressed by the stakeholders.
asked to provide input as follows:
The workshop provided an inventory of ideas, concepts,
•S
 ession 1: The 2030 Vision and Today’s Needs – If and actions that will be explored further in this report.
the future potential is understood, today’s needs can
be identified.
• Provide input on the value proposition for DC
3.0 DC Microgrids – Defining the Value
microgrids by brainstorming potential value drivers; Proposition and Value Enablers
• From the value drivers identified, select the items 3.1. DC Microgrids
with the greatest value; and
DC microgrids in buildings is a generic term used to
• Identify what tools are needed now to enable the describe the incorporation of DC electrical systems into
value proposition.
buildings. Over the past century, most buildings have
•S
 ession 2: Interoperability – Future systems will been designed to operate on AC. Electricity is typically
need to interact for the benefits to be realized. received over powerlines from centralized generating
stations in each province and territory across Canada.
• Identify the opportunities and barriers for DC However, a greater focus on resiliency and an increase in
microgrids;
alternatives to fossil-fuel-based energy has reintroduced
• Identify, review, and prioritize solutions to realize DC power as an attractive option for all, or a part, of the
opportunities and resolve barriers. building. Local decentralized power generation from
photovoltaic (PV) cells are DC based, battery storage
•S
 ession 3: Connecting the Pieces – Consolidating
is DC based, and manufacturers are developing DC
the discussion with practicality in mind allows a
end devices, such as LED lighting systems. One of the
prioritization of action items.
workshop’s presenters noted that ‘the timing is magical’,
• Develop a list of areas where standardization would as the ratio of value to investment cost for DC microgrids
be of benefit; decreases the later systems are incorporated in the
• Identify the standardization priorities for the short, building development process (Figure 2).
medium, and long term.
The term microgrid has various definitions across the
Throughout the workshop, participants were also industry; however, it is generally used to describe the
invited to provide suggestions and insights on DC interconnection of multiple DC systems within a local

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DC MICROGRIDS IN BUILDINGS: PLANNING TODAY FOR TOMORROW’S NEEDS

Figure 2: Effect of DC System Implementation Timing on Value to Cost Ratio

Timing is Magical
Value / $$$$

Ability to Impact
Cost and Functional
Capacities

Lifecycle Cost
25% 75%
Strategy Design Construction Operation

environment, such as a building. It reinforces that the adaptors for information technology (IT) systems
highest value for DC is created when systems are (phones, laptops, monitors, etc.), and EV charging
interconnected to create microgrids. These microgrids systems, to name a few. Further, these AC to DC
can eliminate numerous DC to AC conversions as conversions also create unnecessary heat, which, when
illustrated in Figure 3. Stakeholders were asked to eliminated, further reduces energy use in the building,
further explore their views on the value proposition as well as wear and tear on the adapters.
of DC microgrids in buildings, which are presented in
Sections 3.2 and 3.3. Interoperability (15%) ranked close to energy savings.
DC microgrids are already being installed in buildings
3.2. Value of DC Microgrids today. They are often islands that operate independent
of other building systems. Creating a seamless operation
In considering the future of DC microgrids in buildings,
stakeholders listed many value propositions that could between DC and AC systems enables opportunities for
lead to an increased adoption of DC systems. Figure 4 system efficiencies and flexibility. This interoperability
demonstrates a tree map of various value drivers that will also open the door to revenue opportunities,
were raised in the workshop. The size of each block (and or simply reduce operating costs, by appropriately
associated percentage) represents the proportionate integrating distributed energy resources (DER) into
weighting of the identified value, which corresponds daily operations.
to the items that participants selected as the most
compelling.

Energy savings (15%) was the most popular value The horse has left the barn—the demand for DC
proposition. The primary driver for energy savings is the is here now.
reduction in energy used when converting AC to DC.
—TECHNOLOGY STAKEHOLDER
This conversion is needed for numerous regularly used
devices in AC buildings, such as ballasts in LED lighting,

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Figure 3: Hybrid AC/DC Microgrids vs. Full DC Microgrids Solutions [1]. Reproduced with Permission from EMerge Alliance.

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Renewable energy integration (12%) ranked closely power needed for full business continuity. Further,
behind interoperability. Renewable energy at the where buildings need reliability, most building owners
building level is often generated by PV, which is a will convert from DC back to AC, as most users and
DC source. These systems need to be converted to enforcement officials are accustomed to AC. This last
AC using an inverter. Having a pure DC system or point increases the importance of the interoperability
microgrid enables that simple integration. This is less of and integration values described earlier.
a concern with large rooftop PV installations. However,
as building-integrated PV (BIPV) evolves, there will
be DC generation sources disbursed throughout the
DC microgrids in buildings “threaten to make
building that will be most effective connected to a DC
microgrid. Renewable energy generation at the building things simple.”
level may negatively impact the electricity utilities; as —CONSULTANT STAKEHOLDER

the utility will see lower, and perhaps less predictable,

consumption in each building.
Sustainability (9%) and new income streams (6%)
Improved experiences (12%) were an important value were also valued. Environmental sustainability is
noted by stakeholders. The perception is that trades important to many stakeholders. The integration of
will have a better understanding of DC as regulatory renewable DC energy provides the opportunity to sell
requirements and best practices become clearer. power to the grid, which provides a revenue for the PV
Further, having plug-and-play functionality will create a owner, while offsetting energy supplied by the higher
simplified connectivity experience for users; improving greenhouse gas (GHG) content of the grid.
usability and flexibility of DC technology.
Additionally, lower costs (6%), increased safety (6%),
Reliability and business continuity (9%) were lower and data management (6%) were value drivers. The
in the ranking. This is likely because DERs in the removal of AC-DC and DC-AC conversions should
market today are insufficient to provide the scale of reduce initial construction costs, as well as ongoing

Figure 4: Stakeholders’ Perspectives on DC Microgrid Value Proposition, Weighted by Quantity of Responses

DC Microgrid Value Proposition

Reliability
Renewable and Business Sustainability
Energy Savings Energy Continuity (9%)
(15%) Integration (9%)
(12%)

Lower Increased
Costs Safety
New (6%) (6%)
Income
Improved Streams
Interoperability Experiences (6%)
(15%) (12%) Data Other
Management Factors
(6%) (4%)

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maintenance costs. Safety and data management to create a landscape and roadmap for how and when
require proper standardization for DC systems. standards documents will incorporate DC systems. This
will be discussed in Section 6.1 of the report. Within
Stakeholders indicated that having clear regulations, that plan, there should be consideration for standards
codes, and standards in place would ease the documents to be flexible and adaptable to flow with DC
uncertainty associated with emerging technologies systems as they rapidly evolve.
entering the market. Also, DC microgrids, which are
often networked and interconnected, would enable
better control of devices and plug loads, which could, in
turn, lead to optimized energy use in the building and in SPEED OF EXECUTION—there is an urgency
the community. to bring everyone on side and find a happy
middle ground.
3.3. Enabling DC Microgrids —CONSULTANT STAKEHOLDER
An understanding of the value of future DC microgrids
leads to uncovering the tools needed to enable the
value. Tools include guidelines, standards, regulations, Workshop stakeholders expressed that government
voluntary programs, and any other enabling tool. Four policies and regulations need to evolve to include DC
tools emerged as important for enabling value of DC microgrids. For example, it was noted that regulations
microgrids in buildings: Awareness and education, around DERs and interoperability between the grid
DC standards documents, government policies and and DC microgrids are lacking. Currently, only electric
regulations, and demonstration projects and incentive utilities are permitted to transmit power across property
programs. lines. DC microgrids and storage may be desired at a
community level, which cannot be provided by real
Awareness and education were identified as being estate developers due to these regulations.
strategically important to the growth of the DC microgrid
environment. Creating awareness programs based Demonstration projects and incentives programs
on known benefits would help overcome perceived geared towards DC microgrids were raised by
barriers and hurdles in the industry. The programs stakeholders as potential tools for enabling value for
need to be tailored to each specific target audience, DC microgrids. Having proofs of concept, published
where manufacturers will require a different education benefits of pilot projects, and incentives, will help the
program than consumers. There is a need to augment industry understand how DC systems are evolving. This
the curriculum for electrical and communication trades topic will be expanded later in Sections 6.2 and 6.3 of
to include DC systems from application to safety this report.
requirements. Developers, owners, and property
managers should be aware of the cost savings and The current AC grid has an infrastructure with over
resiliency benefits in a well-functioning DC microgrid. a century of history and an impressive legacy. DC
infrastructure development would help to equalize
The need for DC standards documents was identified opportunities for DC microgrids. An example raised by
as an important tool by the workshop stakeholders. stakeholders included the government investing in its
Stakeholders stressed that these documents should go own buildings to create critical mass and spawn local
beyond traditional standards to also include guidelines, economic development.
testing methodologies, and specifications and that
codes, standards, specifications, and other documents Overall, stakeholders felt that work needs to begin as
need to be enhanced to include DC systems. The soon as possible on tools to support DC microgrids in
regulator stakeholders identified that it would be helpful buildings.

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4.0 High-Level DC Microgrid System 4.4. Barrier: Grid Connection Rules and Regulations
Interoperability Solutions In order to maximize the value of DC microgrids in
buildings, there is a need for integration of DC systems
Many of the value propositions described earlier are into the larger connected grid and the community. This
predicated on the ability for DC microgrids in buildings would require a review of the current regulations and
to operate seamlessly with other DC and AC systems. government policies. Electricity cannot be transmitted
This interoperability has opportunities and barriers across property lines without a distribution licence,
that require solutions. Stakeholders identified several which is currently held by local distribution companies.
opportunities and barriers in the workshop and then Utilities would need to be part of any solution, as
explored the possible solutions. Those solutions were changes to regulations may impact their business
then ranked and mapped to the barriers, opportunities model. Utilities could be a catalyst to drive productive
and value drivers as presented in Table 1. change in the DC microgrid market. The utility business
model changes could be viewed negatively if the
4.1. Opportunity: Return on Investment regulator precludes utilities from competing in the DC
The most significant opportunity identified for DC microgrid space. However, it could also lead to a very
microgrids was the potential to generate a reasonable positive outcome if utilities are enabled to drive a new
return on investment (ROI) for the building owner and DC microgrid business line, leveraging their knowledge
manager. In addition to cost savings, DC microgrids and customer base.
are often associated with green buildings, which in turn
often achieve higher lease rates or higher lease/sales
velocities (the ability to quickly fill vacancies). This is also
Investor sentiment is important and should be
supported with higher perceived customer satisfaction,
which also increases the building’s asset value. sought out.
—INVESTOR STAKEHOLDER

4.2. Opportunity: Sustainability, Climate Change,

and Renewables
Government policies, and many stakeholders, often 4.5. Barrier: Current AC Infrastructure
focus on climate change mitigation and adaptation. DC The current AC infrastructure is well established,
microgrids that integrate renewable energy generation making it an easy choice for expansion. As a result, the
and electricity storage provide reduced GHGs by efficiencies and other benefits offered by DC microgrids
displacing fossil-fuel-based grid electricity. Having an may be overlooked. With an increase in DC infrastructure
independent source of power also provides resilience within and between buildings, many believe DC will be
for all, or a part, of the building’s electricity needs. the future choice. The challenges are how to create new
infrastructure and how to fund the transition from AC
4.3. Opportunity: International Economic to DC.
Development Opportunities
Some utilities are well positioned to increase the needed
DC microgrids are being deployed internationally and
DC infrastructure at a community level; however, there
many stakeholders are proud that Canada is a high-tech
are regulatory restrictions, noted previously, preventing
leader and innovator. There is economic growth potential
expansion. Overall, the lack of, or clarity of, regulations is
for Canadian manufacturers and their supply chain to
challenging for all stakeholders. Regulatory uncertainty
expand on an international basis. By participating in
is also a barrier for investors looking to expand the DC
international forums, Canada may be able to effectively
infrastructure.
expand its DC infrastructure and grow its economy.

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The regulators noted that safety standards are well 8. Focus on transitioning larger building portfolios first.
established for AC systems. DC systems need to be One suggestion was for a large entity, such as the
integrated into the current codes and standards to federal government building portfolio, to transition to
promote a safer building environment. DC in order to create the infrastructure and positive
messaging needed for the private sector to begin the
4.6. Solutions shift.
Stakeholders identified several potential solutions for 9. 
Engage with policymakers to explore updates to
the opportunities and barriers identified. From a high- regulations as a catalyst for unlocking the value of
level system perspective, the following solutions were DC microgrids in buildings.
offered:
10. 
Engage with utilities to encourage non-wires
1. 
Create demonstration projects to quantify GHG alternatives (NWAs)1 that support needed
reductions and increase public buy-in. Being infrastructure, acknowledging that energy regulators
selective in the geographic location of the building and provincial/territorial governments will also need
may assist in highlighting higher value based on to be engaged.
electricity-grid carbon content and utility pricing.
11. Expand codes and standards, including stretch2 codes,
2. Publish case studies showcasing the value of the to include DC systems in higher performance stretch
DC systems, including energy savings, improved portions. For example, high-performance codes could
customer experience, and lower GHG impact. incorporate CSA C22.3 No. 9 [2] as the standard for
distributed energy resource interconnections.
3. Create consistent messaging around DC microgrids
in buildings in a similar fashion to, and associated 12. 
Increase cooperation between standards
with, leading movements such as green buildings, development organizations (SDOs) internationally.
electrified mobility, and other high-value attributes.
13. 
Enable Canadian DC technology and service
4. Develop a new business model such as energy-as- organizations to expand into international markets
a-service to help drive the future of DC microgrids. and participate in international work.
This concept is an expansion of energy performance
contracting whereby the energy-as-a-service Table 1 cross references the solutions to the respective
company would benefit from the value created, such opportunities, barriers, and value propositions.
as energy savings and GHG offsets.
5. 
Review configurations for enabling a new and 5.0 Connecting the Pieces:
transitional infrastructure to create a mechanism for Standardization for DC Microgrids
the cost to be offset (incentives) or captured in the in Buildings
future (financing).
After stakeholders reflected on and discussed the value
6. 
Clarify regulations and establish new, or update and interoperability of DC microgrids in buildings,
existing, standards to provide a higher degree of they were asked to explore the specific needs for
certainty for investors. standardization. This exercise brought the discussion to
7. 
Promote and expand DC infrastructure by a detailed level focusing on the relative importance and
engaging manufacturers and control vendors early. priority of each standardization element. These elements
Multistakeholder participation in infrastructure were then ranked from multiple brainstormed lists. From a
discussions could enhance product availability and timeline perspective, urgent items represented those that
identify where DC can be economically deployed. should be addressed in the next two years; timely items
in the next five; and items to be considered by 2030.

1
 WAs is an industry term used to describe the alternative solutions to utilities installing transmission and distribution system infrastructures. These can be energy efficiency, DER, distributed
N
generation, demand response programs, pricing strategies, etc.
2
 stretch code is a locally mandated code or alternative compliance path that is more aggressive than base code, resulting in buildings that achieve higher energy savings, see
A
https://newbuildings.org/code_policy/utility-programs-stretch-codes/stretch-codes/

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Table 1: High-Level Solutions to Effectively Grow DC Microgrids in Buildings

OPPORTUNITY BARRIER VALUE ALIGNMENT

Capture Sustainability, International Current AC Grid

ROI Climate Efforts and Infrastructure Connection
SOLUTIONS Change, and Economic Dominance Rules and
Renewables Development Regulations

Create demonstration projects

to quantify GHG reductions and Yes Yes No No Maybe Sustainability
increase public buy-in

Publish case studies showcasing the

Yes Yes Maybe No No All
value of DC systems

Create consistent messaging around Sustainability

No Yes No No Yes Interoperability
DC microgrids in buildings
Improved Experience

Energy Savings
Develop a new business model such
New Income Streams
as energy-as-a service to help drive Yes Yes No No Yes
Renewable Integration
the future of DC microgrids
Improved Experiences
Engage with policymakers to explore
updates to regulations as a catalyst
No Yes No Yes Maybe All
for unlocking the value of DC
microgrids in buildings

Engage with utilities to encourage

NWAs that support needed Lower Costs
infrastructure (include energy Maybe Yes No Yes Yes New Income Streams
regulators and provincial/territorial Interoperability
governments)

Expand codes and standards to

include DC systems in higher No Yes No Yes No Energy Savings
performance stretch portions Increased Safety

Review configurations for enabling

new and transitional infrastructure to
Lower Costs
create a mechanism for costs to be Yes No No Yes No
Renewable Integration
offset (incentives) or captured in the
future (financing)

Clarify regulations and establish

new, or update existing, standards to Increased Safety
Yes No Yes Yes No Lower Costs
provide a higher degree of certainty
for investors Interoperability

Promote and expand DC

Increased Safety
infrastructure by engaging
Yes No Yes Yes No Lower Costs
manufacturers and control
Improved Experiences
vendors early

Energy Savings
Focus on transitioning larger building
Yes Maybe No Yes No Reliability and
portfolios first
Business Continuity

Increase cooperation between

standards development organizations No Maybe Yes No No Lower Costs
(SDOs) internationally

Enable Canadian DC technology and

service organizations to expand into
No Maybe Yes No No Lower Costs
international markets and participate
in international work

Yes = Solution will help address the opportunity or barrier; Maybe= Solution may address the opportunity or barrier;
No = Solution will not address the opportunity or barrier.

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DC MICROGRIDS IN BUILDINGS: PLANNING TODAY FOR TOMORROW’S NEEDS

5.1. Urgent Items stakeholder groups; though, the highest urgency

request was an update to health and safety standards to
Table 2 lists six high-priority items expressed by a
address DC systems.
majority of stakeholders; they are therefore considered
urgent items.
5.2. Standardization Required in a Timely Manner
Table 2: Urgent Items Requiring Standardization. Numbering Fourteen additional items were identified as high
Relates to the Priority Level Identified priorities by a number of participants. While the
Urgent High-Priority Items urgency of these items may not be as time-sensitive,
their importance is still high. To better identify the
1. Standard DC voltages 4. DC voltage ranges
needs, the items are broken down into component-level
standardization; updates to existing electrical standards
2. DC receptacles 5. DC overcurrent protection
documents; other standard documents; and other
3. DC connector plugs
6. Standards for health important areas (Table 3).
& safety
Stakeholders identified that, regarding components,
To ease market confusion and deliver consistency of standards are needed for DC cable sizing and runs,
DC microgrids in buildings, there is a need to develop as well as standards for arc- and ground-fault circuit
common voltages and voltage ranges. This is consistent interrupters (AFCI and GFCI). This view was held
with one of the key observations from the initial most predominantly by stakeholders in the users and
research report. As noted in the report, “Standardization installers group and in the technology group.
of DC voltage levels for building power distribution is The specify, control, and regulate group provided
a key early [need] and high priority [item] affecting specific recommendations to update current standards
both product and installation standards” [1]. Further, with DC content. The stakeholders in this group focused
the report states, “Specifying the acceptable range of on the CSA C22.2 Canadian electrical standards and the
voltages for each standard nominal level is as important CSA C22.1 Canadian Electrical Code [3], with an addition
as selecting the level itself” [1]. Examples of voltages of DC as a power source and updating the inverter and
would be 5V, 48V, and 380V; while hypothetical ranges interconnection parts/sections.
could be 3-7V, 40-55V, and 360V-400V. The industry
is challenged to move forward without voltages and Several other issues were identified as important,
voltage ranges being specified. If industry fails to do so, such as developing guidelines that inform the industry.
each manufacturer could propose a different voltage These include environmental considerations, insurance
and range, creating proprietary systems that are not needs, and system standards. The latter item is a pivot
desired by end users. from component-level standards to broader objective-
based requirements for various DC systems. Another
Also concurring with the initial report, having standard important issue was the development of guidelines or
configurations for DC plugs and receptacles is another other documents that would prepare first responders for
urgent need, which follows closely from standard approaching a building with a DC microgrid. This could
voltage definitions. include amendments to natural gas and AC electrical
Once voltages are consistent, the plugs and receptacles system guidance for first responders. Also, there is a
can be appropriately configured. On the component side, need for broader industry alignment to address the
standards are needed for DC overcurrent protection. urgent items first, particularly for harmonizing DC
voltages.
The users and installers group also pointed to the
need for DC standards on health and safety, insurance, Finally, a need to develop a DC integration roadmap
and environmental issues. This request for standards was raised, including a full landscape of current DC
and guidelines was echoed by the cross-discipline standards activity. This research need will be discussed
in Section 6.1 of the report.

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DC MICROGRIDS IN BUILDINGS: PLANNING TODAY FOR TOMORROW’S NEEDS

Table 3: Important Items to Be Addressed in a Timely Manner. Numbering relates to the priority level identified.

New Component-Level Updates to Electrical Other Standards Documents Other Important Areas
Standardization Standards Documents
7. DC cable intelligence, size, 12. Update to all CSA 22.2 16. S
 tandard for environmental 9. First-responder education
runs Canadian electrical standards considerations

10. DC ground-fault circuit 13. Update to the CSA 22.1 8. Standard for insurance 17. S
 tandardization authority
interrupter (GFCI) standards Canadian Electrical Code needs to be receptive,
responsive, and adaptable

11. DC arc-fault circuit 14. Canadian Electrical Code new 20. Develop system standards 18. S
 et landscape for DC
interrupter (AFCI) standards section – power sources (international, regional,
industry, etc.)

15. CSA to update inverters 19. Gain consensus with key

and include interconnection developers/manufactures
requirements on standard DC voltages

5.3. Items to Be Considered in Due Course roadmap that extends to 2030, or beyond. The roadmap
could investigate two trends: (1) the evolution of
Table 4 sets out the lower-priority items identified by
products, technologies, and solutions; and (2) a forecast
stakeholders in the workshop. Most of these items target
of the type and timeline for buildings to implement
future technology or having operational guidelines in
partial and full DC microgrid integration. The building
place by 2030.
integration could also factor in the green building
movement of the past, along with its future potential.
6.0 Additional Support for DC It could include how a desire for resiliency and climate
Microgrids in Buildings mitigation/adaptation would impact the speed of DC
transformation. The roadmap exercise would prove
Throughout the workshop, stakeholders were asked to beneficial in understanding the critical timelines for
provide their input on what efforts need to be taken to regulations, standards, and guidelines. It could also be
support DC microgrids in buildings. This section provides used as a communication tool for the industry.
insight into the stakeholders’ perspectives, grouped by
research needs, pilot programs, and incentives. Business cases for DC microgrids in buildings –
Participants agreed that the value proposition for DC
microgrids is growing and that business cases need to
6.1 Research Needs
be developed to demonstrate how value is created. This
Roadmap for DC microgrid in buildings – Stakeholders would include net incremental costs; energy savings;
indicated that there is significant current and upcoming greenhouse gas savings; and operations cost impacts.
activity for DC systems and that it would be helpful The business cases should also compare the DC system
to examine the current DC landscape and create a (hybrid and full) to conventional AC systems.

Table 4: Lower-Priority Items. Numbering relates to the priority level identified.

New Component Level Other Standards Documents Operational Guidelines

Standardization
35. Switches 36. DC appliances 39. Installation training

37. DC HVAC systems 40. Maintenance procedures

38. Standards for coexistence of AC/DC

products/infrastructure

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DC MICROGRIDS IN BUILDINGS: PLANNING TODAY FOR TOMORROW’S NEEDS

DC battery storage evaluation and life-safety •A

 project to update CSA C22.2 107.x3 to meet the
impact – It was noted that battery technology is evolving interconnection requirements of a new CSA Standard
and will likely play an important role in distributed CSA C22.3 No. 94;
energy resources and DC microgrids. Having a well-
documented life-cycle analysis, including disposal and •A
 pilot project for northern Indigenous communities
recycling options, would help the industry understand and air force bases;
the merits and challenges of battery technology. Further, •A
 small residential duplex built to provide a side-by-
many organizations will be looking towards battery side comparison, one with DC and the other with AC,
technology for backup power. Therefore, understanding to demonstrate the business case (capital expenditure,
what systems could use DC battery technology as a energy, operational costs, etc.). This is similar to the
backup with consideration of reliability and duration National Research Council’s Canadian Centre for
would be helpful, particularly where these systems back Housing Technology [5] research facility;
up life-safety equipment.
•A
 small-scale pilot project integrating various key
Validation of DC load voltage tolerances and arc-fault DC elements, including meter, heat pump, lighting,
safety requirements – Workshop participants indicated PV, storage, appliances, EV charging (vehicle-to-
that validation for various types of systems could help home or vehicle-to-grid), rectifier at service entrance,
standards development. Currently, wiring, equipment, DC-DC converters (i.e., step-up or step-down), load
heating elements, and other components and systems management, fault protection. This could be used as a
have tolerances based on AC voltages. It was raised that safety testbed as well.
the impact of DC should also be tested and validated.
Similarly, arc-fault safety requirements need to be tested 6.3 Incentives
and validated for DC systems. This could expand to
appropriate coordination study guidelines that consider Workshop participants noted that, as with many
DC only and DC-AC hybrid systems for overcurrent and new growth areas, incentives can play a vital role
arc-fault protection. in encouraging market transformation, or balancing
inequities between legacy infrastructure and advanced
technology. This is also true for DC microgrids in
buildings. Incentives and investment opportunities,
R&D is needed around implementation. which should involve electric utilities and others, would
—BUILDING OWNER STAKEHOLDER be best tailored to assist with the following:
•C
 osts to develop standards;

•D
 emonstration projects;
6.2 Pilot Programs
•S
 haring in capital costs;
Stakeholders indicated that there is a desire for
examples of DC microgrids in buildings, as pilot •U
 pdates to utility mandates; and
programs and demonstration projects would be valuable •D
 eveloper rebate offers.
for communicating the benefits of DC microgrids in
buildings. The following are examples of potential pilot or
demonstration projects were suggested by participants:
We need to understand where DC fits in, as it may
• T he Intelligent Structural Panel (ISP) [4] was
introduced in 2018 and could demonstrate the value
not fit in at all.
—CONSULTANT STAKEHOLDER
of integrated DC microgrids in buildings;

3
CSA C22.2 107.x includes CSA C22.2 107.1-16 – Power conversion equipment; CSA C22.2 107.2:01 (R2016) – Battery Chargers; and CSA C22.2 107-3:14 (R2019) – Uninterruptible power systems.
4
CSA C22.3 No 9:20 – Interconnection of distributed energy resources and electricity supply systems. .

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DC MICROGRIDS IN BUILDINGS: PLANNING TODAY FOR TOMORROW’S NEEDS

7.0 Discussion and Analysis numerous benefits to DC microgrids that are not well
communicated in the industry.
7.1. Comparison with the Original DC Microgrids
Report Further, there are many components to consider,
therefore the industry would benefit from a roadmap
The foundation research report [1] provided a exercise that would summarize the current landscape
recommended list of high-priority items, acknowledging for DC systems and propose the path to integration and
that there were many other elements that also required transfer from AC to DC systems. The roadmap could
investigation. In this follow-up exercise, workshop provide insight into timelines for future codes, standards,
stakeholders concurred that all previously-identified guidelines, and other resources to be developed.
items were needed for DC microgrids to succeed, and
they expanded further on the list. Table 5 highlights In addition to awareness and roadmap work, the
alignment between the items identified in the first report following high-level recommendations were provided:
and the results of this workshop. Alignment according to •C
 reate consistent messaging around DC microgrids
rank, priority level and demand (frequency) is presented. in buildings;

7.2. Priority Work – High-Level Perspective •E

 ngage policymakers and utilities to explore updates
to regulations, as well as encourage NWAs that
The stakeholder perspectives gained through the support needed DC infrastructure;
workshop demonstrated that DC microgrids in buildings
are gaining marketplace traction and that work is • I ncrease cooperation between SDOs internationally;
needed in several areas to ensure a smooth integration •E
 ncourage Canadian DC technology and service
and transition. The most commonly raised issue was organizations to expand into international markets
the need for awareness, as it was felt that there are and participate in international work.

Table 5: DC Microgrids in Buildings Report Priorities versus Stakeholder Perspectives

Original Report Priorities Workshop Stakeholder Perspectives

Rank Priority Demand

1. Establishing standard DC voltage levels and ranges 1 High High

2. Developing approval criteria for DC power metering equipment for revenue billing 31 Medium Low

3. Establishing standard receptacle and plug configurations for DC circuits 2 High High

4. U
 pdating product standards to enable commercialization of DC lighting, motor
29 Medium Low
drives, and electric vehicle supply equipment

5. Clarifying rules for interconnection of distributed energy resources 15 Medium Low

6. Determining life safety installation provisions for DC microgrids 6 High High

7. Developing product standards and installation rules for DC protective devices 32 Medium Low

High priority – should be done within the next 2 years; Medium priority – should be done within the next five years.
High demand – identified by a large number of stakeholders; Low demand – identified by few stakeholders.

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DC MICROGRIDS IN BUILDINGS: PLANNING TODAY FOR TOMORROW’S NEEDS

7.3 Priority Work – Standardization standardization, and the priority is based on the average
priority sentiment expressed by the participants. The
With respect to activity that should be taking place in
workshop data tables can be found in Appendix A.
the standards community, stakeholders identified a
need for updated codes, standards, and guidelines to
address DC systems in a similar fashion to that of AC
systems. The order of standards development is important
(codes—guidelines—certifications—education—
The findings are summarized in Figure 5 and outlined
in Section 5. Note that demand on the x-axis represents
etc.) and this needs to be communicated.
—CONSULTANT STAKEHOLDER
the frequency in which stakeholders recommended a

Figure 5: Standardization Items – Workshop Findings

REQUIRED BY MANY

HIGHER PRIORITY
7-17 1
7. DC cable intelligence, 19. Gain consensus 4
size, runs with key developers/ 18-20
manufacturers
8. Standard for insurance 5-6
on standard DC
9. F
 irst-responder Voltages 22-34 21 2-3
education
20. Develop “system”
10. DC GFCI standards standards
LOWER DEMAND HIGH DEMAND
11. DC AFCI standards 21. DC-DC converters
12. Update to all CSA 22. DC rectifiers
22.2 standards
LOW PRIORITY

23. Battery safety

13. Update CSA 22.1
24. Battery installation
code 35-40
25. Battery code
14. CEC new section –
power sources 26. B
 C amperage ranges
15. CSA to update 27. DC labeling
inverters and incl.
28. Device intelligence
interconnection
requirements 29. Product standards URGENTLY REQUIRED LOWER PRIORITY
16. Standard for 30. DC panels
environmental
31. Metering 1. Standard DC voltages 35. Switches
17. S
 tandardization
32. Installation rules 2. DC receptacles 36. DC appliances
authority needs to be
for DC protection
receptive, responsive, 3. DC connector plugs 37. DC HVAC systems
and adaptable 33. Installer certification
4. DC voltage ranges 38. S
 tandards for coexistence
18. S
 et landscape for 34. Grid supplies of AC/DC products/
5. DC overcurrent protection
DC (int’l, regional, and contracts infrastructure
industry, etc.) 6. Standard for health & safety
39. Installation training
40. Maintenance procedures

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DC MICROGRIDS IN BUILDINGS: PLANNING TODAY FOR TOMORROW’S NEEDS

“DC microgrids in buildings

are advancing quickly and the
marketplace is looking for clear
information, standards, guidelines,
and test procedures.”

8. Conclusions for investment financing. Non-financial incentives, such

as capacity building, could also enhance the overall
This report summarizes a workshop that engaged understanding and uptake of DC microgrids in buildings.
stakeholders in an exploration of the future of DC
buildings. A productive and valued transformation to
DC microgrids in buildings will require evidence and
financial support. Demonstration projects, case studies, We’re talking amongst friends; however, we need to
business cases, and incentive programs should be get to the non-believers.
sought, highlighted, and rewarded. —TECHNOLOGY STAKEHOLDER

Knowing that green building systems are leading the

building development industry, there could be a benefit
to enhancing the messaging around those leading DC microgrids in buildings are advancing quickly and the
developments when DC microgrids are installed. Case marketplace is looking for clear information, standards,
studies could be developed for those currently offering guidelines, and test procedures. Stakeholders provided
DC microgrids, and business cases developed for green a significant amount of intelligence on the needs and
building owners who are considering whether or not to priorities, and the roadmap to success by 2030 is
pursue DC. becoming clearer. Many items will require additional
details and action planning. Overall, increasing
Further, a commonly successful process for market
awareness while creating and expanding standards
transformation is to incent early adopters. Creating
documents will improve consistency and help to
incentives for DC microgrids, tied to the value provided
promote safer DC microgrids in buildings.
to building owners and occupants, would send a strong
positive message to all stakeholders. Incentives can
take the form of cash, pay-for-performance, or support

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References
[1] I. Gal, B. Lipson, T. Larsen, and A. Tsisserev, “DC Microgrids in Buildings”, Canadian Standards Association,
Toronto, ON, CAN, 2019.

[2] CSA Group, “CSA C22.3 NO. 9:20 Interconnection of Distributed Energy Resources and Electricity Supply
Systems”, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://store.csagroup.org/ccrz__ProductDetails?viewState=DetailView&-
cartID=&portalUser=&store=&cclcl=en_US&sku=CSA%20C22.3%20NO.%209%3A20

[3]  CSA Group, “CSA 22.1-18 Canadian Electrical Code, Part I (24th edition), Safety Standard for Electrical Installa-
tions”, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://store.csagroup.org/ccrz__ProductDetails?viewState=DetailView&car-
tID=&portalUser=&store=&cclcl=en_US&sku=C22.1-18

[4] Doug Picklyk, “Intelligent Structural Panels,” Canadian Consulting Engineer, Dec. 20,2018. [Online]. Available:
https://www.canadianconsultingengineer.com/features/intelligent-structural-panels/

[5] National Research Council Canada, “Canadian Centre for Housing Technology Research Facility.” Accessed:
Aug. 4, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://nrc.canada.ca/en/research-development/nrc-facilities/canadian-
centre-housing-technology-research-facility

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DC MICROGRIDS IN BUILDINGS: PLANNING TODAY FOR TOMORROW’S NEEDS

Appendix A – Workshop Results

Items with at Least One High-Priority Ranking
COMPONENTS GROUP DOCUMENTS GROUP OTHER GROUP

Standardization 1 2 3 4 5 Standardization 1 2 3 4 5 Standardization 1 2 3 4 5

Standard DC Update to Standardization

H H H H all C22.2 H
voltages authority needs
standards to be receptive, H
DC voltage Update C22.1 responsive, and
M H H H adaptable
ranges code

DC receptacles Canadian Stds landscape

DC connector H L H M Electrical Code for DC (int’l,
H H
plugs new section – regional,
power sources industry, etc.)
DC overcurrent
H M M CSA to update Gain consensus
protection
inverters with key
DC cables and incl. H developers /
H
intelligence, H M interconnection manufacturers
size, runs requirements on standard DC
voltages
DC GFCI Standard for
H H M M
DC AFCI health & safety First-responder
M H
education
Group 1: Technology Standard for
H M
insurance
Group 2: Specify, Control Regulate
Group 3: Users and Installers Standard for
H
environmental
Groups 4 & 5: Mixed

Items with Only Medium-Priority Rankings

COMPONENTS GROUP OTHER GROUP

Standardization 1 2 3 4 5 Standardization 1 2 3 4 5

DC-DC Converters M Installation rules for

M
DC protection
DC rectifiers M
Installer certification M
Battery safety M Grids supplies and
M
contracts
Battery installation M
Develop “system”
M M
Battery code M standards

DC amperage ranges M

DC labelling M

Device intelligence M

Product standards M

DC panels M

Metering M

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DC MICROGRIDS IN BUILDINGS: PLANNING TODAY FOR TOMORROW’S NEEDS

Items with Only Low-Priority Rankings

COMPONENTS GROUP OTHER GROUP

Standardization 1 2 3 4 5 Standardization 1 2 3 4 5

Switches L Standards for

coexistence of AC/
L
DC products/
DC appliances L
infrastructure

DC HVAC systems L Installation training L

Maintenance
L
procedures

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CSA Group Research
In order to encourage the use of consensus-
based standards solutions to promote safety
and encourage innovation, CSA Group
supports and conducts research in areas
that address new or emerging industries,
as well as topics and issues that impact
a broad base of current and potential
stakeholders. The output of our research
programs will support the development of
future standards solutions, provide interim
guidance to industries on the development
and adoption of new technologies, and help
to demonstrate our on-going commitment
to building a better, safer, more sustainable
world.

© 2020 Canadian Standards Association. All Rights Reserved.