Microwave circuit characterization

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Microwave component
ports Portes

1 2 3 Elments de circuit

4 5 6

Circuit elements
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Reference planes
On each access line i of a component, a coordinate axis zi is defined. The origin of this axis lies in the reference plane of the port i. Assumptions : The transmission lines are lossless They support only the dominant mode The reference plane is distant enough From discontinuities to ensure that the Higher order modes are attenuated

1 z1 zi i

n zn

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Available models
Kirhoff
Currents and voltages ill defined Well known from low frequency circuit analysis Not adapted to system approach

Scattering matrix

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Based on signal and power Well suited to microwaves Not known from low frequency circuit analysis Adapted to system analysis

Kirchhoffs model
i1 1 i2 2 i3 3 u3 [Z] u6 u2 u5 i6 6 u1 u4 i5 5 i4 4

Current, voltages and impedances

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Current voltages and impedances

Easy to use Current and voltage difficult to measure Current and voltage not always uniquely defined

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Example : TEM line

E = V
+ E H

V = E dl
+

I = H dl
C+

Characteristic impedance
-

Zc =

L V = C I

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Example : TEM line

Univoque definition of voltage and current Fields identical to static fields Zero cutoff frequency Needs at least two separate conductors

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Non-TEM line : the rectangular waveguide

E = V j A
Example : mode TE10 of a rectangular waveguide
Ey (x, y, z ) = E0
b a

j a

0 y a j a x jz Hx ( x y z ) = E0 x, y, sin e = E0 hy (x y)e j z x, a Thus

sin

e j z = E e ( x, y )e j z

V = E0
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ja

sin

x
a

e jz dy
y

Non TEM voltage and current definition

Only de ed for one mode O y defined o o e ode The voltage is proportional to the transverse electric field The current is proportional to the transverse magnetic field The characteristic impedance is equal to U/I. We choose the characteristic impedance equal to the wave impedance The power flux is given by the product of the voltage and the current
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Arbitrary line
( ) e (x, y) + j z = t (V e + V e jz ) C1 + Ht (x, y, z ) = ht (x, y )(Eo e jz Eo e j z ) h ( x , y ) + j z = t (I e I e jz ) C2
+ Et (x, y, z ) = e t (x, y) Eo e j z + Eo e j z
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V (z ) = V + e j z + V e jz I ( z ) = I + e j z I e j z

Zc =

+ V + V C1Eo C1 = = + = I+ I C2 Eo C2

C1 = Zmod C2

Different impedances
Impedance of the medium :Zo = E Wave impedance : Zmod = Ht t V+ V Line characteristic impedance :Zc = + = = I I Impedance matrix of a circuit

L C

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Impedance matrix

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Single port element

plan Ref. plane de rfrence I Zin V accs port

Zin =

V I

S Circuit Single port une porte n Power delivered to the component (Poynting)

P=

1 E H* ds = P + 2 j(Wm We ) r 2 s

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Single port element

Voltage and current : e ( x , y ) j z E t ( x , y, z ) = V ( z ) t e C1

ht ( x, y ) j z e C2 1 1 * * e h ds =1 thus P = 1 with VI et ht ds = 2VI C1C2 t t 2C1C2 s s V VI * 2P Zin = R + jX = = 2 = 2 I I I and 2 (Pr + 2 j (Wm We )) = I2 15LEMA-EPFL Ht (x, y, z) = I (z)

Single port element

R is proportional to to the real power dissipated in the system (Losses) X is proportional to the mean reactive stored energy in the system

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Impedance and admittance matrix

t1

v1+,i1+ i

v4+,i4+ i et v4-,-i4v5+,i5+ v5-,-i5v6+,i6+ v6-,-i6[Z]

v1-,-i1t v2+,i2+ 2 v2-,-i2t v3+,i3+ 3 v3-,-i3Vn = Vn+ + Vn

+ In = In In
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At each port ti

Impedance and admittance matrix

[V ] = [ Z ][I ] [ I ] = [Y ][V ]
Vi Ij Ii Vj

Zij = Yij =

Ik = 0 pour k j

Impedance matrix is obtained in open circuit conditions Admittance matrix is obtained in short circuit conditions

Vk = 0 pour k j

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Properties of the impedance and admittance matrix

Reciprocity :
Yij = Yji j j Zij = Z ji

Lossless circuit :

Re{Zmn } = 0

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Example : transmission line

I(0) U(0) d
U1 = U ( 0) , I1 = I ( 0) , U2 = U ( d ) , I 2 = I ( d )
U ( z ) = U+ e z + U e+ z I ( z ) = I+ e z I e+ z

I(d) U(d)

I1 U1

I2 U2

U ( 0) = U+ + U U ( d ) = U+ e d + U e+ d I ( 0) = I + I I ( d ) = I+ e d I e+ d

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Example : transmission line

I(0) U(0) d
U1 Z11 Z12 I1 U = Z 2 21 Z 22 I 2 1 sinh ( d ) I1 I coth ( d ) 2 I1 Y11 Y12 U1 I = Y 2 21 Y22 U 2 1 coth ( d ) sinh ( d ) U 1 = Yc 1 U coth ( d ) 2 sinh ( d ) coth ( d ) = Zc 1 sinh ( d )

I(d) U(d)

I1 U1

I2 U2

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Equivalent T circuit of a reciprocal two-port

Z11 Z12
I1 U1 Za Zb I2 Zc U2

Z12 Z22
Za = Z11 Z12 Zb = Z22 Z12 Zc = Z12

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Equivalent T circuit of a transmisson line

1 Za = Zcaract coth( d ) sinh( d ) ch( d ) 1 d = Zcaract tanh = Zcaract 2 sinh( d ) Zc = Zcaract sinh ( d )

I1 U1

Za

Za I2 Zc U2

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Equivalent circuit of a reciprocal two-port

Y11 Y12 Y12 Y22

I1 U1

Yc Ya Yb

I2 U2

Ya = Y11 + Y12 Yb = Y22 + Y12 Yc = Y12

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Equivalent circuit of a transmisson line

1 Ya = Ycaract coth( d ) sinh( d ) ch( d ) 1 d = Ycaract tanh = Ycaract 2 sinh( d ) Yc = Ycaract sinh ( z)

I1 U1

Yc Ya Ya

I2 U2

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Scattering parameters

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Normalized wave amplitudes : definition

Normalized wave amplitudes

ai =

vi + Zci ii v Zci ii , bi = i 2 Zci 2 Zci

Inverse relation

[W1/2]

vi = Zci (ai + bi ) , ii =
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(ai bi )
Zci

Normalized wave amplitudes : properties

Transmission lines

vi = vi+ e j z + vi e + jz ii = ii+ e j z + ii e+ j z

vi+ j z ai = e Zci vi + j z bi = e Zci

ai : progressive wave bi : retrograde wave

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Power at one component port

P = Re viii* = Re (ai + bi ) ai* bi* = ai bi i
2

[ ] [

)]

/ai/2 : power entering p i p g port 2 : power leaving port i /bi/

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Signal model
Plans de rfrence Reference planes a1 b1 a2 b2 a3 b3 [S]
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t1 t2 t3

t4 t5 t6

a4 b4 a5 b5 a6 b6

[b] = [S][a]
sij = bi aj

ak =0 , k j

Scattering matrix : definition

Normalized wave amplitude N li d lit d
ai = vi + Zci ii v Zci ii , bi = i 2 Zci 2 Zci

Inverse relation
vi = Zci (ai + bi ) , ii =

(ai bi )
Zci

Scattering matrix

[b] = [S][a]
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sij =

bi aj

ak =0 , k j

Signal model
Advantages :
Signals are easy to measure Well suited to a system approach (transfer functions)

Drawbacks :
Not known at low frequencies

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Scattering matrix : properties

Sij : transfert function from port j to port i Depends on the component and its properties To change the connecting lines implies to chnage the scattering matrix g g The scattering matrix is obtained termiating the ports by matched loads
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Reciprocity
Passive, li P i linear, i t i circuit isotropic i it

The circuit is reciprocal

zij = z ji

sij = s ji
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Lossless circuit
ai 2 = bi 2
Moreover

[a ][a] [ ]b ] = 0 b[

With [a] = a*

[ ]t

[b ] = [S ][a ]
[b ]= [a][S]

[ [a ][a] [a][S ] S][a ] = 0 [ [ [a ]{1] [S ] S ]}a ] = 0 [ [S ][S] = [1]

* sij sik = jk i =1

jk =

1 si j = k 0 si j k

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Matched circuit

Sii = 0

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Change of reference plane

ai bi ti tn [S] ... t'i t'n [S'] ... z

a'i b'i

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Change of reference plane

a' i = ai e j i b' i = bi e
j i

thus

s' ii = sii e j2 i
And in general
e j1 0 = : 0 0 e
j 2

[ ] [a' ] = [ diag e j ]a ] [ [b ] = [diag e j ] b' ] [ [b' ] = [diag e j ]b ] [

[a ] = diag e j [a' ]
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i = i zi

...

[diag e j ]

...

0 : e jn

Change of reference plane

[b '] = diag e j [ S ] diag e j [ a '] [ S '] = diag e j [ S ] diag e j

s 'ij = sij e
j i + j

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Passive circuits : questions

1. 1 2. 3. 4. 5. 5 Linearity Reciprocity Losslessness Matched Symmetry S et

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[S]->[Z]
[b] = [S] [a] ai = (Ui + Zci Ii)/2Zci [U] = [Z] [I] bi = (Ui Zci Ii)/2Zci Ui = Zci (ai + bi ) Ii = (ai bi )/Zci

We define two auxiliary matrices [G] = [diag(Zci)] [F] = [diag(1/2Zci)] And we can write [a] = [F] {[U] + [G] [I] } [b] = [F] {[U] [G] [I] } ([a] + [b]) = 2 [F] [U] ([a] [b]) = 2 [F] [G] [I]

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[S]->[Z]
[a] = [F] {[U] + [G] [I] } -> [a] = [F] {[Z] + [G] } [I]
1 1 -> [I] = {[Z] + [G] }1 [F]1 [a] >

[b] = [F] {[U] [G] [I] } -> [b] = [F] {[Z] [G] } [I] -> [b] = [F] {[Z] [G] } {[Z] + [G] }1 [F]1 [a] = [S] [a] Thus: [S] = [F] {[Z] [G] } {[Z] + [G] }1 [F]1

In one dimension, we have = S11 = (Zt Zc)/(Zt + Zc)

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[Z]->[S]
([a] + [b]) = 2 [F] [U] -> [U] = (2 [F])1([a] + [b]) = (2 [F])1([1] + [S]) [a]
1 ([a] ([ ] [b]) = 2 [F] [G] [I] = ([1] [S]) [a] -> [ ] = ([1] [S])1 2 [F] [G] [I] [ ] > [a]

regrouping, we obtain: [U] = (2 [F])1([1] + [S]) ([1] [S])1 2 [F] [G] [I] = [Z] [I] Et on en tire: [Z] = ([F])1([1] + [S]) ([1] [S])1 [F] [G]

For a single acess component, we have Zt = Zc(1 + r)/(1 r)

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Flow charts
The scattering parameters (reflection and transfer functions) are represented as arrows

sij

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Flow charts
a1 b1 s11 s21 s12 s22 b2
Two port

a2

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Flow charts
a1 s21 b2

s11 b1 s12 s31 s13 s23

s22 a2

Three port

s32

s33 a3
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b3

Flow charts
a1 s11 b1 s13 a3 s33 b3
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s21

b2 s22 a2 s42 b4 s44

4-port

s34

a4

Flow chart reduction rules

1) multiplication ) p
a s1 s2 b

s1s2

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Flow chart reduction rules

2) addition )
s1 a b

s2 a s1+s2
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Flow chart reduction rules

3) retroaction )
s1 a b

s2 a s1 1-s1s2
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Example
a1 s21 b2=a'1 s'21 b'2

s11 b1 s12

s22

s'11 s'12 a2=b'1

s'22 a'2

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Example
a1 s21 b2='a1

s11 b1 s12

s22

s'11

a2=b'1

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Example
a1 s21 s'11 s12 1-s'11s22

s11 b1

a1 s'11 s11+s21s12 b1
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1-s'11s22

Example
a1 s21 b2=a'1 s'21 b'2

s22

s'11

a2=b'1

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Example
1 a1 s21 1-s'11s22 s'21 b'2

s21 s'21 a1 1-s'11s22 b'2

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Example
b2=a'1

s22 b1 s12 a2=b'1

s'11 s'12 a'2

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Example
1 b1 s12 1-s22s'11 s''12 a a'2

s12s'12 b1 1-s22s'11 a'2

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Example
b2=a'1 s'21 b'2

s22

s'11 s'12 a2=b'1

s'22 a'2

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Example
s'21 s22 1-s' s 11 22 s'22 s'12 a'2 b'2

b'2 s22 s'22+s'12s'21 1-s'11s22 a'2

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Single port components

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Single port components

reference plane I Z in V acces single port circuit a s b 11 acces reference plane

Single port circuit

[ Z ] , [Y ] , [ S ]
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have only one term. They are scalars

Single port components

Z Zc s11 = in Zin + Zc 1 + s11 1 s11

Equivalences

Zin =

a1
Flow chart

b1

s11, ,

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Examples
Lossless single port components :
short circuit : s11 = -1 open circuit : s11 = 1 total reflection : s11 = ej

matched single port components : g p p

matched load

Others : antennas, loads, etc.

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Short circuits
spring contact

g/4

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Matched loads

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Matched load
a1 b1 a2 b2 a3 =0 b3 a4 b4 =0 a5 b5 =0 a6 b6 =0

The measurement of s21 has to be done by terminating all non concerned ports by p y matched loads

[S]
b s21 = 2 a1 a =0, i1 i

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Two port circuits

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Two port circuits

a1 b1 [S] b2 a2

a1 b1 s11

s21 s12 s22

b2 a2

s s S ] = 11 12 [ s21 s22
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Examples
Lossless : phase shifters, gyrators, obstacles shifters gyrators Lossy : attenuators, isolators

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Phase shifters
Reciprocal matched lossless
0 [S ] = j e e j o

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Phase shifters
Examples :
Matched transmission line

[S ] =
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0 jL e

e jL 0

Phase shifters
Exemples
Fox' phase shifter Non reciprocal phase shifters
[S ] = j e 2
0 e j1 1 2 0

Gyrators
[S ] =
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0 1 1 2 = 1 0

Fox' phase shifters

/2

/4

/4

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Fox' phase shifters

pol. lin.

mode 2 mode 1

( 1 - 2 )l= /2 quarter wave line

pol. cir.

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Fox' phase shifters

mode 2 mode 1 pol. cir.

( 1 - 2 )l=

pol. cir inverse

halve wave line rotation of + = phase shift of + for both components

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Fox' phase shifters

mode 2 mode 1 pol. cir.

( 1 - 2 )l= /2

pol. lin.

rotation of - = phase shift of + for both components

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Attenuators
Matched 0 Reciporcal [S ] = s12 Lossy Attenuation level given by:

s12 s <1 0 12

P LA(dB) = 10 log10 1 = 20 log10 s12 P2

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Attenuators
Examples
With absorbers With a rotative blade Transmission line below cutoff resistive Non reciprocal (isolator)

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Attenuators using absorbers

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Rotative attenuator

lame fixe

fixed slab

lame mobile

rotating slab g

fixed lame fixeslab

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Rotative blade attenuator

Ecos E E Ecos Esin Ecos

Ecos2 Ecos2 Ecossin

Ecos2

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Reactive attenuator (transmission line below cutoff)

e-jz P1

e-z

e-jz

LA(dB)=10log10(e2L)= 20Llog10e=8.696L P2 P2/P1=(e-L)2

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Resistive attenuators (T attenuators)

R1 R1

R2

We need to choose R1 and R2 in order to be matched Then we can obtain the attenuation
port 2

port 1

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Resistive attenuators
I u1 R1 I I Zin R2 u2 R1 I2 Zo

port 1

port 2

1 Zin = R1 + = Zo 1 1 + R2 R1 + Z o
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2 Z 2 R1 R2 = o 2 R1

Resistive attenuators
a1 I u1 R1 I I Zin b1 port 1 port 2 R2 u2 R1 I2 b2 Zo a2

Z R1 b u s21 = 2 = 2 = o a1 u1 Z o + R1
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Other solution
Impedance matrix of the 2 port

[Z ] =

R1 + R2 R2

R1 + R2 R2

from which we obtain the scattering parameter matrix

( R + R ) 2 Z 2 R 2 2 2 o 1 [S ] = 2 2 2 R2 Z o ( R1 + R2 + Zo ) R2 1
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2 2 ( R1 + R2 )2 Zo R2 2 R2 Z o

Other solution
from which we obtain again as s11=s22 =0 for a mached device again, s11 s22 0
2 Z 2 R1 R2 = o 2 R1

and

Z R1 s21 = o Z o + R1

so finally, the attenuation level is given by

Z R Z + R1 LA[dB ] = 20 log ( s21 ) = 20 log o 1 = 20 log o Z o + R1 Z o R1
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Isolators
matched non reciprocal lossy
[S ] =
0 0 1 0

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