Probability M ATHS

PROBABILITY 3. a  A then a  P and a  Q

LECTURE SHEET - SOLUTIONS a  P and a  Q a  P and a  Q 4
Possiblties
1. P  A   5 36 P  B   6 36  1 6 a  P and a  Q
P A wins Exactly 5 elements are in P  Q
 the required probability is
       
= P  A   P  A B A   P  A B A B A   ... 5 17
    22 1 3
C5.     .
2 4 4
5 31 5 5  31.5  5
=  . .    .... 4. Total no of way 7 persons can get down in 9
36 36 6 36  36.6  16
floors is 97  n(s) = 97. out of
2
5   31.5   31.5   7, 2 can get down at one of the 9 floors in 7C2.
= 36   36.6   36.6   ....
1  
9
      C1 ways and the remaining 5 can get down at
8 floors in 8C5. 5! ways
  7 9 8
5  1   n(A) = C2. C1. C5.5!
30
= 36  31.5  = 7.6 8.7.6 5.4.3.2.1
 1   61 : 9. .
 36.6   P(A) .
2 3.2 9.9.95

      7 2.320
P
P(Bwins) =  A B   P  A B A B   ..... =
    95
2
5. The prob of drawing ‘3’ defective items in ‘9’
31 1   31.5   31.5  
4
= 36 6   36.6   36.6   ....
. 1   C3 .11 C6
      draws = 15
C9
31 1  36.6  th th
 P (10 item is 4 defcetive)
= .  
36 6  36.6  31.5 
= P(3 def. in draws  10th draw def.)
31 4
= C3 .11 C6 1
61 = 15 .
C9 6
P  Awins  30
  4
P  Bwins  31 =
65
2. A- - - - - - - - B
6. Let a1, a2, a3, a4, a5 be ‘5’ natural no’s x =
17 stations
Train do not stop at 13 station for none of the a1.a2...........a5
stations out of 4 to be consecutive, the favourable The units place of a1.a2...........a5 can be can of
cases are 14C4 i.e, in between 13 station 0,1,2, ..........9
 P(atleast 2 station to be consecutive) 5
 n(s) = 10 .
= 1-P(none consecutive) For the units place of ‘a’ to be 2, on 4 can 6 can
14
C4 8, we must not have 0 (or) 5 in the units place of
= 1  17 any ai.
C4
5
 no of way are 8
143 197
= 1  But all the numbers should not have 1,3,7,9 as
340 340
units place of ai at a time which can happen in
45 way

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 Probability M ATHS
5 5
 no of favourable case = 8 - 4 3.4 3
= 
5
8 45
4 25
9925
26 5
 prob =   5
n(s) = 25C3
5 5
10 5 5 9.
7. Two no’s x and y can be chosen from 1,2, d = 1 d=2
.........65 in 1,2,3 1,3,5
65
C2 ways  n(s) = 65C2 2,3,4 2,4,6
d = 12
A = Event that x4 - y4 is divisible by 5.
23,24,25 21,23,25
x4 - y4 = (x - y) (x + y) (x2 + y2) 1,13,25
Arrange the no’s as 23 21
1,6,11, ..........61 1
2,7,12,...........62  n(A) = 23 + 21 +......+ 3 + 1 = 144
3,8,13,..........63
144 12.12.3.2.1 36
4,9,14,..........64  P(A) = 25 C  25.24.23  575
5,10,15,........65 3

Any two no’s from any row will be favourable

 4 6
for A. Also if one no. from one of the four rows 10. P  E   PF  
and other from the other three rows i.e., if any   11 13
two rows are selected and one no. from each 7  7
row is picked then they will be favourable for A P  E   P F
11   13
13 4
 n(A) = C 2
(5) + C2
.13.13 E and F are independent
= 13.6.5 + 6.13.13
= 13.6.18    

P E  F   P E  F
EF EF
n  A  13.6.18 27    
 P  A   
n  s 65.32 40  
P  E  F  P  E  F 
8. Let E1 = Event that A reports ‘9’ =    
E = Event that B reports ‘9’ P  E  F  P  E  F 
2
A = Event that ‘9’ occurs when two dice are
thrown.  411  613 
 711 713
= 7
E
  E
 
given that P 1 A  3 4 ; P 2 A  4 5 11
 6  42
13 13.11
91  66  42

24 49 73
=  
115 115 115
P  A 
 11. n(s) = 15C3 = 455
 E1  E2 
A = Event of selecting 3 persons of 15 such that
P  A  .P  E1  E2  no two are adjacent to each other
 A
n(A) = Total-(All three are together)

P  A  .P  E1  E2   P  A  P  E1  E2  -(Exactly ‘2’ are together)
 A    A 15
= C3 - 15 - 15(15 - 4)
= 455 - 15 - 165 = 275
1 3 4
. . n  A 275 55
9 4 5  P  A   
=1 3 4 8 1 1 n S  455 91
. .  . .
9 4 5 9 4 5

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 Probability M ATHS
12. n(s) = 64C2 1000 
A = Event that there is exactly one cooner same 11     90
 11 
for the selected small squares
1 100 
n  A    4 1  24  2   36  4   no of no’s < 100 and dirisble by 11    9
2  11 
=98  no of three digit no’s divinble by 11 = 90-9 = 81.
It is given that the three digit no is divisble by 11. for
n  A 98.2 7 the same no to be divisible by 9, it should be
 P  A   
nS  64.63 144 divisible by 99.
13. Q = {1,2,3,4,5,6} no of no’s < 1000 divisible by
a, b, c  Q 1000 
3 99     10
 n (s) = 6  99 
A. Event that ax2 + bx + c is positive for any reat 100 
value of ‘x’. no of no’s < 100 divisible by 99    1
 99 
For A to happen,  < 0 which is same as total
no of cases when   0.  no of three digited no’s divible by 99 = 10-1
=9
ac a c 4ac   0 no of
b values way 9 1
 Read prob = 
81 9
1. 1 1 4 2,3, 4,5, 6 5
15. A = Event of getting sum 13 when 4 dice are
2 1 rolled
2.  8 3, 4,5, 6 8
1 2 E = Event of getting atlean one 4.

3 1 n  E  A
3.  12 4,5, 6 6 P(E/A) = n  A x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 =
1 3
13
4 1 n(A) = Coeff of x13 in (x + x2 + .... + x6)4 = 140

2 2  16 4,5, 6 9 no. of way in which exactly one 4 can be ob-
4.
1 4  tained is ( 4 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 13)
4
C1. Coeff of x9 in (x + x2 + x3 + x5 + x6)3 =
1 5
5.  20 5, 6 4 4.16 = 64
5 1 no. of way in which exactly tow 4 can be ob-
1 6 tained is (4 + 4+ x3 +x4 = 13)
4
2 3  C2. coeff pf x5 in (x + x2 + x3 + x5 + x6)2 = 6.2
 24 5, 6 8 = 12
6. 3 2
no. of way in which exactly three 4 can be ob-
6 1 
tained is (4 + 4+ 4 +x4 = 13)
7. ------------0 4
C 3= 4 way
2 4 80
8.
4 2
 32 6 2  n( E  A)  80  P E  A   140
9. 3 . 3 36 6 1 16. Out of 15 seats 5 persons can be arranged in
n(A) = 216 - 43 = 173 15
P5 way
15
P  A   173 216  n(s) = P5
14. no of no’s < 1000 and dirisble by It is given that the seats numbered 1 and ‘9’ are
occupied and no two are consecutive.

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 Probability M ATHS
19. 3 identical coins are distribeld to 4 persons,
4+3-1
 n(s) = C3 = 20
2, 8, 10 should be alway vacant 3rd person in one person amons 4 can be selected in 4C1 way
and ‘2’ coins are given and the remains coin can
3rd chair, 4th person 5th chair 5th person has 6
be given to any one of the ‘3’ remainging in 3
way way
3rd person 3rd chair then no of way = 6 + 5 + 5
4 3.4 3
+ 3 + 2 + 1 = 22 way  n(A) = C1.3  P  A  
20 5
3rd person 4rd chair then no of way = 5 + 5 + 3
21.: n(s) 23C4.
+ 2 + 1 = 16 way
A = Event of selecting 4 nis in first 23 natural nis
3rd person 5rd chair then no of way = 5 + 3 + 2 such that their product is even.
+ 1 = 11 way B = Event of selecting 4 nis in first 23 natural nis
rd rd
3 person 6 chair then no of way = 3 + 2 + 1 such that their sum is odd.
= 6 way For ‘B’ to happen, 3 even nis ! odd (on 1 even
rd rd
3 person 7 chair then no of way = 3 + 2 + 1 no, 3 odd.
= 6 way In either case, produst will be even
3rd person 11rd chair then no of way = 1 way P A 1
B  
 n (A) = (22 + 16 + 11 + 6 + 6 + 1)5! 22. Let x = no of heads A tosses 2coin, B tosses 3
= 62(5!)
coins
17. B.operation on A is
x= 0 1 2 3
f :AxA A
no of binary operations on a set containing 10 P  Ax  : 1 4 1 2 1 4 0
elements is 10100.
100 P  Bx  : 18 3 8 3 8 18
 n(s) = 10
no of commutative binary operate on a set with Bi = Event that B wins in ith throw.
10 elements is 1055 P  B1   P  A0   P  B1   P  B2   P  B3  
55
 n(A) = 10  Probabilit y =
 P  A1   P  B2   P  B3  
1055 1

10100 1045  P  A2   P  B3  
Note : # of commutation binary operation on a
1 3 3 1 1 3 1 1 3
n  n 1
=     
set with ‘n’ elements is n 2 4  8 8 8  2  8 8  4  8 
18. Sum will be ‘2’ if ‘2’ is selected 5 times and -2 7 4 1 16 1
is selected 4 times. =   = 
4.8 2.8 4.8 4.8 2
Sum will be -2 if -2 is selected 5 times and ‘2’ is
selected 4 times. lly P(B2) = P(B3) = ................ = 1 2
Let
5 4 4 5
Di = The no of heads for both A and B is same in
9 9
 C5  P  2  P  2   C4 P  2  P  2 
= 126 [(0.3)5 (0.7)4 + (0.3)4 (0.7)5] their ith throw
= 126 (0.3)5 (0.7)4 + [0.3 0.7] P O1   P A0  P B0   P A1  P B1   P A2  P B2 
= 126 (0.21)4.
= 1 .1  1 . 3  1 .3
4 8 2 8 4 8

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 Probability M ATHS
‘1’ to ‘6’ in ascending order.
n  A 62  5! 6
 P(A) = n  S   15
P5  n(A) = C3.1 = 20
n(s) = 63
23. P(Blank face) = 3 6  1 2 20
 P  A  5
6.6.6 54
P 1  1 6 ; P  2   1 6 ; P  3  1 6
26. no of way of gelting a sum ‘9’ when two dice
are rolled = 4
3 3 3 3 
 no of way of getting a sum ‘9’ when two no’s are
3 3 2 2 2 selected from {2,3,4,5,6,7,8} is ‘3’
are the different possiblities
1 2 3 3 3  P (sum = 9) = P(W). P(a) + P (R) P (a)
to get a sum of ‘12’. 7 4 8 3
= 15 . 36  15 . 7 C
5! 5! 5! 2
n  A    = 5 + 10 + 20
4! 3!2! 3! 7 1 8 3.2
= .  .
= 35 15 9 15 7.6
n  A 1 7 8
n (s) = 65  P  A  = 
nS  15  9 7 
Aliter x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 = 12 in (1 + x + x2 121
3 5 =
+x ) = 35 945
24. x 1 2 3 4 5 6 27. P(y2 >2xS)
P(x) a 2a a 2a a 2a 8

 P  x   1  9a  1  a  1 9 =t
 8 
0

2 x dx

6A. Event that the sum on the dice is 14 when 64

thrown 3 times

6 6 25 6 34 6 43 6 52 6 6
5 3 5 4 5 5 5 6 64  64
= 3  1 1  2
4 4 4 5 4 6 64 3 3
3 5 3 6 28. n(s) = 1203
2 6 A = Event that the A.M of the three selected
no’s from first 120 natural no’s is 45.
In ‘9’ cases we have two odd n’s and on even
number.
In 6 cases we have all three even no’s x1  x2  x3
 45  x1  x2  x3  135  xi 20
2 3
 Reqred prob = 9 P(odd) P(even) + 6 P
n(A) = Coeff of x135 in (x + x2 + ....+x120)3
(even)3
2 3
= Coeff of x135 in x3 ( 1 + x2 + ........+ x119)3
   2 9  6 2 9
= 9 19 = Coeff of x132 in (1 - x120)3 (1 - x)-3
18 48 22 = Coeff of x132 in (1-3-x120) (1+3C1x + 4C2 x2
=   . + ......)
729 729 243
25. A : Event that the no in the second throw > first = 134C132 - 3.14C12. = 134C2 - 3.14C12
and third throw > second when a dice is thrown = 8911 - 273 = 8638
for 3 times.
‘A’ is equal to the event of arranging the nis from
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 Probability M ATHS
n  A
 P  A 
nS 

8638
1203 P  AE4
 4
 E
P  E4  .P A
4

29. n(s) = 15C5  P  E  P  A E 

i 1
i
i
4 6 5 6 5 6 5
n(A) = C1 [ C3 C1 + C2 C2 + C1 C3]
P (E1) = P (E2) = P(E3) = P (E4)
+ 4C2 [6C2 5C1 + 6C1 5C2] + 4C3.6C1.5C1.
= 4[100 + 150 + 60] + 6[75 + 60] + 4.6.5 E
=2170  P  4  
 A
2170 310 P  A / E4 
P(A) = 
15
C5 429 .
P  A   P  A   P  A   P  A 
30. n(s) = 10.9.10.9 n (A) = 10.9.8.7  E4   E2   E3   E4 
10.9.8.7 28
P(A) = = 1
10.9.10.9 45 3 5 4 6
31. Sum on pair of dice can be 4,6,8,9,10,12 = 6 C3  6 C3  6 C3  6 C3
no of way are 3 + 5 + 5+ 4 + 3 + 1 C3 C3 C3 C3
= 21 6
C3 20 4
 n(A) = 21 ; n(s) = 36 = = 
1  4  10  20 35 7
21 7
 P  A   35. P(A) = 1-P (A does not get a pattle)
36 12
12
32. n(s) = 52C4 C4
= 1  15
A = Event of getting atleast ‘2’ kings C4
n(A) = 4C2.48C2 + 4C3.48C1 + 4C4 8
C P  A 2871
P  B   1  12 5  
4 48
C2 C2  4 C3 .48 C1  4 C4 C5 P B 4186
p(A) = 52
C4
6961
= 52
C4 36.
33. A = Event that the sum on 5 selected coins
enceeds 2.25
no of 1Re (4) no of 10 paise (6)  3 0  0 3  2 1  1 2 
2 3  0 3  3 0  1 2  2 1 
    
3 2
4 1  3  5  4  4   3  5  4   4 
n  A              
n(A) = C2. C3 + C3. C2 + C4.6C1
4 6 4 6 4
 3  0  0  3   0  3  3   0 
= 120 + 60 + 6 =186
 3  5  4   4   3  5  4  4 
186 31  2  1  1   2    1  2  2  1 
n(s) = 10C5 P(A) =            
C5 42 .
10

= 1124.
34. E1 = Event that 3 balls are white B = Event that all the 3 ladie guests are from
E2 = Event that 4 balls are white man’s side
E3 = Event that 5 balls are white
E4 = Event that 6 balls are white
P B  A  n nAAB 
A = Event that 3 balls drawn are white

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 Probability M ATHS
 3  5  4  4  1  P  A  B
 0  3  3  0  =
P( B )
     
1124
42. In any random distribution each player must
40 10 have equal chance of getting ace of spades.
= 
1124 281  (c) is the correct answer..
P(A  B) Alternative solution.
37. P(A/B) = 39 26 13
P( B ) 51
C12 C13 C13 C13 1
52 39 26 13 =
P(A) - P(A  B) C13 C13 C13 C13 4
=
P( B ) 43. Probability of getting 6 on at least
2
P(A) - O  5  11
= one of the dice = 1 –  
P( B )  6  36
P( A) 25
=
P( B )  Probability of not getting =
36
b  Required probability
38. Pn = k 1
a b  25  11
(probability of drawing is black ball will not = 
 36  36
change at any trial) 44. There are two major ways in which a total of
a 34 can appear, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 4 or 6, 6, 6, 6, 5,
qn 
ab 5.
 pn + qn = 1 for all n.  Number of favourable outcomes
6! 6!
39. Required probability = + = 21
5! 4!2!
= P(RRR + RBR + BRR + BBR)
21
6 5 4 6 6 5  Required probability = 6
=   +   6
10 11 10 10 11 10  (3) is correct.
4 4 3 4 7 4 23 45. Bag 1 Bag  2 
+   +   = .
10 11 10 10 11 10 55 7 2 5 4
R w R w
3 1
40. P(yellow at the first toss) = = 2
6 2 chance of a white ball from B1 is
9
1
P(red at the second toss) = 4
3 chance of a white ball from B2 is
9
1
P(Blue at the third toss) = 24 8
6 
 prob that both balls are white is
9 9 81
1 1 1 1
 required probability =   = 46. 5 3 2
2 3 6 36 R W B

 (1) is correct 5 1
chance of a red ball is 
P  A  B 10 2
41. P  A/B  = 47. Let w1 = ball drawn in the first draw is white,
P( B ) b1 = ball drawn in the first draw is black.
w2 = ball drawn in second draw is white.
=

P AB  Then P(w2) = P(w1).P(w2/w1) + P(w2/b1).
P( B )
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 Probability M ATHS
 m  m  k   n   m  2 1
      P  E 2   1  P  E1   1  
 m  n  m  n  k   m  n   m  n  k  3 3
m  E  E 1

mn and P  E   3P  E   2
 2  1
48. E1 : coin fair, E2 : coin is baised, A second toss
shows tail. Let A1 = E1  E and A2 = E2  E
Now required probability P(E)
P  A / E1  P  E1  = P(A1) + P(A2) = P  E1  E   P  E1  E 
P  E1 / A 
P  A / E1  P  E1   P  A / E2  P  E2  =

m 1 1 E  E 
. . P  E1  P    P  E 2  P  
 N 2 2  E1   E2 
m 1 1 Nm 2 
. .  . . 2 1 1 1 5
N 2 2 N 3 3  .  . 
3 6 3 2 18
9m 9m So that odds against winning of A are 13 : 5.
 
9m  8N  8m 8N  m 52. Let EA = the event of A becoming secretary.
49. Let Ei : denotes the event that the student will Similarly, EB and EC.
pass in the ith exam, i = 1, 2, 3 EL = the event of admitting lady members.
E : denotes the event that the student will qualify. 1 2 4
P(E) = P(E1).P(E2). Here, P  E A   , P  E B   , P  E C   .
3 9 9
p p Clearly, EA, EB, EC are mutually exclusive and
 p 2  px 1  p   1  p  x xp
2 2 exhaustive.
A l s o ,
2p 2  p 2  p3  p 2  p3 E  E  E 
 PE   2p 2  p3 P  L   0.6, P  L   0.7, P  L   0.5
2  EA   EB   EC 
50. Let P(A) = probability that A will hit B  the required probability
P(B) = probability that B will hit A =
P(C) = Probability that C will hit A
P(E) = Probability that A will be hit E  E  E 
P EA  .P L   P EB  .P L   P EC  .P L 
Then,  EA   EB   EC 
 
PE  1 P B  C  1 P B . P C     
1 3 2 7 4 5 26
1 2 2  x  x  x 
1 .  3 5 9 10 9 10 45
2 3 3
53. Required probability

1 2     
P A1 A2..... An  P A1 P A2 ......P An  
 P
 C  P  B  . P C  
 3
2
.
1 1 2 3 n
 = x x x.......x
 E  P E 2 2 2 3 4 n 1
3
n! 1
51. Let E = the event that horse A wins  
E1 = the event that jockey B rides horse A  n  1! n  1
E2 = the event that Jockey C rides horse A
 1 j 
According to question odds in favour of E1 =

 
 P A j  1  P  A j   1  1  j  1  j 

2:1
2 E 1
P  E1   and P  E   6 (since when
3  1
B rides A, all six horses are equally likely to
win)
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 Probability M ATHS
54. Total number of way in which 8 letters can be
r n r
placed in 8 envelopes is 8! ways. The no. of way n r nr n 1 1
P  X  r   Cr p p  Cr     
in which exactly ‘3’ of them go to correct 2 2
envalopes is n
n 1
 1 1 1 1 1 Cr  
8
C3 .5! 1       2
 1! 2! 3! 4! 5! Now, P(X = 4), P(X = 5) and P(X = 6) are in
8
C3 A.P.
 Prob = [5! - 5! + 60 - 20 + 5 - 1]  2P(X = 5) = P( = 4) + P(X = 6)
8! n n n
8
= ( C3 .44) / 8! 1 1 1
 2. C5    n C 4    n C 6  
n

 2 2  2
8! 44 11
=   2 n C5  n C 4  n C6
5!3! 8! 180
1 1 1 1 3 1 1 n! n! n!
      2  
55. 2 3 2 6 6 6 3  n  5!5!  n  4 !4!  n  6 !6!
10 1
2 1 1
  
56. The probability of hitting in one shot   5  n  5   n  4  n  5  6x5
100 10
If he fires n shots, the probability f hitting at  n2 - 21 n + 98 = 0  (n - 7)(n - 14) = 0
least once  n = 7 or 14.
1
n n
59. Here n = 99, p  . Therefore (n + 1)p = 50.
 1  9 1 2
= 1   1    1     (from the question) So, P(X = r) is maximum when r = 50 or r =
 10   10  2
49.
 9  1
n
EXERCISE - 2
   Comphehensive Passages :
 10  2
1
n 2 log10 3  1   log10 2 1. P  A  P  B   P  C   .
3

n 
log10 2

0.3010
 6.5 nearly  A  4 9 ; P  E B   69 ; P  E C   39
P E
1  2 log10 3 1  2x0.4771
 for 6 shots, the probability is about 53%
while for 7 shots it is nearly 48%.  A  5 9 ; P  F B   93 ; P  F C   96
P F

n nr
P X  r C r 1  p  46 5
57. We have, P X  n  r


 n Cn  r 1  p r

P E
A B  
99

9

n  2r n  2r
 E 
P A
 1 p  1 

 p 
    1
p  2.  A
P  A .P E
For this to be independent of n and r, we must P  A .P  E   P  B .P  E   P  C  P  E 
A B C
1 1
have  1  1 p 
p 2 = 413
58. Clearly X is a binomial variate with parameters
1 P F  
n and p  such that 3.
2 P  A P F  A  P  B  P  F B   P  C  P  F C 

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 Probability M ATHS
1 5 3 6 7! 8!
=   n  A  8
P2 
3  9 9 9  4! 2! 4! 2!
14 32
= P  A 
27 165
4. Consider an element a A then 10. n(s) = 6
a  E and a  F
a E & aF  1 1 1 1 1 1
n  A  6 1       
a E & aF  1 2 3 4 5 6
a E & aF = 360 - 120 + 30 - 6 + 1
= 265
10
3 265 53
PE  F       P  A  
4 6 144
5. E and F have evenal no of elements.
n(A) = 10C0 10C0 + 10C1 10Cl + ........... +  1 1 1 1
11. n  A 6 C2 4 1     
10
C10 10C10  1 2 3 4
= 15. [12 - 4 + 1] = 15.9
n(s) = 210.210
15.9 3
C 20  p  A  =
 P  A  1010 6 16
4
12. 1-p(no letter go to wrons)
3 7
1 3 1
6. P  n  E  F   3 10 C3 .   .  719
4 4 =1  6 =
720
10  38 13. P(A) = Prob. that the first ball is defective
=
49 10 1
 [ total number of balls = 10 + 10 = 20
7. Event that ‘S’ appear is even places 20 2
5
P4 7 and number of defective balls = 10]
n  A  .  (c ) holds.
4 42
14. P (B) = The second ball is non-defective
1
 P  A  
10 1
 [  non -defective ball = 10 out of
66 20 2
8. Consider twoI’ of two pairs as 2 units
total 20]
7! P (C) = Prob. ( Both balls are either defective or
Arrange 7 retten in 4! 2! non - defective )
There are 8 gaps for those pain can be arranged 1
(  balls are either defective or non - defec-
8
P2 2
in way tive )
2
8 1 1 1
7! P2  P(B) . P(C) = . 
 n  A  2 2 4
4! 2! 2
 (a) holds.
14 15. P  A  B  C   0  A  B  C   
P  A 
165
 (a) holds.
9. P(exactly 3’s together) + P(4’s together)
16. P(0) = Prob. of the event A that the ball drawn is

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 Probability M ATHS
w P2 and P3 . Now P2 on receiving a letter from
whit, if no ball is lost 
bw P1 will write to two persons other than himself .
[  total number of balls = b + w and number of
white balls = w ) so, P2 has  n  1 Choices including a choice in
 (b) holds which he may write to P1 .
17. Let E denote hte event that the ball lost is white
 Probability that P2 will not write to P1 is
w
 P E   n2
wb
  .Similarly, probability that P3 will not write
w  n 1 
and P  E ' 
wb  n2
to P1 is  
A w 1  n 1 
P   
 E  w  b 1  P  A 2   Probability that P1 does not receive
A w a letter at 2nd stage.
P  
 E '  w  h 1  n2  n2
 x 
by total Prob. rule.  n 1   n  1 
P (1) = Probability of the event A that the ball
2
drawn is white if 1 ball is lost .  n2
 P A2    
A A  n 1 
P  A   P  E  P    P  E ' P  
E  E'   c  holds.
w  w  1 bw 20. Now, each of the four persons reciving letters
 
 w  b  w  b  1  w  b  w  b  1 from P2 and P3 will write two letters each to other
persons probability that none of these four per-
w  w  b  1 w
  so ns write letters to P1 is
 w  b  w  b  1 w  b
4
 n  2  P  A3  
  c  holds .     Probability that dos not re-
 n  1   A2 
18 Similar to Q 37 (a) holds.
ceive a letter at 3rd stage.
19. Suppose, P1 begins the chain letter and let A1
4 22
be the event that P1 does not receive a letter at n2 n2
   
ith stage , i = 2,3 ....... m and A be the even that  n 1   n 1 
P1 does not receive a letter in first m stages .  (c) holds.

Then , A  A 2  A 3  A 4  .....  A m  A4 
21. Similarly P  A  A   Probability that P1
 2 3 
 P  A   P  A 2  A3  A 4  .....  A m 
does not receive a letter at 4th sate.
 A   A4  8 23
P  A 2  .P  3  .P   ......  n2  n 2
 A 2   A 2  A3     
 n 1   n 1 
 Am  Continuing in this manner, we have
P 
 A 2  A 3  .....  A m 1   Am 
P   Probability that
Thus , let P1 begins the chain letter , writting to  A 2  A 3  ....  A m1 

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 Probability M ATHS
P1 does not receive a letter at mth stage    
 P  An 1  .P Hn  P  An 2  .P Hn 1 .P  Hn 
m1
2
n2  Pn 1 1  P   Pn 2 1  P  .P
 
 n 1 
Pn  1  P  Pn 1  P 1  P  Pn  2
  d  holds.
 P3  1  P  P2  P 1  P  P1
22. If n = 1, in this case, the coin is tossed once only.
The possible outcomes are H,T.Consequently,  1  P 2   P 1  P  .1
there cannot be two or more consecutive heads.
Hence. P1  1  1  P  P 2  P3  P  P 2
 (d) holds.  1  2P 2  P3
23. When n = 2  1  P  P 2   1  P 
In this cse, the coin is tossed twice. Let Hi de-
25. 0  p1 , p 2 , p3  1
note the event of getting head in ith toss.
and 0  p1  p 2  p3  1
i  1, 2 then P2  Probability that no two con-
secutive head occure  1  Probability that two  1 
consecutive head occure  1  p  1  0  2 1  p   1
 
 1  p  H1  H 2 
1  1 
  p  1  0  1  2p   1
 1  p  H1  .p  H 2  2  3 

 1  p2 1  1 
  p  1  0   2  3p   1
3  5 
p2  1  p2
24. When  3 37 7
and   p  
We observe that the outcome of nth toss can be 23 23
head or tail.
 1 1 1 
 two or more consecutive heads cannot occur  0  2 1  p   3 1  2p   5  2  3p   1
in the following mutually exclusive ways:  
th
i) When the outcome of n toss is tail and there Clearly no value of P is possible
are not two or more consecuitve heads in first (n  (d) holds.
- 1 ) tosses.
2) When the outcome of nth toss is head, then the 26. Since p1  p 2  p3  
 27   1
outcome of (n - 1) th toss must be a tail and there 27
are no two or more consecutive heads in first ( n p  p 2  p3 1
- 2) tosses .  1 
3 3
Thus, if we define
  1 1
Hi  getting head in ith toss.  p1p2 p 3   
27 27
Ai  not getting two or more consecutive heads
1/ 3 1
in first i tosses . Then .   p1p 2 p3  
3
Pn  Probability or not getting two or more con-
secutive heads in first n tosses p  p 2  p3 1/ 3
 1   p1p 2 p3 
3
  
 P H n  A n 1  Hn  H n 1  A n  2  i.e A.M.= G.M.
1
  
 P H n  A n 1  {P H n  H n 1  A n 2   p1  p 2  p3 
3
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 Probability M ATHS
1 1 1 1 1 5
3
1 5 1
6
 p1p 2  p 2 p3  p3 p1         X    X  ......
9 9 9 3 6 6 6 6 6
a 1
  a 9 1
27 3
 6 36
  a  holds. 5
3

1   91
27 Similar to Q 25   b  holds. 6
q = The probability of B’s winning
EXERCISE - 3 MATCHING
4 7
1. (A) The chance of getting a head with a coin 5 1 5 1 5 1
 X    X    X  .......
1 6 6 6 6 6 6
is . A can win in 1st, 4th or 7th .......
2
throws 5 1
X
30
 P=The chance of A’s winning  6 63 
3 6 5 91
1 1 1 1 1 1  
    X    X  ... 6
2  2 2 2 2
and r=1 - (p+q)
1
 36  30 
2 4  1  
 3
  91 
1 7
1   66
2  1
91
B can win in 2nd, 5th or 8th ......throws 25
 q=The chance of B’s winning 
91
1 4 7
1 1 1 1 1 1 p : q = 6: 5 (R)
   X    X    X  ... (C) p= The probability of A’s winning
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
2 1 1 3 2 1 1 3 2
1 1    . .  .   . .  .  ...
X 3 3 2 4 3 3 2 4 3
 2 2 2
3
1 7 2
1  
2  3
 1 3
1
and r= The chance of c’s winning 1  . . 
3 2 4
=1-(p+q)
2
4 2 1 16
 1     3
7 7 7 7 21
3 1 8
p:q=2:1 p  r  , q  r  ( P, Q , T ) q = The probability of B’s winning
7 7
(B) The chance of getting a ‘six’when a dice is
2
1 1 1 1 1 31 1 1 1 3 1 1
thrown   .      ...
6 3 2  3. 2. 4.  3. 2.  3. 2. 4.  3. 2.
 The chance of not getting a ‘six’, when a
dice is not thrown
1 5
 1
 
6 6
P=The probability of A’s winning
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 Probability M ATHS
2 3 6
V  nqp  5. . .
1 1 (B) 5 5 5
.
 3 2 6
1 1 3 S  nqp 
1  . .  5
3 2 4 V  S 2 ( P)
1
4 V2 6
6 
7 21 S2 5
8  5(V 2  S 2 )  S 2 ( R)
 r  1  ( p  q)
 16 4  1 24 24
 1    V  nqp  25. . 
(C) 25 25 25
 21 21 
1 24
 S  nqp 
21 5
3 1 V  S 2 ( P)
q  r   ( p)
21 7
V 2 24
15 5 
pr   (S ) S 2 25
21 7
49

1
2. (A) V 2  S2 
 2 2 
 7(T )
1 4 4  S V 
V  npq  5. . 
5 5 5
3. Explanation :
4 2
S  npq   (i) (b) Give one victory to S1 then, remain-
5 5 ing 7 wins are to be given to any of 15 players.
V  S 2 ( P) C7 15
1
V2 4  P(S1 is the winner) = C8
= 16
 2
S2 5 (ii) (a) Now P(S1 or S2 (not both) are
S2 5 winner)
 
V2 4 2  14 C7 8
= 16 =
 4(S 2  V 2 )(Q) C8 15
S 2 V 2 9 (iii) (c) Finally P(both S1 and S2 are win-
  ners)
S 2 V 2 1
14
C6 7
 S 2 V 2  = 16 = .
  2 2 
 3( S ) C8 30
 S V  4. (A)
1 1
PA  , P  B 
4 5
1
P C 
6
1 3
P  A '  1  
4 4

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 Probability M ATHS
1 4  3 q  27
P  B '  1    p 2q 2   2  
5 5  p p  32
1 5
P  C '  1   2. Exhaustive cases Favourable cases
6 6 12  31
C31
reqd. prob. = 1  P  A '  P  B' P  C ' 12  3 2   31
C31
3 4 5 1 1 = 91
 1 . .  1 
4 5 6 2 2 = 28
A  r 28 4
 Probability = 
B) P ( at least two heads ) 91 13
4
 P  HHT, HTH, THH, HHH  16
3. Favourable area =  xdx 
0
3
4 1
  [  total no . of Exhaustive area = 16
8 2
1 3
equally likely cases  23  8 ]  probability = 
3 9
B r 
p A1  A 2  A3  .......  A 7  
C) In 365 days, there are 52weeks and 1day.
4.
clearly there are 52sundays in 52weeks. the p  A  .p  A  .....p  A 
1 2 7

remaining 1day, can be sunday, Monday ,......

1 1 2 3 4 5 7
 Prob. for 53sundays = = . . . . .
7 2 3 4 5 6 8
Cp
1 1
d) Total number of equally likely cases = 8   k  2
8 2k  2
If at least one of the coins show head, the
5. Let E1 denote the event that one of the first n
reqd. prob.
urns is chosen and E 2 denote the event that
1 1
For all heads =   n  1 th urn is selected . Let A denote the event
8 1 7
that two balls drawn are black.
D p
n 1
Then P  E1   .P  E 2  
EXERCISE - IV (INTEGER ANSWER TYPE) n 1 n 1

1. Let the second success occur at the nth trial. This 5C 2

means that there was exactly one success in the and P  A / E1  
10 C
2
 By Baye’s Theo-
2
9
first n - 1 trials, so that the probability of getting
the second success at the nth trial is rem, required probability
pn   n 1
C1pq n 11
 p   n  1 p q
2 n2

P  E2 / A  
P  E 2  P  A / E2 
Therefore the probability of the required event is P  E1  P  A / E1   P  E 2  P  A / E 2 
p4 + p5 + p6 + . . . .
= p 2 q 2  3  4q  5q 2  6q 3  ....  1 2
1   2
   n 1  9 
16  n  1   n  2  3n  2
  
 p 2q 2 3 1  q  q 2  q 3  ....  q 1  2q  3q 2  ...  
      
 n  1  3   n  1  9 
1 2
 p 2q 2 3 1  q   q 1  q   1
   3n  2  32  3n  30

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 Probability M ATHS
 n  10  0010 x 21 x
8 1  1 1 
6. Let E ij denote the event that ball bearing colour Now , P  A   9 1   2    9 1   2  
       
i is transferred from urn A to urn B and the ball
bearing colour j is transferred from urn B to the A  E E 1 2  E1E 2 
run A. Let A denote the event that a ball bearing
red colour is drawn from urn A after transfer. We dP  A 8  1 
x
2
 1   1 21 x 
    log   1  log 2
have . dx 9  2   9   2  
4 6 2
P  E RR   x  dP  A 
9 12 9 Now we must have 0
dx
4 6 2
P  E RB   x   x  3  21  x  2x  24
9 12 9
5 6 25 d2P  A 
P  E BR   x   x  12 also ,  0 for x  12
9 12 108 dx 2
Hence P(A) is maximum where x = 12 = 0012
5 7 35
P  E BB   x  8. Let W denote the event of drawing a white ball
9 12 108 at any draw and B that for a black ball. Then
4 3 1 a b
Also , P  A / E RR   ; P  A / E RB    Pw  and P  B  
9 9 3 ab ab
5 5 P(A wins lthe game )
 A / E BR  
; P  A / E BB  
 P(W or BBW or BBBBW or ............)
9 9
We know that  P  W   P  BBW   P  BBBBW   ......
P  A   P  E RR  P  A / E RR   ......
P W P B P B P B P B P B P B P W ......
2 4 2 1 25 5 35 5
 x  .  x  x
9 9 9 3 108 9 108 9 a
P  W ab a  a  b ab
8 2 125 175  2
  
    1  P  B b2 2
a  2ab a  2b
81 27 972 972 1 2
 a  b
96  72  300 486 117
  
972 972 243 ab b
Aslo P(B wins the game )  1  
 243P  117  0117 a  2b a  2b
7. Let A denote the event that the target is hit when According to the given condition
x shells are fired at point 1. Let E1E 2 denote the ab b
  3.  a  2b
event. a  2b a  2b
8 1 a
We have , P  E1   , P  E 2    a : b  2 :1 i.e.,  2  0002
9 9 b
x 9 Let Ei denote the event that the bag contains i
1
 P  A / E1   1   
2 black and 10  i  white balls ( i = 0, 1,2 .... 10)
21 x Let A denote the event that the three balls drawn
1 at random from teh bag are black, We have
and P  A / E 2   1   
2
1
P  Ei    i  0,1, 2,.....,10 
11

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 Probability M ATHS
P  A, Ei   0 for i  0,1, 2
11. Let E A  the event of a becoming secreatary .
i
C3 Similarly , E B and E C
and P  A / E i   10
for i  3
C3 E L  the event of admitting lady members
Now, by the total probability rule
1 2 2
10 Here, P  E A   , P  E B   , P  E C  
P  A    P  Ei  P  A / Ei  3 9 9
i 0 Clearly, E A , E B , E C are mutually exclusive land
1 1 exhaustive.
 x 10  3C3  4 C3  ..... 10 C3 
11 C3 Also, P  E L / E A   0.6P  E L / E B   0.7
But 3 C3  4 C3  5 C3  ...... 10 C3 P  E L / E C   0.5
 the required probability,,
4 4 5 10 3 4
 C 4  C3  C3  ......  C3  C3  1  C 4   P  E A  .P  E L / E A   P  E B  .P  E L / E B  
5 5 6 10
 C 4  C3  C3  ......  C3 P  E C  .P  E L / E C 
6 C4  6 C3  ...... 10 C3  .....11 C4 1 3 2 7 4 5 26
 x  x  x 
11
C4 1 2 5 9 10 9 10 45
Thus, P  A   45P  E   26  0026
11x  10C3 4
By the Bayes’ rule
**************
P  E9  P  A / E9 
P  E   P  E9 / A  PROBABILITY
P A PRACTICE SHEET - 1 - SOLUTIONS
1. A = Event that a person wins fir n game
1  C3 
9
3  2
11 10 C3 14 P (A) = P A 
  5   5
1 55 Ai = Event that a person wins ith game after first game
4 P(atleast 3 win out of 4 game)
=
55P  E   14  0014
 
10. Let E1 , denote the event “a coin with two heads P  A1 A2 A3 A4   P  A1 A2 A4   P  A1 A2 A3 A4  
   
“ is selected and E 2 , denote the event “a fair
 
  
 .
coin is selected “. Let A be the event “ the toss P  A1 A2 A3 A4   P  A1 A2 A3 A4 
results in heads “. Then    

1 n 3
 
4
2 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 2
P  E1   ; P E2   =   . . .  . . .  . . .  . . .
n 1 n 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
1 4 2 2 3
P  A / E1   1 and P  A / E 2    3 3  2 3 2
2 =    3.        .
5 5  5 5 5

 P  A   P  E1  P  A / E1   P  E 2  P  A / E 2  34 33.2 2 33.2
=  4  4
54 5 5
7 1 n 1 7
  x1  x  P  A    34
12 n  1 n 1 2  12  =  3  4  2
54
 12  6n  7n  7  n  5  0005

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 Probability M ATHS
35
=
54
2. x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 10 on 11, 1  xi  6
6.
coeff of x10 + coeff of x11 in (x + x2 + ...... + x6)4
= coeff of x6 + coeff x7 in (1 + x + .......... + x5)4
= coeff of x6 + coeff x7 in (1 - x6)4 (1 - x)-4 n(s) = 64C5
= coeff of x6 + coeff x7 in (1 - 4x6) (1 + 4C1x + 5C2 A = Event of selecting 5 squares along diagonal
x2 + .........) of a chess board
= 9C6-4 + 10C7 - 16 = 184 n(A) = 2.8C5 + 4(7C5 + 6C5 + 5C5) = 224
n(s) = 6.6.6.6
 P  A   224 64
184 23 C5
 P  A  
6.6.6.6 162 7. The four digit no’s formed by 0,1,2,3,4,5 divisible
3. no. of one-one mappings from a set A with 4 by ‘3’ are the no’s whose digits are
elements to a set B containing 7 elements in 7P4. 1,2,4,5
 no. of many one fin = 74 - 7P4. 0,1,2,3
0,4,5,3
74 7 P4
 P  A  0,4,3,2
74 0,1,5,3
7 4  7.6.6.5 For a no to be divisible by ‘6’ it should be even
= and divisble by ‘3’
74
1,2,4,5  - - - - - - - -2,4
223 3.2.1 2 = 12 way
=
343 0,1,2,3  _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _0 = 6 way
4. no. of numbers that are divisible by ‘8’ from 1 to 0_ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2 = 6-2 = 4 way
0,4,5,3  _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 0 = 6 way
120  0 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 = 4 way
120 =    15 .
 8  0, 4, 3, 2  _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 0 = 6 way
no. of no’s that are divisible by both ‘8’ 0_ _ _ _ _ _ _2 = 4 way
0 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 = 4 way
120 
1 6     5  LCMof 8 1 6  24 0,1,5,3  _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 0 = 6 way
 24 
 total no of number divinble by ‘6’ are
 no. of no’s that are divisible by ‘8’ but not with ‘6’ 12 + 6 + 4 + 6 + 4 + 6 + 4 + 4 + 6
are 10. = 36 + 16 = 52
 P(divisible by 6/divisible by 8)  n(A) = 52
10 2    
n (s) = 300 5.5.4.3
= 
15 3
52 13
5. x  1, 2,3.......89,90 P  A  
300 75
 n(s) = 90. 8. n(s) = 15C2
50 A = {(x,y) = |x-y|>7}
x  25  x 2  25 x  50  0
x when x = 1, y {9,10,11,12,13,14,15}
x = 2 y {10,11,.......15}
 x   2.2, 22.7  x = 7 y  {15}
 the no. of favourable values for the events are the  n(A) = 1+2+........+7 = 28
no of no’s in {1,2,23,24,..........89,90}= 70
28 4
n(A) = 70 P  A   15 
C2 15
70 7
 P(A) = 
90 9

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 Probability M ATHS
9. no of ‘7’ digit numbers formed using 0,1,2,3,4,5 17. S = {SM, MT, TW, WTn, TnF, FSa, Sas}
is n(s) = 5.66.  n(s) = 7
A = Event that the 7 dight no is divisible by ‘3’ A = {SaS} ; n(A) = 1
n (A) = 5.65.2
 P  A  1 7
5
5.6 .2 1
 P  A   18. A = Event of 53 sunday in a leapyear
5.66 3
B = Event of 52 monday in a leapyear
10! n(A) = 2 Event of n(B) = 5; n  A  B   1
10. n  S  
4!2!
A = Event that 2R’s come together and no n  A  n  B   n  A  B 
 P  A  B 
A come together in MAHARASTRA n s
6
P4 2  5 1 6
n  A  5! 
4! = 7
7
n  A 5! 6 P4 4!2! 19. E1 = Event of selections c non - leapyear.
n  A   E2 = Event of selections c leapyear.
nS  4! 10!
A = Event of 53 fridays or 53 thusday
1 A
 E2 = {with, thF, Fsa}
42
11. Probability of exactly one of M or N to occur A
E1 = {Th, F}
is P  MN 

=P(M) +P(N) - 2P  M  N  P  E1   3 4 ; P  E2   1 4


 1  P  m   1  P  N    2 1  P(M  N   P A  E   27 ; P  A E   37
1 2

   
 P M  P N  2 p M  N 
   P  A   P  E  .P  A   P  E  .P  A 
1 E1
2 E
2
 P  M  N '   P  M ' N 
3 2 1 3
 .  .
12. P  A  B   P  A   P  B   1 and 4 7 4 7

P  A  B  P  A   P  B  9
= .
28
50 20. sum
13 mp  p.c  cm  2mpc 
100 0,1,2,3,5  111
40 1,2,3,5,6  17
mp+pc+cm – 3mpc = 2,3,5,6,0  16
100
3,5,6,0,1  15
10 5,6,0,1,2  14
 mpc  also m+p+c –
100 6,0,1,2,3  12
only 15 and 12 are divisible by ‘3’
75
 mp  pc  cm   mpc   n(A) = 2 (5! - 4!) = 2.4.4!
100
2.4.4! 8
135 27 p  A  
m  p  c   5.5!5 25
100 20
21. For a no to be divisible by ‘6’, it should be
14. even and divisible by ‘3’
15. no of event no’s formed by 3,5,6,0,1 is
16. = 4! + 4! - 3!
= 42
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 Probability M ATHS
no of even no’s formed by 6,0,1,2,3 is ,  are the roots of
= 4! + 2(4! - 3!) 2
x  (   ) x    0
= 60
 n(A) = 102 7 1
 x2  x 0
102 51 17 6 3
P  A    2
600 300 100  6 x  7 x  2  0( R)
22. -------- 5  4  3  0
4.4.3.2 = 96 
 Locus of ( ,  ) is 4x-3y=0 (Q)
1
-------- 3 0 (B) P(S) =
5 40 25 15
P(M )  , P( M  S ) 
4.3.2.3 = 72 100, 100 100
n(A) = 168 15
168 7  S  P ( S  M ) 3
P  A     P    100 
600 25 M  P( M ) 25 5
23. Explanation : 100
(a) ® (r) The required and
event will occur if last digit in all the chosen
15
numbers is 1, 3, 7 or 9.
M  P (S  M ) 100 3
n   P   
 4  S  P(S ) 40 8
 Probabiltiy =   .
 10  100
(ii) ® (a) The required event will occur if last  ,  are the roots of
digit in none of the chosen numbers is 0 or 5
and last digit in atleast one of the chosen x 2  (   ) x    0
numbers is 2, 4, 6, 8.  39  9
n n  x2    x  0
 8   4  40  40
 Probability =   –  
 10   10   40 x 2  39 x  9  0( S )
(iii) ® (b) The required event will occur if last  5  8  0
digit in none of the chosen numbers is 0, 2, 4,
6, 8 and last digit in atleast one of the numbers  Locus of ( ,  )is 5x-8y=0
is 5.
n n
 5  4 30 20 10
 Probability =   –   . (C) P ( E )  , P(H )  , P(E  H ) 
 10   10  100 100 100
24. (A) P(E) = 
20 15 10 10
, P( M )  , P( E  M ) 
E  P ( E  H ) 1
100 100 100   P   100 
H  P( H ) 20 2
10 100
M  P ( E  M ) 1 and
  P    100 
E  P( E ) 20 2 10
100 H  P ( E  H ) 100 1
  p   
and E  P( E ) 30 3
10 100
 E  P ( E  M ) 100 2
  P  
15
  ,  are the roots of
M  P (M ) 3
100 x 2  (   ) x    0
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 Probability M ATHS
 6 x 2  5 x  1  0(T )  P  A  B   P  A  B   0.6
 2  3   0
Here, P  A  B  max  0.4
 Locus of ( ,  ) is 2x-3y =0 (P)
25. x = 10 M + r1, r1, r2  (0, 1, 2, . .9) P  A  B max.  1
y = 10 n + r2
Hence,
P  B max  0.4  1.0  0.6  0.8
 
x 2  y 2  102 m 2  n 2  10  2mr1  2nr2   r12  r22

x2 + y2 is divisible by 10  r12  r22 is divisible

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 - SOLUTIONS
by 10
(0, 0); (1, 3) (1, 7); (2, 4) (2, 6); (3, 1) (3, 9); 1. E1 = Event that ‘P’ rider the horse A
(4, 2) (4, 8); (5, 5); (6, 2) (6, 8); (7, 1) (7, 9); E2 = Event that ‘Q’ rider the horse A
(8, 4) (8, 6); (9, 3) (9, 7).
E3 = Event that ‘R’ rider the horse A
18 9 A = Event that horse A win the race
P  
10.10 50
P  E1   1 P  E 2   1 ; P  E3   1
50P  9 2 3 6
26. Exhaustive events
Favourble events
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 = 16
P A
E1  
1
8
P A
E2  
 2 ; P  A   3
8  E3  8
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 = 16
= 5 24
1  xi  6
2  xi  5 1 .1
= 735
P E1
A  
 2 8 . 
1 24 3
P  A  16 5 10
= 135

 Probability =
135 27

735 147
2. P E1  
A
 1  P E1  
A
3
 1  7
10 10
49.27 3. The total pairings are
 9
147 P1P2 P3P4
27. G1 = 1, 4, 7 (G1 G1) (G2 G2) (G3 G3) P1P3 P2P4
G2 = 2, 5, 8 (G1, G2)
G3 = 3, 6, 9 P1P4 P2P3
4 2
Favourble cases = 3 C 2 .3  3 C1 .3 C1 = 18 (or) ( C2. C2)/2!)
18 18.2 1 only one pairing favours P3
 Probability = 9 C  9.8  2 1
2
 Required probabilities =
p2 3
2
28. p  4  0 p2 - p - 2  0  (1) is the correct answer..
 4 
4. We must get 2, 3, 4 or 5 in one trial
 p  [2, 5]
3 6 4 2
 probability =  probability = =
5 10
  6 6 3
29. 4
2 16
P  A  B  P A  , P B  P A  B  P  A  B  Required probability =   =
3 81
 P  A   P  B  P  A  B
11. If E and F are in dependent than E, F' and E' ,
30. We have P  A  B  = P(A)+P(B) - P  A  B 
F and E', F' are all independent
P  B  P  A  B   P  A  B   P  A 
 
P  E / F   P E / F  P  E   P E1  1 

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 Probability M ATHS
P  A  B  P  A   P  B  1
12. 
P A B   0.2  2
P
 A  B  P  A   P  B   1 P A   0.5 5
P B P B

P  A1  P  B1   1  P  A   1  P  B  
 1  P  A   P  B  P  A  P  B 20.

 1  P  A  B
1
13 Let P (E) = x : P(F) = y then x.y =
2
1
and 1  x 1  y  
2
p(x < y) = P (x = 2 and y  3) + P(x = 3
1 1 1 1
 x  , y  of x  and y  and y  4) + etc
4 3 3 4 =
14. A and B are independent events
1
P  B / A   P  B   (a) is wrong
1.3 2.333.30 4.265.4 6.155.104.63.3 2.1
36.36

P  B1  A1   P  A1   P  B1   P  A1  P  B1  575
=
1296
 (b) is wrong.
12

21. P  x  y    P  x  i and x  i 
 1

P  A  B   P  A1   P  B1   P  A1  B1   P  A1  .P  B1   i2

(C) is correct =
P  A / B   P  A   (D) is correct 1
1  4  9  16  25  36  25  16  9  4  1
36.36
15. P  E / F   P  E1 / F   P  E   P  E 1   1
146 73
= 
P  E / F1   P  E1 / F1   P  E   P  E1   1 36.36 648
16. 4 3
22. P(x = 5 and y = 10) = .
36 36
17. P A B   P PAB B  1 1
= .
9 12
P  A  P  B   P  A  B 
= 1
P  B =
108
0.5  0.6  0.8 23. (A)  = 1 – Problem will not be solved
=
0.6 = 1 – P  A  B  C = 1 – P A  P B P C
= 12  1  1  1
= 1 –  1-  1-   1- 
 2  3  4
18. P A A B   P PAA A B B   1 1 2 3
=1–  
2 3 4

P B A 
19. P B A  p A  = 1
1 3

4 4

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 Probability M ATHS
and  = P  A  B  C  + P  A  B  C  + 1
    (T )
24
P  A  B  C
11
and     (R)
= P(A) P( B ) P( C ) + P(A) P(B) P(C) + 24
P(A) P(B) P(C) 24.
Explanation :
i) (b), (c), (d), (e) If A, B, C are indep
1  1  1  1 1  1 endent, then they are pairwise independent
= . 1-  .  1-  +  1-  . .  1   + also.
2  3  4  2 3  4
ii) (e) is straight forward.
 1  1 1 iii) (a) by definition.
 1   1   . 25. There are 24 ways of dealing with four alterna-
 2  3 4
tives.
6 3 2 11 24  1 answers
= + + =
24 24 24 24 1
Probability of getting correct answer is 4
3 11 29 7 2 1
 += + = and  + 
4 24 24 24 n 1
If ‘n’ attempts are made 
(Q.S) 4
2 1 5
1 1 1 n > 3
(B) Here, P(A) = , P(B)= , P(G) =  n = 4.
2 3 4
PRACTICE SHEET - 3 - SOLUTIONS

1. Let E1 be the event that the man reports that ‘ it
  
= P ( A B C)  P( A B C)  P( A BC) ‘ is a six
“ E “ be the event that six occures
P  E  .P  E1 / E 
   p  E / E1  
 P(A)P(B)P(C)  P(A)P(B)P(C)  P(A)P(B)P(C) P  E  P  E1 / E   P  E1  .P  E1 / E1 

1 3
1 1 3 1 1 1 1 2 1 x
 . .  . .  . . 6 4
2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4   3/ 8
1 3 5 1
6  x  x 
 6 4 6 4
24
Ans : a
and     p ( A).P ( B ).P (C ) 2. Suppose that A and B may agree in a
1 7 statement if they
  i) Both speak truth . Probability of this
24 24
event = x . y
1 13
 and     and     ( P, T ) ii) Both do not speak truth = 1  x 1  y 
24 24
R.Prob
statement is true
2 5 5 = statement is true  statement is false
(C)   X 
6 8 24
4 3 6 xy xy
and  X   =
6 8 24 xy  1  x 1  y  1  x  y  2xy
Ans : a

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 Probability M ATHS
3. Let C,S,B,T be the events of the person going 06. Let “ A “ be the event that the rose bush
by car , scooter, Bus or train, respectively Let has withered
“L” be the event that the person reaches the of- “A” be the event that the guardner did not
fice lately , then withered
“ A2” be the event that the guardener withered .
P A1  .P  A/ A1  3

 C  P L / C .P  C 
P  
 P  A1 / A  
P  A1  p  A/ A1   P A2  P  A/ A2  4
L P L   Ans :C
1/ 7  7 / 9  7. Ans: b
 8. Let A1,A2 respectively as the events of
 1  7   3   8   2  5 
 7  9    7   9    7  9    8 / 9 1/ 7  choosing U1 and U2 Let B be the event of
          drawing a white ball , then out of three trails
4. Let A0: 4 balls drawn from 1st urn consists of O the events succeds once and fails twice ,
so that .
white + 4 black
A1: 4 balls drawn from first urn consists of 1 white 1
P  A 1  . P  B / A 1  1  P  B / A 1 
2

+ 3 black P 1 2
P  A 1  . P  B / A 1  1  P  B / A 1 
A2: 4 balls drawn from first urn consists of 2 white
1 2
+ 2 black  P  A 2  .P  B / A 2  1  P  B / A 2 
A3: 4 balls dran from first urn consists of 3 white = 8/17
+ 1 black Ans : a
A4: 4 balls drawn from first urn consists of 4white
+ O black 8 /1 0 s t a n d a rd
Let B & C respectively be the events that a white 9. 7 /1 0 I 2 /1 0
ball is drawn from the second urn in first and 3 /1 0 n o n - s ta n d a r d
second drawn II 9 /1 0 s ta n d a r d
1 /1
4 0
 P  Ai .P  B / Ai  .P  C / AiB  n o n - s ta n d a r d
P  C / B  i 0
4

 P  Ai .P  B / Ai  7 9
.
i 0 10 10 27
P  P  II / 3  
7 8 3 9 56  27
.  .
10 10 10 10
1 5 1 10 1 1 5 3 2 1
 0.0  . .0  . .  . .  .1.1 27
42 21 4 21 2 3 21 4 3 42  Ans:B
1 5  1  10  1  5  3  1 83
 0            1
42 21  4  21  2  21  4  42 10. Let "E A " be the event of A becoming secre-
= 419 tary E1 be the event of admitting lady members
Ans : a P EA  .P E1 /EA P EB .P E1 /EB  P EC  .P E1 /EC
1/2 L 2/5 ON 26
5.  Ans : a
1/2 1/6 45
C ON 11.

1
.2 / 5
2 12 12
P  
1 1
 2 / 5   1/ 6  12  5 17
2 2
Ans : b

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 Probability M ATHS
12.
1 Head 1
2H Head
P  E1  .P  A / E1  20. 1/2
P  E1 / A  
P  E1  .P  A / E1   1/2 1/2 Head
1
Head
Fair
P  E 2  P  A / E2   P  E3  P  A / E 3  1/2 1/2 Head
Tail
30 1/2
P  E 2 / A   55 /18, P  E 3 / A   Tail
118
Ans : a,b,c
13. 1 1
. .1
14. Let A1,A2 be the events of choosing U1 & U2 P F / H  2 2
respectively , Let “ B” be the event of drawing 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 .  . .1  . .
a white ball , than out of thier trails the event 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
succeds once and fails twice, so that = 2/5
P  8 /17.from U1 Ans :C

P  9 /17.from U2 3 /4 a sle e p

(T ) 1 /4
100 A 5/100 21. 4 /5
( defective) N -s
25/ 1 /5 a slee p
1 /4
15. 35/100 B 4/100 (B )
( defective)
40/ 3 /4
100 N -s
C 2/100
( defective)
4 / 5.3 / 4 12

25 5 1 1 13
. 4 / 5.3 / 4  .
100 100 5 4
PA 
25 5 35 4 40 2 Ans: b
.  .  .
100 100 100 100 100 100
25/51 R
125 125 25
  
125  140  80 345 69 (R) 26/51
22. 1/2
B
30 16
PB  , PC  1/2 R
69 69 26/51
Ans : a,b,c (B)
25/51
17. P  B  F   P  F  .P B  F B

3 7
= . 1 25
7 10 .
2 51 25

3 1 25 1 26 51
= . 
10 2 51 2 51
Ans : a
P  E  .P A E 23. Explanation :
18.  A  P  E  P
P E
 AE  PF  P AF  (i) (b) 1st person can sit anywhere.
1
 Probability =
= 817 100
(ii) (a) When 100th person enters then
19. PF   37 either 1st or seat number 100th must be
vacant.
AKASH MULTIMEDIA    102
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 Probability M ATHS
1
 Probability = PRACTICE SHEET - 4 SOLUTIONS
2
1. The favourable numbers are 29, 36, 63, 92
 Probabiltiy of seat number 49 being
occupied is 1. 4 1 24
p  ,q  ;n  4
(iii) (c) As in (ii) when 50th person enter 100 25 25
either 1 or 50 is vacant. 97
24. Explanation : p  X  3  4C3 p3q  4C 4 p 4  4

18
 25
(ii) (b) P(A) = , 1 1
36 p ,q  ,n  4
2. np = 2, npq = 1
2 2 2
5 11
P(B) = 1 –   = p  X  1  1  p  X  0   p  X  1
6 36
Now P(AB) = P(total is odd and atleast one 3 1 4 11
 1  
is there) 16 16 16
6 3. Best of 3 games
= ( (3, 2), (2, 3), (3, A can win match by winning any two out of
36
6), (6, 3), (3, 4), (4, 3) are the only cases) three games
(i) (c) Since = (0.4)2 + 2C1 (0.4) (0.6) (0.4) = 0.352
Best of 5 games
18 11 6 23 either by first three games (or) any two from
P(A  B) = + – =
36 36 36 36 first three & fourth game (or) any two of first
(iii) (a) P(A  B) = P(A) – P(A  B) four games and fifth one.
= (0.4)3 + 3C2 (0.4)2 (0.6) (0.4) + 4C2(0.4)2
18 6 12 (0.6)2 (0.4) = 0.31744
= – = .
36 36 36  The probability for best of 3 games is higher
4. P(X = 50) = P(X = 51)
3/10
X co-ed 100 C50 p50 q 50 100 C51 .p51 .q 49
4/9
25. 2/9 5/10 q 100 C51 51
y co-ed   100 p
3/9 p C50 101
Z 8/10 5. Either 6 forward & 5 backward steps (or) 5 for-
co-ed
ward & 6 backward steps.
4 3 2 5 3 8 23 6 5 5 6
.  .  .   11C6  0.4  .  0.6  11 C5  0.4   0.6 
9 10 9 10 9 10 45 5
Ans: 5  462  0.24 
6. P(X = 0) + P(X = 1)
2 5
.
9 10  5 0 8 7 7
26. 23 23 Ans: 5  1   19   1   19   19   27 
 8C 0      8C 1   .     
45  20   20   20   20   20   20 
7
m 9 3  3
Death 7. p   probability =  
4/10 n 15 5 5
correct 6/10 1 9
27. 6/10 surrival 8. p ,q 
4/10 10 10
in correct 7/10 Death P  X  3  6C3.q3 .p3  1458 x 105
3/10
surrival 14. 480.P(3)
480 3C3 .q 0 .p 3   60 480P  X  1
6 6 4 3 12
.  .  7
10 10 10 10 25 480 1  P  X  0   480.  420
8
Ans : 6
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 Probability M ATHS
1 9 20 5
15. p ,q    ( R)
10 10 72 18
95
P  3  8C3.q5 .p5  56x and   1  p (neither of the two balls is red)
108
8  1  P (WW , WB , BW , BB )
 9
P 0  1  
 10 
16. p = 0.2, q = 0.8. n = 3  1  {P (WW )  P (WB )  P ( BW )  P ( BB )}
P  X  1  P  X  0   P  X  1
 2 1 2 4 4 2 4 3
 3C6 .q 3  3C1 .q 2 .p1  1  X  X  X  X 
 9 8 9 8 9 8 9 8
3 2
 8  8 1
   3.   .  0.89  1
30 42 7
  (Q )
 10   10  10
72 72 12
1 10
17. P  x  8   C8 10 C9 10 C10 
10 
2 1 2 6 
(B)     
2  6 10 
7
=
128 1 3 5  9 14 7
     (S )
18. A : Event that the sequence of 6 consccutive tails 6 10 30 30 15
start at ith toss. and
P(A1) = P(consecutive 6 tails in fire 6 tosses and 1  4 4  2 2 10  6 8
H/T in others)         (P)
2  6 10  6 10 30 15
P(A2) = P(H in first toss and 6 consent tails)
(C)  =P(One red from 1st and 2 black
= 1 27 from 2nd) +P(One black from 1st and one red and
one blaack from 2nd)
P(A2) = 1 27 P(A3) = 1 27
 4 7 C   5 3 C X 7C1 
P(A4) = 1 27   X 10 2    X 101 
9 C2   9 C2 
1 4 3 3
Read prob =  7 = 6 
6
2 2 2 64  4 7.6   5 3.7.2 
 X  X 
19. P(HT.....HT) + P(THTH......TH) =  9 10.9   9 10.9 
1 1
2. 10
 28 7 63 7
2 512     (S )
135 27 135 15
2 3
20. 5C3 .  0.45   0.55 
and  = P(one black form Ist and 2 red
21. 1   P  X  0   P  X  5   from 2nd) +P(One red from 1st and one red and one
black from 2nd)
5 5
1   0.55   0.45 
   5 3 C   4 3 C X 7C1 
4
  X 10 2    X 101 
22. 5C 4 .  0.45  0.55  9 C2   9 C2 
23. (A)   p ( ww)  p ( RR )  P ( BB )
1 28 33 11
    (T )
2 1 3 2 4 3 27 135 135 45
 X  X  X
9 8 9 8 9 8

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 Probability M ATHS
24. Explanation :
(i) (b) Give one victory to S1 then, remain-
ing 7 wins are to be given to any of 15 players.
15
C7 1
 P(S1 is the winner) = 16
C8
=
2
(ii) (a) Now P(S1 or S2 (not both) are
winner)
2  14 C7 8
= 16 =
C8 15
(iii) (c) Finally P(both S1 and S2 are win-
ners)
14
C6 7
= 16 = .
C8 30
2 1
28. p = 2q & p + q = 1; p  , q 
3 3
The probability of 3, 4, 5 successives
192
P(X = 3) + P(X = 4) + P(X = 5) =
35
K=8
nC nC 4  nC6
29. 2. n 5  n
 n 2  21n  98  0
2 2
n  7,14
5
30. P(X  1)  P(X  n  2) 
32
 1   1 n  5 n 5
1  n   1  n    n 
 2   2  32 2 32
n = 5.
*********

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