International Journal of Applied Power Engineering (IJAPE)

Vol. 13, No. 1, March 2024, pp. 213~222

ISSN: 2252-8792, DOI: 10.11591/ijape.v13.i1.pp213-222  213

Improving voltage collapse point under transmission line outage

by optimal placement and sizing of SVC using genetic algorithm

Majeed Rashid Zaidan1, Ghanim Thiab Hasan2, Mohit Bajaj3-5, Saber Izadpanah Toos6
1
Department of Electrical Techniques, Baqubah Technical Institute, Middle Technical University, Baghdad, Iraq
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, Shirqat Engineering College, Tikrit University, Tikrit, Iraq
3
Department of Electrical Engineering, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, India
4
Department of Electrical Engineering, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, India
5
Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
6
Department of Electrical Engineering, Sadjad University of Technology, Mashhad, Iran

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: In many power systems, voltage instability can increase the risk of voltage
collapse and, as a result, turn the power system toward a blackout.
Received Mar 4, 2023 Therefore, increasing the voltage collapse point is required. A transmission
Revised May 4, 2023 line outage is an emergency condition in power systems that can lead to
Accepted May 19, 2023 voltage instability and voltage collapse. Thus, it is expected to employ
shunt-connected flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) such as the
static var compensator (SVC) to increase the voltage collapse point when
Keywords: lines outage. This paper presents the genetic algorithm (GA) application to
optimal placement and sizing of an SVC for increasing voltage collapse
Continuation power flow points following lines outage. The continuation power flow (CPF) technique
Genetic algorithm has been used to determine the maximum loading point (MLP)
Line outage corresponding to the point of voltage collapse. Also, to reduce the number of
Maximum loading point scenarios when line outages occur, a list in ascending order is established
Static var compensator based on the line outage priority (LOP). The IEEE 14-bus test system is
chosen to carry out simulations, and an SVC will be installed in the system
based on the GA results. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of an
SVC for improving voltage stability as well as increasing voltage profile.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Majeed Rashid Zaidan
Department of Electrical Techniques, Baqubah Technical Institute, Middle Technical University
Al Zafranyia District, 7F7P+JG Baghdad, Iraq
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
An increase in consumer demand as well as unforeseeable circumstances within the power system,
also known as emergency conditions or contingencies, are potential contributors to voltage instability within
a power system. The failure of transmission lines or generators can bring about conditions that are considered
emergency situations. Transmission line outages can be caused by a number of factors, including the
deterioration of individual components or unfavorable weather conditions. In addition, there is the possibility
of a single or multiple line outage happening at the same time, which would result in a drop in voltage. In this
scenario, the capacity to immediately supply reactive power to compensate for voltage drop and prevent
voltage collapse is an important factor in determining whether or not blackouts will occur on the power
grid [1]–[3]. Both the steady state and the transient state offer opportunities for research into voltage stability
issues. The maximum loading point (MLP), also known as the voltage collapse point, is a placement "in the
steady-state category" that is determined with the help of the continuation power flow (CPF) technique [2].

Journal homepage: http://ijape.iaescore.com

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It is common practice to raise the MLP and voltage stability margins by controlling the system's reactive
power through the application of two different solutions.
The first method is to control the flow of power by utilizing flexible AC transmission systems
(FACTS) devices that are connected in series, such as the thyristor-controlled series capacitor (TCSC), or
tap-changing transformers. The second method is to control the amount of reactive power in the system by
employing shunt capacitors or shunt-connected FACTS devices like the static var compensator (SVC) [2].
Despite this, the results presented in [2] show that shunt-connected FACTS devices provide outstanding
performance in terms of voltage stability. Both SVC and the static synchronous compensator (STATCOM),
are shunt-connected FACTS devices that operate identically, with the exception that the STATCOM can
inject and absorb reactive power more quickly. In comparison to SVC, STATCOM offers a greater number
of benefits, including less power loss and quicker response times. However, putting together a STATCOM
system is not only difficult but also very expensive. As a result, in a transmission system, SVC is utilized
more frequently than STATCOM [3].
In recent years, a great number of articles have been written on the topic of applying the SVC to
improve the performance of power systems [4]–[14]. Notably, the optimal placement of the SVC devices in
order to improve voltage stability is investigated in [15]–[21]. For instance, preview study [15], the genetic
algorithm (GA) is used to determine the best possible placement of the SVC in order to improve the voltage
profile and reduce the amount of power that is lost. Aghaebrahimi et al. [16] outlines the effective siting and
sizing of wind farms and the SVC in a power system through the application of the non-dominated sorting
genetic algorithm (NSGA). NSGA-A has taken into consideration all of the goals simultaneously, such as
lowering costs and enhancing the voltage profile of the buses. Preview study [17], a genetic algorithm is used
to find the optimal location and setting of the SVC in order to improve voltage stability. This is accomplished
by increasing the distance to the collapse point while simultaneously decreasing the total amount of power
that is lost.
The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how the genetic algorithm can be utilized to determine
the optimal placement and sizing of an SVC in order to raise the voltage collapse point in the event that a
transmission line fails. The following is how this paper is organized from a structural standpoint: i) The SVC
is discussed in detail in section 2 of this document; ii) Sections 3 and 4, respectively, an introduction is
provided to the concept of continuation power flow and the genetic algorithm; iii) The method for positioning
and determining the size of the SVC is described in section 5; and iv) Section 6, the results of the simulation,
along with some observations, are broken down and explained. In this part of the article, the method that was
introduced will be investigated using the IEEE 14-bus test system. In the final section of the paper, a
summary conclusion is presented as the conclusion.
This paper shows the application of the genetic algorithm to optimal placement and sizing of an
SVC for increasing the voltage collapse point under transmission lines outage. The proposed solution
employed the CPF method to determine the maximum loading point. Also, the number of scenarios under
transmission line outages is reduced by establishing a list in ascending order based on the line outage priority.
Simulation results performed on the IEEE 14-bus test system show the SVC can increase the maximum
loading point and voltage levels of all buses.
The structure of this paper is arranged as follows; the SVC is described in section 2. An overview of
continuation power flow and genetic algorithm is given in sections 3 and 4, respectively. The placement and
sizing method for the SVC is presented in section 5. Simulation results, along with some observations, are
explained in section 6. In this section, the IEEE 14-bus test system is employed for investigating the
introduced method. The paper ends with a summary conclusion in the final section.

2. STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR

The SVC is the most well-known FACTS device that regulates and controls the voltage magnitude
by injecting/absorbing reactive power. This device has been employed for over four decades and installed in
about 100 places [2], [22]. The standard configuration of an SVC device and its equivalent circuit are
displayed in Figure 1(a) and 1(b), respectively. The structure of the SVC includes a constant capacitor C in
parallel with a thyristor-controlled reactor (TCR), which can be equivalent to a variable susceptance (BSVC).
The variable susceptance (BSVC), the total effective reactance (XSVC), and TCR reactance (XTCR) are obtainable
as demonstrated [23].
1
𝐵𝑆𝑉𝐶 = − (1)
𝑋𝑆𝑉𝐶

𝑋𝐶 𝑋𝑇𝐶𝑅
𝑋𝑆𝑉𝐶 = (2)
𝑋𝐶 +𝑋𝑇𝐶𝑅

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Int J Appl Power Eng ISSN: 2252-8792  215
𝜋𝑋𝐿
𝑋𝑇𝐶𝑅 = (3)
𝜎−𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜎

Where XC, XL, and σ denote the capacitive reactance, inductive reactance, and conduction angle respectively.
The σ=2(π-α) is the relationship between the conduction angle and the firing angle (α) of thyristors. The
reactive power injected/absorbed by the SVC at the bus n is [23].
𝑄 < 0 → 𝑆𝑉𝐶 𝑖𝑛𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑄𝑆𝑉𝐶 = 𝑄𝑛 = −𝐵𝑆𝑉𝐶 𝑉𝑛2 𝐼𝑓: { 𝑆𝑉𝐶 (4)
𝑄𝑆𝑉𝐶 > 0 → 𝑆𝑉𝐶 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟

Where Vn represents the voltage amplitude of the SVC bus.

(a) (b)

Figure 1. The SVC device: (a) standard configuration and (b) equivalent circuit [23]

3. CONTINUATION POWER FLOW

The CPF technique is a helpful procedure in finding the MLP corresponding to the voltage collapse
point or critical point. In mathematical terms, the CPF technique examines the voltage stability of a system
by changing the loading parameter (λ). According to Figure 2, the predictor-corrector steps are used to solve
the PV curve in the CPF technique [16].

Figure 2. The continuation power flow method [24]

4. GENETIC ALGORITHM
The scope of work of genetic algorithms is extensive, and the use of this method in optimization and
problem-solving is prevalent. The genetic algorithm can be called a general search method that mimics the
laws of natural biological evolution. Commonly, genetic algorithms include chromosomes, population, and
Improving voltage collapse point under transmission line outage by … (Majeed Rashid Zaidan)
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fitness function. In the GA, genetic operators are used during the reproduction phase. With the effect of these
operators on a population, the next generation of that population is produced. Selection, crossover, and
mutation operators are usually the most widely used in genetic algorithms [17]–[25].

5. PLACEMENT AND SIZING METHOD FOR SVC

This section presents a new method that uses the genetic algorithm and CPF technique to find the
optimal placement and sizing of an SVC. The goal of the method is to increase voltage collapse points
following transmission lines outage. The following parts explain the presented method.

5.1. Objective function

The optimization approach in this article is focused on the optimal placement of SVC for
maximizing the maximum loading point (λmax) corresponding to the point of voltage collapse. The objective
function has been considered in the fitness function that formulated as (5).

𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑧𝑒 (𝐹𝑖𝑡𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) = 𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥,𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝜆0 (5)

Where λ0 is the maximum loading point at the base case and λmax,iteration is the maximum loading point that
generates by the genetic algorithm in the presence of the SVC. The constraints for the optimization problem
are defined as (6)-(10).

𝑃𝐺𝑖,𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝑃𝐺𝑖 ≤ 𝑃𝐺𝑖,𝑚𝑎𝑥 i=1,…,NG (6)

𝑄𝐺𝑖,𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝑄𝐺𝑖 ≤ 𝑄𝐺𝑖,𝑚𝑎𝑥 i=1,…,NG,C (7)

𝑉𝑖,𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝑉𝑖 ≤ 𝑉𝑖,𝑚𝑎𝑥 i=1,…,n (8)

𝑆𝑖−𝑗,𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝑆𝑖−𝑗 ≤ 𝑆𝑖−𝑗,𝑚𝑎𝑥 i=1,…,NL (9)

𝑄𝑆𝑉𝐶,𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝑄𝑆𝑉𝐶 ≤ 𝑄𝑆𝑉𝐶,𝑚𝑎𝑥 (10)

Where PG,I is active power generation at bus I; NG is number of generators; QG,I is reactive power generation at bus I;
NG,C is number of generators and compensator; Vi is voltage amplitude at bus i ; n is number of buses; Si-j is transmitted
power through buses i and j; NL is number of transmission lines; and QSVC is reactive power injected/absorbed by SVC.

5.2. Line outage priority

Since the number of transmission lines in a power system is many, it is better to reduce the number
of simulation scenarios by establishing a list. In this paper, the line outage priority is used to establish a list in
ascending order to reduce the number of simulation scenarios. The line outage priority (LOP) is the same as
the maximum loading point obtained using the CPF by removing transmission lines separately [26].

5.3. Steps of method

The seven steps are used to find the optimal placement and sizing of an SVC for increasing voltage
collapse points:
- Step 1: Power flow is carried out in the base case to obtain the voltage profile of buses and network losses.
- Step 2: The CPF is carried out in the base case to obtain the maximum loading point (λ0) and voltage
collapse point of buses.
- Step 3: Transmission lines are removed separately, and the CPF is carried out to obtain the LOP.
- Step 4: LOP is arranged in ascending order and a list is established.
- Step 5: Scenarios are determined for performing the genetic algorithm program.
- Step 6: Power flow is carried out in all scenarios without the SVC.
- Step 7: After setting the genetic algorithm parameters, the program is run for the specified scenario.
a) The optimal placement and sizing of an SVC and MLP are determined.
b) Power flow is carried out in the specified scenario in the presence of the SVC.

6. SIMULATION RESULTS
An open-source MATLAB-language M-files known as MATPOWER 7.0 are used for modeling the
power system and continuation power flow solution [27]. Also, the SVC model and genetic algorithm are

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implemented by MATLAB coding. The IEEE 14-bus system has been employed as the power grid,
consisting of five synchronous machines, 16 lines, four transformers, and 11 loads [28].

6.1. Step 1 and step 2: Results of power flow and CPF in base case
The results of executing power flow and CPF in the base case are provided in Table 1. The results
show that buses 4, 5, and 14 are the weakest, with a stronger desire to experience voltage collapse. The PV
curves for the weakest buses are presented in Figure 3.

Figure 3. The PV curves for three weakest buses

Table 1. Power flow and CPF results in base case

Power flow CPF
Bus No. Amplitude (p.u.) Phase (Deg.) Voltage collapse point (p.u.)
1 1.06 0 1.06
2 1.045 -4.98 1.045
3 1.01 -12.72 1.01
4 1.018 -10.31 0.7
5 1.02 -8.77 0.68
6 1.07 -14.22 1.07
7 1.062 -13.36 0.8
8 1.09 -13.36 1.09
9 1.056 -14.94 0.71
10 1.051 -15.1 0.73
11 1.057 -14.8 0.88
12 1.055 -15.08 0.98
13 1.05 -15.16 0.93
14 1.036 -16.03 0.69
Network losses 13.4 MW MLP (λ0)= 4.08 p.u.
54.54 MVar

6.2. Step 3 and step 4: Determining line outage priority (LOP) and establishing a list
Transmission lines are removed separately, and the CPF is executed to obtain the LOP (maximum
loading point). In other words, the LOP is determined by CPF when transmission lines are out of the system
one by one. The results are shown in Table 2 and the LOP is arranged in ascending for establishing a list.

Table 2. List in ascending order based on LOP

Transmission line (from bus-to bus) Line outage (line number) LOP (p.u.)
1-2 1 0.46
2-3 3 1.7
7-9 11 2.59
6-13 10 3.03
2-4 4 3.07
13-14 16 3.09
2-5 5 3.26
6-11 8 3.44
1-5 2 3.57
9-14 13 3.6
10-11 14 3.71
4-5 7 3.94
3-4 6 3.96
6-12 9 4.01
9-10 12 4.04
12-13 15 4.07

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6.3. Step 5: Determining scenarios

This step is used to determine scenarios for performing the genetic algorithm program. Based on
Table 2, lines number 1 and 3 have the lowest value of LOP, which results in a low voltage stability margin.
Therefore, these lines are chosen to form scenarios according to Table 3.

Table 3. Scenarios for simulations

Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3
Outage of line number 1 Outage of line number 3 Simultaneous outage of line number 1 and 3

6.4. Step 6: Power flow results in all scenarios without SVC

Power flow is carried out in all scenarios without an SVC to show the effectiveness of the SVC on
improving voltage profile after installation in the system. The voltage amplitude and network losses are
shown in Figures 4 and 5, respectively. As can be seen, in scenario 3, the maximum voltage drop is achieved,
and the network losses are increased significantly.

Figure 4. Voltage amplitude in base case and all Figure 5. Network losses in base case and all
scenarios without SVC scenarios without SVC

6.5. Step 7: Running genetic algorithm program

The power system constraints and genetic algorithm parameters have to be set as inputs. Constraints
related to the power system can be extracted from IEEE 14-bus system data. Also, other constraints and
genetic algorithm parameters are taken from Table 4.

Table 4. Constraint of the SVC and genetic algorithm parameters for all scenarios
Constraint of the voltage amplitude of buses Constraint of the SVC Population size Number of iterations
0.9 ≤ Vi ≤ 1.1 p.u. 0 ≤ QSVC ≤ 4 p.u. 40 500

6.5.1. Scenario 1: Outage of line number 1

An outage of line number 1 is created, and inputs are set in the GA program. After executing
500 iterations of the GA program, the optimal location of the SVC is bus number 5, with compensation of
399.4 MVar. The fitness function versus the number of iterations is illustrated in Figure 6. As can be seen,
the value of the fitness function is nearly has been converged after the 65th iteration, and a minor change in
the fitness function at iteration 399 is achieved.
The GA results show the maximum loading point is 0.93 p.u., which a 202.2% increase has been
obtained compared to before installing SVC. Also, based on Figure 7, the voltage amplitude of all buses is
improved while a line outage has occurred. In addition, a comparison of network losses with and without the
SVC reveals that the losses have been increased. After employing the SVC, the network losses are 42.67 MW
and 181.85 MVar.

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Figure 6. Fitness function versus the number of iterations for scenario 1

Figure 7. Voltage amplitude in base case and scenario 1

6.5.2. Scenario 2: Outage of line number 3

After an outage of line number 3 and running the GA program for 500 iterations, the optimal
placement of the SVC has been found at bus number 4, and the injected reactive power by the SVC is
399.6 MVar. After installing the SVC, the maximum loading point is 3.49 p.u., which shows significant
improvement in the voltage stability margin. The voltage amplitude of all buses in scenario 2 after using the
SVC is shown in Figure 8. Results show that an improvement in voltage amplitude is obtained. Also, buses 4,
5, 7, and 9 are not above 1.1 p.u., so that the constraint of the voltage amplitude has been met.

Figure 8. Voltage amplitude in base case and scenario 2

Improving voltage collapse point under transmission line outage by … (Majeed Rashid Zaidan)
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6.5.3. Scenario 3: Simultaneous outage of line number 1 and 3

Scenario 3 is the worst because it is a combination of scenarios 1 and 2. In other words, transmission
lines 1 and 3 out from the power system together. In this scenario, to get the best result, only the number of
iterations will change to 1000. In this condition, after completing the program, the SVC location is bus
number 5, and the value of the injected reactive power is 399.41 MVar. Before and after installing the SVC,
the maximum loading point is 0.38 p.u. and 0.83 p.u., respectively. That means a 218.4% improvement in the
loading parameter has been gained. Therefore, better performance of SVC is provided than the other two
scenarios. In Figure 9, the impact of the SVC to enhance voltage amplitude under transmission lines outage is
shown.

Figure 9. Voltage amplitude in base case and scenario 3

Based on summarized results in Table 5, the network losses in scenario 3 have been decreased while
the improvement in voltage stability margin and voltage profile has been obtained. Therefore, by employing
the genetic algorithm and selecting its parameters suitably, the best results can be taken. Please note that
optimization aims to increase the MLP corresponding to the point of voltage collapse following transmission
line outage and improve the voltage profile that after running the GA program in the presence of the SVC has
been achieved.

Table 5. Summary of results with and without SVC under transmission line outage condition
Maximum loading point (p.u.) Network losses
Scenario
Without SVC With SVC Without SVC With SVC
Base case 4.08 --- 13.4 MW ---
54.54 MVar
Scenario 1 0.46 0.93 41.97 MW 42.67 MW
173.59 MVar 181.85 MVar
Scenario 2 1.7 3.49 24.74 MW 34.68 MW
85.05 MVar 101.77 MVar
Scenario 3 0.38 0.83 50.04 MW 47.7 MW
196.95 MVar 181.85 MVar

7. CONCLUSION
In this study, a genetic algorithm program is used to determine the optimal placement of the SVC in
order to maximize the voltage stability margin in the event of a transmission line failure. In order to ascertain
the maximum loading point, the CPF method was put into practice. In addition to this, an ascending list is
compiled based on the line outage priority (LOP) in order to cut down on the number of potential outcomes
brought about by transmission line failures. The results of simulations performed on the IEEE 14-bus test
system indicate that bus 5 is the optimal location for installing the SVC in the third-worst case scenario
(scenario 3). Following the installation of the SVC, the maximum loading point and voltage levels of each
bus were raised to their respective new levels. In addition, if the parameters of the GA are configured
correctly, there will be less data loss on the network.

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Improving voltage collapse point under transmission line outage by … (Majeed Rashid Zaidan)
222  ISSN: 2252-8792

BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Majeed Rashid Zaidan received a B.Sc. and M.Sc. degree in electrical

engineering from the University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq, in 1986 and 2003,
respectively. Now he is a lecturer at Baqubah Technical Institute, Middle Technical
University. He has focused his research on FACTS devices, power systems, and electrical
machines. He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Ghanim Thiab Hasan is an Associate Professor at the Department of Electrical

Engineering, Al-Shirqat Engineering College, Tikrit University, Iraq, where he has been a
faculty member since 2006. He graduated with a first-class honours B.Eng. degree in electrical
and Electronic Engineering from Belgrade University, Serbia, in 1984, and M.Sc. in Electrical
Engineering from Belgrade University, Serbia in 1986. His research interests are in the area of
electrical and electronic engineering. He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Dr. Mohit Bajaj is a Professor and Researcher in Renewable Energy Sources

Planning and Power Quality, currently works in Department of Electrical Engineering,
Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun-248002, India. World’s Top 2% Scientists
~ Stanford University Ranking, 2021, 2022, and 2023. His research interests are in electric
vehicles, renewable energy, distributed generation, power quality, and smart grids. He can be
contacted at email: [email protected].

Saber Izadpanah Toos received a B.Sc. and M.Sc. degree in electrical

engineering from the Sadjad Institute for Higher Education of Mashhad, Iran, in 2010 and
2012, respectively. His research interest is in FACTS devices and control. He can be contacted
at email: [email protected].

Int J Appl Power Eng, Vol. 13, No. 1, March 2024: 213-222