Unit 2: Linear motion

Chapter 3: Force and Motion

Scientific term Definition
Momentum (p) the quantity of motion of a moving body, measured as a product of its
mass and velocity
Newtons 2nd law The resultant (net) force affecting an object is equal to the rate of
change in the object's momentum.
Or
When a resultant (net) force affects an object, the object acquires an
acceleration which is directly proportional to the affecting net force
and inversely proportional to the object's mass
Force is a vector quantity, because it is the product of a scalar quantity
(mass) times a vector quantity (acceleration)
Mass (m) The resistance of a body to change its kinematic state.
Weight (w) The force of gravity acting on the body

Laws and Units:

P = mv Kg.m/s

Newton (N)
F

Kg a m/s2
m

w = mg Newton(N)
Exercise (1)
Choose the correct answer:
1) product of the mass of a body that is moving in a constant direction and the time rate
of change in its displacement represents the .........
a) force b) momentum c) acceleration d) weight
2) firefighting airplane dropped its load into a firing forest when it was flying horizontally
at a constant velocity and continued its motion by the same velocity, so the momentum
of the airplane after dropping the load would …………..
a) increase b) decrease c) remain unchanged d) become zero

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 3) Two bodies have the same momentum, one of them has a mass of 5 kg and its velocity
is 20 m/s, hence if the second one has a mass of 15 kg, its velocity equals ........
a) 0.15 m/s b) 5.55 m/s c) 6.61 m/s d) 20 m/s
4) The graph that represents the relation between the momentum of a body and its
velocity is .......

5) The ratio between the net force that affects a body and the time rate of change in its '
velocity equals……………
a) the momentum of the body b) the mass of the body
c) the energy of the body d) the acceleration of the body
6) The net force of 500 N affects a static body through an interval of time t, hence the
body's momentum becomes 250 kg.m/s, then t equals
a) 0.1 s b) 0.2s c) 0.5s d) 2s
7) In the opposite figure:
i. The magnitude of the net force that acts on the body equals …………….
a) 1570 N b) 1370 N c) 200 N d) 30 N
ii. The magnitude of the acceleration of the body is .............
a) 1.5 m/s2 b) 9.8 m/s2 c) 10 m/s2 d) 78.5 m/s2
8) A bowler applies a constant net force of 100 N on a 5 kg bowling
ball over a time interval of 1.5 s before he releases the ball. If the
ball starts from rest, what will be its final velocity at the instant of releasing it?
a)5 m/s b) 10 m/s c) 20 m/s d) 30 m/s
9) A rocket goes from rest to 9.6 km/s in 8 minutes. The rocket's mass is 8 x 106 kg.
Assuming a constant acceleration, what is the net force acting on the rocket?
a) 1.6 x 105 N b) 9.6 x 105 N c) 9.6 x 106 N d) 1.6 x 108 N

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Essay Questions:
1) Newton's first law is a special case of Newton's second law, explain.
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2) Two cars x and y move in the same direction under the action of equal resultant (net)
forces. If the mass of car y equals only the mass of the load on the car x, so which of the
two cars moves with larger acceleration?

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3) explain why car companies have recently added airbags to the cars
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4) An elephant pulls a log of mass 0.5 ton with a
constant velocity on a horizontal surface by a
rope that makes an angle of 60o to the horizontal
as shown in the figure. Given that the frictional
force between the log and the ground is 200 N,
find:
(i) The magnitude of the tension force in the rope
(ii) The required magnitude of tension force in the rope to make the log move with an
acceleration of 2 m/s2
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 Unit 3: Circular motion
Chapter 1: Laws of circular motion
Scientific term Definition
Uniform circular It is the motion of a body in a circular path with a constant speed and
motion a changing direction
Centripetal force It is the force acting continuously in a direction normal to the motion
of a body, causing it to move in a circular path
Centripetal It is the acceleration acquired moving in a circular path due the
acceleration direction of its velocity
Periodic time It is the time taken by a body to make one complete revolution

Laws and units:

2𝜋𝑟
v= (m/s)
𝑇
𝑡
T=𝑁 (s)

𝑁 1
f= =𝑇 (Hz)
𝑡
v2
ac = (m/s2)
𝑟
2𝜋
𝜔= (rad/s)
𝑇
𝑚v 2 𝑚×4𝜋2 𝑟
Fc = mac = = = m × 4𝜋 2 𝑟𝑓 2 = Mg (N)
𝑟 𝑇
Exercise (2)
Choose the correct answer from the following:
1) a racing car can accelerate by changing ..............
a) its direction only b) either its direction or its speed
c) its speed only d) both its direction and its speed
2) If the tangential velocity with which a body moves in horizontal circular path is 7 m/s
and the body completes 4 turns through two minutes, the radius of the circular path
equals………………...
a) 66.8 m b) 25.2 m c) 33.4 m d) 30.6 m
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 3) When a body undergoes a circular motion, the direction of the centripetal force that
acts on the body must be ...........
a) in the same direction of the body's motion
b) perpendicular to the direction of the body's motion
c) opposite to the direction of the body's motion
d) tangent to the path of the body's motion
4) Two bodies (A and B) move in the same horizontal circle at the same speed. If the mass
of body A is two times as big as that of body B, the centripetal acceleration with which
body A moves is ....... the centripetal acceleration with which body B moves.
a) equal to b) half c) two times as large as d) quarter
5) An object of mass 5 kg moves in a horizontal circle of radius 2 m at a constant speed of
5 m/s, so:
i. The centripetal acceleration with which the body moves equals…………………
a) 10 m/s2 b) 2.5 m/s2 c) 12.5 m/s2 d) 50 m/s2
ii. The centripetal force that affects the body equals………………...
a) 12.5 N b) 60.6 N c)62.5 N d) 80.5 N
6) A car moves in a curved roadway of radius r, banked with an
angle θ with the horizontal plane, so which of the following
diagrams represents the directions of the Earth's
gravitational force that affects the car (car's weight) and the
reaction force of the road on the car?

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 7) Two balls (x and y) are identical, each of them is tied to a
thread. If the two balls undergo uniform circular motions
of the same periodic time in a horizontal plane where
the radius of the path of ball x is two times as large as
that of ball y, the ratio between the tension forces in the
𝑇
two balls’ threads ( 𝑥 ) equals …………………….
𝑇𝑦

1 1 2 4
a) b) c) d)
2 4 1 1
8) A stone of mass 4 kg is tied to the end of a string of length 10 m while rotating in a
horizontal circle. If the tension force in the string is 160 N, the stone speed is …………….
a) 10 m/s b) 20 m/s c) 100 m/s d) 400 m/s
9) The opposite graph represents the relation between the
square of the tangential velocity (v2) of a body that moves in
a uniform horizontal circular path and the radius (r) of the
path, so the centripetal acceleration with which the body
moves is …………….
a) 2 m/s2 b) 4 m/s2 c) 6 m/s2 d) 8 m/s2
Essay questions:
1) when whirling a stone attached to the end of a string in a horizontal circular path. What
is the direction of the net force acting on the stone? What is its effect? What is the
direction of motion if the string breaks?
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2) which point on the Earth's surface has the largest tangential velocity relative to the
Earth's axis of rotation? Is it the point that is located on the Equator or on the tropics of
Capricorn and Cancer? And why?
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 3) Explain the following statements:
I. Although a moving body in a uniform circular motion has an acceleration, its linear speed
is constant.
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II. The Earth continues to rotate around the Sun in the same orbit.
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III. When a car negotiates a horizontal curved road, it maintains its curved path and does not
skid.
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IV. A car that moves in a curved banked road doesn't go into a skid.
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V. When designing the curved paths in roads and railways, we must consider the centripetal
force.
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4) A car starts its motion in a slippery curved road, where the driver notices that the car
skids out of the curved road. Explain
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 Chapter 2: Universal Gravitation and Circular Motion

Scientific term Definition

Newton's law of Everybody in the universe attracts every other body by a force which
universal gravitation is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between their centers
Earth’s gravitational It is the gravitational force acting on a mass of 1 kg at a certain point
field intensity
The orbital speed of It is the speed that makes the satellite orbit the Earth in a roughly
satellite circular path where its distance from the Earth's surface remains
constant

Laws and units:

𝑀𝑚
1) 𝐹 = 𝐺 N
𝑟2
𝐺𝑀 2𝑑
2) 𝑔 = = m/s2
𝑟2 𝑡2
𝐺𝑀 𝐺𝑀 2𝜋𝑟
3) 𝑣 = √ = √𝑅+ℎ = = 2𝜋𝑟𝑓 = √𝑔𝑟 m/s
𝑟 𝑇

Exercise (3)
Choose the correct answer from the following:
1) if the distance between the centers of two bodies is doubled, the mutual attraction
force between them will be ……………...
a) doubled b) halved c) quartered d) quadrupled
2) A block with a mass of 30 kg is hanging still from a string. If you place another block with
a mass of 10 kg at a distance of 2m away, what is the gravitational force between the
two blocks? (Take: G = 6.61 x 10-11 N.m2/kg2)
a) 1 x 10-11 N b) 1 x 10-10 N c) 5 x 10-10 N d) 5 x 10-9 N
3) Two balls have masses of 8 kg and 20 kg, the distance between their centers is 0.2 m, if
the universal gravitational constant is G, so the gravitational force between them in
newtons equals……………………...
a) 8G b) 40G c) 4000G d) 8000G

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 4) A planet has a mass of 5.98 x 1024 kg and a radius of 6378 km. If G = 6.61 x 10-11 N.m2/kg2
so the intensity of the planet's gravitational field at a point that lies at a distance of
36000 km from the planet's surface equals……………………
a) 22.2 x 10-4 N/kg b) 22.2 x 10-2N/kg c) 22.2 x 102N/kg d) 94.1 x 105 N/kg
5) Imagine if the Earth starts to shrink uniformly while its mass remains constant, the
magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity on its surface will ........
a) increase because the acceleration due to gravity is inversely proportional to the square of the Earth's radius
b) increase because the acceleration due to gravity is directly proportional to the square of the Earth's radius
c) remain unchanged because the acceleration due to gravity depends only on the mass of the Earth
d) decrease because the acceleration due to gravity is directly proportional to the square of the Earth's radius

6) If Earth's gravitational field strength at the orbit of a satellite around Earth is 2.5 N/kg,
then the distance between the satellite and the Earth's surface (h) equals…………….
(Where: R is the radius of the Earth and the acceleration due to gravity at the Earth's
surface = 10 m/s2)
𝑅 𝑅
a) 2R b) R c) d)
2.5 4

7) A satellite orbits the Earth with a speed v under the effect of a centripetal force
F.Imagine if the orbitai speed of the satellite has vanished suddenly, so .......... .
a) the satellite remains moving in its orbit.
b) the gravitational force that acts on the satellite vanishes
c) the satellite moves in a straight line towards the Earth's center.
d) the satellite moves in a straight-line tangent to its orbit
8) A satellite rotates in a circular orbit at a height of 300 km above the Earth's surface,
knowing that: the Earth's radius = 6378 km, the acceleration due to gravity at the Earth's
surface = 9.8 m/s2, so:
1) The orbital speed equals …………………..
a) 4.4 x 103 m/s b) 6.1 x 105 m/s c) 7.7 x 103 m/s d) 9 x 105 m/s
2) The periodic time of the satellite equals …………………..
a) 2.34 x 103 s b) 5.45 x 103 s c) 6.32 x 103 s d) 9.22 x 103 s
3) The magnitude of the centripetal acceleration of its motion equals ………
a) 2.4 m/s2 b) 4.3 m/s2 c) 6.8 m/s2 d) 8.9 m/s2
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 9) Two satellites are at the same distance from the Earth. If one of the satellites has a mass
of m and the other has a mass of 2 m, which one will have the smaller acceleration?
a) the satellite of mass m. b) Both will have the same acceleration.
c) the satellite of mass 2 m. d) Neither will have an acceleration.
Essay questions:
1) Four planets A, B, C and D orbit the same star. The relative masses and distances from
the star for each planet are shown in the table. For example, planet A has twice the
mass of planet B and planet D has three times the orbital radius of planet A. Arrange
these planets according to the gravitational force by which the star attracts each of
them.
Planet Relative distance Relative mass
A 2m r
B m 0.1r
C 0.5m 2r
D 4m 3r

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2) when does:
I. The Earth's gravitational field intensity and the gravitational force acting on a body be
equal?

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II. The Earth's gravitational force acting on a body equal the net force that acts on the
same body?
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 3) On the surface of a distant planet that has a radius of roughly 4560 km, the acceleration
due to gravity equals 5 m/s2. Use the law of gravitation to estimate the mass of this
planet. (Knowing that: G = 6.67 x 10-11 N.m2/Kg2)
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4) What happens if the curvature of a projectile’s path equals the curvature of the earth’s
surface?
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5) Explain the following statements:
(1) A satellite that orbits the Earth in a uniform circular path doesn't fall even though it is
affected by the Earth's gravity.
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(2) The orbital speed of a satellite depends on its orbital radius only.
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(3) The orbital speed of a satellite of mass 5 x 103 kg is equal to the orbital speed of another
satellite of mass 15 x 103 kg that orbits the same planet at the same height.
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 Unit Four Work and Energy in Our Daily Life
Chapter 1: Work and energy
Scientific term Definition
Work It is the product of the acting force on a body and the displacement
of the body in the direction of the force's line of action
Joule It is the work done by a force of 1 N to move an object through a
displacement of 1 m in the direction of the force's line of action.
Energy It is the capacity (ability)for doing work
Kinetic energy It is the energy possessed by the object due to its motion.
Potential energy It’s the energy stored in an object due to its position or state

Laws and units:

W = Fd = Fd cos θ = Δ(P.E) Kg.m2/s2 or Joule(J) or N.m
1
K.E = 𝑚v 2
2

P.E = mgh

Exercise (4)
Choose the correct answer from the following:
1) What is the physical quantity that is measured in the units of kg.m2/s2?
a) Acceleration b) Force c) Work done d) Momentum
2) A force of 20 N has acted horizontally on a cart pushing it for a horizontal distance of
3.5m, so the work done by this force on the cart equals ……………………
a) 0 b)35 J c) 70 J d) 140 J
3) A body of mass 2 kg undergoes a free fall from a height of 5 m above the ground, so o
when the body reaches the ground, the work done by the force of Earth's gravity on it
equals …………………. (Take: g=10m/s2)
a) 0 b) 10 J c) 20 J d) 100 J

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 4) The opposite graph represents the relation
between the work done (W) and the angle (θ)
between the acting force on a body and the
motion of the body due to the action of this
force, so if the force which causes this motion
equals 100 N and the displacement of the body is
5 m, then:
I. The value of the work at point A equals……………….
a) 0 b) 100 J c) 250 J d) 500 J
II. The value of the angle (θ) at point B equals………………….
a) 0o b) 30o c) 60o d) 90o
III. The value of the angle (θ) at point D equals……………………….
a) 0o b) 30o c) 60o d) 90o
5) A body of mass 25Kg gets acted upon by a work done of 1800 J, so it moves horizontally
from rest for a distance d on a horizontal plane, the speed of the body after covering
this distance will be………………………

a) 288 m/s b) 140 m/s c) 12√2 s d) 12 m/s

6) Two objects are moving, so if the mass of the first is double that of the second and the
speed of the first is half that of the second, the kinetic energy of the first is……………..
that of the second.
a) half b) double c) quarter d) quadruple
7) If the kinetic energy of a body is 36 J and its momentum is 18 Kg.m/s, so:
I. The speed with which the body moves equals………………..
a) 1 m/s b) 2 m/s c) 3 m/s d) 4 m/s
II. The mass of the body equals………………..
a) 18 Kg b) 9 Kg c) 6 Kg d) 4.5 kg
8) a man went to his apartment twice, once by using the stairs and another time by using
the elevator. Which statement is correct?
a) The man gained more potential energy when using the stairs.
b) The man gained more potential energy when using the elevator.
c) The man gained no potential energy when using the elevator.
d) The man gained the same potential energy in both cases.
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 9) The opposite figure shows a book of mass 2 kg that is
placed on a table, so the potential energy of the book
equals………………... (Knowing that: g = 9.8 m/s2)
a) 98 J b) 10 J c) 2.5 J d) 9.8 J

Essay questions:
1) Explain the following sentences:
(1) Work is a scalar quantity.
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(2) No work is done on the satellite during its rotation around Earth.
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(3) When a body moves with constant velocity on a frictionless horizontal surface, the
work done on it by the net force equals zero
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(4) Kinetic energy is a scalar quantity.
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(5) Kinetic energy of a static body equals zero.
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 (6) The potential energy of an object increases with elevation when it is projected
vertically upwards.
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2) If a force (F) acts on a body to move it a displacement (d), for two different times as
shown in the following two figures (1), (2), in which of the two cases the work done is
greater than the other?

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3) Determine in each of the following if a work is done or not, give reason for your answer:
(1) A person climbs inclined stairs.
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(2) A person tries to push a car but fails to move it.
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(3) A person pushes a baby cart and moves it.
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4) What is the difference between the elastic potential energy and the gravitational
potential energy?
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5) The opposite figure shows a spring that is elongated by
force F, what happens when this force vanishes? Explain.
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 Chapter 2: Law of conservation of energy
Scientific term Definition
Law of conservation Energy is neither created nor destroyed, but it can be converted from
of energy one form into another
The mechanical It is the sum of potential energy and kinetic energy of an object.
energy
Law of conservation The sum of potential energy and kinetic energy of an object at any
of mechanical point along its path when moving under the effect of gravity and
energy neglecting air resistance equals a constant that is known as
mechanical energy

Laws and units:

(P.E)f + (K.E)f = (P.E)I + (K.E)i
P.E = mgh at maximum height
1
P.E = mgh at the midpoint
2

v = √𝑔ℎ at the midpoint

v = √2𝑔ℎ at the moment the object hits the ground

1
K.E = 𝑚𝑔ℎ at the midpoint
2

K.E = mgh at the moment the object hits the ground

Exercise (5)
Choose the correct answer from the following:
1) When an object is projected vertically upwards, which of the following physical
quantities will equal zero at the maximum height?
a) the gravitational force b) its acceleration
c) its potential energy d) its speed
2) A ball of mass 0.5Kg begins a free fall from a height of 100m, hence the mechanical
energy of the ball after covering a distance of 20m from the beginning of motion
becomes………………….. ( take: g = 10 m/s2)
a) 100 J b) 400 J c) 500 J d) 700 J

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 3) A ball of mass 0.5 kg was projected vertically upwards so that it reached a velocity of 3
m/s at a height of 4 m, hence the work done to project the ball against the force of
gravity equals …………………………. (Given that the acceleration due to gravity = 10 m/s2)
a) 2.25 J b) 17.75 J c) 20 J d) 22.25 J
4) Two bodies, the mass of the first is three times as large as that of the second, began a
free fall at the same instant from different heights where the first body fell from a
1
height that was the height from which the second body fell, so the ratio between the
3
kinetic energy of the first body and the kinetic energy of the second body at the instant
(𝐾.𝐸)1
of reaching the ground ( ) equals ………………………
(𝐾.𝐸)2
1 1 1 3
a) b) c) d)
3 2 1 1

5) The opposite graph represents the variations of two different

forms of energy (E) for a body of mass 10Kg with respect to the
height (h) reached by the body above the ground when the body
is projected vertically upwards till it reaches a maximum height
that equals 20m, hence: (take: g = 10 m/s2)
I. The red line in the graph represents………………..
a) kinetic energy of the body b) the potential energy of the body
c) the kinetic or the potential energy of the body d) the mechanical energy of the body
II. At point c ……………………………

III. At point b ………………..

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 IV. At point a ………………..

V. The mechanical energy of the body equals …………….

a) 0 b) 500 J c) 1000 J d) 2000 J
Essay questions:
1) An object of mass 4kg undergoes a free fall motion from a height of 20 m above the
ground. Fill in the black cells in the following table, given that (g = 10 m/s2):

From the results you obtained, during falling define the point at which:
a) The mechanical energy of the object equals its kinetic energy
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b) The mechanical energy of the object equals its potential energy
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c) The kinetic energy of the object equals its potential energy
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2) When a roller coaster car slides from the maximum height, its speed will gradually
increase. Explain why this happens
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18