b

Forum Geometricorum
Volume 6 (2006) 1–16. b b
FORUM GEOM
ISSN 1534-1178

On Mixtilinear Incircles and Excircles

Khoa Lu Nguyen and Juan Carlos Salazar

Abstract. A mixtilinear incircle (respectively excircle) of a triangle is tangent to

two sides and to the circumcircle internally (respectively externally). We study
the configuration of the three mixtilinear incircles (respectively excircles). In
particular, we give easy constructions of the circle (apart from the circumcircle)
tangent the three mixtilinear incircles (respectively excircles). We also obtain a
number of interesting triangle centers on the line joining the circumcenter and
the incenter of a triangle.

1. Preliminaries
In this paper we study two triads of circles associated with a triangle, the mix-
tilinear incircles and the mixtilinear excircles. For an introduction to these circles,
see [4] and §§2, 3 below. In this section we collect some important basic results
used in this paper.
Proposition 1 (d’Alembert’s Theorem [1]). Let O1 (r1 ), O2 (r2 ), O3 (r3 ) be three
circles with distinct centers. According as ε = +1 or −1, denote by A1ε , A2ε , A3ε
respectively the insimilicenters or exsimilicenters of the pairs of circles ((O2 ), (O3 )),
((O3 ), (O1 )), and ((O1 ), (O2 )). For εi = ±1, i = 1, 2, 3, the points A1ε1 , A2ε2
and A3ε3 are collinear if and only if ε1 ε2 ε3 = −1. See Figure 1.
The insimilicenter and exsimilicenter of two circles are respectively their inter-
nal and external centers of similitude. In terms of one-dimensional barycentric
coordinates, these are the points
r2 · O1 + r1 · O2
ins(O1 (r1 ), O2 (r2 )) = , (1)
r1 + r2
−r2 · O1 + r1 · O2
exs(O1 (r1 ), O2 (r2 )) = . (2)
r1 − r2
Proposition 2. Let O1 (r1 ), O2 (r2 ), O3 (r3 ) be three circles with noncollinears cen-
ters. For ε = ±1, let Oε (rε ) be the Apollonian circle tangent to the three circles,
all externally or internally according as ε = +1 or −1. Then the Monge line con-
taining the three exsimilicenters exs(O2 (r2 ), O3 (r3 )), exs(O3 (r3 ), O1 (r1 )), and
exs(O1 (r1 ), O2 (r2 )) is the radical axis of the Apollonian circles (O+ ) and (O− ).
See Figure 1.
Publication Date: January 18, 2006. Communicating Editor: Paul Yiu.
The authors thank Professor Yiu for his contribution to the last section of this paper.
2 K. L. Nguyen and J. C. Salazar

A3−

A2−

O1

A2+

A3+
O+

O−
A1−
O2 A1+ O3

Figure 1.

Lemma 3. Let BC be a chord of a circle O(r). Let O1 (r1 ) be a circle that touches
BC at E and intouches the circle (O) at D. The line DE passes through the
midpoint A of the arc BC that does not contain the point D. Furthermore, AD ·
AE = AB 2 = AC 2 .
Proposition 4. The perspectrix of the circumcevian triangle of P is the polar of P
with respect to the circumcircle.
Let ABC be a triangle with circumcenter O and incenter I. For the circumcircle
and the incircle,
r·O+R·I
ins((O), (I)) = = X55 ,
R+r
−r · O + R · I
exs((O), (I)) = = X56 .
R−r

in the notations of [3]. We also adopt the following notations.

A0 point of tangency of incircle with BC

A1 intersection of AI with the circumcircle
A2 antipode of A1 on the circumcircle

Similarly define B0 , B1 , B2 , C0 , C1 and C2 . Note that

(i) A0 B0 C0 is the intouch triangle of ABC,
(ii) A1 B1 C1 is the circumcevian triangle of the incenter I,
On mixtilinear incircles and excircles 3

(iii) A2 B2 C2 is the medial triangle of the excentral triangle, i.e., A2 is the midpoint
between the excenters Ib and Ic . It is also the midpoint of the arc BAC of the
circumcircle.

2. Mixtilinear incircles
The A-mixtilinear incircle is the circle (Oa ) that touches the rays AB and AC
at Ca and Ba and the circumcircle (O) internally at X. See Figure 2. Define the
B- and C-mixtilinear incircles (Ob ) and (Oc ) analogously, with points of tangency
Y and Z with the circumcircle. See [4]. We begin with an alternative proof of the
main result of [4].
Proposition 5. The lines AX, BY , CZ are concurrent at exs((O), (I)).
Proof. Since A = exs((Oa ), (I)) and X = exs((O), (Oa )), the line AX passes
through exs((O), (I)) by d’Alembert’s Theorem. For the same reason, BY and
CZ also pass through the same point.

A2
Y
A A

B1

B0
Ob C1
Oc O Ba Ba
Z I C0 I
Ca
Oa Ca Oa

B C B A0 C

X X
A1
Figure 2 Figure 3

Lemma 6. (1) I is the midpoint of Ba Ca .

r
(2) The A-mixtilinear incircle has radius ra = cos2 A .
2
(3) XI bisects angle BXC.
See Figure 3.
Consider the radical axis a of the mixtilinear incircles (Ob ) and (Oc ).
Proposition 7. The radical axis a contains
(1) the midpoint A1 of the arc BC of (O) not containing the vertex A,
(2) the midpoint Ma of IA0 , where A0 is the point of tangency of the incircle with
the side BC.
4 K. L. Nguyen and J. C. Salazar

Y
A

B1

Bc
Cb
B0
C1 Ob
Mb
Oc
Z C0 I
Mc

Ma

B Ac A0 Ab C

A1

Figure 4.

Proof. (1) By Lemma 3, Z, Ac and A1 are collinear, so are Y , Ab , A1 . Also,

A1 Ac · A1 Z = A1 B 2 = A1 C 2 = A1 Ab · A1 Y . This shows that A1 is on the
radical axis of (Ob ) and (Oc ).
(2) Consider the incircle (I) and the B-mixtilinear incircle (Ob ) with common
ex-tangents BA and BC. Since the circle (I) touches BA and BC at C0 and A0 ,
and the circle (Ob ) touches the same two lines at Cb and Ab , the radical axis of
these two circles is the line joining the midpoints of Cb C0 and Ab A0 . Since Ab ,
I, Cb are collinear, the radical axis of (I) and (Ob ) passes through the midpoints
of IA0 and IC0 . Similarly, the radical axis of (I) and (Oc ) passes through the
midpoints of IA0 and IB0 . It follows that the midpoint of IA0 is the common
point of these two radical axes, and is therefore a point on the radical axis of (Ob )
and (Oc ).

Theorem 8. The radical center of (Oa ), (Ob ), (Oc ) is the point J which divides
OI in the ratio
OJ : JI = 2R : −r.

Proof. By Proposition 7, the radical axis of (Ob ) and (Oc ) is the line A1 Ma . Let
Mb and Mc be the midpoints of IB0 and IC0 respectively. Then the radical axes of
(Oc ) and (Oa ) is the line B1 Mb , and that of (Oa ) and (Ob ) is the line C1 Mc . Note
that the triangles A1 B1 C1 and Ma Mb Mc are directly homothetic. Since A1 B1 C1
is inscribed in the circle O(R) and Ma Mb Mc in inscribed in the circle I(2r ), the
homothetic center of the triangles is the point J which divides the segment OI in
On mixtilinear incircles and excircles 5

Y
A

B1

Bc
Cb
B0
C1 Ob
Mb
Oc
Z C0
O
Mc I
J
Ma

B Ac A0 Ab C

A1

Figure 5.

the ratio
r
OJ : JI = R : − = 2R : −r. (3)
2
See Figure 5.

Remark. Let T be the homothetic center of the excentral triangle Ia Ib Ic and the
intouch triangle A0 B0 C0 . This is the triangle center X57 in [3]. Since the excentral
triangle has circumcenter I , the reflection of I in O,
OT : T I  = 2R : −r.
Comparison with (3) shows that J is the reflection of T in O.

3. The mixtilinear excircles

The mixtilinear excircles are defined analogously to the mixtilinear incircles,
except that the tangencies with the circumcircle are external. The A-mixtilinear
excircle (Oa ) can be easily constructed by noting that the polar of A passes through
the excenter Ia ; similarly for the other two mixtilinear excircles. See Figure 6.
Theorem 9. If the mixtilinear excircles touch the circumcircle at X , Y  , Z  re-
spectively, the lines AX , BY  , CZ  are concurrent at ins((O), (I)).
Theorem 10. The radical center of the mixtilinear excircles is the reflection of J
in O, where J is the radical center of the mixtilinear incircles.

Proof. The polar of A with respect to (Oa ) passes through the excenter Ia . Simi-
larly for the other two polars of B with respect to (Ob ) and C with respect to (Oc ).
6 K. L. Nguyen and J. C. Salazar

Ob

Oc A
Y
Z
I

B C

X


Oa

Figure 6.

Let A3 B3 C3 be the triangle bounded by these three polars. Let A4 , B4 , C4 be the

midpoints of A0 A3 , B0 B3 , C0 C3 respectively. See Figure 7.
Since Ia Ib A3 Ic is a parallelogram, and A2 is the midpoint of Ib Ic , it is also the
midpoint of A3 Ia . Since B3 C3 is parallel to Ib Ic (both being perpendicular to the
bisector AA1 ), Ia is the midpoint of B3 C3 . Similarly, Ib , Ic are the midpoints
of C3 A3 and A3 B3 , and the excentral triangle is the medial triangle of A3 B3 C3 .
Note also that I is the circumcenter of A3 B3 C3 (since it lies on the perpendicular
bisectors of its three sides). This is homothetic to the intouch triangle A0 B0 C0 at
r
I, with ratio of homothety − 4R .
If A4 is the midpoint of A0 A3 , similarly for B4 and C4 , then A4 B4 C4 is homo-
thetic to A3 B3 C3 with ratio 4R−r
4R .
We claim that A4 B4 C4 is homothetic to A2 B2 C2 at a point J  , which is the
radical center of the mixtilinear excircles. The ratio of homothety is clearly 4R−r R .
Consider the isosceles trapezoid B0 C0 B3 C3 . Since B4 and C4 are the midpoints
of the diagonals B0 B3 and C0 C3 , and B3 C3 contains the points of tangency Ba ,
Ca of the circle (Oa ) with AC and AB, the line B4 C4 also contains the midpoints
of B0 Ba and C0 Ca , which are on the radical axis of (I) and (Oa ). This means that
the line B4 C4 is the radical axis of (I) and (Oa ).
On mixtilinear incircles and excircles 7

A3

Ob

A4

Ib
A2
A
Oc Y
Ic
Z B0
C0 J
I
C2
C4
B A0 C
B2 C3
X
B4
Ba

Ia

Ca

Oa
B3

Figure 7.

It follows that A4 is on the radical axis of (Ob ) and (Oc ). Clearly, A2 also lies on
the same radical axis. This means that the radical center of the mixtilinear excircles
is the homothetic center of the triangles A2 B2 C2 and A4 B4 C4 . Since these two
triangles have circumcenters O and I, and circumradii R and 4R−r 2 , the homothetic

center is the point J which divides IO in the ratio
J  I : J  O = 4R − r : 2R. (4)
Equivalently, OJ 
: J I
= −2R : 4R − r. The reflection of in O divides OI in J
the ratio 2R : −r. This is the radical center J of the mixtilinear incircles.

4. Apollonian circles
Consider the circle O5 (r5 ) tangent internally to the mixtilinear incircles at A5 ,
B5 , C5 respectively. We call this the inner Apollonian circle of the mixtilinear
incircles. It can be constructed from J since A5 is the second intersection of the
line JX with the A-mixtilinear incircle, and similarly for B5 and C5 . See Figure
8. Theorem 11 below gives further details of this circle, and an easier construction.
8 K. L. Nguyen and J. C. Salazar

A Y

A5

O
Z
O5
J C5

B5

B C

Figure 8.

Theorem 11. (1) Triangles A5 B5 C5 and ABC are perspective at ins((O), (I)).
(2) The inner Apollonian circle of the mixtilinear incircles has center O5 divid-
3Rr
ing the segment OI in the ratio 4R : r and radius r5 = 4R+r .

Proof. (1) Let P = exs((O5 ), (I)), and Qa = exs((O5 ), (Oa )). The following
triples of points are collinear by d’Alembert’s Theorem:
(1) A, A5 , P from the circles (O5 ), (I), (Oa );
(2) A, Qa , A5 from the circles (O5 ), (Oa ), (Oa );
(3) A, Qa , P from the circles (O5 ), (I), (Oa );
(4) A, X  , ins((O), (I)) from the circles (O), (I), (Oa ).
See Figure 9. Therefore the lines AA5 contains the points P and ins((O), (I))
(along with Qa , X  ). For the same reason, the lines BB5 and CC5 contain the
same two points. It follows that P and ins((O), (I)) are the same point, which is
common to AA5 , BB5 and CC5 .
(2) Now we compute the radius r5 of the circle (O5 ). From Theorem 8, OJ :
JI = 2R : −r. As J = exs((O), (O5 )), we have OJ : JO5 = R : −r5 . It follows
that OJ : JI : JO5 = 2R : −r : −2r5 , and
OO5 2(R − r5 )
= . (5)
OI 2R − r
Since P = exs((O5 ), (I)) = ins((O), (I)), it is also ins((O), (O5 )). Thus,
OP : P O5 : P I = R : r5 : r, and
OO5 R + r5
= . (6)
OI R+r
On mixtilinear incircles and excircles 9

Qa

A5

P
I
O5

Oa
C
B

X
X


Oa

Figure 9.

3Rr OO5
Comparing (5) and (6), we easily obtain r5 = 4R+r . Consequently, OI =
4R
4R+r and O5 divides OI in the ratio OO5 : O5 I = 4R : r.

The outer Apollonian circle of the mixtilinear excircles can also be constructed
easily. If the lines J  X  , J  Y  , J  Z  intersect the mixtilinear excircles again at
A6 , B6 , C6 respectively, then the circle A6 B6 C6 is tangent internally to each of
the mixtilinear excircles. Theorem 12 below gives an easier construction without
locating the radical center.
Theorem 12. (1) Triangles A6 B6 C6 and ABC are perspective at exs((O), (I)).
(2) The outer Apollonian circle of the mixtilinear excircles has center O6 divid-
ing the segment OI in the ratio −4R : 4R + r and radius r6 = R(4R−3r) r .
10 K. L. Nguyen and J. C. Salazar

B6

Ob

Oc A
B O6
C6 Y
Z
C J
P
B C
A X 


Oa

A6

Figure 10.

Proof. (1) Since A6 = exs((Oa ), (O6 )) and A = exs((I), (Oa )), by d’Alembert’s
Theorem, the line AA6 passes through P = exs((O6 ), (I)). For the same reason
BB6 and CC6 pass through the same point, the triangles A6 B6 C6 and ABC are
perspective at P = exs((I), (O6 )). See Figure 10.
By Proposition 2, AB, X  Y  , A6 B6 , and Oa Ob concur at S = exs((Oa ), (Ob ))
on the radical axis of (O) and (O6 ). Now: SA · SB = SX  · SY  = SA6 · SB6 .
Let AA6 , BB6 , CC6 intersect the circumcircle (O) at A , B  , C  respectively.
Since SA · SB = SA6 · SB6 , ABA6 B6 is cyclic. Since ∠BAA6 = ∠BB  A =
∠BB6 A6 , A B  is parallel to A6 B6 . Similarly, B  C  and C  A are parallel to B6 C6
and C6 A6 respectively. Therefore the triangles A B  C  and A6 B6 C6 are directly
homothetic, and the center of homothety is P = exs((O), (O6 )).
Since P = exs((O), (O6 )) = exs((I), (O6 )), it is also exs((O), (I)), and P I :
P O = r : R.
(2) Since A6 = exs((O6 ), (Oa )) and X  = ins((Oa ), (O)), by d’Alembert’s
Theorem, the line A6 X  passes through K = ins((O), (O6 )). For the same reason,
B6 Y  and C6 Z  pass through the same point K.
We claim that K is the radical center J of the mixtilinear excircles. Since
SX  ·SY  = SA6 ·SB6 , we conclude that X A6 Y  B6 is cyclic, and KX  ·KA6 =
KY  · KB6 . Also, Y  B6 C6 Z  is cyclic, and KY  · KB6 = KZ  · KC6 . It follows
On mixtilinear incircles and excircles 11

that
KX  · KA6 = KY  · KB6 = KZ  · KC6 ,
showing that K = ins((O), (O6 )) is the radical center J of the mixtilinear excir-
cles. Hence, J  O : J  O6 = R : −r6 . Note also P O : P O6 = R : r6 . Then, we
have the following relations.

OJ  : IO =2R : 2R − r,
J  O6 : IO =2r6 : 2R − r,
OO6 : IO =r6 − R : R − r.
Since OJ  + J  O6 = OO6 , we have
2R 2r6 r6 − R
+ = .
2R − r 2R − r R−r
R(4R−3r) r6 ·O+R·O6
This gives: r6 = r . Since K = ins((O), (O6 )) = R+r6 and J  =
(4R−r)O−2R·I (4R+r)O−4R·I
2R−r are the same point, we obtain O6 = r .



The radical circle of the mixtilinear excircles has center J and radius
Remark.
R
2R−r (4R + r)(4R − 3r).
Corollary 13. IO5 · IO6 = IO2 .

5. The cyclocevian conjugate

Let P be a point in the plane of triangle ABC, with traces X, Y , Z on the
sidelines BC, CA, AB respectively. Construct the circle through X, Y , Z. This
circle intersects the sidelines BC, CA, AB again at points X , Y  , Z  . A simple
application of Ceva’s Theorem shows that the AX , BY  , CZ  are concurrent.
The intersection point of these three lines is called the cyclocevian conjugate of P .
See, for example, [2, p.226]. We denote this point by P◦ . Clearly, (P ◦ )◦ = P .
For example, the centroid and the orthocenters are cyclocevian conjugates, and
Gergonne point is the cyclocevian conjugate of itself.
We prove two interesting locus theorems.
Theorem 14. The locus of Q whose circumcevian triangle with respect to XY Z
is perspective to X Y  Z  is the line P P ◦ . For Q on P P ◦ , the perspector is also on
the same line.

Proof. Let Q be a point on the line P P ◦ . By Pascal’s Theorem for the six points,
X  , B  , X, Y  , A , Y , the intersections of the lines X A and Y  B  lies on the line
connecting Q to the intersection of XY  and X  Y , which according to Pappus’
theorem (for Y , Z, Z  and C, Y , Y  ), lies on P P ◦ . Since Q lies on P P ◦ , it
follows that X  A , Y  B  , and P P ◦ are concurrent. Similarly, A B  C  and X  Y  Z 
are perspective at a point on P P ◦ . The same reasoning shows that if A B  C  and
X  Y  Z  are perspective at a point S, then both Q and S lie on the line connecting
the intersections XY  ∩ X  Y and Y Z  ∩ Y  Z, which is the line P P ◦ .

12 K. L. Nguyen and J. C. Salazar
A

A
Y

Z Y

O
Z S P

P ◦ Q
C

B
B X X C

Figure 11.

For example, if P = G, then P ◦ = H. The line P P ◦ is the Euler line. If Q = O,

the circumcenter, then the circumcevian triangle of O (with respect to the medial
triangle) is perspective with the orthic triangle at the nine-point center N .
Theorem 15. The locus of Q whose circumcevian triangle with respect to XY Z
is perspective to ABC is the line P P ◦ .
Proof. First note that
sin Z  X  A sin Z  XA sin Z  ZA sin A AY sin ZAA
= = · ·
sin A X  Y  sin A Y Y  sin ZAA sin A Y Y  sin A AY
AA A Y sin BAX sin Y XA sin BAA
= · · = · .
ZA AA sin XAC sin A XZ sin A AC
It follows that
sin Z  X  A sin X  Y  B  sin Y  Z  C 
  
·   
·   
sin
 A X Y  sin B Y Z sin C Z X  
sin Y XA sin ZY B sin XZC  sin BAA sin ACC  sin CBB 
= · · · ·
sin A XZ sin B  Y X sin C  ZY sin A AC sin C  CB sin B  BA
sin BAA sin ACC  sin CBB 
= · · .
sin A AC sin C  CB sin B  BA
Therefore, A B  C  is perspective with ABC if and only if it is perspective with
X  Y  Z  . By Theorem 14, the locus of Q is the line P P ◦ .

6. Some further results

We establish some further results on the mixtilinear incircles and excircles re-
lating to points on the line OI.
On mixtilinear incircles and excircles 13
A

A
Y

Z Y

O
Z P
◦ Q S
P
C

B
B X X C

Figure 12.

Theorem 16. The line OI is the locus of P whose circumcevian triangle with
respect to A1 B1 C1 is perspective with XY Z.
Proof. We first show that D = B1 Y ∩C1 Z lies on the line AA1 . Applying Pascal’s
Theorem to the six points Z, B1 , B2 , Y , C1 , C2 on the circumcircle, the points
D = B1 Y ∩ C1 Z, I = B2 Y ∩ C2 Z, and B1 C2 ∩ B2 C1 are collinear. Since B1 C2
and B2 C1 are parallel to the bisector AA1 , it follows that D lies on AA1 . See
Figure 13.
Now, if E = C1 Z∩A1 X and F = A1 X∩B1 Y , the triangle DEF is perspective
with A1 B1 C1 at I. Equivalently, A1 B1 C1 is the circumcevian triangle of I with
respect to triangle DEF . Triangle XY Z is formed by the second intersections
of the circumcircle of A1 B1 C1 with the side lines of DEF . By Theorem 14, the
locus of P whose circumcevian triangle with respect to A1 B1 C1 is perspective
with XY Z is a line through I. This is indeed the line IO, since O is one such
point. (The circumcevian triangle of O with respect to A1 B1 C1 is perspective with
XY Z at I).

Remark. If P divides OI in the ratio OP : P I = t : 1 − t, then the perspector Q
divides the same segment in the ratio OQ : QI = (1 + t)R : −2tr. In particular,
if P = ins((O), (I)), this perspector is T , the homothetic center of the excentral
and intouch triangles.
Corollary 17. The line OI is the locus of Q whose circumcevian triangle with
respect to A1 B1 C1 (or XY Z) is perspective with DEF .
Proposition 18. The triangle A2 B2 C2 is perspective
(1) with XY Z at the incenter I,
(2) with X  Y  Z  at the centroid of the excentral triangle.
14 K. L. Nguyen and J. C. Salazar
D

A2
Y
A

B1

C1 Ob
Oc
Z
I
C2

B C
B2

A1
Figure 13.

Proof. (1) follows from Lemma 6(b).

(2) Referring to Figure 7, the excenter Ia is the midpoint Ba Ca . Therefore X  Ia
is a median of triangle X Ba Ca , and it intersects B2 C2 at its midpoint X  . Since
A2 B2 Ia C2 is a parallelogram, A2 , X  , X  and Ia are collinear. In other words, the
line A2 X  contains a median, hence the centroid, of the excentral triangle. So do
B2 Y  and C2 Z.

Let A7 be the second intersection of the circumcircle with the line a , the radical
axis of the mixtilinear incircles (Ob ) and (Oc ). Similarly define B7 and C7 . See
Figure 14.
Theorem 19. The triangles A7 B7 C7 and XY Z are perspective at a point on the
line OI.

Remark. This point divides OI in the ratio 4R − r : −4r and has homogeneous
barycentric coordinates
 
a(b + c − 5a) b(c + a − 5b) c(a + b − 5c)
: : .
b+c−a c+a−b a+b−c

7. Summary
We summarize the triangle centers on the OI-line associated with mixtilinear
incircles and excircles by listing, for various values of t, the points which divide
OI in the ratio R : tr. The last column gives the indexing of the triangle centers in
[2, 3].
On mixtilinear incircles and excircles 15

Y
A
A7
B1

C1 Ob

Oc
Z O

J
Oa

B7
B C
C7

X
A1

Figure 14.

t first barycentric coordinate Xn

1 a2 (s − a) ins((O), (I)) X55
perspector of ABC and X Y  Z 
perspector of ABC and A5 B5 C5
a2
−1 s−a exs((O), (I)) X56
perspector of ABC and XY Z
perspector of ABC and A6 B6 C6
2R a
− 2R+r s−a homothetic center of excentral X57
and intouch triangles
− 12 a2 (b2 + c2 − a2 − 4bc) radical center of mixtilinear X999
incircles
1
4 a2 (b2 + c2 − a2 + 8bc) center of Apollonian circle of
mixtilinear incircles
− 4R−r
2r a2 f (a, b, c) radical center of mixtilinear
excircles
− 4R+r
4r a2 g(a, b, c) center of Apollonian circle of
mixtilinear excircles
− 4R
r a(3a2 − 2a(b + c) − (b − c)2 ) centroid of excentral triangle X165
4R a(b+c−5a)
− 4R−r b+c−a perspector of A7 B7 C7 and XY Z

The functions f and g are given by

16 K. L. Nguyen and J. C. Salazar

f (a, b, c) =a4 − 2a3 (b + c) + 10a2 bc + 2a(b + c)(b2 − 4bc + c2 )

− (b − c)2 (b2 + 4bc + c2 ),
g(a, b, c) =a5 − a4 (b + c) − 2a3 (b2 − bc + c2 ) + 2a2 (b + c)(b2 − 5bc + c2 )
+ a(b4 − 2b3 c + 18b2 c2 − 2bc3 + c4 ) − (b − c)2 (b + c)(b2 − 8bc + c2 ).

References
[1] F. G.-M., Exercices de Géométrie, 6th ed., 1920; Gabay reprint, Paris, 1991.
[2] C. Kimberling, Triangle centers and central triangles, Congressus Numerantium, 129 (1998)
1–285.
[3] C. Kimberling, Encyclopedia of Triangle Centers, available at
http://faculty.evansville.edu/ck6/encyclopedia/ETC.html.
[4] P. Yiu, Mixtilinear incircles, Amer. Math. Monthly, 106 (1999) 952–955.
[5] P. Yiu, Mixtilinear incircles II, unpublished manuscript, 1998.

Khoa Lu Nguyen: 806 Candler Dr., Houston, Texas, 77037-4122, USA

E-mail address: [email protected]

Juan Carlos Salazar: Calle Maturı́n No C 19, Urb. Mendoza, Puerto Ordaz 8015, Estado Bolı́var,
Venezuela
E-mail address: [email protected]