Improving Voltage Collapse Point Under Transmission Line Outage by Optimal Placement and Sizing of SVC Using Genetic Algorithm
Improving Voltage Collapse Point Under Transmission Line Outage by Optimal Placement and Sizing of SVC Using Genetic Algorithm
Majeed Rashid Zaidan1, Ghanim Thiab Hasan2, Mohit Bajaj3-5, Saber Izadpanah Toos6
1
Department of Electrical Techniques, Baqubah Technical Institute, Middle Technical University, Baghdad, Iraq
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, Shirqat Engineering College, Tikrit University, Tikrit, Iraq
3
Department of Electrical Engineering, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, India
4
Department of Electrical Engineering, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, India
5
Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
6
Department of Electrical Engineering, Sadjad University of Technology, Mashhad, Iran
Corresponding Author:
Majeed Rashid Zaidan
Department of Electrical Techniques, Baqubah Technical Institute, Middle Technical University
Al Zafranyia District, 7F7P+JG Baghdad, Iraq
Email: [email protected]
1. INTRODUCTION
An increase in consumer demand as well as unforeseeable circumstances within the power system,
also known as emergency conditions or contingencies, are potential contributors to voltage instability within
a power system. The failure of transmission lines or generators can bring about conditions that are considered
emergency situations. Transmission line outages can be caused by a number of factors, including the
deterioration of individual components or unfavorable weather conditions. In addition, there is the possibility
of a single or multiple line outage happening at the same time, which would result in a drop in voltage. In this
scenario, the capacity to immediately supply reactive power to compensate for voltage drop and prevent
voltage collapse is an important factor in determining whether or not blackouts will occur on the power
grid [1]–[3]. Both the steady state and the transient state offer opportunities for research into voltage stability
issues. The maximum loading point (MLP), also known as the voltage collapse point, is a placement "in the
steady-state category" that is determined with the help of the continuation power flow (CPF) technique [2].
It is common practice to raise the MLP and voltage stability margins by controlling the system's reactive
power through the application of two different solutions.
The first method is to control the flow of power by utilizing flexible AC transmission systems
(FACTS) devices that are connected in series, such as the thyristor-controlled series capacitor (TCSC), or
tap-changing transformers. The second method is to control the amount of reactive power in the system by
employing shunt capacitors or shunt-connected FACTS devices like the static var compensator (SVC) [2].
Despite this, the results presented in [2] show that shunt-connected FACTS devices provide outstanding
performance in terms of voltage stability. Both SVC and the static synchronous compensator (STATCOM),
are shunt-connected FACTS devices that operate identically, with the exception that the STATCOM can
inject and absorb reactive power more quickly. In comparison to SVC, STATCOM offers a greater number
of benefits, including less power loss and quicker response times. However, putting together a STATCOM
system is not only difficult but also very expensive. As a result, in a transmission system, SVC is utilized
more frequently than STATCOM [3].
In recent years, a great number of articles have been written on the topic of applying the SVC to
improve the performance of power systems [4]–[14]. Notably, the optimal placement of the SVC devices in
order to improve voltage stability is investigated in [15]–[21]. For instance, preview study [15], the genetic
algorithm (GA) is used to determine the best possible placement of the SVC in order to improve the voltage
profile and reduce the amount of power that is lost. Aghaebrahimi et al. [16] outlines the effective siting and
sizing of wind farms and the SVC in a power system through the application of the non-dominated sorting
genetic algorithm (NSGA). NSGA-A has taken into consideration all of the goals simultaneously, such as
lowering costs and enhancing the voltage profile of the buses. Preview study [17], a genetic algorithm is used
to find the optimal location and setting of the SVC in order to improve voltage stability. This is accomplished
by increasing the distance to the collapse point while simultaneously decreasing the total amount of power
that is lost.
The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how the genetic algorithm can be utilized to determine
the optimal placement and sizing of an SVC in order to raise the voltage collapse point in the event that a
transmission line fails. The following is how this paper is organized from a structural standpoint: i) The SVC
is discussed in detail in section 2 of this document; ii) Sections 3 and 4, respectively, an introduction is
provided to the concept of continuation power flow and the genetic algorithm; iii) The method for positioning
and determining the size of the SVC is described in section 5; and iv) Section 6, the results of the simulation,
along with some observations, are broken down and explained. In this part of the article, the method that was
introduced will be investigated using the IEEE 14-bus test system. In the final section of the paper, a
summary conclusion is presented as the conclusion.
This paper shows the application of the genetic algorithm to optimal placement and sizing of an
SVC for increasing the voltage collapse point under transmission lines outage. The proposed solution
employed the CPF method to determine the maximum loading point. Also, the number of scenarios under
transmission line outages is reduced by establishing a list in ascending order based on the line outage priority.
Simulation results performed on the IEEE 14-bus test system show the SVC can increase the maximum
loading point and voltage levels of all buses.
The structure of this paper is arranged as follows; the SVC is described in section 2. An overview of
continuation power flow and genetic algorithm is given in sections 3 and 4, respectively. The placement and
sizing method for the SVC is presented in section 5. Simulation results, along with some observations, are
explained in section 6. In this section, the IEEE 14-bus test system is employed for investigating the
introduced method. The paper ends with a summary conclusion in the final section.
𝑋𝐶 𝑋𝑇𝐶𝑅
𝑋𝑆𝑉𝐶 = (2)
𝑋𝐶 +𝑋𝑇𝐶𝑅
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𝜋𝑋𝐿
𝑋𝑇𝐶𝑅 = (3)
𝜎−𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜎
Where XC, XL, and σ denote the capacitive reactance, inductive reactance, and conduction angle respectively.
The σ=2(π-α) is the relationship between the conduction angle and the firing angle (α) of thyristors. The
reactive power injected/absorbed by the SVC at the bus n is [23].
𝑄 < 0 → 𝑆𝑉𝐶 𝑖𝑛𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑄𝑆𝑉𝐶 = 𝑄𝑛 = −𝐵𝑆𝑉𝐶 𝑉𝑛2 𝐼𝑓: { 𝑆𝑉𝐶 (4)
𝑄𝑆𝑉𝐶 > 0 → 𝑆𝑉𝐶 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
(a) (b)
Figure 1. The SVC device: (a) standard configuration and (b) equivalent circuit [23]
4. GENETIC ALGORITHM
The scope of work of genetic algorithms is extensive, and the use of this method in optimization and
problem-solving is prevalent. The genetic algorithm can be called a general search method that mimics the
laws of natural biological evolution. Commonly, genetic algorithms include chromosomes, population, and
Improving voltage collapse point under transmission line outage by … (Majeed Rashid Zaidan)
216 ISSN: 2252-8792
fitness function. In the GA, genetic operators are used during the reproduction phase. With the effect of these
operators on a population, the next generation of that population is produced. Selection, crossover, and
mutation operators are usually the most widely used in genetic algorithms [17]–[25].
Where λ0 is the maximum loading point at the base case and λmax,iteration is the maximum loading point that
generates by the genetic algorithm in the presence of the SVC. The constraints for the optimization problem
are defined as (6)-(10).
Where PG,I is active power generation at bus I; NG is number of generators; QG,I is reactive power generation at bus I;
NG,C is number of generators and compensator; Vi is voltage amplitude at bus i ; n is number of buses; Si-j is transmitted
power through buses i and j; NL is number of transmission lines; and QSVC is reactive power injected/absorbed by SVC.
6. SIMULATION RESULTS
An open-source MATLAB-language M-files known as MATPOWER 7.0 are used for modeling the
power system and continuation power flow solution [27]. Also, the SVC model and genetic algorithm are
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implemented by MATLAB coding. The IEEE 14-bus system has been employed as the power grid,
consisting of five synchronous machines, 16 lines, four transformers, and 11 loads [28].
6.1. Step 1 and step 2: Results of power flow and CPF in base case
The results of executing power flow and CPF in the base case are provided in Table 1. The results
show that buses 4, 5, and 14 are the weakest, with a stronger desire to experience voltage collapse. The PV
curves for the weakest buses are presented in Figure 3.
6.2. Step 3 and step 4: Determining line outage priority (LOP) and establishing a list
Transmission lines are removed separately, and the CPF is executed to obtain the LOP (maximum
loading point). In other words, the LOP is determined by CPF when transmission lines are out of the system
one by one. The results are shown in Table 2 and the LOP is arranged in ascending for establishing a list.
Improving voltage collapse point under transmission line outage by … (Majeed Rashid Zaidan)
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Figure 4. Voltage amplitude in base case and all Figure 5. Network losses in base case and all
scenarios without SVC scenarios without SVC
Table 4. Constraint of the SVC and genetic algorithm parameters for all scenarios
Constraint of the voltage amplitude of buses Constraint of the SVC Population size Number of iterations
0.9 ≤ Vi ≤ 1.1 p.u. 0 ≤ QSVC ≤ 4 p.u. 40 500
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Based on summarized results in Table 5, the network losses in scenario 3 have been decreased while
the improvement in voltage stability margin and voltage profile has been obtained. Therefore, by employing
the genetic algorithm and selecting its parameters suitably, the best results can be taken. Please note that
optimization aims to increase the MLP corresponding to the point of voltage collapse following transmission
line outage and improve the voltage profile that after running the GA program in the presence of the SVC has
been achieved.
Table 5. Summary of results with and without SVC under transmission line outage condition
Maximum loading point (p.u.) Network losses
Scenario
Without SVC With SVC Without SVC With SVC
Base case 4.08 --- 13.4 MW ---
54.54 MVar
Scenario 1 0.46 0.93 41.97 MW 42.67 MW
173.59 MVar 181.85 MVar
Scenario 2 1.7 3.49 24.74 MW 34.68 MW
85.05 MVar 101.77 MVar
Scenario 3 0.38 0.83 50.04 MW 47.7 MW
196.95 MVar 181.85 MVar
7. CONCLUSION
In this study, a genetic algorithm program is used to determine the optimal placement of the SVC in
order to maximize the voltage stability margin in the event of a transmission line failure. In order to ascertain
the maximum loading point, the CPF method was put into practice. In addition to this, an ascending list is
compiled based on the line outage priority (LOP) in order to cut down on the number of potential outcomes
brought about by transmission line failures. The results of simulations performed on the IEEE 14-bus test
system indicate that bus 5 is the optimal location for installing the SVC in the third-worst case scenario
(scenario 3). Following the installation of the SVC, the maximum loading point and voltage levels of each
bus were raised to their respective new levels. In addition, if the parameters of the GA are configured
correctly, there will be less data loss on the network.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
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