www.gradeup.

co

1
www.gradeup.co

FLUID MECHANICS & HYDRAULIC MACHINES

2 FLUID STATICS

1. INTRODUCTION

• Fluid statics deals with problems associated with fluids at rest. The fluid can be either
gaseous or liquid.
• Fluid statics is generally referred to as hydrostatics when the fluid is a liquid and as
aerostatics when the fluid is a gas.
• The only stress we deal with in fluid statics is the normal stress, which is the pressure, and
the variation of pressure is due only to the weight of the fluid. Therefore, the topic of fluid
statics has significance only in gravity fields, and the force relations developed naturally
involve the gravitational acceleration g.
• The force exerted on a surface by a fluid at rest is normal to the surface at the point of
contact since there is no shear forces due to the absence of relative motion between the
fluid and the solid surface.

2. PRESSURE

• Pressure is defined as external normal force per unit area.

• its SI unit is N/m2 or Pascal (Pa).
• Pressure basically represents the number of molecules striking a surface, if there are no
molecules than there will be no pressure and hence pressure is a representative of
molecules.
Normal force
Pr essure =
Area
Units of pressure:
• 1Pascal= 1N/m2
• 1MPa= 1N/mm2
• 1bar= 105 Pascal=0.1N/mm2
• 1atm=101.325kPa=0.101325MPa
• 1atm= 1.01325bar = 760 mm Hg = 10.3 m of water column
2.1. Types of pressure:

(i). Atmospheric pressure (Patm):

• Atmospheric pressure is the pressure excreted by environmental air.

2
www.gradeup.co

• Atmospheric pressure is measure by a device known as barometer. It was invented by

Torricelli.

(ii). Gauge Pressure (Pgauge):

• Gauge pressure is the pressure that is measured with respect to atmospheric pressure.

• Gauge Pressure can be positive (+ve) or Negative (-ve).

• Vacuum pressure (PVacuum) or pressures less than atmospheric are known as negative

(-ve) gauge pressure.

(iii). Absolute pressure (Pabs):

• This is the pressures that is measured with respect to zero pressure line.

• Absolute pressure is always positive.

Note.1:

• For all numerical problems we have to find gauge pressure until and unless absolute

pressure is asked.

• All the negative Gauge pressures are taken and considered with a negative sign.

Fig.1: Illustration of Gauge and atmospheric pressure

Absolute pressure = atmospheric pressure + gauge Pressure

Pabs = Patm + PGauge

3
www.gradeup.co

3. HYDROSTATIC LAW

The pressure at any point in a fluid at rest is obtained by the Hydro-static Law.
It states that “the rate of increase of pressure in a vertically downward direction must be equal
to the specific weight of the fluid at that point”.
p
= −g = −w ……………….. (1)
Z
Where,
w = Weight density of fluid.
Equation (1) represent the Hydrostatic Law.
Now,
by integrating the above equation (1) for liquids:

 dp =  gdZ
p = ρgZ …………… (2)
Where p is the pressure above atmospheric pressure and Z is the height of the point from free
surface.
p
Z=
g
Here Z is called pressure head.
Note.2:
• Hydrostatic law can be applied to both compressible and incompressible fluids.
3.1. Pressure at a depth “h”:

Fig.2: Showing a point A location within the fluid

Now use:

 dp =   gdh
P = ρgh + C ………… (1)
At h = 0, P = Patm
Thus, C = Patm
P = ρgh + Patm …………… (2)
Therefore, PGauge = ρgh (N/m2 or Pascal)

4
www.gradeup.co

Note 3:
• As we move vertically down in a fluid the pressure increase as +ρgh. As we move
vertically up in a fluid the pressure decreases as –ρgh.
• There is no charge in pressure in horizontally same level.
Conversion of one fluid column to another fluid column –
If a fluid is having some pressure, P & the pressure head corresponding the fluid is h 1
then the same pressure will be exerted by another fluid by column of height h 2
ρ1gh1 = ρ2gh2 → valid for all fluids.
ρ1h1 = ρ2h2 → valid for all fluids.
Example. Convert a pressure head of 100 m of water to (a) kerosene of specific gravity
0.81, (b) carbon tetrachloride of specific gravity 1.6.
Solution:
Since, column conversion of one fluid having relative density S 1 in terms of column of
other fluid of relative density S2 is given by following relation:
h1S1 = h2S2
(a). 100 × 1 = h2 × 0.81
100
h2 = = 123.46 m of kerosene
0.81
(b) 100 × 1 = h2 × 1.6
100
h2 = = 62.5 m of carbon tetrachloride
1.6
3.2. Pascal’s Law:
According to pascal’s Law “In a static fluid, the pressures at a point is equally distributed
in all the direction” .

Fig.3: Showing a fluid element

As per the pascal’s Law
Px = Py = Pz
The above equation shows that the pressure at any point in x, y and z directions is equal.

5
www.gradeup.co

Examples:
• Hydraulic lift, hydraulic break etc.

Fig.4: Hydraulic lift

• In a hydraulic lift a smaller force is required to lift a larger weight but still the
conservation of energy is not violated because the smaller force moves by a larger
distance whereas larger weight moves by smaller distance And hence work done in
both the cases are same and hence conservation of energy is followed.

4. PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

Pressure measurement by principle of manometry and the devices used for measuring pressure
are known as manometers and the branch of science dealing with pressure measurement is
known as manometry.

Fig.5: Pressure Measurement devices

4.1. Manometers: Manometers are used for measuring pressures by balancing the fluid
column of fluid against another column of fluid of known specific gravity. Manometers can
be classified as:
4.1.1. Simple manometers:
a. Piezometer:
• A Piezometer is a simple glass tube that is open at both the ends.
• One end of the Piezometer is connected to the pipeline whose pressure needs to be
measured and the other end is kept open to the atmosphere.
• Piezometers can’t be used to measured very high pressure and gas pressures.

6
www.gradeup.co

Fig.6: Piezometer
P = ρgH
Where,
ρ = density of liquid
h = height of liquid in the piezometer from the centre of the pipe.
g = acceleration due to gravity.
Limitations:

• A piezometer can not be used when very large pressure in a lighter fluid is to be

measured, as it requires very long tubes and it cannot be handled easily.

• It can not measure gas pressure, as gas does not form any free surface with the

atmosphere.

b. Simple U-tube manometer:

• It consists of a glass tube with one end open to the atmosphere and other end

connected to a point at which pressure is to be measured.

• In this manometer, the tube consists of a heavy fluid whose density is greater than

the fluid whose pressure is to be determined.

• generally, Mercury is taken as the heavy fluid other than the test fluid.

Fig.7: Simple U-tube manometer

PO + ρO g(H+ x) + ρmgy — ρm gy — ρm gx = 0

7
www.gradeup.co

4.1.2 Differential manometers:

• A differential manometer is used to measure the difference in pressures in two pipes

or two points in the pipeline.

• Generally, a differential manometer consists of a bent glass U-tube containing a heavy

liquid (usually Mercury).

• The two ends of the manometer are connected to the two-gauge points between which

pressure difference is to be measured.

a. Upright U-tube differential manometer:

• The limitations imposed by the piezometer are removed using U-tube manometers.

• The manometer contains heavier fluid (usually Mercury) than the working fluid in the

pipeline.

• A U – tube manometer can also be used to measure negative or vacuum pressure.

Fig.8: Differential U-tube manometer

PA + 1g(h1 + h) = PB + 2gh2 + Hggh
PA − PB = 2gh2 + Hggh − 1gh1 − 1gh
PA − PB = 2gh2 + (Hg − 1 )gh − 1gh1
b. Inverted U-tube differential manometer:
• The inverted U – tube manometer is used when the difference of pressure to be
measured between two points in a pipeline or between two pipes is small.
• The manometer contains lighter fluid than the working fluid in the pipeline.

Fig.9: Differential inverted U-tube manometer

8
www.gradeup.co

PA − 1gh1 = PB − 2gh2 − gh

PA − PB = 1gh1 − 2gh2 − gh
When both the pipes are at the same level i.e. h 1 =h2:
PA − PB = (1 − 2 )gh1 − gh
Note.4:
• Inverted U-tube manometers are used when the pipelines are underground and in
these manometers the density of manometric fluid is less than the density of flowing
fluid (ρm < ρ).
• The limb of the manometer is inclined to increase the sensitivity of a manometer which
is defined as the smallest pressure difference that a manometer can measure. By

. As   Sensitivity  .
1
inclining the tube, the sensitivity increases by a fact of
sin
• Inclined tube manometers are used for measuring very small pressures differences in
which deflection is very small.
Example. In the figure as shown below, fluid A is water, fluid B is oil of specific gravity
0.85, Z = 0.7 m and y = 1.5 m. Compute pressure difference between m and n.

Solution:
Let the height of the common surface above the point m be x.
Since pressure head at T = pressure head at T’. we have:
pm p
– x – (Z × 0.85) = n – (Z + x – y)
w w
pm pn
− = y – Z (1 – 0.85)
w w
= 1.5 – 0.7(0.15)
= (1.5 – 0.105)
= 1.395 m of water

(pm − pn ) = 1.395 41000

10
= 0.1395 kg(f)/cm2
(pm – pn) = 1.395 × 9.810
= 13.685 kN/m2

9
www.gradeup.co

4.2. Mechanical Gauges:

• All the mechanical Gauges are the devices which consist of an elastic element which
gets deformed on application of pressure and this magnified movement (using by gear
& pinion arrangement) is recorded on a pointer scale & pressure in measured.
• Mechanical Gauges are used to measure pressures that are very high with less
accuracy.
Example:
(a). Bourdon Tube pressure Gauge
(b). Diaphragm pressure gauge
(c). Bellows Pressure Gauge
(d). Dead weight pressure Gauge
4.3. The Hydrostatic Paradox:

• The pressure at any point depends only upon the depth below the free surface and

unit weight of the liquid.

• The pressure does not depend upon the size and shape of the container. Hence, the

pressure at the bottom of all containers will be same if they are filled with same liquid

up to the same height.

Fig.10: The hydrostatic paradox

10
www.gradeup.co

5. HYDROSTATIC FORCES

• When a fluid is in contact with a surface is exerts a normal force on the surface which is
termed as the hydrostatic force.
Examples:
A plate exposed to a liquid, such as a gate valve in a dam, the wall of a liquid storage tank, or
the hull of a ship at rest, is subjected to fluid pressure distributed over its surface.
• On a plane surface, the hydrostatic forces form a system of parallel forces, and we often
need to determine the magnitude of the force.
• The point of action of total hydrostatic force on the submerged surface is called the Centre
of Pressure (CP).
5.1. Hydrostatic forces on submerged plane surfaces:
5.1.1 Inclined Plane submerged surface in a liquid:
Consider a plane surface of arbitrary shape immersed in a liquid in such a way that the
plane of the surface makes an angle θ with the free surface of the liquid as shown in
figure.

Fig.11: Inclined Plane submerged surface in a liquid

Let A = Total area of inclined surface
h = Depth of C.G. of inclined area from free surface
h* = Distance of centre of pressure from free surface of liquid
θ = Angle made by the plane of the surface with free liquid surface.
Total pressure force on the whole area:

F = gAh (  h = y sin  )

From above equation force is independent of the angle of inclination (θ).

Thus, force for Horizontal and vertical submerged bodies will also be given by same
expression.
Centre of Pressure (h*):

IG sin2 
h* = +h ……………… (9)
Ah

11
www.gradeup.co

Special Cases:
(a) Plane vertical surface (θ = 90°):
Thus, centre of pressure for the vertical submerged surface is given by:

IG sin2 
h* = +h
Ah

IG sin2 90
h* = +h
Ah
IG
h* = +h
Ah

Fig.12: Vertical submerged surface

(b) Plane horizontal surface (θ = 0°)

Fig.13: Horizontal submerged surface

centre of pressure for the vertical submerged surface is given by:

IG sin2 
h* = +h
Ah

IG sin2 0
h* = +h
Ah

h* = h
Thus, the centre of pressure of a body submerged parallel to free surface will be equal to
the distance of centroid of the body from the free surface.
Note.5:
• The magnitude of hydrostatic force remains unchanged with angle of inclination.
• The center of Pressure which is the point of application of total hydrostatic force always
lies either below center of gravity or coincides with center of gravity.

12
www.gradeup.co

Example. Determine the total pressure on a circular plate of diameter 1.5 m which is
placed vertically in water in such a way that the centre of the plate is 3 m below the free
surface of water. Find the position of centre of pressure also.
Solution:
Given: Diameter of plate, d = 1.5 m


 Area, A = (1.5)2 = 1.767 m2
4

h = 3.0 m
Total pressure is given by

F = gA h = 1000 × 9.81 × 1.767 × 3.0 N= 52002.81 N.

Position of centre of pressure (h*) is given by:
IG
h* = +h
Ah

d4   1.54
where IG = = = 0.2485 m4
64 64
0.2485
 h* = + 3.0 = 0.0468 + 3.0
1.767  3.0
h*= 3.0468 m.
5.2. Hydrostatic forces on curved surfaces:

Fig.14: Hydrostatic force on a curved surface

13
www.gradeup.co

BC = curved surface
FY = vertical component of FR
FH = Horizontal component of FR
FR = Resultant force on curved surface.
5.2.1 Horizontal component of force on curved surface:
The horizontal component of force on a curved surface is equal to hydrostatic force on
the vertical projection area.
Horizontal force FX = Ah = gAh

Where,
A = Projected Area
h = depth of centroid of an area.
This force will act at center of pressure of the corresponding area.
5.2.2 Vertical component of force on curved surface:
• The vertical component of force on a curved surface is equal to weight of the fluid
contained by the curved surface up to the free surface of the liquid.
Vertical force (FV) = weight of the fluid above the curved surface up to the free surface
• It will act at the center of gravity of the volume of liquid contained in portion extended
above the curved surface up to the free surface of the liquid.
5.2.3. Resultant Force and direction:

• Resultant Force FR = FX2 + FY2

• The angle from the horizontal at which this force will act:
FV
tan  =
FH
Example: A hemispherical bulge of diameter 1.2 m is provided in the bottom of a tank.
If the depth of water above the horizontal floor of the tank is 3.0m. The magnitude (in
KN) of net hydrostatic force on bulge is
Solution:
By symmetry the net horizontal force = 0

14
www.gradeup.co

Vertical force (Fv) = weight of fluid above the hemisphere

FV = 28.84 kN
Resultant force is the same as the vertical force Fv = 28.84 kN acting vertically at the
centre of the hemisphere

6. BUOYANCY & FLOATATION

Archimedes Principle:
• Whenever a body is immersed in a fluid either partially on fully, it experiences a net vertical
force which is known as buoyant force.
• This buoyant force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body, and it acts
upward through the centroid of the displaced volume.

Fig.15: Floatation conditions of the body in a fluid

(a) If ρbody > ρf, then body will be submerged totally in the fluid and will rest at the body of the
container as shown in Fig.15(a).
(b) If ρbody = ρf, then body will be submerged totally in the fluid as shown in Fig.15(b). Note.
• In this body will float in the liquid and remains at rest at any point in the fluid if given slight
displacement from original position.
(c) If ρbody < ρf, then body will be partially submerged in the fluid and will float as shown in
Fig.15(c).
• For floating bodies, the weight of the entire body must be equal to the buoyant force, which
is the weight of the fluid whose volume is equal to the volume of the submerged portion of
the floating body i.e.
FB = W

f gVsub = ave,bodygVtotal

Vsub ave,body
=
Vtotal f

15
www.gradeup.co

Example. Find the density of a metallic body which floats at the interface of mercury of specific
gravity 13.6 and water such that 40% of its volume is sub-merged in mercury and 60% in
water.
Solution:

Let the volume of the body = V m3

Then volume of body sub-merged in mercury
40
= V = 0.4V m3
100
60
Volume of body sub-merged in water =  V = 0.6 V m3
100
For the equilibrium of the body:
Total buoyant force = Weight of the body
Total buoyant force = buoyancy Force due to water + buoyancy Force due to mercury
buoyancy Force due to water = Weight of water displaced by body
= Density of water × g × Volume of water displaced
= 1000 × g × Volume of body in water
= 1000 × g × 0.6 × V
and Force of buoyancy due to mercury = Weight of mercury displaced by body
= g × Density of mercury × Volume of mercury displaced
= g × 13.6 × 1000 × Volume of body in mercury
= g × 13.6 × 1000 × 0.4 V
Weight of the body = Density × g × Volume of body =  × g × V
where  is the density of the body.
 For equilibrium, we have
Total buoyant force = Weight of the body
1000 × g × 0.6 × V + 13.6 × 1000 × g × .4 V =  × g × V
 = 600 + 13600 × .4 = 600 + 54400 = 6040.00 kg/m3
 Density of the body = 6040.00 kg/m3
6.1. Center of buoyancy (B):
• The point of application of buoyancy force is called the center of buoyancy and it
coincides with the centroid of the wholly submerged body of homogenous composition.

16
www.gradeup.co

6.2. Loss of weight due to buoyancy force:

• When a body is submerged in a liquid then it is subjected to a net vertical upward force
i.e. buoyant force.
• Due to this buoyant force the body weight in a medium of higher density than air is
less than the actual weight measured in the air. This measured weight of body in a
medium other than air is called the apparent weight of the body.

Fig.16: Apparent weight of a body

Let a body of actual weight W, gives apparent weights T 1 in air and T2 in water.
Since, FB = air Vbodyg and FB = water Vbodyg .
1 2

As air density is very small thus neglect the buoyancy effect due to it and assume T 1 as
the actual weight.
Thus, T1 = W and T2 = W − water Vbodyg

Therefore, Loss of weight = T1 − T2

T1 − T2 = W − W + FB2 = FB2
Therefore, the loss of weight in a fluid is equal to buoyancy force.
Example. A stone weighs 392.4 N in air and 196.2 N in water. Compute the volume of
stone and its specific gravity.
Solution:
Given: Weight of stone in air = 392.4 N
Weight of stone in water = 196.2 N
For equilibrium,
Weight in air – Weight of stone in water = buoyancy force by the fluid = Weight of
water displaced
392.4 – 196.2 = 196.2 = 1000 × 9.81 × Volume of water displaced
 Volume of water displaced
196 .2 1 3 1
= = m = × 106 cm3 = 2 × 104 cm3 = Volume of stone
1000  9.81 50 50
 Volume of stone = 2 × 104 cm3
Specific Gravity of Stone

17
www.gradeup.co

Weight in air 392 .4

Mass of stone = =
g 9.81
= 40 kg
Mass in air 40.0 kg kg
Density of stone = = = 40 × 50 = 2000
Volume 1 3
m m3
50
Density of stone 2000
 Specific gravity of stone = = = 2.0.
Density of water 1000
6.3. Stability of bodies:
6.3.1 Translational stability:
When a small linear displacement sets up restoring force, the body is set to have
translational or linear stability.
6.3.2 Rotational Stability:
When a small angular displacement sets up restoring couple, stability is called the
rotational stability. A submerged or floating body can have following three type of
equilibrium of small angular displacement:
(a). Stable Equilibrium:
• If any small disturbance (someone moves the ball to the right or left) generates a
restoring force (due to gravity) that returns it to its initial position, the equilibrium is
called the stable equilibrium.
(b). Neutrally Equilibrium:
• If the ball is moved to the right or left, it would stay put at its new location. It has no
tendency to move back to its original location, nor does it continue to move away.
Then such an equilibrium is termed as the Neutral equilibrium.
(c). Unstable Equilibrium:
• If any disturbance, even an infinitesimal one, causes the ball to roll off the hill—it does
not return to its original position; rather it diverges from it. This situation is unstable.

Fig.17: Figure showing the different configuration and corresponding stability

18
www.gradeup.co

6.4. Stability conditions of a completely submerged bodies under angular deflection:

The rotational stability of an immersed body depends on the relative locations of the
center of gravity (G) of the body and the center of buoyancy(B).
(a). For the stable equilibrium: B should be above G.
(b). For the unstable equilibrium: B should be below G.
(c). For the neutral equilibrium: B and G coincides.

Fig.18: Illustration of the stability conditions of the completely submerged

bodies
6.5. Stability conditions of partially submerged bodies under angular deflection:
The rotational stability of an immersed body depends on the relative locations of the
Metacenter (M) of the body and the center of gravity (G).
For a floating body to be in:
(a). stable equilibrium, point M should be above point G and thus GM is positive. The
larger the GM is, the more stable is the floating body.
(b). unstable equilibrium, point M should be below point G and thus GM is negative.
(c). neutral equilibrium, point M should coincide with the G and thus GM =0.

Fig.19: Illustration of stability conditions of the Floating bodies

19
www.gradeup.co

7. METACENTRIC HEIGHT (GM) AND ITS DETERMINATION

7.1. Metacentric height (GM):

The metacentric height GM, which is the distance between the centre of gravity G and
the metacentre (M) which is the intersection point of the lines of action of the buoyant
force through the body before and after rotation.
7.2. Determination of the metacentric height:
7.2.1 Experimental Method:
Consider a ship is floating in water, let w be a movable weight placed centrally on the
deck of the ship and W be the total weight of the ship including w. Initially, ship is in
equilibrium, therefore that the deck is horizontal. Now the weight w is moved transversely
through a distance x across the deck, so that ship tilts through a small angle θ, and comes
to rest in a new position of equilibrium. For this metacentric height is given by:
wx
GM = ………….. (1)
W tan 
Example. A pontoon of 15696 kN displacement is floating in water. A weight of 245.25
kN is moved through a distance of 8 m across the deck of pontoon, which tilts the
pontoon through an angle 4°. Find meta-centric height of the pontoon.
Solution:
Given:
Weight of pontoon = Displacement
W = 15696 kN
Movable weight, w1 = 245.25 kN
Distance moved by weight w1, x = 8 m
Angle of heel,  = 4°
The meta-centric height, GM is given by the following expression:
w1 x 245.25  8 1962
GM = = = = 1.788 m.
W tan  15696  tan 4o 15696  0.0699

7.2.2 Theoretical Method:

The metacentric height using the theoretical method is given by the following formula:

GM = (BM − BG)

In the above expression:

• Positive (+Ve) sign is used when the metacentre M lies above the G.
• Negative (- Ve) sign is used when the metacentre M lies below the G.
Ibody,freesurafce
• Where BM = and Ibody free surface is the moment of inertia od that surface
Vdisp

of the body which is intersected by the free surface of the liquid.

20
www.gradeup.co

Example. A block of wood of specific gravity 0.7 floats in water. Determine the meta-
centric height of the block if its size is 2 m × 1 × 0.8 m.

Solution:
Given: Dimension of block = 2 × 1 × 0.8
Let depth of immersion = h m
Specific gravity of wood = 0.7
Weight of wooden piece = Weight density of wood × Volume
= 0.7 × 1000 × 9.81 × 2 × 1 × 0.8 N
Weight of water displaced = Weight density of water × Volume of the wood sub
merged in water = 1000 × 9.81 × 2 × 1 × h N
For equilibrium,
Weight of wooden piece = Weight of water displaced
 700 × 9.81 × 2 × 1 × 0.8 = 1000 × 9.81 × 2 × 1 × h
700  9.81 2  1 0.8
 h= = 0.7 × 0.8 = 0.56 m
1000  9.81 2  1
h 0.56
 Distance of centre of Buoyancy from bottom, i.e., AB = = = 0.28 m
2 2
and AG = 0.8/2.0 = 0.4 m
BG = AG – AB = 0.4 – 0.28 = 0.12 m
I
The meta-centric height is given by: GM = − BG

1 1 4
where I = × 2 × 1.03 = m
12 6
 = Volume of wood in water = 2 × 1 × h = 2 × 1 × .56 = 1.12 m3
1 1
 GM =  – 0.12 = 0.1488 – 0.12 = 0.0288 m.
6 1.12

21
www.gradeup.co

8. ROLLING AND PITCHING

• The angular displacement of a boat or ship about its longitudinal axis is known as 'rolling'
while that about its transverse axis is known as "pitching".

Fig.20: Illustration of the rolling and pitching of a hull

bl 3 lb3
Ixx = ; Iyy =
12 12

(BM )xx = VIxx ,(BM )y−y = V yy

I
disp disp

Since, IXX > IYY

KG2
T = 2
gGM

(BM )pitching  (BM )rolling

Time period of Oscillation of the floating body:
The time period of the oscillation is given by the following expression:

KG2
T = 2
gGM

Since GM ( )pitching  (GM )rolling

Increasing the metacentric height gives the greater stability but reduces the time period of the
roll so the ship will be less comfortable for the passengers.
Note.:

While designing boats and ships, (BM )rolling must always be taken because if the ship designed
in rolling condition is stable then the boat will be stable in all the cases.

22
www.gradeup.co

Example. A submarine is rolling under seawater whose radius of gyration is 12 m and period
of oscillation of rolling of ship is 22 seconds then nearest metacentric height in metres is
______.
A. 1.6
B. 1.2
C. 2
D. 1.8
Answer: B
Solution:
Time period of ship T= 22 sec

GM = 1.197 m
GM = 1.2 m
****

23
www.gradeup.co

24