ZOOM INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

(Senior Secondary: Affiliated to CBSE, Delhi)

QUESTION BANK (Term I)
(Session: – 2024 - 2025)
Class:–XI
Subject: – Physics (Code:–042)

SECTION A (1 mark each)

1. Two wheels having radii in the ratio 1:3 are connected by a common belt. If the smaller wheel is
accelerated from rest at a rate 1.5 rads-2 for 10 s, find the velocity of bigger wheel.
(a) 5 rads-1 (b) 15 rads-1 (c) 45 rads-1 (d) none of these
Ans - a
2. Angular acceleration a of a body is given by the relation 𝛼 = 4𝑎𝑡 3 − 3𝑏𝑡 2 . If initial angular velocity
of the body is 𝜔0 , then its velocity at time t will be
(a) 𝜔0 + 𝑎𝑡 4 − 𝑏𝑡 3 (b) 𝜔0 + 4𝑎𝑡 4 − 4𝑏𝑡 3
(c) 𝜔0 + 12𝑎𝑡 2 − 6𝑏𝑡 (d) 𝜔0 − 𝑎𝑡 4 + 𝑏𝑡 3
Ans – a
3. Two bodies of masses 2 kg and 4 kg are moving with velocities 2 m/s and 10 m/s respectively.
What is velocity of their centre of mass?
(a) 5.3 m/s (b) 7.3 m/s (c) 6.4 m/s (d) 8.1 m/s
Ans :- b
4. An automobile engine develops 100 kW when rotating at a speed of 1800 rev/min. What torque
does it deliver?
(a) 350 Nm (b) 531 Nm (c) 440 Nm (d) 628 Nm
Ans:- b
5. Two identical co-centric rings each of mass m and radius R are placed perpendicularly. What is
the moment of inertia about axis of one of the rings?
1 3
(a) 2 𝑀𝑅 2 (b)2 𝑀𝑅 2 (c) 2𝑀𝑅 2 (d) 𝑀𝑅 2
Ans :- c
6. A constant torque of 31.4 N m is exerted on a pivoted wheel. If the angular acceleration of wheel is
4л rad/s², then the moment of inertia of the wheel is
(a) 2.5 kg m2 (b) 4.5 kg m2 (c) 3.5 kg m² (d) 5.5 kg m²
Ans:-a
7. Two bodies have their moments of inertia I and 2I respectively about their axis of rotation. If their
kinetic energies of rotation are equal, their angular momenta will be in the ratio
(a) 1:2 (b) √2:1 (c) 2:1 (d) 1: √2
Ans:- d

8. A bus and car have the same momentum. If kinetic energy of the bus is 𝐾1 and kinetic energy of
car is 𝐾2 , then
(a) 𝐾1 = 𝐾2 (b) 𝐾1 < 𝐾2 (c)𝐾1 > 𝐾2 (d) 𝐾1 ≥ 𝐾2
Ans: b
9. If the momentum of a body is increased by 0.01% then its K.E. will be increased by
(a) 0.01% (b) 0.02% (c) 0.03% (d) 0.04%
Ans: b
10. Which of the following is not the unit of energy?
(a) J (b) kWh (c)eV (d) watt
Ans: d

1
11. A bomb of mass 3.0 kg explodes in air into pieces of masses2.0 kg and 1.0 kg. The smaller mass
goes at a speed of 80 m/s. The total energy imparted to two fragments is
(a) 1.07 kJ (b) 2.14 kJ (c) 2.4 kJ (d) 4.8 kJ
Ans: d
12. A bullet is fired towards a wooden block. If its speed decreased by 5% in passing through the
wooden block then the number of such wooden block required to stop the bullet is
(a) 10 (b) 11 (c) 20 (d) 21
Ans: b
13. If two forces are acting at a point such that the magnitude of each force is 2 N and the magnitude
of their resultant is also 2 N, then the angle between the two forces is
(a) 120° (b) 60° (c) 90° (d) 0°
Ans:- (a)
14. An object is thrown vertically upwards. At its maximum height, which of the following quantity
becomes zero?
(a) Momentum (b) Potential energy (c) Acceleration (d) Force
Ans:- (a)
15. The distance of the centre of mass of the T-shaped plate from O is
(a) 7 m (b) 2.7 m (c) 4 m (d) 1 m
Ans - b
16. A lift is falling under gravity, what is the time period of a pendulum attached to its
ceiling?
(a) zero (b) infinite (c) 1s (d) 2 s
Ans.:- (b)
17. There are n bullets fired in 1s by a gun. The mass of each of the bullets is m. If the speed of each
of the bullets is v, the average force of the recoil is
𝑚𝑣 𝑚𝑣 𝑚 2𝑣2
(a) (b) (c) (d) nmv
𝑛 𝑛𝑔 𝑛2
Ans.:- (d)
18. A block of mass M is pulled along a horizontal frictionless surface by a rope of mass m. If a force P
is applied at the free end of the rope, the force exerted by the rope on the block is
𝑃𝑚 𝑃𝑚 𝑃𝑀
(a) (b) (c)𝑃 (d)
𝑀+𝑚 𝑀−𝑚 𝑀+𝑚
Ans.:- (d)
19. A block B is pushed momentarily along a horizontal surface with an initial velocity v. If 𝜇 is the
coefficient of sliding friction between B and the surface, block B will come to rest after a time
(a) v/(g 𝜇) (b) g 𝜇 /v (c) g/v (d) v/g
Ans.:- (a)
20. An ice cube is kept on an inclined plane of angle 30°. Coefficient of kinetic friction between block
1
and inclined plane is 3. What is acceleration of block?
(a) zero (b) 2 m/s2 (c) 1.5 m/s² (d) 5 m/s²
Ans.:- (a)
21. A body moves 6 m north, 8 m east and 10 m vertically upwards, the resultant displacement from its
initial position is
(a) 10 2 m (b) 10 m (c) 10/ 2 m (d) 20 m
Ans : (a)
22. Two vectors are perpendicular if
(a) 𝐴 . 𝐵 = 1 (b)𝐴 × 𝐵 = 0 (c)𝐴 . 𝐵 = 0 (d) 𝐴 . 𝐵 = 𝐴𝐵
Ans :(c) 𝐴 . 𝐵 = 0
23. If the angle between the vectors 𝐴 and𝐵 is 𝜃, the value of the product of (𝐵 × 𝐴). 𝐴 is equal to
(a) 𝐵𝐴2 cos 𝜃 (b) 𝐵𝐴2 sin 𝜃 (c) 𝐵𝐴2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 (d) zero
Ans : (d) zero
2
24. Two bullets are fired simultaneously, horizontally and with different speeds from the same place.
Which bullet will hit the ground first?
(a) The faster one (b) Depends on their mass
(c) The slower one (d) Both will reach simultaneously
Ans : (d) Both will reach simultaneously
25. Two bodies are projected with the same velocity. If one is projected at an angle of 30° and the
other at 60° to the horizontal, then ratio of maximum heights reached is
(a) 3:1 (b) 1:2 (c) 1:3 (d) 2:1
Ans : (c) 1:3
26. The circular motion of a particle with constant speed is
(a) simple harmonic but not periodic (b) periodic and simple harmonic
(c) neither periodic nor simple harmonic (d) periodic but not simple harmonic
Ans: (d) periodic but not simple harmonic
27. A car is circulating on the path of radius r and at any time its velocity is v and rate of increase of
velocity is a. The resultant acceleration of the car will be
𝑣2 𝑣2 𝑣4 𝑣2
(a) +𝑟 (b) +𝑎 (c) + 𝑎2 (d) +𝑎
𝑎2 𝑟 𝑟2 𝑟
Ans: (c)
28. Two balls, each of radius R, equal mass and density are placed in contact, then the force of
gravitation between them is proportional to
1 1
(a). 𝐹 ∝ 𝑅 2 (b). 𝐹 ∝ 𝑅 (c). 𝐹 ∝ 𝑅 4 (d). 𝐹 ∝ 𝑅
Ans - c
29. If the radius of earth decreases by 1% and its mass remains same, then the acceleration due to
gravity
(a) increases by 1% (b) decreases by 1%
(c) increases by 2% (d) decreases by 2%
Ans- c
30. A man is standing on an international space station, which is orbiting earth at an altitude 520 km
with a constant speed 7.6 km/s. If the man's weight is 50 kg, his acceleration is
(a) 7.6 km/s² (b) 7.6m / (s2) (c) 8.4m / (s2) (d) 10m / (s2) .
Ans- c
31. A research satellite of mass 200 kg circles the earth in an orbit of average radius (3R/2), where R
is the 2 radius of earth. Assuming the gravitational pull on a mass of 1 kg on the earth's surface to
be 10 N, the pull on the satellite will be
(a) 880 N (b) 889 N (c) 885 N (d) 892 N
Ans-b
32. A particle falls towards earth from infinity. Its velocity on reaching the earth would be
(a) infinity (b) 2𝑔𝑅 (c) 2 𝑔𝑅 (d) zero
Ans - b
33. Escape velocity from a planet is ve If its mass is increased to 8 times and its radius is increased to
2 times, then the new escape velocity would be
(a) Ve (b) 2𝑣𝑒 (c) 2ve (d) 2 2𝑣𝑒
Ans– c
34. A ball is dropped from a spacecraft revolving around the earth at a height of 120 km. What will
happen to the ball?
(a) it will go very far in the space
(b) it will move with the same speed tangentially to the spacecraft
(c) it will fall down to the earth gradually
(d) it will continue to move with the same speed along the original orbit of spacecraft
Ans- d

3
35. A satellite orbits the moon far from its surface in a circle of radius r. If a second satellite has a
greater speed, yet still needs to maintain a circular orbit around the moon, how should the second
satellite orbit?
(a) with a radius r (b) with a radius greater than r
(c) with a radius less than r
(d) only an eccentric elliptical orbit can be maintained with a larger speed
Ans – b
36. The no of significant figure in 0.006900
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
Ans. c
37. Momentum per unit volume has dimensions
(a) [MLT-1] (b) [MLT-2] (c) [ML-2T-1] (d) [ML2T-1]
Ans. c
38. If force (F), acceleration (A) and time (T) are taken as fundamental units then dimension of work is
(a) FAT (b) FA2T (c) FAT2 (d) FAT-2
Ans. c
39. Time interval between two successive heart beat is
(a) 10 S (b) 102 S (c) 10-2 S (d) 10-1 S
Ans. c
40. Dimensional formula of angular momentum is
(a) [ML2T] (b) [ML2T-1] (c) [M-1L-1T-2] (d) [ML-2T1]
Ans. b
41. Which of the following pairs of physical quantities does not have same dimensional formula?
(a) Work and Torque (b) Tension and Surface Tension
(c) Impulse and linear momentum (d) Angular momentum and Planck‟s Constant
Ans. b
42. The number of significant figure in 20340 is
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 2
Ans. b
43. Precision of measurement depends on
(a) Least count of measuring instrument (b) Temperature of surroundings
(c) Carefulness of observer (d) All of the above
Ans. a
44. For which of the following does the centre of mass lie outside the body?
(a) A pencil (b) A shotput (c) A dice (d) A bangle
Ans: (d)
45. Two particles which are initially at rest, move towards each other under the action of their internal
attraction. If their speeds are v and 2v at any instant, then the speed of centre of mass of the
system will be
(a) 2v (b) zero (c) 1.5v (d) v
Ans (b)
46. Angular momentum is
(a) moment of momentum (b) product of mass and angular velocity
(c) product of M.I. and velocity (d) moment of angular motion.
Ans (a)
47. Two wheels having radii in the ratio 1:3 are connected by a common belt. If the smaller wheel is
accelerated from rest at a rate 1.5 rads-2 for 10 s, find the velocity of bigger wheel.
(a) 5 rads-1 (b) 15 rads-1 (c) 45 rads-1 (d) none of these
Ans (a)
48. Planetary motion in the solar system obeys
(a) conservation of kinetic energy (b) conservation of linear momentum
(c) conservation of angular momentum (d) none of the above
Ans (c)
49. A diver in a swimming pool bends his head before diving. It
4
 (a) increases his linear velocity (b) decreases his angular velocity
(c) increases his moment of inertia (d) decreases his moment of inertia
Ans (d)
50. The ratio of the radii of gyration of a circular disc about a tangential axis in the plane of the disc
and of a circular ring of the same radius about a tangential axis in the plane of the ring is
(a) 2 : 3 (b) 2 : 1 (c) 5 ∶ 6 (d) 1 : 2
Ans (c)
51. The torque 𝜏 on a body about a given point is found to be equal to𝐴 × 𝐿 where 𝐴 is a constant
vector and 𝐿 is the angular momentum of the body about that point. From this it follows that
𝑑𝐿
(a) perpendicular to 𝐿 at all instants of time
𝑑𝑡
(b) the component of 𝐿 in the direction of 𝐴 does not change with time
(c) the magnitude of 𝐿 does not change with time.
(d) all the above
Ans (d)
52. Moment of inertia of a circular wire of mass M and radius R about its diameter is
1 1
(a) 2 𝑀𝑅 2 (b) 4 𝑀𝑅 2 (c) 2𝑀𝑅 2 (d) 𝑀𝑅 2
Ans (b)
53. Angular momentum Lof body with moment of inertia I and angular velocity 𝜔 rad/sec is equal to
𝐼
(a) 𝜔 (b) 𝐼𝜔2 (c) 𝐼𝜔 (d) none of these
Ans (c)
54. Moment of inertia of a body is 1 kg m2 If the body makes 2 revolutions per second, when its
angular momentum is
𝜋
(a) 2𝜋 Js (b) 4𝜋 Js (c) 2 Js (d) 𝜋 Js
Ans (b)
55. A sphere of radius r is rolling without sliding. What is ratio of rotational kinetic energy and total
kinetic energy associated with the sphere?
(a) 2/7 (b) 2/5 (c) 1 (d) ½
Ans (a)
56. A particle performs uniform circular motion with an angular momentum L. If the frequency of
particle motion is doubled and its KE is halved, the angular momentum becomes
(a) 2 L (b) 4L (c) L/2 (d) L/4
Ans (d)
57. The acceleration of a solid cylinder rolling down an inclined plane of inclination 30° is
𝑔 2𝑔 𝑔 𝑔
(a) 2 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
Ans (c)
58. Moment of inertia of an object does not depend upon
(a) mass of object (b) mass distribution (c) angular velocity (d) axis of rotation
Ans (c)
59. For which of the following does the graph denote the variation of force of
gravity “F” along a distance “r”?
(a) Solid sphere (b) Spherical shell (c) Plate (d) Point
Ans: (b)
60. For which of the following does the graph denote the variation of force of
gravity “F” along a distance “r”?
(a) Solid sphere (b) Spherical shell (c) Plate (d) Point
Ans: (a)
61. From Kepler‟s law of orbit, we can infer that the sun is located _____ of the
planet‟s orbit.
(a) at the centre (b) at one of the foci
(c) at both foci (d) anywhere along the semi-minor axis
Ans: (b)

5
62. Kepler‟s laws of planetary motion replaced circular orbits with _____
(a) elliptical orbits (b) parabolic orbits
(c) conical orbits (d) hyperbolic orbits
Ans: (a)
63. In the figure shown, what is the point “B”, which is the farthest from
the sun, called?
(a) Perigee (b) Apogee (c) Foci (d) Center
Ans: (b)
64. Action and reaction are equal and opposite. If F be the magnitude of both the action and reaction,
then
(a) Resultant of action and reaction is zero.
(b) Resultant of action and reaction = 2F.
(c) Resultant of action and reaction is less than F.
(d) Action and reaction do not cancel each other.
Ans: (d)
65. A cricketer catches a ball of mass 150g in 0.1 s moving with speed 20 ms-1 then the force
experienced is
(a) 300N (b) 30 N (c) 3N (d) 0.3N
Ans: (b) 30N
66. Dimensional formula for impulse is
(a) [ML-1T-1] (b) [MLT-2] (c) [MLT-1] (d) [M2L-1T-2]
Ans: (c) [MLT-1]
67. Angle of repose for a rough inclined plane is 600.The coefficient of friction is
(a) 3 (b) 1/ 3 (c) 1 (d) Zero
Ans : (a) 3
68. Find the tension in the string if 𝜃 = 300 and the mass hanged in the middle
of the string is equal to 22kg.
(a) 110N (b) 220N (c) Infinite (d) Between 110N and 220N
Ans: (b) 220N
69. A marble block of mass 2Kg lying on ice when given a velocity of 6m/s is stopped by friction in
10s.Then coefficient of friction is
(a) 0.01 (b) 0.02 (c) 0.03 (d) 0.06
Ans: (d) 0.06
70. A person is standing in an elevator. In which situation he finds his weight less?
(a) When the elevator moves upward with constant acceleration.
(b) When the elevator moves downward with constant acceleration.
(c) When the elevator moves upward with uniform velocity.
(d) When the elevator moves downward with uniform velocity.
Ans: (b) When the elevator moves downward with constant acceleration.
71. A 3Kg ball strikes a heavy wall with a speed of 10 m/s at an Angle of 60 0. It gets
reflected with the same speed and angle as shown here. If the ball is in contact
with the wall for 0.20 s, what is the average force exerted on the ball by the wall
(a) 150N (b) zero (c) 150 3N (d) 300N
Ans (c) 150 3 N
72. A lift of mass 1000kg which is moving with acceleration of 1 m/s2 in the upward direction, then
tension developed in the string which is connected to the lift is
(a) 9800N (b) 10800N (c)11000N (d) 1000N
Ans: (b) 10800N
73. A man weighing 80 kg stands on a weighing in a lift which is moving upwards with a uniform
acceleration of 5 m/s2. What would be the reading on the scale? (g= 10m/s2)
(a)Zero (b) 400N (c) 800N (d) 1200N
Ans: (d) 1200N
74. A 30g billet travelling initially at 500m/s penetrates 12 cm into wooden block.The average force
exerted will be
(a) 31250N (b) 41250N (c) 31750N (d) 3040N
Ans: (a) 31250N

6
 75. A body, under the action of a force, 𝐹 = (6𝑖 − 8𝑗+10𝑘) ,acquires an acceleration of 1m/s2.the
mass of this body must be
(a) 10kg (b) 20kg (c) 10 2𝑘𝑔 (d) 2 10 kg
Ans: (c)10 2𝑘𝑔
76. A balloon with mass m is descending with acceleration a(where a<g).How much mass should be
removed from it so that it starts moving up with an acceleration a?
2𝑚𝑎 2𝑚𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑚𝑎
(a) 𝑔+𝑎 (b) 𝑔−𝑎 (c) 𝑔+𝑎 (d) 𝑔−𝑎
2𝑚𝑎
Ans: (a) 𝑔+𝑎
77. The pulleys and strings shown in figure are smooth and of negligible mass.
For the system to remain in equilibrium the angle 𝜃 should be
(a) 00 (b) 300 (c) 450 (d) 600
0
Ans:(c) 45
78. The motion of a rocket is based on the principled of conservation of
(a) Linear momentum (b) Mass
(c) Angular momentum (d) Kinetic energy
Ans: (a) Linear momentum
79. A body released from a maximum height falls freely towards the earth. Another body is released
from the same height exactly one second later. The separation between the two bodies two
second after the release of the second body is:
(a) 9.8 m (b) 4.9 m (c) 24.5 m (d) 19.6 m
Ans :- c
80. A particle moves rectilinearly. Its displacement x at time t is given by x2 = at2 + b. when a and b are
constant, it‟s acceleration at time t is proportional to
(a) 1/x3 (
b) 1/x – 1/x2 (c) -t/x2 (d) none of the above
Ans :- a
81. A car runs at a constant speed on a circular track of radius 100m, taking 62.8 s for every circular
lap. The average velocity and average speed for each circular lap respectively is
(a) 0, 0 (b) 0, 10 ms-1 (c) 10 ms-1, 10 ms-1 (d) 10 ms-1, 0
Ans :- b
82. The velocity of a particle is v=vo+gt+ft2. If its position is x=0 at t=0, then its displacement after unit
time (t=1) is
(a) vo + g/2 +f (b) vo + g/2 +f/3 (c) vo + 2g + 3f (d) vo + g +f
Ans :- b
83. If a ball is thrown vertically upwards with speed u, the distance covered during the last t seconds
of its ascent is
1 1
(a) ut (b) 2 𝑔𝑡 2 (c) 𝑢𝑡 − 2 𝑔𝑡 2 (d) (u + gt)t
Ans :- b
84. The displacement in metres of a body varies with time t in second as y = t2 – t – 2. The
displacement is zero for a positive of t equal to
(a)2 sec b) 3 sec c) 4 sec d) 5 sec
Ans. a)
85. A boy starts from a point A, travels to a point B at a distance of 3 km from A and returns to A. If he
takes two hours to do so, his speed is
(a) 3 km/h b) 4 km/h c) 5km/h d) 6 km/h
Ans. a)
86. A bullet emerges from a barrel of length 1.2 m with a speed of 640 ms -1. Assuming constant
acceleration, the approximate time that it spends in the barrel after the gun is fired is?
(a) 400 μs b) 600 μs c) 400 ms d) 600 ms
Ans :a)
DIRECTIONS
In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of reason (R).
Mark the correct choice as:
7
 (a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false
(d) If both assertion and reason are false
87. Assertion: Torque on a body can be zero even if there is a net force on it.
Reason: Torque and force on a body are always perpendicular.
Ans:- b
88. Assertion: If a satellite is orbiting around a planet, then its angular momentum is conserved.
Reason: Linear momentum conservation leads to angular momentum conservation.
Ans:- c
89. Assertion : Dimensional constants are the quantities whose values are constant.
Reason : Dimensional constants are dimensionless.
Ans. c
90. Assertion : The number of significant figures depends on the least count of measuring instrument.
Reason : Significant figures define the accuracy of measuring instrument.
Ans. b
91. Assertion. If a pendulum falls freely, then its time period is infinite.
Reason. Free falling body has acceleration equal to g.
Ans. a
92. Assertion. An astronaut experiences weightlessness in a space satellite.
Reason. When a body falls freely, it does not experience gravity.
Ans. a
93. Assertion. The projectile has only vertical component of velocity at the highest point of its
trajectory.
Reason. At the highest point only one component of velocity is present.
Ans. d
94. Assertion. The first order derivative of a vector of constant magnitude (either zero or a non-zero) is
perpendicular to the vector itself.
Reason. Scalar product of two vectors obeys commutative law.
Ans. a
95. Assertion: Two particles moving in the same direction do not lose their all energies in a
completely inelastic collision.
Reason: Principle of conservation of momentum holds true for all kinds of collisions.
Ans: a
96. Assertion: A body may be accelerated even when it is moving uniformly.
Reason: When direction of motion of the body is changing, the body must have acceleration.
Ans. a
97. Assertion: Position-time graph of a stationary object is a straight line parallel to time axis.
Reason: For a stationary object, position does not change with time.
Ans. a
98. Assertion: The work done on moving a body in a close loop always zero.
Reason: Work done by conservative force independent of path.
Ans: d
99. Assertion. The size and shape of the rigid body remains unaffected under the effect of external
forces.
Reason. The distance between two particles remains constant in a rigid body.
Ans (a)
100. Assertion. A wheel moving down a perfectly frictionless inclined plane will undergo slipping (not
rolling motion).
Reason. For perfect rolling motion, work done against friction is zero.
Ans (b)
101. Assertion. Torque on a body can be zero even if there is a net force on it.
Reason. Torque and force on a body are always perpendicular.
8
 Ans (b)
102. Assertion. In case of pure rolling, the force of friction becomes zero.
Reason. The speed at the point of contact is zero.
Ans (d)
103. Assertion. The earth is slowing down and as a result the moon is coming nearer to it
Reason. The angular momentum of the earth moon system is not conserved.
Ans (d)
104. Assertion: A rocket works on the principle of conservation of linear momentum.
Reason: Whenever there is change in momentum of one body, the same change occurs in the
momentum of the second body of the same Systembut in their opposite direction.
Ans: (a)
105. Assertion: A cricketer moves his hands forward to catch a ball so as to catch it easily without
hurting.
Reason: He tries to decrease the distance travelled by the ball so that it hurts less.
Ans: (d)
106. Assertion: A cyclist always bends inwards while negotiating a curve.
Reason: By bending, cyclist lowers his centre of gravity.
Ans: (c)
107. Assertion: Linear momentum of a body changes even when it is moving uniformly in a circle.
Reason: In uniform circular motion, velocity remains constant.
Ans: (c)
108. Assertion:Pulling a lawn roller is easier than pushing it.
Reason: Pulling increases the apparent weight and hence the force of friction.
Ans: (a)
SECTION B (2 marks each)

109. A person is standing on a rotating table ог with metal spheres in his hands. If he withdraws his
Co hands to his chest, what will be the effect on his angular velocity?
Ans: When the person withdraws his hands to his chest, his moment of inertia decreases. No
external torque is acting on the system. So, to conserve angular momentum, the angular velocity
increases.
110. If angular momentum is conserved in a system whose moment of inertia is decreased, will its
rotational kinetic energy be conserved?
Ans. Here 𝐿 = 𝐼𝜔 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
Rotational K.E is given by
1 2 1𝐼 2 𝜔2 1𝐿2
𝑘 = 𝐼𝜔 = =
2 2𝐼 2𝐼
1
For constant L, 𝑘𝛼 𝐼
So, when the moment of inertia decreases, the rotational K.E. increases. Hence rotational K.E. is
not conserved.
111. State the factors on which the moment of inertia of a body depends.
Ans: (i) Mass of body
(ii) Size and shape of body
(iii) Mass distribution w.r.t. axis of rotation
(iv) Position and orientation of rotational axis.
112. Equal torques are applied on a cylinder and a sphere. Both have same mass and radius.
Cylinder rotates about its axis and sphere rotates about one of its diameters. Which will acquire
greater speed and why?
𝜏
Ans:𝜏 = 𝐼𝛼, 𝛼 =
𝐼
𝜏
𝛼 in a cylinder𝛼𝑐 =
𝐼𝑐
𝜏
𝛼 in a sphere𝛼𝑠 =
𝐼𝑠
2 2
𝛼𝑐 𝐼𝑐 5 𝑀𝑅 2
= = 2
=
𝛼𝑠 𝐼𝑠 𝑀𝑅 5
9
 113. Can a body be in equilibrium while in motion? If yes, give an example.
Ans: Yes, if body has no linear and angular acceleration. Hence a body in uniform straight-line
motion will be in equilibrium.
114. If spheres of same material and same radius r are touching each other, then show that the
gravitational force between them is directly proportional to r4 .
Ans. If p is the density of the material, then
4 4
𝑚1 𝑚2 𝜋𝑟 3 𝜌 × 3 𝜋𝑟 3 𝜌 4
3
𝐹 =𝐺 2
=𝐺 2
= 𝜋 2 𝜌2 𝐺𝑟 4
2𝑟 2𝑟 9
Clearly, F ∝ r4

115. The mass and diameter of a planet are twice those of the earth. What will be the time-period of
that pendulum on this planet, which is a second's pendulum on the earth?
Solution. Initially,
𝐺𝑀 𝑙
𝑔= 2
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 = 2𝜋 =2𝑠
𝑅 𝑔
When M and R are doubled,
𝐺 2𝑀 𝑔
𝑔′ = =
2𝑅 2 2
𝑙
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 ′ = 2𝜋 = 2𝑇 =2 2𝑠
𝑔 2

116. If the radii of two planets be R1, and R₂ and their mean densities be ρ₁ and ρ2 then prove that the
ratio of accelerations due to gravity on the planets will be R₁ρ1: R2ρ2
4
Solution. On the surface of any planet, 𝑔 = 3 𝜋𝐺𝑅𝜌
4
𝑔1 𝜋𝐺𝑅1 𝜌1 𝑅1 𝜌1
3
= 4 =
𝑔2 𝜋𝐺𝑅2 𝜌2 𝑅2 𝜌2
3

117. Where will a body weigh more, 1 km above the surface of earth or 1 km below the surface of
earth?
Solution.
2𝑕 𝑑
𝑔𝑕 = 𝑔 1 − 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔𝑑 = 𝑔 1 −
𝑑 𝑕
For h = d = 1 km, clearly gd>gh
Hence the body will weigh more at a depth of 1 km below the surface of earth.
118. At the centre of the Earth, a body is weightless. Why?
Ans: G = 0 in the centre of the Earth.It is determined by:
w = mg ⇒w = 0
The body is therefore weightless at the centre of the Earth.
119. Find the dimension of G.
Dimensional formula of 𝐺 may be calculated in the following way
𝑚1 𝑚2
𝐹= 𝐺
𝑟2
𝐹 × 𝑟2
𝐺=
𝑚1 𝑚2
[𝐹][𝑟]2
Dimension of 𝐺 is 𝐺 = [𝑚 ]2
𝑀𝐿𝑇 −2 [𝐿2 ]
𝐺 = [𝑀 2 ]
−𝟏 𝟑 −𝟐
𝑮 = 𝑴 𝑳 𝑻
120. Derive the vector form of law of gravitation.
Ans: Vector form of law of gravitation: As shown in the figure beside 𝑚1
and 𝑚2 are the two masses placed at 𝑟1 and 𝑟2 respectively. Then the
10
 force on 𝑚1 by 𝑚2 is
𝐺𝑚 𝑚
𝐹12 = − 𝑟 12 2 𝑟12 …………………… (ii)
12
where 𝑟12 = 𝑟1 − 𝑟2
Similarly, force on 𝑚2 bye 𝑚1 is
𝐺𝑚 𝑚
𝐹21 = − 𝑟 12 2 𝑟21 …………………… (iii)
21
where 𝑟21 = 𝑟2 − 𝑟1
As 𝑟12 = −𝑟21 Thus, we can write 𝐹12 = −𝐹21 . Thus, gravitational forces between two particles are
action-reaction pair.
121. Explain the graphical variation of acceleration due to gravity with distance.
Ans: Graphical representation of varietion of acceleration due to gravity with the distance r from
𝑅−𝑑
the centre : we can write 𝑔′ = 𝑔 . Now here (𝑅 − 𝑑) = 𝑟 i.e. distance from the centre of
𝑅
earth. So, equetion (ix) can be written as
𝑔
𝑔′ = 𝑅 𝑟 ………………………..…(x)
1
Also, from equation (v) we can write, 𝑔′ = 𝑔𝑅 2 𝑟 2 ……………… (xi)
Equation (x) and equetion (xi) give us the varietion of 𝑔′ with the
distance from the centre of earth inside and outside the earth
1
respectively. Inside the earth the 𝑔′ ∝ 𝑟 and outside earth 𝑔′ ∝ 𝑟 2 .
The varietion is as shown in the figure beside.
122. What is the effect on the magnitude of the resultant of two vectors when the angle 𝜃 between
them is increased from 0° to 180° ?
Solution: 𝑅 = 𝐴2 + 𝐵 2 + 2𝐴𝐵 cos 𝜃
As the angle increases from 0 deg to 180°, the value of cos e decreases, so the magnitude
R of the resultant also decreases.
123. At what point in its trajectory does a projectile have its (i) minimum speed (ii) maximum speed?
Solution. For a projectile given angular projection, the horizontal component of velocity remains
constant through- out while the vertical component first decreases, becomes zero at the highest
point and then increases again. Hence
(i) Projectile has minimum speed at the highest point of its trajectory.
(ii) Projectile has maximum speed at the point of projection and at the point where it returns to
the horizontal plane of projection.
124. A projectile is fired at an angle of 15° to the horizontal with the speed v. If another projectile is
projected with the same speed, then at what angle with the horizontal it must be projected so as to
have the same range?
Solution. For same R and v, the sum of the two angles of projection is 90°.
As one angle is of 15°, other should be 90°-15°=75°.
125. If 𝑃 × 𝑄 = 𝑄 × 𝑃, the angle between 𝑃 and 𝑄 is 𝜃 (0°<𝜃< 360°). Find the value of „θ‟.
Solution. 𝑃×𝑄 =𝑄×𝑃
𝑃 × 𝑄 = −𝑃 × 𝑄
2𝑃×𝑄 =0
2PQsin 𝜃 = 0
sin𝜃 = 0
As 0°<𝜃<360°, so 𝜃 = 180°.
126. A stone tied to the end of a string is whirled in a circle. If the string breaks, the stone flies away
tangentially. Why?
Solution. The instantaneous velocity of the stone going around the circular path is always along
tangent to the circle. When the string breaks, the centripetal force ceases. Due to inertia, the stone
continues its motion along tangent to the circular path.
127. Do 𝑎 + 𝑏 and 𝑎 − 𝑏 lie in the same plane. Give reason.
Solution. Yes, because 𝑎 + 𝑏 is represented by the diagonal of the parallelogram drawn with 𝑎
and 𝑏 as adjacent sides. The diagonal passes through the common tail of 𝑎and 𝑏. However,
11
 𝑎 − 𝑏 is represented by the other diagonal of the same parallelogram not passing through the
common tail of 𝑎and 𝑏. Thus both 𝑎 + 𝑏 and 𝑎 − 𝑏 lie in plane of the same parallelogram.
128. Find the conditions for two vectors to be (i) parallel and (ii) perpendicular to each other.
Solution.(i) If 𝐴 || 𝐵, then 𝜃=0°and 𝐴 × 𝐵 = 𝐴 𝐵 sin 0° =0
Hence if two vectors are parallel, then their cross product must be zero.
(ii) If 𝐴 ⊥ 𝐵, then 𝜃 = 90° and𝐴. 𝐵= 𝐴 𝐵 cos 90°= 0
Hence if two vectors are perpendicular, then their dot product must be zero.
129. Why does a gun recoil on firing a bullet?
Solution. Before firing, both the bullet and the gun are at rest and their total momentum is zero.
After firing, the bullet gains a large momentum in the forward direction. To conserve momentum,
the gun gains an equal momentum in the opposite direction. So the gun gives a backward kick.
130. It is difficult to move a cycle along a road with its brakes on. Explain?
Solution. When the cycle is moved with brakes on, the wheels can only skid. So, the friction is
sliding in nature. Since the sliding friction is greater than rolling friction, therefore, it is difficult to
move a cycle with its brakes on.
131. It is easy to catch a table tennis ball than a cricket ball even both are moving with same velocity.
Why?
Solution. Due to its small mass, the momentum of the table tennis ball is much smaller than that of
the cricket ball of same velocity. Less force is required to stop the table tennis ball than the cricket
ball. Hence it is easy to catch the table tennis ball than the cricket ball.
132. A block of mass M is pulled along a horizontal frictionless surface by a rope of mass m. A force P
is applied at the free end of the rope. Find the force exerted by the rope on the block.
𝑃
Solution. If a is the acceleration produced, then P= (M+m)a or a=
𝑀+𝑚
Force exerted by the rope on the block
𝑀𝑃
F = Ma =
𝑀+𝑚
133. A spring balance is attached to the ceiling of a lift. A man hangs his bag on the spring and the
spring reads 49 N, when the lift is stationary. What will be the reading of the spring balance, if the
lift moves downward with an acceleration of 5 ms-2.
Solution.When the lift is stationary. The reaction of the spring is equal to weight of the bag.
49 49
∴ R = mg = 49 N or 𝑚 = = = 5 kg the lift moves downward.
𝑔 9.8
The reaction is R' = m (g-a) = 5 (9.8 - 5) =24 N.
134. A force, 𝐹 = (𝑖 + 2𝑗 − 3𝑘) N is applied on an object and due to the application of the force the
object is displaced from (1m,2m,0m) to (4m,4m,6m). Calculate the work done by the force.
Ans: Here, 𝐹 = (𝑖 + 2𝑗 − 3𝑘) N
Displacement, 𝑆 = 4 − 1 𝑖 + 4 − 2 𝑗 + 6 − 0 𝑘 𝑚 = 3𝑖 + 2𝑗 + 6𝑘 𝑚‫؞؞‬
Thus, the work done is given by,
𝑊 = 𝐹 . 𝑆 = (𝑖 + 2𝑗 − 3𝑘). 3𝑖 + 2𝑗 + 6𝑘 J
Or, 𝑊 = 3 + 4 − 18 𝐽 = −11 𝐽
135. A truck and a car moving with the same kinetic energy are stopped by applying same retarding
force by means of breaks. Which one will stop at a smaller distance?
Ans: According to work energy theorem
Lose in kinetic energy of vehicle = work done against retarding force
= retarding force × distance
𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝐾.𝐸
‫ ؞‬Distance = 𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
Since kinetic energy and retarding force are same, so truck and car would come to rest in
same distance.
136. A light and a heavy object have same linear momentum. Which one has greater kinetic energy?
Ans: Let the masses of light and heavy objects are 𝑚1 and 𝑚2 respectively and their respective
12
 velocities are 𝑣1 and 𝑣2 . So, their momentums are
𝑝1 = 𝑚1 𝑣1 and 𝑝2 = 𝑚2 𝑣2
As it is given that their momentum is same, so 𝑚1 𝑣1 = 𝑚2 𝑣2 .
𝑜𝑟, 𝑚12 𝑣12 = 𝑚22 𝑣22
𝑚1 𝑣12 𝑚2 𝑣22
𝑜𝑟, =
𝑚2 𝑚1
2
𝑚1 𝑣1 𝑚2
𝑜𝑟, =
𝑚2 𝑣22 𝑚1
𝐾 𝑚
Therefore, 𝐾1 = 𝑚 2 As, 𝑚2 > 𝑚1 So, 𝐾1 > 𝐾2
2 1
Thus, lighter object has more kinetic energy.
137. A shot fire from cannon explodes in air. What will be the change in momentum and kinetic
energy?
Ans: The linear momentum will be conserved, because the explosion occurs due to internal forces
only. However kinetic energy will increase due to chemical energy of the explosive.
138. State and prove work energy theorem.
Ans: Work energy theorem states that the change in kinetic energy of an object is equal to the work
done on the object by all forces acting on it.
Proof:
Let an object of mass 𝑚 is moving with a velocity 𝑢. A force F is applied on the object for some time
and the velocity changes to 𝑣 and during this time the object is displaced by 𝑠.
From the equation of motion, we can write
𝑣 2 − 𝑢2 = 2𝑎𝑠
Multiplying both side by 𝑚 we get,
𝑚𝑣 2 − 𝑚𝑢2 = 2𝑚𝑎𝑠
1 1
𝑜𝑟, 𝑚𝑣 2 − 𝑚𝑢2 = (𝑚𝑎)𝑠
2 2
1 1
𝑜𝑟, 𝑚𝑣 − 𝑚𝑢2 = 𝐹. 𝑠 = 𝑊
2
2 2
So, we get change in kinetic energy is equal to the work done.

139. A light body and a heavy body have the same kinetic energy. Which one will have the greater
momentum?
Ans: Kinetic energy,
1 (𝑚𝑣)2 𝑝2
𝑘 = 𝑚𝑣 2 = =
2 2𝑚 2𝑚
𝑝 = 2𝑚𝐾
Therefore, 𝑝 ∝ 𝑚
Thus the heavier body has greater momentum than lighter one.
140. A nucleus of radium ( 226 222 4
88 𝑅𝑎) decays to ( 86 𝑅𝑛) by the emission of the 𝛼 particle( 2𝐻𝑒 ) of energy
222 4
4.8 Mev.If mass of 86 𝑅𝑛 = 222.0 amu and mass of 2𝐻𝑒 = 4.003 𝑎𝑚𝑢,then calculate the recoil
energy of the daughter nucleus 22286𝑅𝑛
Ans: The kinetic energy of a particle is given by,
𝑝2
𝑘= 𝑜𝑟, 𝑝 = 2𝑚𝑘
2𝑚
As momentum is conserved in the absence of an external force, so
𝑚𝑘 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑜𝑟, 𝑚𝑅𝑛 𝐾𝑅𝑛 = 𝑚𝛼 𝐾𝛼
𝑜𝑟, 𝐾𝑅𝑛 = 𝑚𝛼 𝐾𝛼 /𝑚𝑅𝑛
= (4.003 × 4.8)/222 = 0.0866 𝑀
141. A force 𝐹 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 acts on a particle in the X- direction, where a and b are constants. Find the
work done by this force during a displacement from 𝑥 = 0𝑡𝑜𝑥 = 𝑑
Ans:
13
 𝑑𝑤 = 𝐹 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Total work done in displacement from x=0 to x=d will be
𝑑 𝑑
𝑏𝑥 2 ]
𝑤= 𝑑𝑤 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑎𝑥 +
0 2 0

𝑏𝑑 2 𝑏𝑑
= 𝑎𝑑 + = 𝑎+ 𝑑
2 2
142. The moments of inertia of two rotating bodies A and B are I A and IB (IA> IB) and their angular
momenta are equal. Which one has a greater kinetic energy?
Solution. Angular momentum,
𝐿 = 𝐼𝜔
Kinetic energy of rotation,
1 1 𝐼2 𝜔2 1 𝐿2
𝐾 = 𝐼𝜔2 = =
2 2 𝐼 2 𝐼
1
For constant L, 𝐾 ∝ 𝐼
As, IA> IB, ∴ 𝐾𝐵 > 𝐾𝐴
So, Body B has greater rotational kinetic energy.
143. Define moment of inertia. On what factors does it depend.
Solution. The moment of inertia of a rigid body about an axis is the sum of the products of the masses
of its various particles and squares of their perpendicular distances from the axis of rotation I =
∑MiRi2.
The moment of inertia of a body depends on
(1) Mass of the body.
(ii) Size and shape of the body.
(iii) Distribution of mass about the axis of rotation.
(iv) Position and orientation of the axis of rotation with respect to the body.
144. In the HCI molecule, the separation between the nuclei of the two atoms is about 1.27 Å
(1 Å = 10−10 m). Find the approximate location of the CM of the molecule, given that the chlorine
atom is about 35.5 times as massive as a hydrogen atom and nearly all the mass of an atom is
concentrated in all its nucleus.
Ans. As shown in Fig. suppose the H nucleus is located at the origin. Then
𝑥1 = 0 , 𝑥2 = 1.27Å
𝑚1 = 1 , 𝑚2 = 35.5 The position of the CM of HCL molecule is
𝑚1 𝑥1 + 𝑚2 𝑥2 1 × 0 + 35.5 × 1.27
𝑥= 𝑜𝑟, 𝑥= = 1.235Å
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 36.5
145. Three masses 3, 4 and 5 kg are located at the corners of an equilateral triangle of side 1
m.Locate the centre of mass of the system.
Ans: Suppose the equilateral triangle lies in the XY-plane with mass 3 kg at the origin.
Let (x, y) be the co-ordinates of CM
1 3
Clearly, AB= 𝑂𝐵 2 − 𝑂𝐴2 = 1−4 = 𝑚
2
Now, 𝑥1 = 0, 𝑥2 = 1𝑚 , 𝑥3 = 𝑂𝐴 = 0.5𝑚, 𝑚1 = 3𝑘𝑔, 𝑚2 = 4𝑘𝑔, 𝑚3 = 5𝑘𝑔
𝑚1 𝑥1 + 𝑚2 𝑥2 + 𝑚3 𝑥3 6.5
∴𝑥= = = 0.54𝑚
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 + 𝑚3 12
3
𝑦1 = 0, 𝑦2 = 0, 𝑦3 = 𝐴𝐵 =
2
𝑚1 𝑦1 + 𝑚2 𝑦2 + 𝑚3 𝑦3 5 × 3
∴𝑦= = = 0.36𝑚
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 + 𝑚3 2 × 12
Thus the co- ordinates of CM are (0.54m ,0.36m)
146. Obtain an expression for the work done by torque. Hence write the expression for power.
Ans: Work done by a torque: suppose a body undergoes an angular displacement ∆𝜃 under the
14
 action of a tangential force F.
The work done in the rotational motion of the body or the work done by the torque is
∆𝑊 = 𝐹 × 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝑃𝑄
𝐴𝑟𝑐 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑃𝑄
𝑏𝑢𝑡, ∆𝜃 = =
𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑟
Arc PQ =r∆𝜃
𝑕𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, ∆𝑤 = 𝐹𝑟∆𝜃
∆𝑤 = 𝜏∆𝜃
i.e, Work done by a torque =Torque × angular displacement
In case the torque applied is not constant, but variable, the total work done by the torque is
given by
𝜃2
𝑤= 𝜏 𝑑𝜃
𝜃1
Power delivered by a torque:We knowthat
∆𝑊 = 𝜏∆𝜃
Dividing both sides by ∆𝑡 ,we get
∆𝑊 ∆𝜃
=𝜏
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡
𝑃 = 𝜏𝜔
Power =Torque × Angular velocity.
147. Deduce the relation between torque and angular momentum.
Ans: We know that Torque, 𝜏 =𝑟×𝐹
Angular momentum, 𝐿 =𝑟×𝑝
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. time t , we get
𝑑𝐿 𝑑 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑝
= 𝑟×𝑝 = ×𝑝+𝑟×
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
=𝑣×𝑝+𝑟×𝐹
=0+𝜏 [𝑣 × 𝑝 = 𝑣 × 𝑚𝑣 = 0]
𝑑𝐿
∴ 𝜏=
𝑑𝑡
Therefore, the torque acting on a particle is equal to its rate of change of angular
momentum.
148. A body is rotating with uniform angular velocity 𝜔 about an axis. Establish the formula for its
kinetic energy of rotation.
Ans:
Relation between rotational kinetic energy and moment of inertia :
Consider a rigid body rotating about an axis OZ with uniform angular velocity 𝜔.The body may
be assumed to consist of n particles of masses 𝑚1 , 𝑚2 , 𝑚3,……………., 𝑚𝑛 situated at distances r1,
r2, r3 ,...,rn from the axis of rotation. As the angular velocity 𝜔 of all the n particles is same, so
their linear velocities are
𝑣1 = 𝑟1 𝜔 ,𝑣2 = 𝑟2 𝜔,𝑣3 = 𝑟3 𝜔,……………..,𝑣𝑛 = 𝑟𝑛 𝜔
Hence the total kinetic energy of rotation of the body about the axis OZ is
Rotational K.E.
1 1 1 1
= 𝑚1 𝑣12 + 𝑚2 𝑣22 + 𝑚3 𝑣32 + ⋯ … … … … . + 𝑚𝑛 𝑣𝑛2
2 2 2 2
1 2 2
1 2 2
1 2 2
1
= 𝑚1 𝑟1 𝜔 + 𝑚2 𝑟2 𝜔 + 𝑚3 𝑟3 𝜔 + ⋯ … … … … … + 𝑚𝑛 𝑟𝑛2 𝜔2
2 2 2 2
1 2 2 2 2 2
= 2 (𝑚1 𝑟1 +𝑚2 𝑟2 +𝑚2 𝑟2 +…………..𝑚𝑛 𝑟𝑛 )𝜔
1
= ( 𝑚𝑟 2 )𝜔2
2
2
But 𝑚𝑟 = 𝐼 , the moment of inertia of the body about the axis of rotation.
1
Therefore Rotational K.E. =2 𝐼𝜔2

15
149. Derive a relation between torque applied and angular acceleration produced in a rigid body.
Ans:
Relation between torque and moment of inertia:
When a torque acts on a body capable of rotation about an axis, it produces an angular
acceleration in the body. If the angular velocity of each particle is 𝜔, then the angular
𝑑𝜔
acceleration, a = 𝑑𝑡 will be same for all particles of the body. The linear acceleration will
depend on their distances r1, r2 ...rn from the axis of rotation.
Consider a particle P of mass m1 at a distance r1 from the axis of rotation. Let its linear velocity
be v1.
Linear acceleration of the first particle, a1 = 𝑟1 𝛼
Force acting on the first particle, F1 = m1r1𝛼
Moment of force F1,about the axis rotation is 𝜏 = 𝜏1 + 𝜏2 + 𝜏3 + ⋯ … . +𝜏𝑛
= 𝑚1 𝑟12 𝛼 + 𝑚2 𝑟22 𝛼 + 𝑚3 𝑟32 𝛼 + ⋯ … … … . +𝑚𝑛 𝑟𝑛2 𝛼
= (𝑚1 𝑟12 + 𝑚2 𝑟22 + 𝑚3 𝑟32 + ⋯ … … … . +𝑚𝑛 𝑟𝑛2 )𝛼
=( 𝑚𝑟 2 )𝛼
But 𝑚𝑟 2 = 𝐼,moment of inertia of the body about the given axis,
𝜏 = 𝐼𝛼
Torque =Moment of inertia × Angular acceleration
150. The velocity of a body which has fallen freely under gravity varies as g phq, where g is the
acceleration due to gravity at the place and h is the height through which the body is fallen.
Determine the value of p and q.
Ans :- Let velocity v = gphq
so, [v] = [M0LT−1] = (LT−2)aLb= [La+bT−2a]
Applying principle of homogeneity we get, a+b=1,−2a=−1
On solving we get a=1/2,b=1/2
151. A gas bubble, from an explosion under water, oscillates with a period T proportional to p a dbEc,
where p is the static pressure, d is the density of water and E is the total energy of explosion.
Find the values of a, b and c.
Ans :-Given time period T
T∝PadbEc
T=kPadbEc .....eq(1)
where K is a constant of proportionality and dimensionless quantity.
Inserting the dimensions of Time, pressure, density and Energy in equation (1) we get
[T]=[ML−1T−2]a[ML−3]b[ML2T−2]c
Equating powers of M ,L,T on both sides we get
0=a+b+c ...(2)
0=−a−3b+2c ..(3)
1=−2a−2c ..(4)
By solving (2),(3),(4)
a=−5/6, b=1/2 and c=1/3
152. The number of particles crossing a unit area perpendicular to X-axis in unit time is given by
𝑛 −𝑛
𝑁 = −𝐷 𝑥 2 −𝑥 1 , where n1 and n2 are number of particles per unit volume for the values of x
2 1
meant to be x1 and x2 . Find the dimension of the diffusion constant D.
Ans :Since N is no. of particles per unit area per unit time, thus its dimensions are molL−2T−1
n1 and n2 are no. of particles per unit volume. Thus they have the dimensions molL−3.
x has dimension of length, i.e L.

Nx mol L-2 T-1 L

Thus, D has dimensions of = -3
= L2 T-1
n mol L
𝑚𝑔 𝑙 3
153. By the method of dimension, test the accuracy of the equation : 𝛿 = 4𝑏 𝑑 3 𝑌, where 𝛿is the
depression produced in the middle of a bar of length 𝑙, breadth b and depth d, when it is loaded in
the middle with mass m, Y is the Young‟s modulus of the material of the bar.
16
 3
mg l
Ans :- δ= 3
4b d Y
M L-3 L1 T-2
L' =
L L3 L-1 M1 T-2

L' = L'
LHS = RHS
Thus we can say the equation may be true.
154. Express the final answer to the proper number of significant figures.
101.2 + 18.702 = ?
202.88 − 1.013 = ?
Answer:
If we add these two figures together with a calculator, we get 119.902. However, because most
calculators do not recognize significant figures, we‟ll have to round up to tenths place. As a
result, we eliminate the 02 and give a final score of 119.9. (rounding off).
A calculator would come up with the number 201.867. We must, however, limit our final
response to the hundredths place. We round up and return a final answer of 201.87
because the first number dropped is 7, which is greater than 5.
155. Give the number of significant figures in each measurement.
36.7 m, 0.006606 s, 2,002 kg, 306,490,000 people
Answer:
This measurement has three significant numbers since all nonzero digits are significant.
The first three zeros are insignificant, but the zero between the sixes is, hence this number has
four significant figures.
This measurement includes four significant figures because the two zeros between the two are
significant.
The four trailing zeros in the number aren‟t significant, but the other five are, making this a five-
figure number.
156. A boy completes a semi circle of radius 7 m in 5 second and the complete circle in 10 seconds.
(i) Find the distance travelled by the boy for half cycle
Ans :- Circumference of Semi circle = πr = 3.14 x 7 = 21.98 m
(ii) Find the distance travelled by the boy for full cycle
Ans :- Circumference of circle = 2πr = 2 x 3.14 x 7 = 43.96 m
(iii)Find the speed of the boy for half cycle
Ans :- Speed = Distance / time = 21.98 / 5 = 4.396 m/s
(iv) Find the speed of the boy for full cycle
Ans :- Speed = Distance / time = 43.96 / 10 = 4.396 m/s
(v) The velocity for the whole system is?
Ans :- Non-uiniform as the direction is changing at every point.
157. Two trains 120m and 80m in length are running in opposite directions with velocity 42kmh -1 and
30kmh-1. In what time they completely cross each other?

Ans :- The relative velocity of one train with respect to second train is,

= 42 – (-30)= 72 km/hr = 20 m/s

Total distance of two trains to be travelled = 120 + 80= 200 m
Time taken = Distance / velocity
t = 200/20
We get, t = 10 sec
Hence, the two trains completely cross each other in 10 seconds.
158. A jet airplane travelling at the speed of 500 kmh-1 ejects its products of combustion at the speed
of 1500 kmh-1 relative to the jet plane. What is the speed of the latter w.r.t. an observer on the
ground?
Ans :-Relative velocityVAB=vA−vB
17
 given
VAB=1500Km/h
vA−vB=1500
vA−(−500)=1500
Since the velocity of combustion products and plane are in opposite directions
VA=1000km/h
159. A ball is dropped from a building of height 45 m. Simultaneously another ball is thrown up with a
speed 40 m/s. Calculate the relative speed of the balls as a function of time.
Ans :-According to the problem, for the ball dropped from the building, u1=0 and u2=40m/s
Velocity of the ball after time t,v1=u1−gt
v1=−gt
And for another ball which is thrown upward,
u2=40m/s
Velocity of the ball after time t,
V2=u2−gt=(40−gt)
Therefore,
Relative velocity of one ball with respect to another ball is,
v12=v1−v2=−gt−[−40−gt]
v12=v1−v2=−gt+40+gt=40m/s
160. A new unit of length is chosen such that the speed of light in vacuum is unity. What is the
distance between the Sun and the Earth in terms of the new unit if light takes 8 min and 20 s to
cover this distance?
Ans. Distance between the Sun and the Earth:
= Speed of light Time taken by light to cover the distance
Given that in the new unit, speed of light = 1 unit
Time taken, t = 8 min 20 s = 500 s
Distance between the Sun and the Earth = 1 500 = 500 units
161. What would happen if the force of gravity were to disappear suddenly?
Solution. If the force of gravity suddenly disappears then
(i) All bodies will lose weight.
(ii) We would be thrown away from the earth due to the centrifugal force.
(iii) Eating, drinking and in fact all operations would become impossible.
(iv) Motion of satellites around the planets and the motion of planets around the sun would cease.
162. The radii of two planets are R and 2R respectively and their densities ρ and ρ/2 respectively.
What is the ratio of acceleration due to gravity at their surfaces?
Solution :
𝐺𝑀 𝐺 4 4
𝑕𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑔 = 2 = 2 𝜋𝑅 3 𝜌 = 𝜋𝐺𝑅𝜌
𝑅 𝑅 3 3
𝑜𝑟, 𝑔 ∝ 𝑅𝜌
𝑔1 𝑅𝜌 1
∴ = 𝜌 =
𝑔2 2𝑅 1
2

163. The time period of the satellite of the earth is 5 hours. If the separation between the earth and
the satellite is increased to 4 times the previous value, then what will be the new time period of
the satellite?
Solution. According to Kepler's law of periods
𝑇2 2 𝑅2 3
=
𝑇1 𝑅1
2 3
𝑇2 4𝑅1
𝑜𝑟, =
5 𝑅1
𝑜𝑟, 𝑇2 = 64 × 25
𝑜𝑟, 𝑇2 = 40 𝑕𝑟𝑠
18
 SECTION C (3 marks each)

164. A body of mass m is moved along a straight line by a machine delivering a constant power P.
Find the expression for the distance moved in terms of m, P and t
𝑑𝑣
Ans: Power P= 𝐹𝑣 = 𝑚𝑎. 𝑣 = 𝑚 𝑑𝑡 𝑣
𝑃
𝑣𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑡 … … … … … … … . (1)
𝑚
Integrating equations (1) both sides
𝑃 𝑃
𝑣𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑡
𝑚 𝑚
𝑣2 𝑃
𝑜𝑟, = 𝑡
2 𝑚
2𝑃 2𝑃𝑡
𝑜𝑟, 𝑣2 = 𝑡=
𝑚 𝑚

2𝑃
𝑜𝑟, 𝑣= 𝑡
𝑚
Therefore,𝑣 ∝ 𝑡1/2
𝑑𝑥 2𝑃 1/2
Also, 𝑣 = 𝑜𝑟, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑚

2𝑃 1/2
𝑜𝑟, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 … … … … … … … . . (2)
𝑚
Integrating equation(2)
2𝑃 1/2 2𝑃
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡1/2 𝑑𝑡
𝑚 𝑚

2𝑃 𝑡 3/2 2 2𝑃 3/2
𝑜𝑟, 𝑥= = 𝑡
𝑚 3/2 3 𝑚

𝑜𝑟, 𝑥 ∝ 𝑡 3/2
165. An elastic spring of force constant k is compressed by an amount x
.Show that its P.E. is 1/2k𝑥 2
Ans: From Hook‟s law the restoring force 𝐹 is proportional to the
displacement 𝑥 from mean position
𝐹 ∝ 𝑥 𝑂𝑟, 𝐹 = −𝑘𝑥 … … … … … . . (1)
Negative sign shows that the restoring force is directed towards the
equilibrium position.
Here k is the constant of proportionality known as spring constant.
Since external force is just equal and opposite to the restoring
force
𝐹𝑒𝑥𝑡 = −𝐹 = − −𝑘𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥 … … … … … . . (2)
Let the spring is further displaced through a small distance dx. Then work done by spring force
𝑑𝑤 = 𝐹𝑒𝑥𝑡 . 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹𝑒𝑥𝑡 𝑑𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 0 = 𝑘𝑥 𝑑𝑥 … … … … . . (3)
Total work done to stretch the spring through a distance x from normal position(x=0)
Integrating equation (3) with in limits x=0 to x=x
𝑥 𝑥
𝑤= 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 𝑥𝑑𝑥
0 0
𝑥2 𝑥
𝑜𝑟, 𝑤 = 𝑘( )0
2
1
𝑜𝑟, 𝑤= = 1/2𝑘𝑥 2
2𝑘 𝑥 2 − 0
19
 1 2
𝑜𝑟, 𝑤= 𝑘𝑥
2
166. Define conservative force? Show that gravitational force is conservative force.
Ans: A force is said to be conservative force if the work done by it in displacing the particle from
one point to another is independent of the path followed by the particle but depends only on
initial and final position of particle.
To prove this let us calculate the amount of work done against the gravitational force in moving
the body of mass m through height h over different paths from A to B.
In fig (a) the body of mass m is raised to height h vertically
upward from position A to position B.
The work done against gravity
𝑤 = 𝑚𝑔 × 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑚𝑔𝑕 … … … . (1)
Now suppose the body is raised through the same height(h) but
now along path ABDEFGHB as shown in figure (b)
Here during the horizontal paths CD,EF,GH , force of
gravity is perpendicular to the displacement, so work done is
zero.The work is done only along the vertical paths AC,DE,FG and HB.
Work done to raise the body from A to C(W 1)=mgh1
Work done to raise the body from C to D(W 2)=0
Work done to raise the body from D to E(W 3)=mgh2
Similarly , from E to F(W 4)=0
From F to G (W 5)=mgh3
From G to H(W 6) =0
From H to B(W 7)=mgh4
Total work done W= W1+W 2+W 3+W 4+W 5+W 6+W 7
= 𝑚𝑔𝑕1 + 0 + 𝑚𝑔𝑕2 + 0 + 𝑚𝑔𝑕3 + 0 + 𝑚𝑔𝑕4
= 𝑚𝑔 𝑕1 + 𝑕2 + 𝑕3 + 𝑕4 = 𝑚𝑔𝑕
Thus, the work done in moving the body against gravity is independent of the path followed
but depends on the initial and final positions of the body.
167. A spring of force constant k is cut into two pieces of length l 1 and l2.Calculate force constant of
each part.
Ans:
𝐹 = 𝑘𝑙
𝐹 1
𝑜𝑟, 𝑘= 𝑜𝑟, 𝑘∝
𝑙 𝑙
1 1
𝑜𝑟, 𝑘1 ∝ and 𝑘2 ∝
𝑙1 𝑙2
1
𝑜𝑟, 𝑘∝
𝑙1 + 𝑙2
𝑘1 1 𝑙1 + 𝑙2
𝑜𝑟, = ×
𝑘 𝑙1 1
𝑙1 + 𝑙2 𝑙2
= =1+
𝑙1 𝑙1
𝑙2
𝑜𝑟, 𝑘1 = 𝑘(1 + )
𝑙1
𝑘2 (𝑙1 + 𝑙2 ) 𝑙1
Also, = = +1
𝑘 𝑙2 𝑙2
𝑙1
𝑜𝑟, 𝑘2 = 𝑘( + 1)
𝑙2
168. What is the difference between centre of gravity and centre of mass? A solid cylinder of mass
20 kg rotates about its axis with angular speed 100 rad/s .The radius of cylinder is 0.25m. What

20
 is the kinetic energy associated with the rotation of the cylinder? What is the magnitude of
angular momentum of the cylinder about its axis?
Ans: . Centre of mass is a point at which whole of the mass of the body may be assumed to be
concentrated to describe its motion as a particle. Centre of gravity is a point at which resultant
of the gravitational forces on all particles of the body acts. For bodies of normal dimensions,
centre of mass and centre of gravity coincide. But centre of mass and centre of gravity relate
to two different concepts. Even if the world were devoid of gravitational force, the centre of
mass would still have a meaning.
Here, M=20kg,𝜔 = 100𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐, R=0.25m
M.I.of the cylinder about its own axis,
1 1
𝐼 = 𝑀𝑅 2 = × 20 × 0.25 × 0.25 = 0.625𝑘𝑔𝑚2
2 2
Rotational K.E.
1 1
= 𝐼𝜔2 = × 0.625 × 100 × 100 = 3125 𝐽
2 2
Angular momentum,
𝐿 = 𝐼𝜔 = 0.625 × 100 = 62.5𝑘𝑔𝑚2 𝑠 −1
169. State the law of conservation of angular momentum. What will be the duration of the day, if
earth suddenly shrinks to 1/64of its original volume, mass remaining the same?
Ans: Suppose the external torque acting on a rigid body due to external forces is zero. Then
𝑑𝐿
𝜏= =0
𝑑𝑡
Hence, L= constant.
So, when the total external torque acting on a rigid body is zero, then the total angular
momentum of the body is conserved. This is the law of conservation of angular momentum.
When 𝜏 = 0, 𝐿 = 𝐼𝜔 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑰𝟏 𝝎𝟏 = 𝑰𝟐 𝝎𝟐
Original volume of the earth,
4
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑅 3
3
Volume of the earth after shrinking,
𝑉
𝑉′ =
64
4 ′3 1 4 3
𝜋𝑅 = × 𝜋𝑅
3 64 3
𝑅
𝑅′ =
4
By conservation of angular momentum,
𝐼 ′ 𝜔′ = 𝐼𝜔
2 2 2𝜋 2 2𝜋
𝑜𝑟, 𝑀𝑅 ′ × 𝑇 ′ = 5 𝑀𝑅 2 ×
5 𝑇
𝑜𝑟,
2
𝑅
′
𝑅 4
𝑇 ′ = ( )2 . 𝑇 = × 24
𝑅 𝑅
1
=( ) × 24 = 1.5𝑕
16
170. What is torque? Give its unit. Show that it is equal to the product of force and the perpendicular
distance of its line of action from the axis of rotation.
Ans: The torque acting on the particle is defined as the vector product of position and force
vectors. Thus the torque of 𝐹 about O is defined as,
𝜏 = 𝑟 × 𝐹 = 𝑟𝐹 sin 𝜃
Its S.I. unit is newton - metre.
Consider a particle capable of rotation in the X-Y plane about the origin O. Suppose the force
vector makes an angle θ with the position vector 𝑟 of the particle, as shown in Fig.
Draw ON perpendicular to the line of action of the force. Then from the right angled ΔONP,
21
 we have
𝑂𝑁 𝑑
= sin 𝜃 𝑜𝑟, = sin 𝜃 𝑜𝑟, 𝑑 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃
𝑂𝑃 𝑟
This is the perpendicular distance of the line of action of force from the axis of rotation
through the point O and is called moment arm or lever arm of the force.
The magnitude of the torque of force F is given by 𝜏 = 𝑟 𝐹 sin 𝜃 = 𝐹𝑑
Torque = Magnitude of force x moment arm
Now the force 𝐹 can be resolved into two rectangular components:
1. Radial component Fr, along the direction of position vector 𝑟.
2. Angular or tangential component Fθ perpendicular to 𝑟.
Clearly Fr= F cos θ and Fθ= F sin 𝜃
Therefore, 𝜏 = 𝐹 sin 𝜃 . 𝑟 = 𝐹𝜃 𝑟
Torque = Angular component of the force x its distance from the axis of rotation.
Hence, torque due to a force is only due to its angular component.
171. Define radius of gyration of a body rotating about an axis. Derive an expression for it. On what
factors does it depend?
Ans:- The radius of gyration of a body about its axis of rotation may be defined as the distance
from the axis of rotation at which, if the whole mass of the body were concentrated, its moment
of inertia about the given axis would be the same as with the actual distribution of mass.
Expression for k Suppose a rigid body consists of n particles of mass m each, situated at
distances 𝑟1, 𝑟2, 𝑟3,…….. 𝑟𝑛 from the axis of rotation AB.
The moment of inertia of the body about the axis AB is
𝐼 = 𝑚𝑟12 + 𝑚𝑟22 + 𝑚𝑟32 + ⋯ … … … . +𝑚𝑟𝑛2
= 𝑚 𝑟12 + 𝑟22 + 𝑟32 + ⋯ . +𝑟𝑛2
= 𝑚𝑛 𝑟12 + 𝑟22 + 𝑟32 + ⋯ . +𝑟𝑛2 /𝑛
(𝑟12 + 𝑟22 + 𝑟32 + ⋯ . +𝑟𝑛2 )
𝐼=𝑀
𝑛
Or, M=m×n= total mass of the body
If k is the radius of gyration about the axis AB,then
𝐼 = 𝑀𝑘 2
(𝑟12 + 𝑟22 + 𝑟32 + ⋯ . +𝑟𝑛2 )
Therefore, 𝑀𝐾 2 = 𝑀
𝑛
(𝑟12 + 𝑟22 + 𝑟32 + ⋯ . +𝑟𝑛2 )
𝑜𝑟, 𝑘= = Root mean square distance
𝑛
Hence the radius of gyration of a body about an axis of rotation may also be defined as the
root mean square distance of its particles from the axis of rotation.
Factors on which radius of gyration of a body depends
(i) Position and direction of the axis of rotation.
(ii) Distribution of mass about the axis of rotation
172. A light string passing over a smooth pulley connects two blocks of masses m1, and m₂
(vertically). If the acceleration of the system is g/8, find the ratio of the two masses.
Solution.
𝑚1 − 𝑚2 𝑔 𝑚1 − 𝑚2
𝐴𝑠, 𝑎= 𝑔 ∴ = 𝑔
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 8 𝑚1 + 𝑚2
𝑚1 − 𝑚2 1
𝑜𝑟, =
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 8
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 + (𝑚1 − 𝑚2 ) 8 + 1
𝑜𝑟, =
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 − (𝑚1 − 𝑚2 ) 8 − 1
𝑚1 9
𝑜𝑟, = = 9: 7
𝑚2 7

22
 173. A block of wood of mass 3 kg is resting on the surface of a rough inclined surface, inclined
at an angle 𝜃. (a) Name the forces (1, 2, 3). (b) If the coefficient of static friction is 0.2,
calculate the value of all the three forces. (use g=10m/s²)
Solution.
(a) Force 1 = Weight of block = mg
Force 2 = Upward applied force for keeping block at rest.
Force 3 = Normal reaction R. r
(b) Here µ =0.2, m=3 kg, g=10ms-2, 𝜃=30°.
∴Force 1 = mg = 3x10=30 N.
Force 3 = Normal reaction = mg cos 𝜃
=3 x 10 x cos30° = 15√3 N.
Now, mg sin 𝜃 =3 x 10 x sin30° = 15 N
Friction, f = μR = 0.2 x 15√3 = 3√3 N
∴ Force 2 = mg sin 𝜃 + f
= 15 + 3√3 = 20.2 N
174. The resultant of two vectors 𝑃and 𝑄 is perpendicular to 𝑃and its magnitude is half that of 𝑄 .
What is the angle between 𝑃and 𝑄 ?
Solution.
2
𝑄 2
Clearly, 𝑃 + = 𝑄2
2
3 3
𝑜𝑟, 𝑃2 = 𝑄 2 𝑜𝑟, P = 𝑄
4 2
𝑄 2 𝑄 2 1
∴ tan 𝜃 = = =
𝑃 3𝑄 2 3
𝑜𝑟, 𝜃 = 30°
Angle between 𝑃 and 𝑄 ,
𝛽 = 180° − 𝜃 = 180° − 30° = 150°
175. Two bombs of 5 kg and 10 kg are thrown from a cannon with the same velocity in the same
direction. (i) Which bomb will reach the ground first? (ii) If the bombs are thrown in the same
direction with different velocity, what would be the effect?
Solution.
(1) Both the bombs will reach the ground simultaneously because the time of flight does not
depend upon mass of the projectile.
(ii) On throwing with different velocities, the bomb thrown with lesser velocity will reach the
ground earlier.
2 𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑇= i. e., 𝑇∝𝑢
𝑔
176. The sum of the magnitudes of two forces acting at a point is 18 N and the magnitude of their
resultant is 12 N. If the resultant makes an angle of 90° with the force of smaller magnitude,
what are the magnitudes of the two forces?
Solution. Let the two individual forces be 𝑃 and 𝑄 and 𝜃 be the angle between them. Let P<Q. If
the resultant 𝑅 makes angle 𝛽 with the force 𝑃, then
𝑄 sin 𝜃
tan 𝛽 = 𝑏𝑢𝑡, 𝛽 = 90°
𝑃 + 𝑄 cos 𝜃
𝑄 sin 𝜃
∴ = tan 90° = ∞
𝑃 + 𝑄 cos 𝜃
or, P + Q cos 𝜃 = 0
Also P + Q = 18N
As R = 𝑃2 + 𝑄 2 + 2𝑃𝑄 cos 𝜃 = 12
∴ 𝑃2 + 𝑄 2 + 2𝑃𝑄 cos 𝜃 = 144

23
 Or, 𝑃2 + 18 − 𝑃 2
+ 2𝑃(−𝑃) = 144
Or, 𝑃 + 324 + 𝑃 − 36𝑃 − 2𝑃2 = 144
2 2

Or, 36𝑃 = 180

Or, 𝑃 = 5N and Q = 18 – 5 = 13N
177. What is the relation between height h and depth d for the same change in g?
solution:-
2𝑕
Acceleration due to gravity at a height h above the earth's surface =𝑔𝑕 = 𝑔 1 − 𝑅 ,
𝑑
Acceleration due to gravity at a depth d below the earth's surface = 𝑔𝑑 = 𝑔 1 − 𝑅
For the same change in g, we have
𝑔𝑕 = 𝑔𝑑
2𝑕 𝑑
𝑜𝑟, 𝑔 1− = 𝑔 1−
𝑅 𝑅
2𝑕 𝑑
𝑜𝑟, =
𝑅 𝑅
𝑜𝑟, 𝑑 = 2𝑕
Relation between height h and depth d for the same
Hence the acceleration due to gravity at a height h above or the earth's surface will be same as
that at depth d = 2h , below the earth's surface.
But this fact holds only when h<< R.
178. (i)The planet Mars has two moons, Phobos and Delmos. (i) Phobos has a period 7 hours, 39
minutes and an orbital radius of 9.4 x 103 km. Calculate the mass of Mars.
(ii) Assume that Earth and Mars move in circular orbits around the Sun, with the Martian orbit being
1.52 times the orbital radius of the Earth. What is the length of the Martian year in days?
Solution:
(i) Here r = 9.4 x 106 m, t = 7 hr 39 min = 459 min = 459 x 60 sec
4𝜋 2 𝑟 3 4 × 9.87 × 9.43 1018
Mass of mars, 𝑀𝑀 = = = 6.48 × 1023 𝑘𝑔
𝐺𝑇 2 6.67 × 10−11 459 × 60 2

(ii) 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑟𝑀 = 1.52 𝑟𝐸 , 𝑇𝐸 = 365 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠

According to kepler‟s law of periods,
3
𝑇𝑀2 𝑅𝑀
=
𝑇𝐸2 𝑅𝐸3
𝑅𝑀 3 2
∴ 𝑇𝑀 = 𝑇𝐸
𝑅𝐸
= 1.52 3 2 × 365 = 684 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠.
179. A bullet fired into a fixed target loses its half of its velocity after penetrating 3cm. How much
further will it penetrate before coming to rest assuming that it faces constant resistance to
motion?
Ans :- Case I :
𝑢2
− 𝑢2 = 2 𝑎 3
2
3𝑢 2 𝑢2
𝑜𝑟, − =2𝑎3 ⇒𝑎 =−
4 8
Case II :
𝑢 2 𝑢2 𝑢2
0− = 2𝑎𝑥 𝑜𝑟 − =2 − ×𝑥
2 4 8
⇒ x = 1cm
180. In a car race, car A takes time t less than car B and passes the finishing point With a velocity v
more than the velocity with which the car B passes the point. Assuming that the car start from
rest and travel with constant acceleration a1 and a2, show that 𝑣 = 𝑡 𝑎1 𝑎2 .
Ans :-Consider that A takes t1 second, then according to the given problem,
24
 B will take (t1+t) seconds. Further let v1 be the velocity of B at finishing point, then velocity
of A will be (v1+v).
Writing equations of motion for A and B
v1+v=a1t1 ....(i)
v1=a2(t2+t) ....(ii)
From equations (i) and (ii), we get
V =(a1−a2)t1−a2t .....(iii)
Total distance travelled by both the cars is equal
SA=SB
1 1 𝑎2 𝑡
⇒ 𝑎1 𝑡12 = 𝑎2 𝑡1 + 𝑡 2 ⇒ 𝑡1 =
2 2 𝑎1 − 𝑎2
Substituting this value of t1 in equation (iii), we get
𝑣= 𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑡
181. The relation between t and distance x is𝑡 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥, where a and b are constant. Express the
instantaneous acceleration in term of instantaneous velocity.
Ans:-
𝑡 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 = 2𝑎𝑥 +𝑏 … … … … (1)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 1
𝑣= =
𝑑𝑡 (2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
1
2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = … … … … . (2)
𝑣
Differentiating 1 w.r.t. t
𝑑2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑2 𝑥
0 = 2𝑎𝑥 2 + 2𝑎 +𝑏 2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑2 𝑥
0 = 2av + (2ax + b) 2
𝑑𝑡
Using equation 2
𝑑2 𝑥
= 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡. 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑙 = 2𝑎𝑣 2
𝑑𝑡 2
182. A car, starting from rest, accelerates at the rate𝑓 through a distance s, then continues at
𝑓
constant speed for some time t and then decelerates at the rate 2 to come to rest. If the total
1
distance travelled is 15s then prove that, 𝑠 = 2 𝑓𝑡 2 .
Ans:-If t1 be the time for which the car accelerates at the rate f from rest, the distance traveled in
time t1 is
1 1 1
S=s1=0(t1)+2 𝑓𝑡12 =2 𝑓𝑡12 ....(1) (using formula s=ut+2at2)
and the velocity at time t1 is v1=ft1
So, the distance traveled in time t will be s2=v1t=ft1t ...(2)
If t2 be the time for which the car decelerates at the rate f/2 to come rest, the distance
traveled in time t2 is given by,
02−v12=2(−f/2)s3 (using formula v2−u2=2as)
or s3=(ft1)2/f=ft12 ...(3) using (1), s3=2s1=2s
Given, s1+s2+s3=15s
or s+ft1t+2s=15s
or ftt1=12s
or 12s=ftt1 ....(4)
dividingeq(4) by (1)
12𝑠 𝑓𝑡𝑡1 𝑡
= 1 𝑜𝑟, 𝑡1 =
𝑠 𝑓𝑡 2 6
2 1

From (1), S = (1/2)f(t/6)2 = ft2/72

25
183. A circular ring having a diameter of 40cm and mass of 1 kg is rotating about an axis
normal to its plane and passing through the center with a frequency of 10 rotations pers second.
Now, calculate the angular momentum about the axis of rotation.

Ans: From the question we can obtain, R = 40/2 cm = 20 cm = 0.2 m

M = 1 kg
v = 10 rotations / sec
Now, we can calculate the moment of inertia as follows:
M.I = MR2 = 1 × (0.2)2 = 0.04 kg sq.m
⍵ = 2π × 10 = 20π rad / sec
Thus, angular momentum can be calculated as,
⇒ L= 0.04 × 20π
⇒ L = 2.51 kg sq m / sec
184. Derive a relation between torque applied and angular acceleration produced in a rigid
body.
Ans:
Relation between torque and moment of inertia:
When a torque acts on a body capable of rotation about an axis, it produces an angular
acceleration in the body. If the angular velocity of each particle is 𝜔, then the angular
𝑑𝜔
acceleration, a = 𝑑𝑡 will be same for all particles of the body. The linear acceleration will
depend on their distances r1, r2 ...rn from the axis of rotation.
Consider a particle P of mass m1 at a distance r1 from the axis of rotation. Let its linear velocity
be v1.
Linear acceleration of the first particle, a1 = 𝑟1 𝛼
Force acting on the first particle, F1 = m1r1𝛼
Moment of force F1,about the axis rotation is 𝜏 = 𝜏1 + 𝜏2 + 𝜏3 + ⋯ … . +𝜏𝑛
= 𝑚1 𝑟12 𝛼 + 𝑚2 𝑟22 𝛼 + 𝑚3 𝑟32 𝛼 + ⋯ … … … . +𝑚𝑛 𝑟𝑛2 𝛼
= (𝑚1 𝑟12 + 𝑚2 𝑟22 + 𝑚3 𝑟32 + ⋯ … … … . +𝑚𝑛 𝑟𝑛2 )𝛼
=( 𝑚𝑟 2 )𝛼
But 𝑚𝑟 2 = 𝐼,moment of inertia of the body about the given axis,
𝜏 = 𝐼𝛼
Torque = Moment of inertia × Angular acceleration
185. Three masses 3, 4 and 5 kg are located at the corners of an equilateral triangle of side 1
m. Locate the centre of mass of the system.
Ans: Suppose the equilateral triangle lies in the XY-plane with mass 3 kg at the origin.
Let (x, y) be the co-ordinates of CM
1 3
Clearly, AB= 𝑂𝐵 2 − 𝑂𝐴2 = 1−4 = 𝑚
2
Now, 𝑥1 = 0, 𝑥2 = 1𝑚 , 𝑥3 = 𝑂𝐴 = 0.5𝑚, 𝑚1 = 3𝑘𝑔, 𝑚2 = 4𝑘𝑔, 𝑚3 = 5𝑘𝑔
𝑚1 𝑥1 + 𝑚2 𝑥2 + 𝑚3 𝑥3 6.5
∴𝑥= = = 0.54𝑚
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 + 𝑚3 12
3
𝑦1 = 0, 𝑦2 = 0, 𝑦3 = 𝐴𝐵 =
2
𝑚1 𝑦1 + 𝑚2 𝑦2 + 𝑚3 𝑦3 5 × 3
∴𝑦= = = 0.36𝑚
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 + 𝑚3 2 × 12
Thus the co- ordinates of CM are (0.54m ,0.36m)
186. Obtain an expression for the work done by torque. Hence write the expression for power.
Ans: Work done by a torque: suppose a body undergoes an angular displacement ∆𝜃 under the
action of a tangential force F.
The work done in the rotational motion of the body or the work done by the torque is
∆𝑊 = 𝐹 × 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝑃𝑄

26
 𝐴𝑟𝑐 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑃𝑄
𝑏𝑢𝑡, ∆𝜃 = =
𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑟
Arc PQ = r∆𝜃
𝑕𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, ∆𝑤 = 𝐹𝑟∆𝜃
∆𝑤 = 𝜏∆𝜃
i.e, Work done by a torque =Torque × angular displacement
In case the torque applied is not constant, but variable, the total work done by the torque is
given by
𝜃2
𝑤= 𝜏 𝑑𝜃
𝜃1
Power delivered by a torque:We knowthat
∆𝑊 = 𝜏∆𝜃
Dividing both sides by ∆𝑡 ,we get
∆𝑊 ∆𝜃
=𝜏
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡
𝑃 = 𝜏𝜔
Power =Torque × Angular velocity.
187. Deduce the relation between torque and angular momentum.
Ans: We know that Torque, 𝜏 =𝑟×𝐹
Angular momentum, 𝐿 =𝑟×𝑝
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. time t , we get
𝑑𝐿 𝑑 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑝
= 𝑟×𝑝 = ×𝑝+𝑟×
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
=𝑣×𝑝+𝑟×𝐹
=0+𝜏 [𝑣 × 𝑝 = 𝑣 × 𝑚𝑣 = 0]
𝑑𝐿
∴ 𝜏=
𝑑𝑡
Therefore, the torque acting on a particle is equal to its rate of change of angular momentum.

SECTION D (5 marks each)

188. Find the dimensions of linear momentum and surface tension in the terms of velocity 𝑣, density
ρand frequency νas fundamental quantities.
Ans : For Linear Momentum,
Dimensions of the Velocity[v] = Dimension of the Length / Dimension of the Time.
= L / T = LT⁻¹
Dimension of the Frequency[f] = 1/Dimension of the Time
= 1 / T = T⁻¹
Dimension of the Density[d] = Dimension of Mass/Dimension of the Volume
= M / L³ = ML⁻³
Dimension of Linear Momentum[p] = Dimension of (Mass × Velocity)
= MLT⁻¹
Now, Let the Relation between the Momentum, Velocity, Density and Frequency be
p = vᵃ dᵇ fⁿ
Putting the Dimension of the Quantities.
MLT⁻¹ = [LT⁻¹]ᵃ [ML⁻³]ᵇ [T⁻¹]ⁿ
MLT⁻¹ = LᵃT⁻ᵃ Mᵇ L⁻³ᵇ T⁻ⁿ
MLT⁻¹ = Mᵇ Lᵃ⁻³ᵇ T⁻ⁿ⁻ᵃ
On comparing,
b = 1, a - 3b = 1
⇒ a - 3(1) = 1
⇒ a = 3 +1 = 4
Also, -n - a = -1
27
 ⇒ -n - 4 = -1
⇒ n = 1 - 4 = -3
Thus, The Relation will be, p = v⁴ d / f³
For the Surface Tension,
Let the Relation will be ⇒ γ = vᵃ dᵇ fⁿ
Dimension of the Surface tension is MLT⁻²
MLT⁻² = [LT⁻¹]ᵃ [ML⁻³]ᵇ [T⁻¹]ⁿ
∴ MLT⁻² = LᵃT⁻ᵃ Mᵇ L⁻³ᵇ T⁻ⁿ
MLT⁻² = Mᵇ Lᵃ⁻³ᵇ T⁻ⁿ⁻ᵃ
On comparing,
b = 1, a - 3b = 1
⇒a-3=1⇒a=4
Also, -n -a = -2
⇒ -n - 4 = -2
⇒ n =-2
Hence, the Relation is γ = v⁴d/f²
189. The velocity-time relation of an electron starting from rest is given by𝑣 = 𝑘𝑡, where 𝑘 = 2 ms – 2.
Calculate the distance traversed in 3 s.
Ans:- u = kt
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑘𝑡
𝑑𝑡
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘𝑡𝑑𝑡
𝑥 3
𝑜𝑟, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘𝑡𝑑𝑡
0 0
3
𝑡2 9 9
𝑥=𝑘 =𝑘 =2 = 9𝑚
2 0
2 2
190. The distance x of a particle moving in one dimension, under the action of a constant force is
related to time t by the equation, 𝑡 = 𝑥 + 3, where x is in metres and t in seconds. Find the
displacement of the particle when its velocity is zero.
Ans: 𝑡 = 𝑥+3
⇒ 𝑥 =𝑡−3
x = t2−6t+9
dx/dt is the velocity⇒dx/dt=2t−6
V=0 or, 2t– 6=0
which will give us 3, so t=3
thus, at t=3⇒x=3−3
so, there will be 0 displacement.Hence, the answer is 0.
191. If a body moving with uniform acceleration in a straight line describes successive equal
1 1 1 3
distances in time intervals t1, t2 and t3, then show that 𝑡 − 𝑡 + 𝑡 = 𝑡 +𝑡 +𝑡 .
1 2 3 1 2 3
Ans:-Let the uniform acceleration = a
Initial velocity = u
Then, distance in the nth interval
𝑎
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑢 + 2𝑛 − 1
2
𝑎
𝑆𝑡1 = 𝑢 + 2𝑡1 − 1 … … … … . (1)
2
𝑎
𝑆𝑡2 = 𝑢 + 2𝑡2 − 1 … … … … . (2)
2
𝑎
𝑆𝑡3 = 𝑢 + 2𝑡3 − 1 … … … … . (3)
2
Since the acceleration is uniform
𝑑 𝑣0 + 𝑣1
= … … … … . (4)
𝑡1 2
28
 𝑑 𝑣1 + 𝑣2
= … … … … . (5)
𝑡2 2
𝑑 𝑣2 + 𝑣3
= … … … … . (6)
𝑡3 2
Subtracting (2) from (1) and then adding (3) to the results
1 1 1 1
𝑑 − + = 𝑣 + 𝑣3
𝑡1 𝑡2 𝑡3 2 0
1 1 1 1 1
𝑑 − + = 𝑣0 + 𝑣3 × 𝑡 ×
𝑡1 𝑡2 𝑡3 2 𝑡
1 1 1 3𝑑
𝑑 − + =
𝑡1 𝑡2 𝑡3 𝑡
𝑡 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡2 + 𝑡3
1 1 1 3
− + =
𝑡1 𝑡2 𝑡3 𝑡1 + 𝑡2 + 𝑡3
192. (i) Two heavy spheres each of mass 100 kg and radius 0.1 m are placed 10 m apart on a
horizontal table. What is the gravitational field and potential at the mid point of the line joining
the centres of the spheres?
(ii) A star 2.5 times the mass of the sun and collapsed to a size of 12 km rotates with a speed of 1.5
rev/s. Will an object placed on its equator remain stuck to its surface due to gravity? Mass of the
sun = 2 × 1030 kg.
Solution:
(i) Let A and B be the positions of the two spheres and P be the midpoint of AB.
Gravitational field at P due to mass at A,
𝐺𝑀 𝐺 × 100
𝐸1 = 2 = , 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝐴
𝑟 0.52
Gravitational field at P due to mass at B,
𝐺𝑀 𝐺 × 100
𝐸2 = 2 = , 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝐵
𝑟 0.52
As E1 and E2 have equal magnitudes but opposite directions, so the resultant gravitational
field at P is zero.
As gravitational potential is a scalar quantity, so total potential at P is
𝐺𝑀 𝐺𝑀 2𝐺𝑀
𝑉 = 𝑉𝐴 + 𝑉𝐵 = − − = −
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
2 × 6.67 × 10−11 × 100
= = −2.668 × 10−8 𝐽 𝑘𝑔−1
0.5
(ii) Here, M = 2.5 x Mass of the sun = 2.5 x 2 x 1030 = 5 x 1030 kg
R = 12km = 12 x 103 m
Acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the star is
𝐺𝑀 6.67 × 10−11 × 5 × 1030
𝑔= 2 = = 2.316 × 1012 𝑚𝑠 −2
𝑅 12 × 103 2
Now ѵ = 1.5 rps, so ω = 2πѵ = 3π rads-1
Centripetal acceleration of the object = Rω2
= 12 x 103 x (3 x 3.14)2 = 1.065 x 106 ms-2
As the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the star is greater than the centripetal
acceleration of the object, so the object will remain struck to its surface
193. An artificial satellite is moving in a circular orbit around the earth with a speed equal to half the
magnitude of escape velocity from the earth.
(i) Determine the height of the satellite above the earth's surface.
(ii) If the satellite is stopped suddenly in its orbit and allowed to fall freely on to the earth, find the
speed with which it hits the surface of the earth.
Take g = 9.8ms-2 ,radius of the earth =6400 km.
Ans :- (i) Orbital velocity of a satellite at a height h above the earth's surface is
𝐺𝑀
𝑣0 =
𝑅+𝑕
29
 Escape velocity from the earth's surface,
2𝐺𝑀
𝑣𝑒 =
𝑅
𝑣𝑒
Given 𝑣0 = 2

𝐺𝑀 1 2𝐺𝑀
∴ =
𝑅+𝑕 2 𝑅
𝐺𝑀 1 2𝐺𝑀 𝐺𝑀
𝑜𝑟, = × =
𝑅+𝑕 4 𝑅 2𝑅
or, h = R = 6.4 x 106 m
(ii) Let V be the speed with which the satellite hits the earth when suddenly stopped. If m be the
mass of the satellite, then by the conservation of energy,
Initial P.E. at height h (= R) = Final P.E. on the surface of earth + K.E. of the satellite.
𝐺𝑀𝑚 𝐺𝑀𝑚 1
𝑜𝑟, − =− + 𝑚𝑉 2
2𝑅 𝑅 2
𝐺𝑀 𝑔𝑅 2
𝑜𝑟, 𝑉= = = 𝑔𝑅
𝑅 𝑅

= 9.8 × 6.4 × 106

= 7.92 × 103 𝑚𝑠 −1 = 7.92 𝑘𝑚𝑠 −1
194. (i) The sun attracts all bodies on the earth. At midnight, when the sun is directly below, it pulls
on a body in the same direction as the pull of the earth on that body; at noon, when the sun is
directly above, it pulls on a body in a direction opposite to the pull of the earth. Then will the
weight of the body be greater at mid-night than at noon?
(ii) Two bodies of masses m and M₂ are initially at rest placed infinite distance apart. They are then
allowed to move towards each other under mutual gravitational attraction. Show that their
relative velocity of approach at separation r between them is
2𝐺
𝑣= 𝑚1 + 𝑚2
𝑟
Solution.
(i) No, earth is a satellite of sun. Any body placed on earth is also the satellite of sun. The body
and the earth both will have the same acceleration towards the sun. Hence there will be no
relative sun's gravitational acceleration between the body and the earth. That is, a body placed
on earth will experience no gravitational effect due to the sun. It will experience a gravitational
force only due to the earth. This will be weight of the body measured on the earth and will
remain same for all the twenty four hours.
(ii) By conservation of energy,
K.E. of first body = Its gravitation P.E.
1 𝐺𝑚1 𝑚2
𝑜𝑟, 𝑚1 𝑣12 =
2 𝑟
2𝐺𝑚2
𝑜𝑟, 𝑣1 =
𝑟

2𝐺𝑚1
𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦, 𝑣2 =
𝑟
∴ Relative velocity of approach
2𝐺𝑚2 2𝐺𝑚1
= 𝑣1 + 𝑣2 = +
𝑟 𝑟

30
 2𝐺
𝑣= 𝑚1 + 𝑚2
𝑟
195. Two bodies of masses 10 kg and 20 kg respectively kept on a smooth, horizontal surface
are tied to the ends of a light string. A horizontal force F = 600 N is applied to (i) B (ii) A along the
direction of string. What is the tension in the string in each case?
Ans. Here F = 600 N, m1 = 10 kg, m2 = 20 kg
Let T be the tension in the string and a be the acceleration produced in the system, in the direction
of applied force F. Then
𝐹 600
𝑎= = = 20𝑚𝑠 −2
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 10 + 20
(i) Suppose the pull F is applied on the body B of mass 20kg, as
shown in Fig.(a)
Let T1 be the tension in the string. As T1 is the only force
acting on mass10 kg, so
T1= m1 a = 10x20 = 200 N.
(ii) When the pull F is applied on body A of mass 10 kg [Fig.(b)],
tension in the string will be
T2 = m₂ a = 20 x 20 = 400 N.
Clearly, the tension depends on which mass end the pull is applied.
196. Two masses 8 kg and 12 kg are connected at the two ends of a light inextensible string
that goes over a frictionless pulley. Find the acceleration of the masses and the tension in the
string when the masses are released.
Ans. Here m = 8 kg, M = 12 kg, g = 10 ms-2
From the derivation of connected motion, we have
𝑀−𝑚 12 − 8
𝑎= .𝑔 = = 2𝑚𝑠 −2
𝑀+𝑚 12 + 8
2𝑀𝑚 2 × 12 × 8
𝑇= .𝑔 = × 10 = 96 𝑁
𝑀+𝑚 12 + 8
197. A monkey of mass 40 kg climbs on a rope which can stand a maximum tension of 600 N.
In which of the following cases will the rope break: the monkey
(i) climbs up with an acceleration of 6 ms-2
(ii) climbs down with an acceleration of 4 ms-2
(iii) climbs up with a uniform speed of 5 ms-1
(iv) falls down the rope nearly freely under gravity?
Take g= 10 ms-2. Ignore the mass of the rope.
Ans:- (i) When the monkey climbs up with an acceleration a = 6 ms -2, the tension T in the string
must be greater than the weight of the monkey,
T-mg = ma
Or, T = m(g + a) = 40 (10+6)=640 N.
(ii) When the monkey climbs down with an acceleration,
a = 4 ms-2,
mg – T = ma
or T= m (g - a) = 40(10 – 4) = 240 N.
(iii) When the monkey climbs up with uniform speed,
T= mg = 40 x 10 = 400 N.
(iv) When the monkey falls down the rope nearly freely, a = g
∴ T= m(g-a) = m(g- g) = 0.
As the tension in the rope in case (i) is greater than the maximum permissible tension
(600 N), so the rope will break in case (i) only.
198. What do you mean by banking of a curved road? Determine the angle of banking so as to
minimise the wear and tear of the tyres of a car negotiating a banked curve.
Ans:- Banking of the curved road. The large amount of friction between the tyres and the road
produces considerable wear and tear of the tyres. To avoid this, the curved road is given an
inclination sloping upwards towards the outer circumference. This reduces wearing out of the
31
 tyres because the horizontal component of the
normal reaction provides the necessary centripetal
force.
The system of raising the outer edge of a curved
road above its inner edge is called banking of the
curved road. The angle through which the outer
edge of the curved road is raised above the inner
edge is called angle of banking.
Circular motion of a car on a banked road. Consider
a car of weight mg going along a curved path of
radius r with speed v on a road banked at an angle 𝜃.
The forces acting on the vehicle are
1. Weight mg acting vertically downwards.
2. Normal reaction R of the road acting at an angle 𝜃
with the vertical.
3. Force of friction f acting downwards along the
inclined plane.
Equating the forces along horizontal and vertical directions respectively, we get
𝑚𝑣 2
R sin 𝜃 + f cos 𝜃 = ...(1)
𝑟
mg + f sin 𝜃 = R cos 𝜃, where f = 𝜇R
or R cos𝜃 -ƒ sin 𝜃 = mg …(2)
Dividing equation (1) by equation (2), we get
𝑅 sin 𝜃 + 𝑓 cos 𝜃 𝑣 2
=
𝑅 cos 𝜃 − 𝑓 sin 𝜃 𝑟𝑔
Dividing numerator and denominator of L.H.S. by R cos 𝜃, we get
𝑓
tan 𝜃 + 𝑅 𝑣2
𝑓
=
1 − 𝑅 tan 𝜃 𝑟𝑔
tan 𝜃 + 𝜇 𝑣2 𝑓
𝑜𝑟, = ∵ 𝜇=
1 − 𝜇 tan 𝜃 𝑟𝑔 𝑅
𝜇 + tan 𝜃
𝑜𝑟, 𝑣 2 = 𝑟𝑔
1 − 𝜇 tan 𝜃
𝜇 + tan 𝜃
𝑜𝑟, 𝑣= 𝑟𝑔.
1 − 𝜇 tan 𝜃
199. A projectile is fired with a velocity u making an angle 𝜃 with the horizontal. Show that its
trajectory is a parabola. Derive expressions for (i) time of maximum height (ii) time of flight (iii)
maximum height.
Solution.
Projectile fired at an angle 𝜃 with the horizontal. Suppose a body is projected with initial
velocity u, making an angle 𝜃 with the horizontal. The velocity u has two rectangular
components:
(i) The horizontal component u cos𝜃, which remains constant throughout the motion.
(ii) The vertical component u sin 𝜃, which changes with time under the effect of gravity. This
component first decreases, becomes zero at the highest point A, after which it again
increases, till the projectile hits the ground.
Under the combined effect of the above two components, the body follows the parabolic path
OAB as shown in the figure.
Equation of trajectory of a projectile.
Suppose the body reaches the point P(x, y) after time t.
∴ The horizontal distance covered by the body in time t,
x = Horizontal velocity × time = u cos𝜃 . t
𝑥
or t =
𝑢 cos 𝜃
32
 For vertical motion: u = u sin 𝜃, a= - g, so the vertical distance covered in time t is given by
s = ut + at2
𝑥 1 𝑥2
𝑜𝑟, 𝑦 = 𝑢 sin 𝜃. − g. 2
𝑢 cos 𝜃 2 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
𝑔
𝑜𝑟, 𝑦 = 𝑥 tan 𝜃 − 𝑥2
2𝑢2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
or y = px - qx² where p and q are constants.
Thus y is a quadratic function of x. Hence the trajectory of a projectile is a parabola.
(i) Time of maximum height. Let tm be the time taken by the projectile to reach the maximum
height hm.
At the highest point, vertical component of velocity = 0
As v = u + at ∴ 0 = u sin 𝜃 - g tm
𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑜𝑟, 𝑡𝑚 =
𝑔
(ii) Time of flight. It is the time taken by the projectile from the instant it is projected till it
reaches a point in the horizontal plane of its projection. The body reaches the point B after
the time of flight Tf.
∴ Net vertical displacement covered during the time of flight=0
1
As 𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2
2
1
∴ 0 = 𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 . 𝑇𝑓 − 𝑔𝑇𝑓2
2
2 𝑢 sin 𝜃
Or 𝑇𝑓 =
𝑔
Obviously, Tf = 2tm. This is expected because the time of ascent is equal to the time of
descent for the symmetrical parabolic path.
(iii) Maximum height of a projectile. It is the maximum vertical distance attained by the
projectile above the horizontal plane of projection. It is denoted by hm.
At the highest point A, vertical component of velocity =0
As 𝑣 2 − 𝑢2 = 2𝑎𝑠
∴ 02 − 𝑢 sin 𝜃 2
= 2 −𝑔 𝑕𝑚
𝑢2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
𝑜𝑟, 𝑕𝑚 =
2𝑔
200. Define centripetal acceleration. Derive an expression for the centripetal acceleration of a body
moving with uniform speed v along a circular path of radius r. Explain how it acts along the
radius towards the centre of the circular path.
Solution. Centripetal acceleration. When a body is in uniform circular motion, its speed
remains constant but its velocity changes continuously due to the change in its direction. Hence
the motion is accelerated. A body undergoing uniform circular motion is acted upon by an
acceleration which is directed along the radius towards the centre of the circular path. This
acceleration is called centripetal (centre seeking) acceleration.
Expression for centripetal acceleration. Consider a particle moving on a circular path of radius r
and centre O, with a uniform speed v. As shown in, suppose at time t the particle is at P and at
time t +∆t, the particle is at Q. Let 𝑣1 , and 𝑣2 , be the velocity vectors at P and Q directed along
the tangents at P and Q respectively.
To determine the change in velocity, take an external point
A. Draw 𝐴𝐵 equal to and parallel to 𝑣1 and 𝐴𝐶 equal to and
parallel to 𝑣2 . Draw the vector 𝐵𝐶 to close the triangle, as
shown in Fig.
Applying triangle law of vector addition in ∆BAC,
𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐴𝐶
∴ 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐴𝐶 − 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑣2 − 𝑣1
Thus the change in velocity in time ∆t is given by
𝐵𝐶 = ∆𝑣
If ∆t is small, the chord PQ becomes equal to arc PQ. Then OPQ can be considered as a
triangle. ∟POQ= ∟BAC = ∆𝜃. This is because the angle between the radii PO and QO is same
33
 as the angle between the tangents at P and Q.
In ∆𝑃𝑂𝑄 and ∆𝐵𝐴𝐶 we have
∟POQ = ∆𝜃 = ∟𝐵𝐴𝐶
𝑂𝑃 𝐴𝐵
And =1=
𝑂𝑄 𝐴𝐶
∴ ∆𝑃𝑂𝑄 ~ ∆𝐵𝐴𝐶
𝑃𝑄 𝐵𝐶
𝑕𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, =
𝑂𝑃 𝐴𝐵
∆𝑠 ∆𝑣
𝑜𝑟, =
𝑟 𝑣
𝑣
𝑜𝑟, ∆𝑣 = ∆𝑠
𝑟
Dividing both sides by ∆𝑡, we get
∆𝑣 𝑣 ∆𝑠
=
∆𝑡 𝑟 ∆𝑡
Taking the limit ∆𝑡 → 0 on both sides, we get
∆𝑣 𝑣 ∆𝑠
lim = lim
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡 𝑟 ∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡
∆𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝑏𝑢𝑡, lim = = 𝑎, Is the instantaneous acceleration
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡 𝑑𝑡
∆𝑠 𝑑𝑠
𝑎𝑛𝑑, lim = = 𝑣, Is the instantaneous velocity
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑣
∴ 𝑎 = .𝑣
𝑟
𝑣2
𝑜𝑟, 𝑎= = 𝜔2 𝑟
𝑟
This gives the magnitude of the acceleration of a particle in uniform circular motion.
Direction of acceleration. As ∆t tends to zero, the angle ∆0 also approaches zero. In this limit, as
AB= AC, so ∟ABC = ∟ACB=90°. Thus the change in velocity ∆𝑣and hence the acceleration 𝑎
is perpendicular to the velocity vector 𝑣1 . But 𝑣1 , is directed along tangent at point P, so
acceleration 𝑎 acts along the radius towards the centre of the circle. Such an acceleration is
called centripetal acceleration. Its magnitude remains constant (=v2/r) but its direction
continuously changes and remains perpendicular to the velocity vector at all positions.
201. (a) Analytically, find the resultant 𝑅 of two vectors 𝐴 and 𝐵 inclined at an angle 𝜃.
(b) Find the angle between two vectors 𝑃 and 𝑄 if resultant of the vectors is given by R2 = P² + Q².
Solution. (a) Analytical treatment of the parallelogram law of vector addition.
Let the two vectors 𝐴 and 𝐵 inclined to each other at an angle 𝜃 be represented both in magnitude
and direction by the adjacent sides 𝑂𝑃 and 𝑂𝑄 of the parallelogram OPSQ. Then according to
the parallelogram law of vector addition, the resultant of 𝐴 and 𝐵 is represented both in
magnitude and direction by the diagonal 𝑂𝑆 of the parallelogram.
Magnitude of resultant 𝑅 . Draw SN perpendicular to OP produced.
Then ∟SPN = ∟QOP = 𝜃, OP=A, PS= OQ= B,OS=R
From right angled ∆SNP, we have
𝑆𝑁
= sin 𝜃 or SN= PS sin 𝜃 = B sin 𝜃
𝑃𝑆
𝑃𝑁
= cos 𝜃 or PN= PS cos 𝜃 = B cos 𝜃
𝑃𝑆

Using Pythagoras theorem in right-angled ∆ONS, we get

𝑂𝑆 2 = 𝑂𝑁 2 + 𝑆𝑁 2 = 𝑂𝑃 + 𝑃𝑁 2 + 𝑆𝑁 2
Or 𝑅 2 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 cos 𝜃 2 + 𝐵 sin 𝜃 2
= 𝐴2 + 𝐵 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 2𝐴𝐵 cos 𝜃
= 𝐴 + 𝐵 2 + 2𝐴𝐵 cos 𝜃
2

Or 𝑅 = 𝐴2 + 𝐵 2 + 2𝐴𝐵 cos 𝜃
34
 Direction of resultant 𝑅 . Let the resultant 𝑅 make angle 𝛽 with the direction of 𝐴. Then from
right angled ∆𝑂𝑁𝑆, we get
𝑆𝑁 𝑆𝑁 𝐵 sin 𝜃
tan 𝛽 = 𝑂𝑁 = 𝑂𝑃+𝑃𝑁 or tan 𝛽= 𝐴+𝐵 cos 𝜃
(b) If 𝜃 is the angle between 𝑃 and 𝑄 then
R2 = P² + Q² + 2PQ cos 𝜃
Given, R2 = P² + Q²
∴P² + Q² + 2PQ cos 𝜃 = P² + Q²
Or, 2PQ cos 𝜃 = 0
Or, cos 𝜃 = 0
Or, 𝜃 = 90°
202. (a) The angular speed of a motor wheel is increased from 1200 rpm to 3120rpm in 16
seconds.(i) What is its angular acceleration, assuming the acceleration to be uniform ?(ii) How
many revolution does the wheel make during this time?
(b) Calculate the moment of inertia of the earth about its diameter, taking it to be a sphere of 10 25kg
and diameter 12800km.
Ans:
(a)
1200
𝑣0 = 1200𝑟𝑝𝑚 = = 20𝑟𝑝𝑠
60
3120
𝑣 = 3120 𝑟𝑝𝑚 = = 52𝑟𝑝𝑠
60
𝑇𝑕𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝜔0 = 2𝜋𝜗0 = 2𝜋 × 20 = 40𝜋𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑠 −1
𝜔 = 2𝜋𝜗 = 2𝜋 × 52 = 104𝜋𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑠 −1
(i) Angular acceleration,
𝜔 − 𝜔0 104𝜋 − 40𝜋
𝛼= = = 4𝜋𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑠 −2
𝑡 16
(ii) The angular displacement in time t,
1
𝜃 = 𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝛼𝑡 2
2
1
= 40𝜋 × 16 + × 4𝜋 × 162
2
= 640𝜋 + 512𝜋 = 1152𝜋𝑟𝑎𝑑
Number of revolutions completed in 16 s
𝜃 1152𝜋
= = = 576
2𝜋 2𝜋
(b) Here M=10 𝑘𝑔 ,𝑅 = 6400𝑘𝑚 = 6.4 × 106 𝑚
25

M.I.of the earth about its diameter

2 2
𝐼 = 𝑀𝑅 2 = × 1025 × (6.4 × 106 )2 = 1.64 × 1038 𝑘𝑔𝑚2
5 5
203. Derive expressions for the velocities for the velocities of two bodies after elastic one dimensional
collision. Hence show that two bodies of same mass interchange their velocities after elastic on
dimensional collision.
Ans: Consider two bodies A and B of masses m 1 and m2 moving in a straight line with velocities u1
and u2respectively .(𝑢1 > 𝑢2 ). After collision ,let their velocities change to v1 and v2 . According to
the law of conservation of linear momentum,
Total linear momentum of the system before collision= Total linear momentum of the system after
collision
𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑚2 𝑢2 = 𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2
𝑚1 𝑢1 − 𝑣1 = 𝑚2 (𝑣2 − 𝑢2 )…………………..(1)
According to the law of conservation of kinetic energy,
1 2 1 2 1 2 1
𝑚 1 𝑢 + 𝑚 2 𝑢 = 𝑚 1 𝑣 + 𝑚 𝑣2
2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2
𝑚1 𝑢12 − 𝑣12 = 𝑚2 (𝑣22 − 𝑢22 )
𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑣1 𝑢1 − 𝑣1 = 𝑚2 (𝑣2 + 𝑢2 )(𝑣2 −
𝑢2 )………….(2)
Dividing equ. (2) by equ. (1)
𝑢1 + 𝑣1 = (𝑣2 + 𝑢2 )
35
 𝑢1 − 𝑢2 = (𝑣2 − 𝑣1 )
Relative velocity of approach = Relative velocity of separation
Now the velocities of two bodies after collision,
𝑣2 = 𝑢1 − 𝑢2 + 𝑣1
Substituting the value of 𝑣2 in equ (1)
𝑚1 𝑢1 − 𝑣1 = 𝑚2 (𝑢1 − 2𝑢2 +𝑣1 )
2𝑚 𝑢 2 +𝑢 1 (𝑚 1 −𝑚 2 ) 2𝑚 𝑢 1 +𝑢 2 (𝑚 2 −𝑚 1 )
𝑣1 = 2 (𝑚 And 𝑣2 = 1 (𝑚
+𝑚 )
1 2 +𝑚 )
1 2
When 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 = 𝑚
2𝑚 𝑢 2+ 𝑢 1 (𝑚 1 −𝑚 2 )
Therefore, 𝑣1 = 2 (𝑚 = 𝑢2
+𝑚 ) 1 2
2𝑚 1 𝑢 1 +𝑢 2 (𝑚 2 −𝑚 1 )
𝑣2 = = 𝑢1
(𝑚 1 +𝑚 2 )
If two bodies of equal masses suffer one dimensional elastic collision, then their velocities are
interchanges after collision.
204. A boy pushes a table on a rough surface by applying a force of 100 N over a distance of 10 m.
Therefore, the force applied by the boy decreases uniformly to 50N.The total distance travelled by
the table is 20 m.The force of friction is 50N throughout the motion of the table. Plot graphs
between (i) the applied force versus distance travelled by the table,(ii) the force of friction versus
distance travelled by the table, (iii) work done by the two forces over 20 m
Ans: (i) The applied force is taken along y axis and the distance travelled is taken along x axis. The
graph between the applied force (F) versus distance(x) travelled by the table is shown by solid
curve in figure.
(ii) The force of friction is taken along negative y axis as it opposes the applied force and distance (x)
travelled is taken along x axis. The graph between force of friction and the distance travelled by
the table is shown by dotted line in figure.
(iii) Work done by the applied force,
𝑊𝑎 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝐹 − 𝑥 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑕
= 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑂𝐴𝐵𝐷 + 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑧𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝐵𝐶𝐸𝐷
1
= 100𝑁 × 10𝑚 + 100 + 50 𝑁 × 20 − 10 𝑚
2
= 1000𝐽 + 750𝐽 = 1750𝐽
Workdone by the force of
friction,𝑊𝑓 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑂𝐸𝐺𝐹
= −50𝑁 × 20𝑚 = −1000𝐽
205. A particle of mass m and velocity 𝑣 collides elastically with a stationary particle of mass m.
Calculate the angle between the velocity vectors of two particle after the collision.
Ans: The collision between the two particles is as shown in the figure
Since collision is elastic, so linear momentum is conserved. According to the law of conservation of
momentum,
(i) Along x axis
𝑚𝑣 = 𝑚𝑣1 cos 𝜃1 + 𝑚𝑣2 cos 𝜃2
𝑂𝑟, 𝑣 = 𝑣1 cos 𝜃1 + 𝑣2 cos 𝜃2 … … … … … … . (1)
(ii) Along y-axis
0 = 𝑚𝑣1 sin 𝜃1 − 𝑚𝑣2 sin 𝜃2
0 = 𝑣1 sin 𝜃1 − 𝑣2 sin 𝜃2 ………………(2)
Squaring and adding (1) and (2) we get,
𝑣2
= 𝑣12 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃21 + 𝑣22 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃2 + 2𝑣1 𝑣2 cos 𝜃1 cos 𝜃2 + 𝑣12 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃1 + 𝑣22 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃2
− 2𝑣1 𝑣2 sin 𝜃1 sin 𝜃2
2 2 2
Or, 𝑣 = 𝑣1 + 𝑣2 + 2𝑣1 𝑣2 (cos 𝜃1 cos 𝜃2 − sin 𝜃1 sin 𝜃2 )………..(3)
According to the law of conservation of K.E.,
1 1 1
𝑚𝑣 2 = 𝑚𝑣12 + 𝑚𝑣22
2 2 2
Or, 𝑣 2 = 𝑣12 + 𝑣22 ……………….(4)
Using equ (4) and (3) , we get
2𝑣1 𝑣2 cos 𝜃1 cos 𝜃2 − sin 𝜃1 sin 𝜃2 = 0
36
 Or, cos 𝜃1 cos 𝜃2 − sin 𝜃1 sin 𝜃2 =0
Or, cos(𝜃1 + 𝜃2 ) = 0
Or,𝜃1 + 𝜃2 = 900

SECTION E (5 marks each)

206. When a body moves along a circular path with a uniform speed, its motion is said to be uniform
circular motion. In uniform, circular motion, the direction of the velocity vector which arts along the
tangent to the path changes continuously but its magnitude (v=r𝜔) always remains constant. So
uniform circular motion is an accelerated motion. A body undergoing uniform circular motion is
acted upon by an acceleration which is directed along the radius towards the centre of the circular
path. This acceleration is called centripetal acceleration. The magnitude of the acceleration is a
constant given by
𝑣2
𝑎𝑐 = = 𝜔2 𝑟 = 2𝜋𝑣 2 𝑟 = 4𝜋 2 𝑣 2 𝑟
𝑟
But the direction of a changes continuously, always pointing towards the centre. So centripetal
acceleration is not a constant vector. The resultant acceleration of a body in circular motion is
towards the centre only if its speed is constant.
QUESTIONS
1. A body executing uniform circular motion has at any instant its velocity vector and
acceleration vector
(a) along the same direction (b) in opposite direction
(c) normal to each other (d) not related to each other
2. The angular speed of a fly wheel making 120 revolutions/minute is
(a) 𝜋 rad/sec (b) 4𝜋 rad/sec
(c) 2𝜋 rad/sec (d) 4𝜋² rad/sec
3. A particle moves with constant speed v along a circular path of radius r and completes the
circle in time T. The acceleration of the particle is
2𝜋𝑣 2𝜋𝑟 2𝜋𝑟 2 2𝜋𝑣 2
𝑎 𝑇 𝑏 𝑇 𝑐 𝑇 𝑑 𝑇
4. A stone tied to the end of a string 1 m long is whirled in a horizontal circle with a constant
speed. If the stone makes 22 revolutions in 44 s, what is the magnitude and direction of
acceleration of the stone?
𝜋2
(a) 4 𝑚𝑠 −2 and direction along the radius towards the centre
(b) 𝜋 2 𝑚𝑠 −2 and direction along the radius away from the centre
(c) 𝜋 2 𝑚𝑠 −2 and direction along the radius towards the centre
(d) 𝜋 2 𝑚𝑠 −2 and direction along the tangent to the circle
Solution.
1. (c) normal to each other
2. (b) 4𝜋 rad/sec
2𝜋𝑣
3. (a)
𝑇
4. (c) 𝜋 2 𝑚𝑠 −2 and direction along the radius towards the centre
207. The sum of two vectors of the same kind gives a new vector of the same type. The process of
adding two or more vectors is called composition of vectors. Two vectors 𝐴 and 𝐵 can be added
graphically using head-to-tail method or parallelogram method. Suppose we wish to add two
vectors 𝐴 and 𝐵 as shown in Fig. 1. Draw a vector 𝑂𝑃 equal and parallel to vector 𝐴, as shown in
Fig. 2. From head P of 𝑂𝑃, draw a vector 𝑃𝑄 equal and parallel to vector 𝐵, then the resultant
vector 𝑅 is given by 𝑂𝑄 which joins the tail of 𝐴 and head of 𝐵. This head-to-tail method is also
called triangle law of vector addition because the two vectors and their resultant form a triangle.
To add vectors 𝐴 and 𝐵 by parallelogram method, we bring their tails to a common point O as
shown in Fig. 3. Draw PS|| 𝐵 and QS|| 𝐴 to complete the parallelogram OPSQ as shown in Fig. 4.
According to the parallelogram law, diagonal 𝑂𝑆 gives the resultant 𝑅 .
𝑂𝑆 = 𝑂𝑃 + 𝑂𝑄 or 𝑅 = 𝐴+𝐵
2 2
𝑅 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 2𝐴𝐵 cos 𝜃 , where 𝜃 is the angle between 𝐴 and 𝐵.
37
 𝐵 sin 𝜃
If 𝑅 makes angle 𝛽 with 𝐴, then tan 𝛽 = 𝐴+𝐵 cos 𝜃 .
QUESTIONS
1. Two forces of 12 N and 8 N act upon a body. The resultant force on the body has maximum
value of
(a) 4 N (b) 8 N (c) 12 N (d) 20 N
2. Forces F1 and F₂ act on a point mass in two mutually perpendicular directions. The resultant
force on the point mass is
(a) F1 + F₂ (b) F1 - F₂ (c) √F1² + F22 (d) F1² + F22
3. The magnitude of the vectors 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 are 3, 4 and 5 units respectively. If 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝐶 , then
the angle between 𝐴 and 𝐵 is
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(a) (b) (c) (d) 0
2 4 3
4. If 𝐴 = 𝐵 + 𝐶 and the values of 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 are 13, 12 and 5 respectively, then the angle between
𝐴and 𝐶 will be
(a) cos-1(5/13) (b) cos-1(13/12) (c) π/2 (d) sin-1(5/12)
SOLUTION.
1. (d) 20 N
2. (c) √F1² + F22
𝜋
3. (a)
2
4. (a) cos-1(5/13)
208. Consider an isolated system of n interacting particles. The mutual forces between pairs of
particles in the system cause changes in momenta of the individual particles. By third law, the
mutual forces between any pair of particles are equal and opposite. By second law, the change in
momenta for any pair of particles are F∆tand -F∆t. Thus the momentum changes cancel in pairs
and total momentum of the system remains constant. The leads to a fundamental principle of
physics called the law of conservation of linear momentum. This law states that the total linear
momentum of an isolated system of interacting particles is conserved. The recoil of a gun on
firing, explosion of a bomb into different fragments due to internal forces, the working of rockets
and jet planes, etc.; can be explained on basis of momentum conservation.
QUESTIONS
1. A gun fires a bullet of mass 50 g with a velocity of 30 ms-1. Because of this, the gun is pushed
back with a velocity of 1 ms¹. The mass of the gun is
(a) 5.5 kg (b) 3.5 kg (c) 1.5 kg (d) 0.5 kg
2. A body of mass M moving with velocity V explodes into two equal parts. If one comes to rest
and the other part moves with velocity v, what would be the value of v?
(a) V (b) V/√2 (c) 4 V (d) 2 V
3. A body of mass 0.25 kg is projected with muzzle velocity 100 m/s from a tank of mass 100 kg.
What is the recoil velocity of the tank?
(a) 5 m/s (b) 25 m/s (c) 0.5 m/s (d) 0.25 m/s
4. A boy of mass m stands on one end of a wooden plank of length L and mass M. The plank is
floating on water. If the boy walks from one end of the plank to the other end at a constant
speed, the resulting displacement of the plank is given by
𝑚𝐿 𝑀𝐿 𝑚𝐿 𝑚𝐿
(a) 𝑀 (b) 𝑚 (c) (𝑀+𝑚 ) (d) (𝑀−𝑚 )
Solution:
1. (c) 1.5 kg
2. (d) 2 V
3. (d) 0.25 m/s
𝑚𝐿
4. (c)
(𝑀+𝑚 )
209. Whenever a body moves or tends to move over the surface of another body, a force comes into
play which acts parallel to the surface of contact and opposes the relative motion. This opposing
force is called friction. Static friction fs, opposes the impending relative motion while the kinetic
friction fk, opposes the actual relative motion. Static friction is a self-adjusting force. The maximum
value of static friction (fsmax) which comes into play when a body just starts moving over the

38
 surface of another body is called limiting friction. Two important constants which are
characteristics of the pair of surfaces in contact are defined as follows:
𝑓𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥
Coefficient of limiting friction, 𝜇𝑠 =
𝑅
𝑓𝑘
Coefficient of kinetic friction, 𝜇𝑘 =
𝑅
As 𝑓𝑘 < 𝑓𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 or 𝜇𝑘 𝑅 < 𝜇𝑠 𝑅 𝜇𝑘 < 𝜇𝑠

where R is the normal reaction between the two surfaces in contact. Both static and kinetic friction are
independent of the area of surfaces in contact.
QUESTIONS
1. Which of the following is the dimension of coefficient of friction?
(a) [MLT-2] (b) [M0 L0 T0] (c) [M²LT-2] (d) [M²LT]
2. If reaction is R and coefficient of friction is μ, what is work done against friction in moving a
body by distance d?
(a) μRd/4 (b) 2μRd (c) μRd (d) μRd/2
3. A block of mass 50 kg just slides over a horizontal distance of 1 m. If coefficient of friction
between their surfaces is 0.2, the work done against friction is
(a) 98 J (b) 56 J (c) 72 J (d) 34 J
4. A cylinder of mass 10 kg is rolling on a place with an initial velocity of 10 m/s. If coefficient of
friction between surface and cylinder is 0.5, then before stopping, the cylinder will cover a
distance of
(a) 10 m (b) 5 m (c) 7.5 m (d) 2.5 m
Solution:
1. (b) [M0 L0 T0]
2. (c) μRd
3. (a) μRd
4. (a) 10 m
210. When an object moves along a straight line with uniform acceleration, it is possible to relate its
velocity, acceleration during motion and the distance covered by it in a certain time interval by a
set of equations known as the equations of motion. For convenience, a set of three such
equations are given below:
v = u + at s = ut + ½ at2 2a s = v2 – u2
Where u is the initial velocity of the object which moves with uniform acceleration a for Time t,
v is the final velocity and s is the distance travelled by the object in time t.
1) equation of motions are applicable to motion with
a) uniform acceleration b) non uniform acceleration
c) constant velocity d) none of these
2) How many equation of motions are there?
a) 1 b) 2 c) 4 d) 6
3) The brakes applied to a car produce an acceleration of 10 m/s 2 in the opposite direction to the
motion. If the car takes 1 s to stop after the application of brakes, calculate the distance
traveled during this time by car.
a) 5 cm b) 10 cm c) 15 cm d) 20 cm
4) An object is dropped from a tower falls with a constant acceleration of 10 m/s2. Find its speed
10 s after it was dropped.
a) 100 m/s b)110 m/s c) 120 m/s d) 130 m/s
Answers
1) a
2) b
3) a) s = 5m
4) a) v= 100 m/s
211. If an object moving along the straight line covers equal distances in equal intervals of time, it is
said to be in uniform motion along a straight line. Distance and displacement are two quantities
that seem to mean the same but are different with different meanings and definitions. Distance is
the measure of actual path length travelled by object. It is scalar quantity having SI unit of metre
while displacement refers to the shortest distance between initial and final position of object. It is
39
 vector quantity. The magnitude of the displacement for a course of motion may be zero but the
corresponding path length is not zero. using this data answer following questions.
1) Can path length be zero for motion of body from one point to other point?
a) Yes b) No c) Information not sufficient d) none
2) For any given motion from point A to B, displacement =10m and distance = 5m. Is it possible?
a) Yes b) No c) Information not sufficient d) none
3) For rectilinear motion displacement can be
a) Positive only b) Negative only c) Can be zero d) All of the above
4) Define distance and displacement of particle.
Answer key
1) b
2) b
3) d
4) Distance and displacement are two quantities that seem to mean the same but are different
with different meanings and definitions. Distance is the measure of “how much distance an
object has covered during its motion” while displacement refers to the measure of “how far
the abject actually from initial place.”
211. Acceleration due to Gravity and its Variation
The acceleration produced in the body falling freely under the gravitational pull of earth is known as
acceleration due to gravity. If a body of mass m lies at any point on the surface of earth, then the
𝐺𝑀
value of acceleration due to gravity 'g' is given by𝑔 = 𝑅 2𝑒 ((Me) mass and R is radius of earth).
The value of acceleration due to gravity varies with height, depth, shape and rotation of earth.
The value of 'g' is maximum at surface of earth and it decreases with height, depth, shape and
rotation. The variation of acceleration due to gravity with height and depth is given by
2𝑕 𝑑
𝑔𝑕 = 1 − 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔𝑑 = 𝑔 1 −
𝑅 𝑅
(i)If M denotes the mass of earth and R denote radius, the ratio g/G at surface of earth is
(a) R²/M (b) M/R2 (c) MR2 (d)M/R.
Ans(b) M/R2
𝐺𝑀
At surface of earth 𝑔 = 2
𝑅
𝑔 𝐺𝑀 𝑀
∴ = =
𝐺 𝑅2 × 𝐺 𝑅2

(ii) When you move from equator to the poles the value of acceleration due to gravity.
(a) increases (b) decreases (c) remains same
(d) decrease upto a latitude of 45° and then increases.
Ans. (a) increases
𝐺𝑀
𝑔= 2
𝑅
As the equatorial radius is 21 km more than the polar radius so the value of g becomes more at
poles than at equator.
Rpole<Req =>gpole>geq
(iii) At what depth below surface of earth value of acceleration due to gravity becomes 25% of its
value at surface?
(a) 1600 km (b) 3200 km (c) 4800 km (d) 6000 km
Ans. (c) 4800 km
(iv) A body of mass m is taken to the bottom of a deep mine. The mass of body will
(a) increase (b) remain same (c) decrease (d) firstly increases and then decreases.
Ans. b
212. Work is said to be done by a force on a body if it displaces the body from its position in the
direction of the force. Work done by a force 𝐹 on a body which is displaced through 𝑆 = 𝐹 . 𝑆 =
𝐹𝑆 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃.When the speed of the body changes on the application of a force, then work done by the
force is equal to to Work done by a force is equal to the change in kinetic energy of the body.
Work done by a force is equal to change in the kinetic energy of the body. This is known as work
𝑝2
energy theorem. Kinetic energy of a body of mass m and linear momentum p is given by 𝑘 = 2𝑚

40
 (a) A body of mass 2 kg is moving with uniform velocity 5 m/s. The work done by the force on the
body is
(i) 10J (ii) 10J (iii) 2.5J (iv) Zero
Ans - (iv) Zero
(b) A body is moving with kinetic energy of 2J.A retarding force acting on the body does 0.5J work
on the body. The final kinetic energy of the body is
(i) Zero, (ii) 1J (iii) 1.5J (iv) 2.5J
Ans: (iii) 1.5J
(c) A car and bus are moving with same kinetic energies are brought to rest after travelling equal
distances. The retarding force
(i) On the car is more than on the bus (ii) on the bus is more than on the car
(ii) On both bus and car is same (iv) None of these
Ans: (ii) On both bus and car is same
(d) A car and bus are moving on a straight line. The same retarding force acts n both and the
change in kinetic energies of both is same. If S1 and S2 be the distances travelled by car and bus
before coming to rest.
(i)𝑠1 > 𝑠2 (ii) 𝑠1 ≥ 𝑠2 (iii) 𝑠1 < 𝑠2 (iv) 𝑠1 = 𝑠2
Ans : (iv) 𝑠1 = 𝑠2
213. When some force is applied on a body and the body moves through certain distance in the
direction of applied force then work is said to be done.
Mathematically = 𝐹 . 𝑠 = 𝐹𝑆 cos 𝜃 , whereas the energy is the capacity of doing work.The energy
possessed by body by virtue of its motion is kinetic energy. Power is the rate of doing work
𝑤 𝐹 .𝑠 𝑆
𝑝 = 𝑡 = 𝑡 = 𝐹. 𝑡 = 𝐹 . 𝑣
Work, energy and power all are scalar quantities.
(i) When a body is thrown up, work done by gravity on the body is
(a) Positive (b) zero (c)negative (d) can‟t say
Ans: (c)negative
(ii) A force of 10N displaces the body by 10m.If the work done is 50J, then direction of force
makes an angle with the direction of displacement
a 600 (b) 900 (c)1200 (d) 1800
Ans: a 600
(iii) A particle moves with velocity 𝑣 = 6𝑖 − 4𝑗 + 3𝑘 𝑚/𝑠 under the influence of a constant force
𝐹 = (20𝑖 + 15𝑗 − 5𝑘)N. Then instantaneous power, applied to the particle is
(a) 35J/s (b) 45 J/s (c) 25 J/s (d) 195 J/s
Ans: (b) 45 J/s
(iv) A person pushes a wall with his hands and fails to displace it. He does
(a) Maximum positive work (b) Negative work (c) No work at all (d) Positive work but
not maximum
Ans: (c) No work at all
214. The centre of mass of a body is a point at which the entire mass of the body is supposed to be
concentrated .The C.M. of a body may or may not lie within the body. The position vector of C.M.
of the system of two particles of masses m1 and m2 having vectors 𝑟1 and 𝑟2 is given by,
𝑚 1 𝑟1 +𝑚 2 𝑟2
𝑟= 𝑚 1 +𝑚 2
For an isolated system , the C.M. moves with constant velocity when no external force acts on it.
𝑉𝐶𝑀 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
(i) For which of the following does the centre of mass lie outside the body?
(a) solid sphere (b) Solid cylinder (c) a disc (d) a ring
Ans: (d) a ring
(ii) If two particles of masses 𝑚1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚2 move with velocities 𝑣1 and 𝑣2 towards each other on a
smooth horizontal table, what will be the velocity of their C.M.?
𝒎 𝒗 𝒎 𝒗 𝑚 𝑣 +𝑚 𝑣 𝑚 𝑣 +𝑚 𝑣
(a) 𝟏𝒎 𝟏−+𝒎𝟐 𝟐 (b) 1𝑚 1 −𝑚 2 2 (c) 1𝑚 1 +𝑚 2 2 (d) Zero
𝟏 𝟐 1 2 1 2
(iii) A solid sphere of radius R is placed on a smooth horizontal surface. A horizontal force F is
applied at a height h from the lowest point. For the maximum acceleration of C.M.
(a) 𝑕 = 𝑅 (b) 𝑕 = 2𝑅 (c) 𝑕 = 0
41
 (d) the acceleration will be same whatever h may be.
Ans: (d) the acceleration will be same whatever h may be.
(iv) An electron and a proton move towards each other with velocities 𝑣1 and 𝑣2 respectively. The
velocity of their centre of mass is
𝑣 +𝑣
(a) zero (b) 𝑣1 (c)𝑣2 (d) 1 2 2
Ans: (a) zero
215. The moment of inertia of a body about the axis of rotation is the rotational inertia of the body.It is
equal to the sum of the product of masses of particles constituting the body and square of their
distances from axis of rotation. It is the rotational analogue of mass in linear motion.If M is the
mass of a body an K is the radius of gyration of body about the axis of rotation then 𝐼 = 𝑀𝐾 2
.Moment of inertia is a scalar quantity and its depends on shape an size of body, distribution of
mass about axis of rotation. When a body rotates about a given axis and the axis of rotation also
moves, then total K.E. of body=(𝐾. 𝐸. )𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 + (𝐾. 𝐸. )𝑟𝑜𝑡
1 1
𝐸 = 2 𝑚𝑣 2 + 2 𝐼𝜔2
(i) Moment of inertia of a body depends on
(a) mass of body (b) shape and size of body
(c) axis of rotation of body (d) All the above.
Ans: (d) All the above.
(ii) The M.I. of a solid sphere of mass 5 kg and radius 1 m about its diameter is
(a) ½ kg 𝑚2 (b) 2 kg 𝑚2 (c) 1/5 kg 𝑚2 (d) 5 kg 𝑚2
2
Ans: (b) 2 kg 𝑚
(iii) A body of moment of inertia 2 kg /m2 rotating with angular velocity 4 rad/s slows down to 2 rad/s.
What is the work done on the body?
(a) 10J (b) 12J (c) -12J (d) -10J
Ans: (c) -12J
(iv) A circular ring and a circular disc of same mass and same diameter have, about the given axis
(a) same moment of inertia (b) different moment of inertia
(c) can‟t say (d) sometimes equal sometimes not.
Ans: (b) different moment of inertia

42