Statistics and

Probability
Quarter 4 – Module 11:

Identifying Appropriate
Rejection Region Involving
Population Proportion
 What I Need to Know

Recall that the normal curve evolves from the probability distribution.
With the area under the curve being 1, it serves as a mathematical model in
hypothesis testing. The areas are the probability value that we will need in
decision-making on whether to accept or reject the hypothesis.

This module will help you identify the appropriate rejection region for a
given level of significance when the Central Limit Theorem is to be used.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. determine the critical value using the given level of significance;
2. transform the alternative hypothesis from statement into symbols; and
3. illustrate and identify the rejection region under the normal curve.

What I Know

Directions: Choose the best answer to the given questions or statements.

Write the letter of your choice on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following is a mathematical model used in decision-making?
A. z-statistic C. normal curve
B. proportion D. graphical representation
2. What is the alternative hypothesis in the statement below?
“Less than 35% of the students are fluent Filipino language speakers.”
A. p > 35 B. p < 35 C. p > 0.35 D. p < 0.35

3. Which of the following situations is non-directional?

A. More than 45% of the barangay population is male residents.
B. The proportion of ADHD students in the school decreased by 10%.
C. The principal claims that 30% of Grade 4 students are in favor of
staying in the playground after classes.
D. There is enough evidence to conclude that the percentage of students
who are in favor of the new uniform is different from 85%.
4. Which of the following is the critical value if the level of significance is 5%
and tailed to the right?
A. 0.125 B. 0.165 C. 1.645 D. 1.960

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5. It is the range of the values of the test value indicating that there is
significant difference and that the null hypothesis (Ho) should be rejected.
A. critical value C. level of significance
B. rejection region D. non-rejection region

6. It is the basis for the critical or rejection region dictated by the alternative
hypothesis.
A. critical value C. acceptance region
B. rejection region D. level of significance

7. Which of the following terms does NOT describe a right-tailed test?

A. more B. improve C. changed D. increased

8. The z-score value in the critical region means that you should _______.
A. reject the null hypothesis
B. not reject the null hypothesis
C. reject the alternative hypothesis
D. not reject the alternative hypothesis

9. Which is the alternative hypothesis (in notation) of the following statement?

“Less than 4% of senior high school students take Statistics.”
A. Ha: p > 0.4 C. Ha: p > 0.04
B. Ha: p < 0.4 D. Ha: p < 0.04

10. Which of the following is not an option for an alternative hypothesis?

A. Ha > k B. Ha = k C. Ha < k D. Ha ≠ k

11. Which of the following shows a non-directional test?

A. p = k B. p > k C. p ≠ 0.4 D. p < 0.4

12. What is the critical value(s) for a two-tailed test with α = 0.05?
A. z = -1.64 B. z = ±0.06 C. z =1.64 D. z = ± 1.96
For nos. 13-15, refer to the situation below.
During the previous year, 55% of the people believed that there was
an improvement in the country’s economy. This year, only 280 out of 500
randomly selected people believe that there is an improvement in the
country’s economy. Using 0.05 level of significance, answer the following
questions to determine if this indicates a decrease in the number of people
who believe that there is an improvement in the country’s economy.

13. Which of the following represents the alternative hypothesis?

A. Ha > 0.55 B. Ha ≠ 0.55 C. Ha < 0.55 D. Ha = 0.55

14. Which of the following is the critical value?

A. –2.325 B. –1.960 C. –1.645 D. –1.285

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15. Which of the following shows the appropriate rejection region?

A. C.

-2.325 -1.285

B. D.

-1.645 -1.960

How did you find this pre-test? Did you encounter both familiar and
unfamiliar terms? Kindly compare your answers in the Answer Key on the last
part of this module.
If you got a perfect score or 100%, skip this module and proceed to the
next one. But if you missed even a single point, please continue with this
module as it will enrich your knowledge in hypothesis testing involving
population proportion.

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Lesson Identifying Appropriate
1 Rejection Region Involving
Population Proportion
One part in testing hypothesis is determining if the results of a theory or
the hypothesis from the experiment is probably true or statistically significant.
To be able to do this, the rejection region or critical region will be employed.
Every rejection region can be drawn on a probability distribution. Its image
can be done using the normal curve. It can either be one-tailed or two-tailed
rejection region. More specifically, one-tailed rejection region can be left-tailed
or right-tailed. Now, how can we determine the rejection regions? Let us find
out!

What’s In

Activity 1: Where Do I Belong?

Directions: The following are the common terms or phrases used to describe
whether the alternative hypothesis (Ha) is directional or non-directional such
as right-tailed, left-tailed, or two-tailed. Copy the table and write each under
the group where it should belong.

higher lower changed different

better worsened more increased
varied less affects improve
effective greater than less than influences
favored not equal to smaller decreased
not the same as

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 Left –Tailed Two – Tailed Right – Tailed

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Notes to the Teacher

This lesson is simply about finding the critical value
and illustrating the rejection region. Making conclusions
whether to accept or reject is included in the scope of
Module 13. If the learner did not pass the assessment,
please give them more practice activities on how to
determine the critical value and illustrate the rejection
region. Otherwise, the learner may not be able to make a
conclusion.

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 What’s New

Activity 2: Tail Me Now

Directions: In each of the following statements, formulate the alternative

hypothesis, Ha. then, determine if it describes two-tailed, right-tailed, or left-
tailed. Th first one is done for you as an example.

1. The hypothesis that less than 20% of the population is right-handed

Ha: p < 0.20 ; left – tailed

2. The hypothesis that the proportion of ADHD students in the school is

not 0.40
_________ ; __________

3. The hypothesis that more than 45% of the barangay population is male
residents
_________ ; __________

4. The claim that less than 35% of the students are fluent Filipino language
speakers
_________ ; __________

5. The principal’s claim that 30% of Grade 4 students stay in the

playground after classes
_________ ; __________

6. The hypothesis that there is enough evidence to conclude that the

percentage of students who are in favor of the new uniform is different from 85%
_________ ; __________

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 What Is It

There are two ways to test the hypothesis: with a p-value approach and
with a critical value approach. Here, we will consider the rejection region with
the critical value approach. The critical value enables us to reject or not the
null hypothesis. Also, it is calculated through alpha ( α ) levels and symbolized
by Z or Ztab.

This is the first statement in Activity 2: “The hypothesis that less than
20% of the population are right-handed” wherein Ha: p < 0.20 and it indicates a
left-tailed rejection region. Illustrating it in the normal curve, we will come up
with the picture below:

Rejection
Region Non-Rejection
(α) Region This is the
critical value.

Ztab
The illustration above is for you to visualize how the statement would
look like when put into the normal curve. Notice that the line represented by
ztab separates the curve into two regions. The shaded part is the rejection
region while the non-shaded part is the non-rejection region or the acceptance
region/area. Therefore, it is important that we determine the value of z tab or
the critical value. Now, let us proceed!
Let us now describe the following important terms that we will be
needing in our discussion.

Critical Value, ztab

- separates the rejection region from the acceptance region
- derived from the level of significance and expressed as the standard z-
values
- symbolized as ztab
We can use the table of critical values for the commonly used levels of
significance presented in the previous modules.

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 Level of Significance
Test Type
𝛼 = 0.01 𝛼 = 0.025 𝛼 = 0.05 𝛼 = 0.10
left-tailed test −2.33 −1.96 −1.645 −1.28
right-tailed test 2.33 1.96 1.645 1.28
two-tailed test ±2.575 ±2.33 ±1.96 ±1.645

Level of Significance, 𝜶 (Greek letter, alpha)

- refers to the degree of significance in which we reject or do not reject the
null hypothesis
- the basis for the critical or the rejection region dictated by the
alternative hypothesis
The following are the common values of statistical significance:
 0.01 highly significant
 0.05 statistically significant
 0.10 significant

For instance, if we use 0.05

level of significance, then the size of
the rejection region is 0.05 or 5%.
For α = .01, then the size of the
rejection region is 1%, and 10% for
0.10.

Rejection Region
- the range of the values of the test value which indicates that there is a
significant difference and that the null hypothesis (Ho) should be
rejected
Non-Rejection Region
- the range of the values of the test value which indicates that the
difference was statistically insignificant and that we failed to reject the
null hypothesis (Ho)

Illustrative Example1:
A sample of 100 students is randomly selected from Pinagpala High
School and 18 of them said they are left-handed. Test the hypothesis that less
than 20% of the students are left-handed by using 𝛼 = 0.05 as the level of
significance.
What to do:
a. Identify the level of significance.
b. Formulate the alternative hypothesis, Ha.
c. Determine the critical value, ztab.
d. Illustrate the rejection region in the normal curve.

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Solution:
a. The level of significance is 𝛼 = 0.05.
b. The alternative hypothesis is Ha: p < 0.20.
It is one directional or left-tailed as determined by the term “less than”.
c. To determine the critical value using the table, we consider the
intersection of the row for the left-tailed test and the column for = 0.05.
Hence, the table tells us that the critical value is – 1.645.
d. Illustrating it under the normal curve makes:

Rejection
Region

.
𝛼 = 0.05 Non-rejection
Region

-3 -2 -1.645 0
-1.645 1 2 3

From here, you will decide whether the null hypothesis will be
rejected or not, although that Region
part will be discussed in the next module.

Illustrative Example 2:
The claim is made that 40% of tax filers use computer software to file
their taxes. In a sample of 50 tax filers, 14 used computer software to file their
taxes. If Ha: p < 0.40 at α = 0.025 where p is the population proportion who
use computer software to file their taxes. Determine the critical value, Ztab
and illustrate the rejection region in the normal curve.

Solution:

At α = 0.025 level of significance, with p < 0.40, by referring to the

table of the Level of Significance, it shows that the critical value or Ztab = –
1.96

Illustrating the rejection region, we have

Rejection
Region α = 0.025

Non-rejection
Region

Ztab = - 1.96

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Illustrative Example 3:
In Kalinga Special Education School, a sample of 144 students was
chosen and among them, 48 are diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity
Disorder (ADHD). At 𝛼 = 0.01, test the hypothesis that the proportion of ADHD
students in the school is not 0.40.
When a
What to do: statement did not
a. Identify the level of significance. specify any cue
word that describes
b. Formulate the alternative hypothesis, Ha: p ≠ po. direction, then it is
non-directional or
c. Determine the critical value.
two-tailed.
d. Illustrate the rejection region in the normal curve.

Solution:
a. The level of significance is 𝛼 = 0.01.
b. The alternative hypothesis is p ≠ 0.40 due to the expression “is not 0.40”.
This explains why it is non-directional or two-tailed.
c. To determine the critical value using the table, we consider the intersection
of the row for the two-tailed test and the column for 𝛼 = 0.01. Hence, the
table tells us that the critical value is ±2.575.
d. Illustrating the rejection region in the normal curve gives:

Rejection
Region Acceptance 𝛼 0.01
= = 0.005
Region 2 2
𝛼
2

Ztab = -2.575 Ztab = 2.575

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 What’s More

Activity 3.1: Be Critical!

A. Directions: Determine the critical value and illustrate the rejection region
under the normal curve by using the given information.

1. Ha: p ≠ 0.52
𝛼 = 0.05

Critical Value: _________

2. Ha: p > 0.35

α = 0.01

Critical Value: _________

3. Ha: p < 0.70

α = 0.10

Critical Value: _________

4. Ha: p > 0.65

α = 0.10

Critical Value: _________

5. Ha: p ≠ 0.46
α = 0.05

Critical Value: _______

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 Activity 3.2. Be Quick!

Direction. The following are the different critical values under the
various level of significance and tails. By using their respective codes,
tell the direction of their tail and the corresponding level of significance.
Your answer will be a combination of codes, tail and α. Set time limit.

L: Left – tailed 1: α = 0.01

25: α = 0.025
R: Right – tailed
5: α = 0.05
T: Two - tailed 10: α = 0.10

Ztab Answer Ztab Answer

Ex. ±2.33 T25
1 1.96 6 1.645
2 1.28 7 −2.33
3 −1.645 8 ±1.96
4 2.33 9 ±2.575
5 ±1.645 10 −1.96

What I Have Learned

Direction:

A. Fill in each blank with the correct word or phrase to complete the
statement.
1. The range of the values of the test value which indicates that there is a
significant difference and that the null hypothesis (Ho) should be
rejected is called ____________.
2. The basis for the critical or the rejection region dictated by the
alternative hypothesis is called ________________.
3. The _______________ separates the rejection region from the non-rejection
region.
4. The _______________ is the range of the values of the test value which
indicates that the difference was statistically insignificant and that we
failed to reject the null hypothesis (Ho).
5. The __________ is the symbol used to represent the critical value.
B. Carefully read and answer the following questions
1. Is it true that if the rejection region is two-tailed, α needs to be divided
by 2 to be able to identify the rejection region?

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 2. The computed value should be negative if the rejection region is right-
tailed. Is it true? Explain.
3. A 0.01 level of significance means that the size of the rejection region is
10%. Is this correct? Why?
4. If a problem does not indicate any term of direction, it is non-directional
or two-tailed. Is it true or false?
5. In a right-tailed test, what is the critical value at α = 0.10?

What I Can Do

Activity 4.1: The Mystery Word

Directions: The following are the steps in creating the rejection region in
testing hypothesis for population proportion. Arrange them in their best order
by writing the codes indicated in each. What is the mystery word?

How to Create the Rejection Region

Steps 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Answer

Activity 4.2: Borderline

Directions: Carefully read and analyze the following situations. Identify the
information being asked. Then, determine the critical value and shade the
area of the rejection region under the normal curve.

1. Suppose that in the past, 40% of all adults favored capital punishment. Do
we have reason to believe that this proportion has increased if in a random

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 sample of 150 adults, 80 favored capital punishment? Use a 0.05 level of
significance.
Ha: _______
α = _______

Critical Value: _________

2. Professors from a professional organization for private colleges and

universities reported that more than 16% of professors attended a national
convention in the past year. To test this claim, a researcher surveyed 200
professors and found that 50 attended a national convention in the past
year. At 𝛼 = 0.10, test if the figure in the claim is correct.
Ha: _______

α = _______

Critical Value: _________

3. Malakas made a claim that at least 5% of college male students in their

school join triathlon. His friend, Mayumi, finds this hard to believe and
decided to check the validity of such claim, so she took a random sample.
At 0.01, does Mayumi provide enough indication to reject the claim of
Malakas if there were 60 racers in her sample of 300 evidences?
Ha: _______
α = _______

Critical Value: _________

4. A pharmaceutical company is on the first phase of testing a vaccine for a

new virus. They form a group consists of 100 people each who have a
disease and given a vaccine. It is found out that, 65 recovered from the
disease. At significance level of 0.01, determine the critical value and
illustrate the rejection region.

Ha: _______
α = _______
Critical Value: _________

5. A sample poll of 300 voters from Town A showed that 56% were in favor of a
given candidate. At a significance level of 0.10, determine the critical value
and illustrate the rejection region.

Ha: _______
α = _______
Critical Value: _________

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 Time to sum up
what you’ve learned
Assessment today.
Good luck!

Directions: Choose the best answer to the given questions or statements.

Write the letter of your choice on a separate sheet of paper.

1. When the confidence level is 99%, 𝛼 is ___.

A. 0.01 B. 0.05 C. 0.10 D. 0.50
2. Which is the alternative hypothesis for the following statement?
“More than 65% of the students are fluent Filipino language speakers.”
A. p > 65 B. p < 65 C. p > 0.65 D. p < 0.65

3. Which of the following situations is directional?

A. A teacher wants to know if listening to popular music affects the
performance of the pupils.
B. The principal claims that more than 30% of Grade 4 students are in
favor of staying in the playground after classes.
C. The owner of a factory that sells a particular bottled juice drink claims
that the content of his product is 250ml.
D. There is enough evidence to conclude that the percentage of students
who are in favor of the new uniform is different from 85%.

4. Which of the following is the critical value if the level of significance is 0.01
tailed to the right?
A. 2.330 B. 2.325 C. 2.320 D. 2.315
5. It is the range of the values of the test value which indicates that there is
significant difference and that the null hypothesis (Ho) should be rejected.
A. critical value C. level of significance
B. rejection region D. non-rejection or acceptance region
6. What graphical model is appropriate for decision-making?
A. bell shape C. normal curve
B. test statistic D. graphical representation
7. It separates the rejection region from the acceptance region.
A. critical value C. acceptance region
B. rejection region D. level of significance

8. Which of the following terms does NOT describe a left-tailed rejection

region?
A. lower B. worsened C. decreased D. influences

9. Which of the following terms does NOT describe a non-directional rejection

region?

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 A. at most B. effective C. different D. not the same as

10. A farmer believes that using organic fertilizer on his plants will yield a
greater income. His income increased by 20% from last year. State the
alternative hypothesis in symbols.
A. Ha: p < 0.02 C. Ha: p > 0.20
B. Ha: p > 0.02 D. Ha: p < 0.20

11. Which of the following represents the critical value?

A. CV B. Ccom C. Ztab D. Zcom

12. What is the critical value(s) for a left-tailed test with α = 0.01 level of
significance?
A. –2.325 B. –1.960 C. –1.645 D. –1.285

For nos. 13-15, refer to the situation below.

A researcher claims that 75% of college students would rather spend
their extra money for internet access loads than food. Another researcher
would like to verify this claim. She randomly selected 400 students.
Among them, 296 said that they would rather use their extra money for
internet access loads than food. Answer the following questions to
determine if there is enough evidence to conclude that the percentage of
students who would want to spend their extra money in internet access
loads than food is different from 75% at 0.05 level of significance.

13. Which of the following represents the alternative hypothesis?

A. Ha > 0.75 C. Ha ≠ 0.75
B. Ha < 0.75 D. Ha = 0.75
14. Which of the following is the critical value?
A. ± 2.325 B. ± 1.960 C. ± 1.645 D. ± 1.245
15. Which of the following shows the appropriate rejection region?

A. C.

-2.325 2.325 -1.285 1.285

B. D.

- 1.960 1.960 -1.645 1.645

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 Additional Activities

Activity 4. Think and Reflect

1. In your own words, describe the following:
a) critical value
b) rejection region

2. What do you think will your conclusion be if the computed test statistic
(Zcom) is found outside the rejection region?

3. Explain: A rejection is a chance to consider if there are things we can

possibly work on.

"Rejection is merely a redirection; a course correction to your destiny."

~Bryant H. Mc.Gil

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