MECHANICAL& MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT
ASSIGNMENT 1

Code/Name Course : BEK 3013 Electrical Machine

Semester : May – Aug 2024

Issue Date : 28th July 2024

Due Date : 10th Aug 2024

CLO1 CLO2 CLO3 CLO4 CLO5

Assessment
PLO2 PLO3 PLO2 PLO2 PLO3
Assignment/Short √ √ √ √ √
Project
Upon completion of this module, the student will be able to:

CLO 3: Analyse the induction machine in terms of construction, working principle

and characteristics for different operating conditions. ( C4, PLO2)
CLO 5: Select appropriate machines and special machines based on application and
performance, and its basic preventive maintenance methods. (C4,PLO3)
PROBLEM ANALYSIS - Identify, formulate, conduct research literature and
PLO 2 analyse complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first
principles of mathematics, natural sciences and engineering sciences (WK1 to WK4)

DESIGN/DEVELOPMENT OF SOLUTIONS - Design solutions for complex

engineering problems and design systems, components or processes that meet
PLO 3
specified needs with appropriate consideration for public health and safety, cultural,
societal, and environmental considerations (WK5)

Question Marks Marks obtained

Assignment Q1(CLO3) 20
Q2(CLO5) 10
Total 50

Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering

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UCSI University Kuala Lumpur
May - Aug 2024 Semester
Group number / Student Names and Student Ids:

No. Student Name Student ID

1 Ricky Fajar Adiputra Sharma Muhammad 1002058511
2 Lee Jian Ze 1002161098
3 Ong Yi Tatt 1002059424

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QUESTION 1

i) The linear synchronous motor is a versatile technology that has the ability to satisfy various
engineering requirements. It is particularly well-suited for applications that demand precise
movements and high-speed propulsion. For example, in robotic applications, the linear
synchronous motor can provide accurate and smooth motion control because it is a direct drive
system. It eliminates the need for mechanical transmission or gear reduction, which reduces the
potential for positioning errors or backlash.
Additionally, the linear synchronous motor is an essential component in high-speed
magnetic-levitation vehicles because it can generate the necessary force to propel the vehicle
forward. This is achieved by creating a magnetic field that interacts with a series of magnets on
the vehicle, allowing it to travel at high speeds with minimal friction and noise. Thus, the linear
synchronous motor is a technology that meets the needs of diverse applications that require both
precision and speed.

Construction:
The linear synchronous motor (LSM) is an electric motor that operates based on the
principle of electromagnetic induction. It comprises a stationary stator that houses the motor
windings, and a translator or mover that moves along the stator. The stator consists of a series of
coils arranged linearly, wound around a laminated iron core that enhances the focusing and
directing of the magnetic field generated by the current flowing through the coils. The mover is
made of a specific arrangement of permanent magnets that interact with the magnetic field
produced by the stator to generate linear motion.

Linear Synchronous Motor

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Working Principle:
When an alternating current (AC) is supplied to the stator, the motor windings produce a
magnetic field that alternates direction at the same frequency as the AC. This alternating magnetic
field induces an electric current in the permanent magnets of the mover, which produces its own
magnetic field that interacts with the magnetic field of the stator. The interaction between the two
magnetic fields generates a force that propels the mover along the length of the motor.

The magnitude and direction of the force produced by the LSM depend on various factors
such as the frequency and amplitude of the AC supplied to the stator, and the design of the motor.
By adjusting the frequency and amplitude of the AC, the speed and direction of the mover can be
precisely controlled. Moreover, the position of the mover can be detected with the help of sensors
that sense the position of the magnets or the current flowing through the coils of the stator. This
enables the LSM to achieve highly accurate and precise linear motion without the need for
mechanical transmission systems or gears.

ii) A linear synchronous motor is a type of electric motor that can propel an object along a
linear path, such as a train or a magnetic-levitation vehicle, without any moving parts. Instead of
a rotating motor, a linear synchronous motor has a stationary stator, and a moving part called the
translator or the force. The force is propelled along the stator by the interaction of the magnetic
fields created by the stator and the force.
The advantages of using a linear synchronous motor for propulsion include high force, high
velocity, high precision, and high dynamics stiffness. These qualities make it suitable for use in
machine tools, where precise and rapid motion is required. In addition, linear synchronous motors
offer low settling times, meaning that they can stop and start quickly and smoothly, without any
jerking or oscillation. This makes them ideal for use in high-speed transportation, such as
magnetic-levitation trains or vehicles and robotic applications for precise movements for accuracy.
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 In the case of robotic applications for precise movements for accuracy, a linear
synchronous motor is used to precisely control the position and speed of a robotic arm. Smooth
and accurate movements can be accomplished by controlling the motor's acceleration and
deceleration by altering the frequency and amplitude of the electrical current supplied to it.
Moreover, linear synchronous motors have the advantage of being ideal for applications needing
a small amount of area due to their high power density and excellent efficiency, which allows
robotic arms equipped with them capable of handling heavy loads.
In the case of magnetic-levitation vehicles, a linear synchronous motor can provide the
propulsion needed to lift the vehicle off the ground and keep it moving at high speeds. The absence
of friction between the vehicle and the ground, combined with the high efficiency of the motor,
can result in a smooth and quiet ride. Moreover, since there are no moving parts, the maintenance
costs are relatively low.
In summary, the linear synchronous motor is a versatile and efficient form of
electromagnetic propulsion that can be used in a variety of applications, including high-speed
transportation. Its high force, velocity, precision, and dynamics stiffness, combined with low
settling times, make it an attractive choice for industries where smooth and precise motion is
required.

iii) The torque and speed characteristics of a Linear Synchronous Motor (LSM) describe the
relationship between the output torque and the linear speed of the rotor. The design of the stator
and rotor, the number and arrangement of the magnets or coils, the supply voltage and frequency,
the load and friction forces, and the control technique all influence these characteristics.
Three zones can be identified based on the torque and speed characteristics, which are the
constant torque region, the constant power region, and the field weakening region. The output
torque is proportional to the current and unaffected by the speed in the zone of constant torque.
The size of this zone is restricted by the stator or rotor's maximum current rating. The output power
is constant in the constant power area and equal to the torque times the speed. The size of this zone
is restricted by the stator or rotor's maximum voltage rating. Due to a decrease in magnetic flux in
the region where the field is decreasing, the output torque falls down as the speed rises. The size
of this zone is restricted by the stator or rotor's maximum speed rating.

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QUESTION 2
i) In the US, a trade group known as the National Electrical Manufacturers Association
(NEMA) establishes requirements for the production and functionality of electrical equipment.
Products like motors, transformers, lights, and cable trays are all covered by NEMA regulations.
These requirements are designed to guarantee the reliability, efficiency, and safety of electrical
products. Manufacturers, authorities, and consumers of electrical equipment in the US and other
nations employ NEMA standards. It is sometimes necessary by legislation or stipulated in
contracts that goods comply with NEMA standards, which helps to guarantee that they are of high
quality and suitable for the purposes for which they are designed.

ii)
Volts, Amps, HP These characteristics, which include the voltage, current, and horsepower,
give details regarding the power needs of the motor. This enables it easier
for the user to confirm that the motor can generate the needed level of
power and is compatible with the power source that is readily available.
Phase, RPM, Hz These parameters provide information about the motor's operating
characteristics, including the number of phases, speed, and frequency. This
assists the user in choosing a motor that is appropriate for the particular
application and capable of producing the necessary speed and torque.
Duty cycle This parameter gives details about the motor's anticipated operating
circumstances, including how long it will run for and what kind of load it
will handle. This makes it easier for the user to choose a motor that can
function in the given circumstances without overheating or breaking.
Temperature rise The maximum temperature that the motor can operate at without suffering
harm is indicated by this characteristic. This makes it easier for the user to
choose a motor that is safe to use without overheating and is appropriate for
the operating environment.
Service factor The maximum load that the motor can sustain for brief periods of time
without suffering harm is indicated by this characteristic. This makes it
easier for the customer to choose a motor that can withstand unexpected
changes in load without overheating or breaking.
Insulation class The motor's maximum operating temperature and the type of insulation
utilized in the motor are both disclosed by this characteristic. This makes it
easier for the user to choose a motor that is safe to use without insulation
failure and appropriate for the operating environment.
Frame This parameter offers details about the motor's physical dimensions and
mounting arrangement. This makes it easier for the user to choose a motor
that will fit in the area given and can be placed safely.
Code letter This parameter offers details about the motor's initial torque and current
characteristics. This makes it easier for the user to select a motor that can

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 start and accelerate smoothly without drawing excessive current or causing
voltage drops.
Efficiency This parameter offers details about the motor's energy efficiency. This
makes it easier for the user to choose a motor that will produce the needed
level of power with the least amount of energy use and operational expense.

iii) General Block diagram of an Electrical Drive system is shown in Figure 1.

A high voltage battery is a direct current (DC) source that is mounted on an electric
vehicle and provides power to the motor and other auxiliary loads. It is made up of a
number of batteries linked in series and parallel in accordance with the current and voltage
ratings required by each battery. Besides, a power electronics equipment known as a
"bidirectional converter" manages the power flow from the inverter to the battery and from
the battery to the inverter. While an electric car is running, the battery powers the inverter,
and during regenerative braking, the inverter powers the battery. Moreover, a power
electronics device known as an inverter transform alternating electrical energy into direct
electrical energy. The power rating of the battery will determine whether it is single phase
or three phase.

Electrical energy is transformed into mechanical energy by an electric motor. It

receives input from the inverter and gives the electrical vehicle the output. Then, the DC-
DC converter is to reduce the high DC voltage of the battery to a level that supplementary
loads may use. Accessory loads are those parts of an electrical vehicle, such as the horn,
light, music system, etc., that have a low power rating. These devices are linked through a
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 dc-dc converter rather than being powered directly by a high voltage battery due to their
low voltage rating. In addition, the Battery charger is in charge of charging the battery in
electric vehicles. Depending on the power rating of the charger, it may be single phase or
three phase. It is made up of a converter that turns an alternating source into a direct current
source.

1) V / f Control or Frequency Control.

In electric motor, the V/f (voltage/frequency) control is one of the most common control
modes used in pumps and fan systems. V/f control is an induction motor control method which
makes sure the output voltage is proportional with the frequency, so that it maintains a constant
motor flux that prevents weak magnetic and magnetic saturation phenomenon from happening. A
variable frequency drive was used to control the speed. When a 3-phase AC power supply was
introduced to the system, the diode rectifier will change it into DC voltage, which also produces
ripples in the waveform. The DC Link (capacitor) will then smoothen the waveform, reducing the
number of peak-to-peak ripples in the process. The more capacitance in the DC Link, the more
energy can be stored, and the lower the ripple. Then, the PWM Inverter controls the frequency so
that it stops the load supply at a certain maximum power and regulates its power until it exceeds
the amount required. After that, the inverter changes DC back to AC to power the 3-phase
induction motor.

Variable Frequency Drive System

(AC & DC Drives | Adjustable Speed | VFD | Industrial Distributor | MN | SD. (n.d.). ISC
Companies.)

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 Equivalent circuit of 3 phase induction motor

A 3-phase induction motor is a type of AC motor that is widely used in various industrial
applications due to its simplicity, robustness, and low cost. The motor consists of a stator, which
is a stationary part, and a rotor, which rotates inside the stator. The stator has three sets of
windings that are displaced by 120 degrees from each other, and these windings are energized
with three-phase AC power. The rotating magnetic field created by the AC power induces
currents in the rotor, which produces torque that causes the rotor to rotate.
V/F Control or Frequency Control is one of the most commonly used speed control
techniques for 3-phase induction motors. This technique involves controlling the frequency of
the AC power supplied to the motor in proportion to its rated voltage. The motor operates at a
constant ratio of voltage to frequency, known as the V/F ratio. By changing the frequency of the
AC power supplied to the motor, the V/F ratio can be changed, and the speed of the motor can be
controlled.
In conclusion, the 3-phase induction motor is a widely used AC motor due to its
simplicity and low cost. V/F Control or Frequency Control is a commonly used speed control
technique for induction motors, which involves controlling the frequency of the AC power
supplied to the motor in proportion to its rated voltage. There are two types of V/F control
techniques: scalar control and vector control. Scalar control is the simplest and most common
method of speed control, while vector control is a more advanced method that provides better
efficiency and reduced energy consumption.

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2) Speed Control from Rotor Side by adding External Resistance on Rotor Side.

Speed control from rotor side by adding external resistance is one of the methods used to
control the speed of a 3-phase induction motor. This technique involves inserting external
resistance into the rotor circuit to increase the rotor resistance, which in turn reduces the rotor
current and torque, thus slowing down the motor. Adding external resistance on the rotor side is
also one of the methods to control the speed of the 3-phase induction motor. This method is only
applicable to wound rotor induction motor. The equation of torque for 3-phase induction motors
is as follows,

𝝉𝝉 ∝ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠22𝑅𝑅2
𝑅𝑅2 2 + (𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2)2

When the 3-phase induction motor operates in a low slip region, (sX)2 can be neglected as it was
too small compared to R2. E2 acts as a constant in this equation. Hence, the equation of torque after
simplification becomes

𝑠𝑠
𝝉𝝉 ∝
𝑅𝑅2

The equation above clearly shows that the torque is inversely proportional to the resistance on
the rotor sides. When the rotor resistance R2 increases, the torque will decrease as torque is
inversely proportional to R2. While based on the formula as follow,

𝑁𝑁𝑠𝑠 − 𝑁𝑁𝑟𝑟
𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 =
𝑁𝑁𝑠𝑠

If the torque were to maintain constant, the slip is directly proportional to the rotor resistance. If
the resistance in the rotor circuit is increased, the slip will be increased, and the speed of the rotor
is decreased. Therefore, by adding external resistance at the rotor side and maintaining maximum
torque constant at the same time, slip will be increased which causes the motor speed to decrease.
This method has an advantage of achieving a maximum starting torque at the starting period.
Figure below shows how speed varies when the rotor resistance is changed.

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 Graph of Rotor Resistance Control of Induction Motor
(Electrical4U. (n.d.). Rotor Resistance Control of Induction Motor | Electrical4U.)

External Resistance on Rotor Side of Induction Motor circuit diagram and rotor current
waveform

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Reference

AC & DC Drives: Adjustable Speed: VFD: Industrial Distributor: MN: SD. ISC Companies.
(2021, October 13). Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.isccompanies.com/parts-
distribution/adjustable-speed-drives/ac-dc-servo/

Electrical4U. (2020, October 26). Speed control of three phase induction motor. Electrical4U.
Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.electrical4u.com/speed-control-of-three-phase-
induction-motor/

(End of assignment)

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