United States

Department of
Agriculture
Agricultural
Perennial Edible Fruits
Research
Service
Agriculture
of the Tropics
Handbook
No. 642
An Inventory
t
Abstract Acknowledgments

Martin, Franklin W., Carl W. Cannpbell, Ruth M. Puberté. We owe first thanks to the botanists, horticulturists
1987 Perennial Edible Fruits of the Tropics: An and taxonomists throughout the world who have left
Inventory. U.S. Department of Agriculture, written records of the fruits they encountered.
Agriculture Handbook No. 642, 252 p., illus.
Second, we thank Richard A. Hamilton, who read and
The edible fruits of the Tropics are nnany in number, criticized the major part of the manuscript. His help
varied in form, and irregular in distribution. They can be was invaluable.
categorized as major or minor. Only about 300 Tropical
fruits can be considered great. These are outstanding We also thank the many individuals who read, criti-
in one or more of the following: Size, beauty, flavor, and cized, or contributed to various parts of the book. In
nutritional value. In contrast are the more than 3,000 alphabetical order, they are Susan Abraham (Indian
fruits that can be considered minor, limited severely by fruits), Herbert Barrett (citrus fruits), Jose Calzada
one or more defects, such as very small size, poor taste Benza (fruits of Peru), Clarkson (South African fruits),
or appeal, limited adaptability, or limited distribution. William 0. Cooper (citrus fruits), Derek Cormack
The major fruits are not all well known. Some excellent (arrangements for review in Africa), Milton de Albu-
fruits which rival the commercialized greatest are still querque (Brazilian fruits), Enriquito D. de Guzman
relatively unknown in other parts of the Tropics*and (Philippine fruits), R. B. Drummond (African fruits),
should be promoted. Introducing new fruits into a Victor Galan Sauco (Canary Island fruits), Charles B.
country is often difficult, however, and must be done Heiser (minor South American fruits), L. Antonio Lizana
legally. Obtaining information on the fruits and their (South American, especially Chilean, fruits), Raul
sources is a first step, and this publication provides Mosqueda Vazquez (Mexican fruits), Sunit K. Mukherjee
much of that information. This publication also lists the (Indian fruits), Melicia Munoz (South American, espe-
minor fruits as completely as can be done with the cially Chilean, fruits), and Robert K. Soost (citrus fruits).
present state of knowledge.
Finally, we thank the typist, Migdalia Malave, for her
Keywords: major tropical fruits, minor tropical fruits, long hours of dedication.
tropical fruit cultivation, tropical fruit distribution,
tropical fruit introduction, tropical fruits, tropical fruit
utilization

Copies of this publication can be purchased from

Superintendent of Documents
U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington, DC 20402

Microfiche copies can be purchased from

National Technical Information Office
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161

Agricultural Research Service has no additional copies

for free distribution.
United States
Department of
Agriculture
Perennial Edible Fruits
Agricultural
Research
of the Tropics
Service
Agriculture
An Inventory
Handbook
No. 642
By
Franklin W. Martin
Tropical Agriculture
Research Station
Mayaguez, PR
Carl W. Campbell
University of Florida. TREC
Homestead, FL
Ruth M. Ruberte
Tropical Agriculture
Research Station
Mayaguez, PR
Contents

Chapter
1. Introduction 1

2. Major Fruits 12

3. Citrus Fruits and Their Relatives 65

4. Minor Fruits of the Americas 79

5. Minor Fruits of Africa 126

6. Minor Fruits of Australia, Southeast Asia, and

the Pacific Islands 178

7. Minor Fruits of the Indian Subcontinent and

Adjacent Places 207

8. Fruits Meriting Wider Distribution 220

References 242

Issued April 1987

1. Introduction

No class of foods hias as muchi general appeal as What Is a Fruit?

fruits. Altfiough they are sometimes ricfi In vitamins,
minerals, oils, starcfies, and even proteins, fruits are In the botanical sense, all flowering plants (mono-
seldom consciously eaten for their nutritional value but cotyledons and dicotyledons) produce fruits (fig. 1).
for their beauty, texture, aroma, juiciness, and refresh- These are the results of reproductive growth, generally
ing flavor. Fruits are usually not the main course. They the structures developed from flowers or from clusters
are the desserts or the foods to be nibbled or devoured of flowers. Fruits may be only the reproductive organs
between meals. of the plant or may include other parts of the flower,
such as the receptacle, sepals, and pedicel. We use the
How many species of fruits are there in the Tropics?^ word "fruit" in a more restrictive and popular sense.
In our opinion there are thousands. Of these, 300 are
major and 100 are excellent, but perhaps only 50 are We consider only edible fruits of tropical or subtropical
already well known. Many tropical fruits are uni<nown origin. We do not include in this Inventory certain
to the temperate palate, and there are many still known Temperate Zone fruits grown in restricted areas of the
in only a small part of the Tropics. There remains an Tropics, such as apples, peaches, and pears and their
immense task to know, to culture, to Improve, to show, many relatives. Temperate Zone fruits in the Tropics
and to share tropical fruits with the world. are generally out of place and insignificant in their
impact. But having said this, we realize that certain
Temperate Zone fruits—grapes, for example—can be
adapted to the Tropics, and we have Included such
selections.

We have further limited our selection to perennials.

Thus, we do not consider the family Cucurbitaceae (fig.
2), although many have sweet fruits occupying the

Figure 1,—Botanical fruits of several kinds.

iWe define the Tropics as that area betw/een

the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capri-
corn (the Torrid Zone) w/ith warm day and
night temperatures throughout the year. For
our purpose we include adjacent areas in the
Temperate Zone with this climate (the sub-
tropics), and we include highlands with
temperate climates in the Torrid Zone. Figure 2.—Fruits of annual herbaceous plants.
Chapter 1

same position in ttie diet as any other fruit. On the

other hand, we have included fruits of the family
Solanaceae, although they are borderline by our defini-
^Itg
tion. In addition, some might consider the Solanaceae
to be "vegetables," but we could not find, based on use
and perception, any such clear-cut distinction.

Fruits are often eaten raw, out of hand, but a few are
eaten or are edible only when cooked. A cooked botani-
cal fruit is often considered a vegetable. We have tried
to eliminate botanical fruits that are used more as
vegetables (fig. 3). Yet, there were traditional excep-
tions, including the breadfruit, clearly a fruit to every-
one, yet used only as a vegetable.

We have wrestled with the concept of "nut" as opposed

to "fruit" and "seed." Botanically, a nut is a hard, in-
dehiscent one-seeded fruit (fig. 4). In horticulture, how-
ever, many fruits that are considered to be nuts do not
fit this definition. Moreover, the exact distinction
between seeds and nuts is vague, and we may have in-
cluded certain seed-bearing species that others may
not consider to be either fruits or nuts.

Figure 4. —Nuts and seeds of various kinds.

Although edibility was one of our prime criteria for

including a selection, there are fruits that are consid-
ered edible by some and inedible by others. The dis-
tinction is fuzzy, and we cannot resolve the problem.
We have preferred to err on the side of being inclusive
in these cases.

Size was another of our criteria. We have excluded very

small fruits that are hardly worth the effort of harvest,
except in emergency, but we have included many that
are so tasty that their omission would be an error.

The task of deciding which fruits to include was com-

plicated by taxonomy. We have used the best sources
of information available to us, but information is often
lacking. For instance, experts are often confused by the
variety of forms within broadly distributed species.
Whether these forms are distinct species, in the sense
that they are reproductively isolated from each other, or
are only variants of one or more species often cannot
be determined. Errors may also occur when the same
form is given two or more names. In many cases we
were not able to establish synonymy, and we believed it
better to include too many names rather than too few.
Figure 3. —Fruits used as cooked vegetables.
 Introduction

Major and Minor Fruits We have segregated the major and minor fruits in sepa-
rate chapters because we believe most people will want
We have attennpted to classify fruits as major (chapter more information on the major fruits than on the minor
2 and part of 3) and minor (part of 3 and chapters 4-7), fruits. However, with respect to Rutaceae, the citrus
often a difficult task. Major fruits have often been intro- family, we have placed major and minor fruits in one
duced from one region to another and are frequently chapter because of the intimate relationships among
well known. They are usually large, but when small, them and the difficulty of making a clear separation.
they are of high quality. They may be marketed inter-
nationally, or they may be economically important only Major fruits listed in chapters 2 and 3 are not included
in certain regions. On the other hand, they may have in any regional list of minor fruits, even though they
little or no economic importance; nonetheless, we have may indeed be minor in some of those. On the other
considered them to be major if they are widespread, hand, minor fruits occurring in more than one region
well known, or often used. are listed in all appropriate chapters.

In contrast, minor fruits are usually not widely distrib- Of the major fruits listed in chapters 2 and 3, we con-
uted. They are often small. They may only grow wild sider the 19 most important to be cashew, pineapple,
and have little or no potential for cultivation and mar- papaya, sweet orange, lemon, grapefruit, avocado,
keting. Most probably merit neglect, but some may Brazil nut, breadfruit, banana, guava, mango, coconut,
have the potential to be improved and developed into a oil palm, date, yellow passion fruit, macadamia nut,
major fruit. Certainly, different cultures interpret edi- litchi, and cacao. Do these fruits have anything in com-
bility in different ways. But throughout primitive cul- mon that might point to winners among less known
tures a very wide variety of fruits was sampled. Thus, fruits?
knowledge of minor fruits is large on all tropical
continents. We have listed approximately 2,800 minor Geographical origin seems to be related to greatness
fruits—800 for the Americas, 1,200 for Africa, 500 for (fig. 5). The most important tropical fruits come from
Southeast Asia, and 300 for India. South America and Asia. Only the date palm comes

Figure 5.—Geographical origin of the principal tropical fruits. Eacti fruit is represented by a dot.
Chapter 1

from Africa, and it is really subtropical in origin. This is Probably, ease of cultivation is an important factor i
surprising considering the great number of native fruits making a fruit great. Some of the best are 9^°^^°'
in Africa, many of which are of considerable local im- only in great plantations but also in dooryards
portance. We believe that the fruits still to become example, banana (fig. 6), mango (fig. 7), and citrus.
great will be found in South America and Southeast Some great fruits are more difficult to grow, however
Asia (see chapters 4 and 6). or are not widely adapted—for example, pmeappie (tig.
8), Brazil nut, and cacao.
From a taxonomic standpoint, our selection of the
greatest fruits is not restricted to a few families or to We are convinced that some fruits are great because of
closely related families. Two families, Palmae and circumstance. These have been selected purposefully
Rutaceae (Citrus), are represented by three species by man for development and have been systematically
each, and one family, Anacardiaceae, is represented by grown and marketed. The banana and citrus fruits are
two. It is noteworthy that the pineapple, which we examples.
consider to be one of the greatest fruits, is also one of
the very few edible fruits in the family Bromeliaceae.

Good shipping and keeping qualities probably help

make fruit important. Although many of the great fruits
do not keep well when ripe, they can be picked mature,
shipped long distances, and then ripened. Others, such
as guava, are normally picked when nearly ripe and are
seldom shipped, although products made from them
are shipped everywhere. Still, some important fruits
(breadfruit, for example) do not play an important role
in commerce.

Figure 7.—Mango, a peach of a fruit for the Tropics.

Figure 6. —Banana, the greatest and most

ubiquitous tropical fruit.
 Introduction

Production of Major Fruits Very close to the banana, or even surpassing if in pro-
duction when taken together, the citrus fruits are
Estimating production of most fruits is difficult, for extremely important. A good proportion of these are
very important fruits are produced in quantity in door- produced in subtropical and even in temperate climate.
yards throughout the Tropics, where they are both used The versatility of the genus is such that Japan is a
and wasted extensively. Statistics are often meaning- major producer of tangerines, and Italy of lemons.
less except for fruits that are widely exported. It is There are few households throughout the world that
conventional to rely on statistical data developed by have never known a citrus fruit.
the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the
United Nations as the most reliable data available, but
the limitations should be recognized. The fairly recent
statistics below show the comparative productions of
some of the best fruits from the Tropics and Temperate
Zone.

Annual
production Principal producing
(1,000 tons) countries
Apple 21,500 France, United States,
Germany
Pear 7,100 Italy, Afghanistan, United
States
Peach and 6,100 France, Spain, Japan,
nectarines United States
Plum 4,600 Yugoslavia, Romania,
United States
Orange 28,900 United States, Brazil,
Mexico
Tangerine 6,400 Japan, Portugal, Greece
Lemon, lime 4,000 Italy, United States, India
Grapefruit 3,700 United States, Israel
Avocado 1,000 Mexico, Dominican
Republic, Brazil, United
States
Mango 11,800 fndia, Philippines
Pineapple 4,300 United States, Thailand,
Philippines
Banana 35,800 Brazil, India, Ecuador

For the majority of the tropical fruits no production

statistics are available.

On the basis of FAO data, and probably also when

backyard consumption is taken into account, the most
important of the tropical fruits is the banana. In spite
of its soft structure and poor keeping qualities, the
banana is widely known by many millions of persons Figure 8. —Pineapple, variety Sugar Loaf, a
who have never seen a banana plant (fig. 6). Bananas great fruit everywhere.
are produced in almost if not all tropical countries and
are extremely widely adapted and versatile. The bana-
nas seen in the Temperate Zone, represent only three
to four varieties of the dozens of banana varieties
known in the Tropics.
Chapter 1

Figure 9.—Avocado, in many forms, is great

in ttie Tropics and even the vi/arm
Temperate Zone.

Apples, of course, are very important, but the majority

are produced in the Temperate Zone. Mangoes (fig. 7)
are tropical fruits that are still underutilized. Most of
the production in India is for local consumption. Other
outstanding fruits in international commerce are pine-
apples (fig. 8) and avocadoes (fig. 9). The date (fig. 10)
is really a subtropical or warm temperate fruit.

Figure 10. —Date, a great fruit for the dry subtropics.

 Introduction

Fruits With Outstanding Nutritional Content • The macadamia nut. An outstanding source of pro-
tein, oil, phosphorus, iron, thiamine, and riboflavin and
Fruits contribute to the diet, chiefly by adding vitamins. a fair source of calcium and niacin. This is perhaps the
Many fruits are very good sources of provitannin A, or most nutritious of all nuts.
carotene, often associated with yellow color. (There are
no other external clues about the nutritional value of • jhQ acerola. This small berry contains more vitamin
fruit.) Others supply more than adequate amounts of G than any fruit known.
vitamin 0. They may contain small amounts of biotin
and pantothenic acid, but the principal B vitamins— • The tamarind. Its pulp is a very good source of cal-
thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin—are usually not found cium and phosphorus and an unusually good source of
in useful amounts. Nuts are usually good sources of riboflavin.
vitamin E and often of the B vitamins, and they are
sources of proteins and oils as well. The fruits with the • The durian. This little known fruit is a good source of
best nutritional content are as follows: iron and niacin as well as carbohydrates.

• The banana. When cooked green, it contains prin- • The canistel. A fair source of protein and provitamin
cipally starch. As it ripens, the percentage of starch A, this fruit is one of the richest sources known of
decreases and the percentage of sugar increases until, sugars.
when fully ripe, almost all of the carbohydrate is in the
form of sugars. The banana contains useful amounts of
vitamin Bg and riboflavin. Bananas are easy to digest, Problems of Introducing New Fruits
especially when completely ripe.
The problems associated with introducing a new fruit
• Citrus fruits of ail kinds. They are excellent sources into a region are numerous. The first problem is finding
of vitamin C, and the orange and other orange-colored high-quality germplasm for introduction. A good begin-
citrus fruits are fair sources of provitamin A and good ning is to ask farmers, gardeners, nurserymen, agricul-
sources of calcium. tural extension agents, professors, and scientists at
agricultural experiment stations around the tropical
• The avocado. It is a very good source of highly world about indigenous species or varieties desired.
digestible oil containing unsaturated fatty acids. Some Most persons interested in rare and unusual fruits
varieties are good sources of phosphorus and riboflavin maintain a network of useful connections. One has to
and excellent sources of vitamin A. Some varieties also become part of this network. Joining organizations
contain useful amounts of protein. such as the Rare Fruit Gouncil International (see later)
is one way of getting in touch with knowledgeable
• The mango. It is usually an excellent source of people.
provitamin A but a variable source of vitamin C; as
mangoes mature, vitamin G content decreases. It is not enough to merely locate the species or variety
desired. It is also necessary to obtain propagation
• The guava. It is an excellent source of vitamin C and material and perhaps propagation facilities. And one
iron and a good source of niacin. may be asked for materials or services in exchange.
Perhaps the best way to get material is to find a person
• The passion fruit. It is an excellent source of pro- who grows the plant and knows it well. Museums, bo-
vitamin A and perhaps the best fruit source of niacin. tanical gardens, agricultural experiment stations, and
Its vitamin G content is fair. universities are also good places to look.

• The papaya. It is a good source of provitamin A and Successful introduction is also a matter of securing the
ascorbic acid and, surprisingly, a fair source of right kind of propagating materials at a favorable time.
calcium. The seeds of many tropical fruits need to be planted
within a few days of being removed from the fruit, for
• The coconut. One of the best fruits with respect to they die when dried. Budwood or scions for grafting
protein, the coconut is an excellent source of oil, which must be transferred quickly. Bare-rooted trees are often
unfortunately is mostly composed of saturated fatty difficult or impossible to transfer. Therefore, careful
acids. Its phosphorus content is high, and its iron con- planning and attention to transportation details are
tent is excellent, but its vitamin B content is very low necessary.
for a seed.
Chapter 1

The laws of various countries may restrict both the Tanaka's "Cyclopedia" relies heavily on certain
removal and the introduction of plant materials. While regional publications to which we have referred
these regulations might seem to be unnecessary ob- frequently:
stacles to the novice, they are generally based on a
realistic assessment of the hazards of uncontrolled For Southeast Asia, Burkill's "Dictionary" (1935) is
plant introduction. Permits are usually necessary for the best available source of information, although it
introduction, and inspection of the plant materials is now somewhat out of date. "Useful Plants of the
before and after introduction is often required. These Philippines," by W. H. Brown (1951-56), was also
requirements are time consuming. Transfer of plant very useful.
materials within a country, however, is relatively un-
restricted, so it is best to look for domestic materials For India, Watt's "Dictionary of the Economic
before contemplating foreign introductions. Products of India" (1893) was useful, but it may have
led us into many errors because the relative
The transfer of germplasm into a region is only the first importance of minor fruits was often not given. Still,
step. Some material may have to be kept in quarantine we had no better source.
for a time. Then, it must be cared for and multiplied. If
a number of varieties or kinds have been chosen for For the worthwhile fruits of the American tropics, we
introduction, evaluation to select the best plants is relied heavily on Uphof's "Dictionary of Economic
desirable, and this process is usually time consuming Plants" (1968). Short to long paragraphs are supplied
when the plants are fruit trees. Widespread distribution for each fruit, but minor species are often omitted.
and testing over a number of years is also desirable—
another lengthy process. For Brazil, the works by Fonseca (1954), Le Cointe
(1934), and Gomez (1977) are excellent. In addition,
Finally, after good new fruit varieties are available the small book by Cavalcante (1976) is the best we
comes the problem of distributing them to the public. know as a source of information on fruits of the
Not only must the mechanics of distribution be worked Amazon basin.
out, but also the producing farmer and consuming pub-
lic must be educated. If this last step is not taken, For Africa, Dalziel's book (1948) is an excellent
trees may be willfully destroyed (if they have been dis- source of information. Jardin's book (1967) is more
tributed free of charge) or the fruit may be ignored in comprehensive but less informative.
the marketplace.
The following list of institutions in the tropics might be
When is the job of introducing a new fruit done? We useful in obtaining new information and specific fruits
consider the job done when 50 percent of the adult or seeds:
population in a country knows the fruit. By our crite-
rion, fairly well known fruits have not been fully Brazil
introduced.
Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuaria do Trópico Úmido
Caixa Postal 48
Major Sources of Information Belém, Para
Brazil
A complete list of our published sources is at the end
of this book. Some of them deserve special mention. Departamento de Fitotecnia
Universidade Federal de Viçosa
A most useful compendium was "Tanaka's Cyclopedia 36570 Viçosa, Minas Gerais
of Edible Plants of the World (1976)." This broadly Brazil
based compendium is undoubtedly the best source of
names of any kind of edible plant. Because of its Jardim Botánico do Rio de Janeiro
breadth, it often lists little more than the scientific Rio de Janeiro, Gaunabara
name, the fact of edibility, and a reference. Synonyms Brazil
are often marked, but others are sometimes overlooked.
Furthermore, the extensive listing cannot suggest the Jardi'm Botánico do Sao Paulo
close relationships that exist among some entities Caixa Postal 4005
listed as separate species. Tanaka's list contains little Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo
information concerning the frequency of use, economic Brazil
importance, quality, and potential of a given fruit.
 Introduction

Chile Lancetilla Experiment Station and

Wilson Popenoe Botanical Garden
Facultad de Agronomía Apartado 46
Universidad de Chile Tela, Atlántida
Santiago Honduras
Chile
Hong Kong
Colombia
Hong Kong Herbarium
Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario
Agriculture and Fisheries Department
Palmira
Canton Road
Colombia
Kowloon
Hong Kong
Costa Rica
India
Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación
y Enseñanza Division of Horticulture
Turrialba
College of Agriculture
Costa Rica Dharwar 580005
India
Instituto Internacional para Cooperación en
la Agricultural Calcutta University
Apartado 55, Coronado 35 Ballygunge, Circular Road
San José Calcutta 19
Costa Rica India
England Horticultural Research Station
Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh
Tropical Products Institute India
56-62 Gray's Inn Road
London WCIX 8LU Botanical Gardens
England Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
India
Guatemala
Indonesia
Jardin Botánico
Avenida de la Reforma 0-42 Lembaga Penelitian Horticulture
Zona 10 Pasarminggu
Guatemala Jakarta Selatan
Guatemala Indonesia

Honduras National Biological Institute

Bogor
Tela Railroad Co. Indonesia
Division of Tropical Research
La Lima Israel
Honduras
Division of Subtropical Horticulture
Escuela Agrícola Panamericana Volcani Institute for Agricultural Research
Apartado 93 Beit-Dagan, Box 6
Tegucigalpa Israel
Honduras
Chapter 1

Jamaica Singapore

Castleton Gardens Botanic Gardens

St. Mary Singapore 10
Jamaica Singapore

Royal Botanic Gardens South Africa

Kingston
Jannaica University of Natal
Pietermaritzburg
Malaysia Natal
South Africa
MARDI
Serdang, Sungei Besi Taiwan
Selangor
Malaysia Chia-Yi Experinnent Station
Chia-Yi
Mexico Taiwan

Comisión Nacional de Fruticultura Thailand

Juan Soto #1
Veracruz, Xalapa Department of Horticulture
México Kasetsart University
Bangkok 9
INIA, Departamento de Frutales Tropicales Thailand
Apartado 6-882 y 6-883
México 6, D.F. Trinidad
México
University of the West Indies
New Zealand St. Augustine
Trinidad
Department of Scientific and Industrial Research
Auckland Uganda
New Zealand
Entebbe Botanic Gardens
Peru P.O. Box 40
Entebbe
Universidad Nacional de la Selva Uganda
Apartado 165
Tingo Maria United States
Peru
California Rare Fruit Growers
Departamento de Horticultura Star Route, Box P
Universidad Nacional Agraria Bonsall, Calif. 92003
Apartado 456, La Molina U.S.A.
Lima
Peru Department of Horticulture
University of California
Philippines Riverside, Calif. 92502
U.S.A.
College of Agriculture
University of the Philippines Department of Horticulture
Los Banos, Laguna Universiity of Hawaii
Philippines Honolulu, Hawaii 96822
U.S.A.

10
 Introduction

Department of Horticulture
University of Puerto Rico
Mayagüez, P.R. 00708
U.S.A.

Fairchild Tropical Gardens

10901 Old Cutler Rd.
Miami, Fla. 33156
U.S.A

Foster Gardens
Honolulu, Hawaii 96815
U.S.A.

Tropical Agriculture Research Station

Agricultural Research Service
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Box 70
Mayagüez, P.R. 00709
U.S.A.

Rare Fruit Council International, Inc.

13609 Old Cutler Road
Miami, Fla. 33158
U.S.A.

Texas A&M University

Cooperative Research Unit
Weslaco, Tex. 78596
U.S.A.

University of Florida, TREC

18905 S.W. 280th St.
Homestead, Fla. 33031
U.S.A.

Subtropical Horticulture Research Unit

Agricultural Research Service
U.S. Department of Agriculture
13601 Old Cutler Rd.
Miami, Fla. 33158
U.S.A.

Venezuela

Fondo de Desarrollo Fruticola

Edificio Nuevo Centro, Piso 8
Avenida Libertador, Chacao
Caracas
Venezuela

11
2. Major Fruits

Actinidiaceae Utilization: Nut highly commercialized and of high

quality. Nut roasted to remove noxious oil; exce -
Actinidia chinensis Planch. lent flavor, universal appeal. Apple eaten fresh, as
Common names: Chinese gooseberry, kiwi (English); juice, preserve; flavor sweet, somewhat astringent,
yang-t'ao (Chinese); oni-nnatatabi (Japanese). with moderate appeal. Nut rich in protein and oil
Origin: China. apple in vitamin C. Nut important in international
Distribution: Subtropical areas; warm Temperate commerce, apple in local areas. Good potential
Zone. for expansion.
Cultural requirements: Requires prolonged cool References: Araque 1968, Morton 1967.
weather during dormancy for successful develop-
ment. Long days promote flowering. Tolerant of
frost when dormant. Anacardium giganteum Hanc. ex Engler
Description: Deciduous vine, grown on trellises. Common names: anacardier géant, cajou (French);
Propagation by seed, cuttings, grafting. Fruit pro- cajueiroacu-da-mata (Portuguese).
duction in 2-3 years from seed, 1 year from vege- Origin: Brazil, Guiana.
tative propagation. Flowers October-November in Distribution: Brazil, Guiana.
Southern Hemisphere, May-June in Northern. Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands.
Dioecious. Fruit matures in 180-200 days. Fruit Description: Tree to 40 m. Propagation by seed.
ellipsoid, 10-15 cm long, 50-100 g, solitary or in Flowers in December (Brazil). Fruit 2.5 cm long,
clusters of 2-3; external color brown, internal edible peduncle 2 cm long, in small clusters;
green. peduncle external color red, internal color pink.
Utilization: Internationally known, of growing eco- Utilization: Nut edible but small. Peduncle eaten
nomic importance. Pulp of fruit eaten fresh, fresh, as juice; flavor sweet or acid, astringent,
cooked in preserves, pies. Flavor sweet, pleasant; refreshing; moderate appeal. Nut rich in protein
wide appeal. Good source of vitamins A and C. and oil, peduncle in vitamin C. Potential unex-
Commercial production in China, New Zealand, plored, but probably fair.
South Africa, U.S.A. (California). Good potential References: Cavalcante 1976, Fouque 1974.
for expansion in cool areas. Varieties: 'Abbott',
'Allison', 'Bruno', 'Greensill', 'Hayward', 'Matua',
'Monty', 'Tomuri'. Bouea gandaria Blume ( = B. macrophiylla Griff.)
References: Bailey 1961, Habart 1974, Nihoul 1976. Common names: maprang (English); kundangan,
setar (Malaya); maprang (Thailand); gandaria
(Java).
Anacardiaceae Origin: Southeast Asia.
Distribution: Southeast Asia.
Anacardium occidentale L. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands with
Common names: cashew (English); marañen, merey, monsoon climate. Not well adapted to calcareous
cajuil (Spanish); cajú (Portuguese); acajou soils.
(French). Description: Tree to 20 m. Propagation by seed,
Origin: South America. grafting. Fruit production from grafts in 2-3 years.
Distribution: Pantropic. Flowers January-March. Fruit matures in 180 or
Cultural requirements: Grows best in hot tropical more days. Fruit 4-7 cm long, in small clusters;
climate below 1,000 m elevation. Soil pH 4.5-6.5. external color yellow, internal yellow to orange.
Tolerant of poor soils and seasonally dry Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh or cooked in jams, chut-
conditions. ney. Flavor of good selections sweet, pleasant;
Description: Tree to 12 m. Propagation by seed, moderate appeal. Good source of vitamins A and
grafting, layering, cuttings. Fruit production in 4-5 C. Fair potential in areas where known, but not
years from seed, 2-3 years from vegetative propa- likely to be widely commercialized.
gation. Flowers February-March. Fruit matures in Reference: Moleswort h Allen 1967.
60-90 days. Consists of one seed (cashew nut,
2.5-3 cm long) hanging below the enlarged pedun-
cle (cashew apple). Solitary or in small clusters.
Apple has red or yellow external color, pale-yellow
internal color.

12
Bouea oppositifolia (Roxb.) Adelb. ( = B. microphylla Lannea acida A. Rich.
Griff.) Common names: bembé (Mali); sabaga (Volta).
Common names: plum mango (English); remenia Origin: West Africa.
(Malaya). Distribution: West Africa.
Origin: Southeast Asia. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands.
Distribution: Southeast Asia. Tolerant of poor, rocky soils and dry savanna
Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands with conditions.
monsoon climate. Description: Tree to 10 m. Propagation by seed.
Description: Tree. Propagation by seed. Fruit 2.5 cm Flowers December, fruit matures in 30 or more
long; external color yellow, internal yellow to days. Fruit 1.5 cm long, in large clusters, red to
orange. purple exterior.
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh (green or ripe), cooked in Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, dried. Flavor sour,
jam, chutney. Flavor sour, pleasant; limited somewhat resinous. Widely used in local areas
appeal. Good source of vitamins A and 0. Little but of limited appeal. Some possibility of
potential. expansion.
References: Burkill 1935, Molesworth Allen 1967. References: Dalziel 1948, Irvine 1961.

Buchanania lanzan Spreng.

Common names: almondette (English); kalompang Mangifera caesia Jack.
(Malaya); piyal (India). Common names: binjai (English); binjai, kemang
Origin: India, Burma. (Malaya); lam-yai (Thailand); bonglo (Java).
Distribution: India, Burma, Malaya. Origin: Southeast Asia.
Cultural requirements: Hot tropical-monsoon climate. Distribution: Southeast Asia.
Description: Medium-size tree. Propagation by seed. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands with
Fruit 1.5 cm long, black exterior. monsoon climate.
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh or dried; flavor sweet, Description: Tree to 35 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit
pleasant; medium appeal. Seed roasted; used in 10-15 cm long; external color brown to yellowish
confections and as source of oil; flavor similar to brown, internal whitish.
almond; source of protein and oil. Fair potential Utilization: Pulp of green or ripe fruit eaten fresh,
as almond substitute. cooked, preserved. Flavor sweet to sour, aromatic.
References: Burkill 1935, Dastur 1951. Widely used but of limited appeal. Source of vita-
min A. Little potential for expansion.
References: Burkill 1935, Molesworth Allen 1967.
Dracontomelum mangiferum Blume
Common names: sekuang (Malaya); manguier
mombin (French). Mangifera foetida Lour.
Origin: Southeast Asia, India.
Common names: horse-mango (English); bachang,
Distribution: Southeast Asia, India.
machang (Malaya); ma-mut (Thailand); xoai hoi
Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands. (Vietnam).
Description: Tree to 20 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit Origin: Southeast Asia.
small, with scant pulp. Distribution: Southeast Asia.
Utilization: Fruit preserved as relish. Flavor sour; Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands with
limited appeal. Locally used; of little economic monsoon climate.
value and potential. Description: Tree to 25 m. Propagated by seed. Fruit
Reference: Burkill 1935. 10-15 cm long; external color yellowish green,
internal yellow to orange.
Harpephyllum caffrum Bernh. ex Krause Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, more commonly in cur-
Common names: Kaffir plum, cape ash (English). ries, chutneys, preserves. Flavor sweet; strong
Origin: South Africa. unpleasant odor. Source of vitamins A and C.
Distribution: Africa, India, U.S.A. Little potential outside of present area of culture.
Cultural requirements: Tropical and subtropical cli- References: Burkill 1935, Molesworth Allen 1967.
mates. Tolerant of dry conditions, poor soil.
Description: Tree. Propagation by seed. Fruit small.
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, made into jelly.
Esteemed locally or of local economic value.
Little potential.
Reference: Irvine 1961.

13
Chapter 2

Manguera indica L. Pleiogynium solandri Engler

Common names: mango (English, Spanish, various Common names: burdekin plum, hog plum (Engiisn;.
other languages); nnangga (Malaya); nna-muang Origin: Australia. ht
(Thailand). Distribution: Introduced elsewhere into Tropics Dut
Origin: Southeast Asia. rare.
Distribution: Pantropic; hot subtropical areas. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands with
Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands, medium rainfall.
seasonally dry. Tolerant of a variety of soil Description: Tree to 20 m or more. Propagation by
conditions. seed. Fruit oblate, 4 cm in diameter, exterior
Description: Tree to 25 m. Propagation by seed, purple.
grafting. Fruit production in 6-10 years from seed, Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh. Flavor subacid; pleas-
3-5 years from grafts. Can flower at any time of ant. Seed also edible. Chiefly wild; little potential
year, depending on variety, latitude, and climate. for cultivation.
Fruit matures in 120-180 days. Most varieties self- Reference: Neal 1965.
fertile but benefit from cross-pollination. Fruit
8-25 cm long, 200-1,800 g, solitary or in small
clusters; external color green, yellow, orange, or Pseudospondias microcarpa (A. Rich.) Engler
red; internal color yellow to orange. Common names: ochol, bololo, mubulu (tropical
Utilization: Pulp of green or ripe fruit eaten fresh, Africa).
cooked, dried, canned, preserved, frozen. Flavor Origin: Tropical Africa.
sweet, aromatic; universal appeal. Good source of Distribution: Tropical Africa.
vitamins A and C. One of the most important Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands; often
fruits of the world, with excellent potential for found in swampy areas.
expanded cultivation. Hundreds of varieties exist. Description: Tree to 35 m. Propagation by seed.
Variety collections and research programs in Cen- Flowers January-February, June-July. Fruit
tral and South America, India, Indonesia, Israel, matures in 90-120 days. Fruit 2.5 cm long, exterior
Malaya, the Philippines, South Africa, Taiwan, red or bluish black. Pulp scant.
Thailand, U.S.A. (Florida, Hawaii, Puerto Rico). Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh. Flavor sweet, resinous;
References: Molesworth Allen 1967, Popenoe 1939, limited appeal. Little potential for further
Ruehle and Ledin 1956, Singh 1960. cultivation.
References: Dalziel 1948, Irvine 1961.

Mangifera odorata Griff.

Common names: kuini (English, Malaya); ma-mut Sclerocarya birrea Höchst.
(Thailand). Common name: nobse (Mozambique).
Origin: Southeast Asia. Origin: Tropical Africa.
Distribution: Southeast Asia. Distribution: Tropical Africa.
Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands with Cultural requirements: Hot, dry tropical savanna and
monsoon climate. Tolerant of a variety of soil forest areas.
conditions. Description: Tree to 14 m. Propagation by seed,
Description: Tree to 25 m. Propagation by seed (can cuttings. Flowers in December-January. Fruit
be grafted easily, but not a common practice). matures in 180 days. Fruit 3.5 cm long, exterior
Fruit production in 6-9 years from seed. Flower- yellow.
ing season variable, depending on latitude and Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, cooked, in beverages.
climate. Fruit matures in 150 days. Fruit 10-15 cm Seed edible. Flavor of pulp subacid, pleasant.
long, 300-450 g, usually solitary; external color Seed source of oil. Possibly useful if more widely
yellowish green, internal orange. extended.
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, cooked in preserves, References: Dalziel 1948, Irvine 1961.
chutneys. Flavor sweet, highly aromatic, un-
pleasant to some. Source of vitamins A and C.
Important in native area but little potential for
expanded use.
References: Burkill 1935, Molesworth Allen 1967.

14
 Major Fruits

Scierocarya caffra Sond. Spondias mombin L. ( = Spondias lutea)

Common names: kaffir plum, cat thorn, marvala plum Common names: hog plum, yellow mombin (English);
or nut (English). ciruela, jobo (Spanish); mombin, mombin jaune
Origin: Eastern and southern Africa. (French); caja mirim (Portuguese).
Distribution: AU\ca, Madagascar, Australia. Origin: Tropical America.
Cultural requirements: Tropical and subtropical dry Distribution: Pantropic.
savanna. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands with
Description: Tree. Propagation by seed, cutting. Fruit high rainfall or with marked dry season. Tolerant
exterior yellow. of a variety of soils.
Utilization: Pulp squeezed for juice, sometimes fer- Description: Tree to 10 m or more. Propagation by
mented. Seed edible. Little known outside Africa. seed, large cuttings. Fruit production in 4-6 years
Limited potential. from seed, 2-3 years from cuttings. Flowers in
Reference: Jardin 1967. March-April (Florida). Fruit matures in 180 days.
Fruit ellipsoid, 2.5-4 cm long, solitary, yellow
exterior.
Semecarpus anacardium L. f. Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, used in jellies, sherbets.
Common names: marking nut, oriental cashew Flavor sweet, pleasant; general appeal. Good
(English); bhilarva (India). potential for cultivation in lowland Tropics.
Origin: Northern India. References: Fouqué 1974, Ruehle et al. 1958.
Distribution: Asia, east Africa.
Cultural requirements: Adaptable to variety of tropi-
cal and subtropical conditions. Spondias pinnata Kurz
Description: Small to medium tree. Propagation by Common names: hog plum (English); ambra (Laos);
seed. Fruit 2.5 cm long, exterior black. Enlarged buah amara (Malaya).
pedicel yellow. Origin: Tropical Asia.
Utilization: Pulp of pedicel roasted. Young fruit Distribution: Tropical Asia.
pickled. Seed roasted. Limited potential as food Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands.
crop. Description: Tree to 8 m. Propagation by seed, cut-
References: Burkill 1935, Dastur 1951. tings. Fruit ellipsoid, small.
Utilization: Pulp pickled or used as flavoring in
cooked foods. Flavor sour, strong. Little potential
Spondias cytherea Sonn. ( = Spondias dulcís Parkins) for cultivation outside native area.
Common names: ambarella, Otaheite apple, golden Reference: Burkill 1935.
apple (English); pomme cythère (French).
Origin: South Pacific.
Distribution: Pantropic. Spondias purpurea L.
Cultural requirements: Best adapted to hot tropical Common names: red mombin, purple mombin
lowlands with monsoon climate. Tolerant of a (English); jocote, ciruela roja (Spanish); mombin
variety of soils. rouge (French); caja, ciriguela (Portuguese).
Description: Tree to 15 m. Propagation by seed, cut- Origin: Tropical America.
tings. Fruit production in 4-5 years from seed, 2-3 Distribution: Pantropic.
years from cuttings. Flowers March-May (Florida). Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands, wet to
Fruit matures in 200 or more days. Fruit ellipsoid, relatively dry. Tolerant of a variety of soils.
5-8 cm long, in clusters of 8-12, exterior yellow. Description: Tree to 7 m. Propagation by seed, cut-
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, cooked in jam, chutney. tings. Fruit production in 4-5 years from seed, 2-3
Green fruit pickled. Flavor sweet to subacid, years from cuttings. Flowers in March-April (Flor-
spicy; wide appeal. Good potential for local culti- ida). Fruit matures in 120 or more days. Fruit 2.5-5
vation in Tropics. cm long, solitary; external color red, internal
References: Molesworth Allen 1967, Ruehle et al. yellow.
1958 Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, used for beverages,
jellies. Flavor sweet, pleasant; general appeal.
Good potential for cultivation in lowland Tropics.
References: Fouqué 1974, Ruehle et al. 1958.

15
Chapter 2

Spondias tuberosa Arruda Description: Tree to 6 m. Propagation by seed g

Common names: imbu (English, Spanish, French); ing. Fruit production in 7-8 years from seed, J
imbu, unnbu (Portuguese). years from grafts. Flowers in April-May (Flonaa).
Origin: Brazil. Fruit matures in 150 days. Fruit spherical to
Distribution: South America. ovoid, 10-15 cm in diameter, 400-800 g, solitary,
Cultural requirements: Hot tropical climate. Very external color green or lavender, internal white or
tolerant of dry conditions. lavender.
Description: Tree to 6 m. Propagation by seed, cut- Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, in sherbets, other
tings. Flowers April-May (Florida). Fruit 4 cm desserts. Flavor sweet, aromatic, pleasant; wide
long, in clusters of 3-4; external color greenish appeal. Fair potential for cultivation in tropical
yellow, internal whitish. lowland areas.
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, made into beverages, References: Fouqué 1974, Ruehle et al. 1958.
jelly, desserts. Flavor sweet, pleasant; general
appeal. Good potential for dry tropical areas.
References: Fouqué 1974, Popenoe 1917. Annona montana Macfad.
Common names: mountain soursop (English);
guanábana cimarrona (Spanish); corossolier
Annonaceae bâtard (French); araticum ape, araticum cagao
(Portuguese).
Annona cherimola Mill. Origin: West Indies, South America.
Common names: cherimoya (English); anon, Distribution: Tropical America.
chirimoya (Spanish); cherlmolier (French); Cultural requirements: Warm tropical climate with
chirimolia (Portuguese). medium to high rainfall at low to medium
Origin: South America. elevations.
Distribution: Tropics, subtropics. Description: Tree to 10 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit
Cultural requirements: Tropical highlands or cool production in 5-6 years. Flowers May-June (Flor-
subtropical climate with well-distributed medium ida). Fruit matures in 120 days. Fruit 10-15 cm in
rainfall. Will not fruit well in hot, humid Tropics. diameter, solitary; external color green, internal
Description: Tree to 8 m. Propagation by seed, graft- white to yellowish.
ing. Fruit production in 5-6 years from seed, 3-4
years from grafts. Flowers April-May (Florida),
sometimes two blooms per year. Hand-pollination
needed in some areas for good production. Fruit
matures in 150 days. Fruit 10-20 cm long,
200-2,000 g, solitary; external color green, internal
white.
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, made into ice cream,
sherbets. Flavor sweet, excellent; universal
appeal. Good potential in suitable climate. Some
variety selection and research in Spain, South
America, U.S.A. (California).
References: Fouqué 1974, Popenoe 1939.

Annona diversifolia Saff.

Common names: ilama (English); llama, papauce
(Spanish); ilama, cherimole des terres basses
(French).
Origin: Central America, Mexico.
Distribution: Tropical America.
Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands with
low to medium rainfall. Very susceptible to frost
injury. Poor fruit production is problem in many
areas. Figure 11.—Mountain soursop, unusually
flavored and good for drinks or
for eating out of hand.

16
 Major Fruits

Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, in desserts. Flavor sub- Annona purpurea Moc. et Seseé
acid, resinous; limited appeal. Little potential for Common names: soncoya (English); soncoya, cabeza
development. de negro (Spanish); atier, corossol, coeur de boeuf
References: Fouque 1974, Popenoe 1939. (French); cabeça de negro (Portuguese).
Origin: Mexico, Central America.
D/sir/öuf/on; Tropical America, Philippines.
Annona muricata L. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands with
Common names: soursop (English); catoche, medium to high rainfall.
guanábana (Spanish); añone, corossolier (French); Description: Tree to 12 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit
curassol, coraçao de rainha (Portuguese). 15-20 cm in diameter, solitary; external color
Distribution: Pantropic. brown to gray, internal orange.
Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands with Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh. Flavor aromatic; limited
high rainfall. Very susceptible to frost injury. appeal. Little potential.
Description: Tree to 8 m. Propagation by seed, graft- fíe/erences.'Fouque 1974, Popenoe 1939.
ing. Fruit production in 4-5 years from seed, 2-3
years from grafts. Flowering season May-June,
October-November (Florida). Poor fruit set is a Annona reticulata L.
frequent problem, possibly because of poor polli- Common names: custard apple, bullock's-heart
nation. Fruit matures in 70-120 days. Fruit 15-35 (English); anon, anona corazón, chirimoya
cm long, 1,000-4,000 g, solitary; external color (Spanish); coeur de boeuf (French); condesa,
green, internal white. coraçao de bol (Portuguese).
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, made into juice, ice Origin: Tropical America.
cream, other desserts. Flavor sweet to subacid, Distribution: Pantropic.
excellent; universal appeal. Potential for commer- Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands or sub-
cial production excellent. tropical climate with medium to high rainfall.
References: Fouque 1974, Popenoe 1939, Ruehle Tolerant of light frost.
eta!. 1958. Description: Tree to 7 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit
production in 4-5 years. Flowers May-June (Flor-
ida). Fruit matures in 200 or more days. Fruit
ovoid, 8-12 cm in diameter, 400-1,000 g, solitary;
external color reddish to yellow, internal white.
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, in desserts. Flavor
sweet, insipid; fair appeal. Good source of vitamin
C. Fair potential as food crop and useful as root-
stock for other Annona species.
References: Fouque 1974, Popenoe 1939.

Annona scleroderma Saff.

Common name: posh te (Spanish).
Origin: Mexico, Guatemala.
Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala.
Cultural requirements: Tropical climate at low and
medium elevations.
Description: Small tree. Propagation by seed. Fruit
Figure 12.—Soursop, a sour fruit that almost 8 cm in diameter, solitary; external color green,
everyone likes. internal white.
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, in desserts. Flavor
sweet, aromatic; low appeal. Potential limited to
native areas.
Reference: Popenoe 1939.

17
Chapter 2

Annona senegalensis Pers. Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, in sherbets, other

Common names: wild custard apple (English); abo desserts. Flavor sweet, excellent; universal
(Nigeria). appeal. Great potential for commercial production
Origin: West Africa. in tropical and subtropical lowlands. Variety
Distribution: Tropical Africa. improvement, cultural research in Israel, South
Cultural requirements: Grows in poor soils in low Africa, Australia, U.S.A. (Florida).
moist areas in hot tropical climates. Reference: Campbell and Phillips 1980.
Description: Tree to 6 m. Propagation by seed.
Flowers February-April. Fruit matures in 120 days.
Fruit 5 cm in diameter, solitary, yellow exterior. Rollinia deliciosa Saff. ( = R- pulchrinervis DC.)
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh. Flavor sweet; limited Common names: biriba (English); biriba, fruta da
appeal. Little potential as a food crop. condessa (Portuguese).
References: Dalziel 1948, Irvine 1961. Origin: Brazil.
Distribution: Brazil; introduced elsewhere into
Tropics but rare.
Annona squamosa L. Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands.
Common names: sugar apple, sweetsop (English); Very susceptible to frost injury.
anon, rinon, anona blanca (Spanish); attier, anone Description: Tree to 10 m. Propagation by seed.
écaillouse (French); ata, fruta de condessa Flowers April-May (Florida). Fruit matures in 90 or
(Portuguese). more days. Fruit 8-12 cm in diameter, solitary;
Origin: Tropical America. external color yellow, internal white.
Distribution: Pantropic. Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, as juice, in desserts.
Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands or sub- Flavor sweet, pleasant; good acceptance. Fair
tropical climate, with medium rainfall. Will survive potential as crop in humid Tropics.
light frost. References: Fouqué 1974, Popenoe 1939.
Description: Tree to 6 m. Propagation by seed, graft-
ing. Fruit production in 3-5 years from seed, 2-3
years from grafts. Flowers in April-May (Florida). Rollinia mucosa Bail!.
Fruit matures in 120-150 days. Fruit ovoid, 5-10 Common names: wild sweetsop (English); anon
cm in diameter, solitary; external color green, cimarrón (Spanish); cachimán creme, cachimán
internal white. morveux (French); araticum pitaia, condessa
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, in ice cream, sherbets, (Portuguese).
other desserts. Flavor sweet, good; general Origin: Central and South America, West Indies.
appeal. Moderate levels of vitamin C. Good poten- Distribution: Tropical America.
tial for home garden and limited commerical Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands.
production. Description: Tree to 10 m. Propagation by seed.
References: Fouqué 1974, Popenoe 1939, Ruehle Flowers April-May (Florida). Fruit matures in 90 or
et al. 1958.

Annona squamosa x A. clierimola (hybrid).

Common name: atemoya (English).
Origin: U.S.A. (Florida).
Distribution: Tropics, subtropics.
Cultural requirements: Warm tropical or subtropical
climate. Tolerant of a variety of climatic and soil
conditions and of light frost.
Description: Tree to 6 m. Propagation by seed, graft-
ing. Fruit production in 4-5 years from seed, 2-3
years from grafts. Flowers April-June (Florida),
sometimes two blooms a year. Some varieties
need hand-pollination for good production. Fruit
matures in 150-180 days. Fruit 8-15 cm in diam-
eter, 300-900 g or more, solitary; external color
green, interior white. Figure ^3. —Rollinia mucosa, a very good
annonacious fruit.

18
 Major Fruits

more days. Fruit 8-12 cm in diameter, solitary; Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, made Into sherbets,
external color yellow, internal white. jelly, jam. Flavor sweet to subacid, sometimes
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, in desserts. Flavor astringent; moderate appeal. Potential as home
sweet, insipid. Little potential as food crop. garden food plant. Important as ornamental.
Reference: Fouqué 1974. References: Popenoe 1939, Ruehle et al. 1958.

Apocynaceae Hancornia speciosa Gomez

Common names: mangaba (English, Portuguese);
Carissa carandas L. caoutchouc de Pernambouc (French).
Common names: karanda, Christ's-thorn (English). Origin: Brazil.
Origin: India. Distribution: South America.
Distribution: Tropics, subtropics. Cultural requirements: Hot, dry tropical climate;
Cultural requirements: Subtropical climate with low sandy soils.
to medium rainfall and medium-acid soil. Description: Shrub or tree to 7 m. Propagation by
Description: Shrub to 3 m. Propagation by seed, cut- seed. Fruit 3-6 cm in diameter; external color
tings, layering. Fruit production in 3-4 years from yellow or red, internal white.
seed, 1-3 years from vegetative propagation. Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, made into sherbets, pre-
Flowers all year. Fruit spherical to ellipsoid, 1.5-2 serves, wine. Flavor subacid, pleasant; general
cm in diameter, solitary; external color black, appeal. Potential undeveloped, possibly high.
internal red. References: Cavalcante 1976, Fouqué 1974.
Utilization: Pulp used in jelly, preserves, beverages.
Flavor sour; fair appeal. Home garden crop; little
potential for commercial production. Saba senegalensis (A. DC.) Pichón
References: Burkill 1935, Ruehle et al. 1958. Common names: saba (English); anoma (Ghana).
Origin: Africa.
Distribution: Africa.
Carissa edulis Vahl Cultural requirements: Grows on fringe of forest
Common name: Egyptian carissa (English). zones, tropical climate.
Origin: Africa. Description: Woody vine. Propagation by seed. Fruit
Distribution: Africa. 10 cm long; external color orange, internal yellow.
Cultural requirements: Hot climate with low rainfall. Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh. Probably little potential.
Description: Shrub. Propagation by seed, cuttings. Reference: Irvine 1961.
Flowers March-August. Fruit matures in 60 days.
Fruit 1.5 cm In diameter, solitary; external color
black, internal reddish. Araceae
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, made into jam, vinegar.
Flavor sweet, pleasant. Little potential for cultiva- Monstera deliciosa Liebm.
tion as food crop. Common names: ceriman, monstera (English);
References: Dalziel 1948, Irvine 1961. balazo, ceriman de Mexico, pina anona (Spanish);
ananas de Mexico, ceriman (French); banana de
brejo, banana do mato, fruta de Mexico
Carissa grandiflora A. DC. ( = C. macrocarpa (Eckl.) (Portuguese).
A. DC.) Origin: Mexico, Guatemala.
Common name: Natal plum (English). Distribution: Pantropic.
Origin: Eastern and southern Africa. Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands
Distribution: Tropics, subtropics. with fertile soil.
Cultural requirements: Grows well in variety of Description: Large vine. Propagation by seed, cut-
climatic and soil conditions and in wide range of tings. Fruit production in 6-8 years from seed, 3-4
altitudes and latitudes. years from cuttings. Flowers all year. Fruit ma-
Description: Shrub to 4 m. Propagation by seed, cut- tures in 90-120 days. Fruit cylindrical, 15-25 cm
tings, layering. Fruit production in 4-5 years from long, solitary; external color yellowish green,
seed, 2-3 years from vegetative propagation. internal pale yellow.
Flowers all year. Fruit matures in about 60 days.
Fruit ellipsoid, 2.5-5 cm long, solitary; external
color red, internal pink.

19
Chapter 2

Figure 15.—Cuachilote, a banana-shaped

fruit with a sugarcane taste.
Figure ^A. — Monste^a deliciosa, or ceriman,
an unusual but delicious fruit.
Distribution: Tropical America.
Cultural requirements: Lowland forest areas with
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, made into jellies, jam.
Flavor sweet, aromatic, unpleasant to some medium to high rainfall.
because of irritating crystals in pulp. Limited Description: Tree to 10 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit
potential as food plant. Important as ornamental. production in 3-5 years. Flowers all year. Fruit
References: Fouqué 1974, Ruehle et al, 1958. elongate, 10-18 cm long, solitary on trunk and
large limbs; external color yellow with red blush,
internal white.
Balanitaceae Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, cooked, preserved.
Flavor sweet, somewhat bitter; limited appeal.
Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del. Little potential as food crop.
Common names: desert date, soapberry tree References: Fouque 1974, Kennard and Winters 1960.
(English).
Origin: Africa.
Distribution: Africa; introduced widely elsewhere but Bombacaceae
rare.
Cultural requirements: Hot arid climate; not tolerant Adansonia digitata L.
of humid climate. Common names: baobab, monkey bread (English);
Description: Tree to 13 m. Propagation by seed. calabassier du Senegal (French); hijid (Arabic).
Flowers January-February (Africa). Fruit matures Origin: Africa.
in 60 days. Fruit 4 cm long, solitary, yellow Distribution: Africa, Australia; widely introduced
exterior. elsewhere in Tropics but not common.
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, dried; fermented to Cultural requirements: Hot climate with low to
make alcoholic beverage. Flavor sweet, somewhat medium rainfall.
bitter; moderate appeal. Good potential as food Description: Tree to 20 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit
crop in arid areas. production in 8-10 years. Flowers May-June
Reference: Irvine 1961. (Africa). Fruit oblong, 20-30 cm long, solitary;
external color brown, interior reddish yellow.
Utilization: Pulp used as flavoring or as food mixed
Bignoniaceae
with other ingredients. Seeds roasted or soaked
and fermented. Flavor sour, pleasant. Important
Parmentiera edulis A. DC.
crop in native area; little potential elsewhere.
Common names: parmentiera (English); cuachilote
References: Dalziel 1948, Irvine 1961.
(Spanish).
Origin: Mexico, Central America.

20
 Major Fruits

Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, in desserts. Flavor

sweet, pleasant; moderate appeal. Potential as
food crop limited except in native area.
References: Hodge 1960, Popenoe 1924, Whitman
1976.

Bromeliaceae

Ananas comosus Merr.

Common names: pineapple (English); pina (Spanish);
ananas (French); ananas, abacaxi (Portuguese).
Origin: South America.
Distribution: Pantropic.
Cultural requirements: Warm to hot tropical climate
with medium rainfall. Light, well-drained, acid soil.
Description: Herb to 1 m. Vegetative propagation by
Figure 16.—Baobab, a fruit with dry but
crowns, slips, suckers. Fruit production in 15-24
acidic pulp.
months. Flowers can be induced at any time of
year. Plants self-sterile, but pollination not neces-
Durio z'ibethinus L. sary because fruit develops parthenocarpically.
Common names: durian (English, Malay). Fruit matures in about 180 days. Fruit 30-60 cm
Origin: Southeast Asia. long, solitary; external color yellow to orange,
Distribution: Jrop\ca\ Asia; some introduction else- internal white to yellow.
where in Tropics. Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, canned, frozen, dried;
Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands made into juice. Flavor sweet, aromatic; universal
with deep, fertile soil. Very susceptible to cold appeal. One of the most important fruit crops of
injury. Not tolerant of poor soils. the world, with commercial production in most
Description: Tree to 40 m. Propagation by seed, countries of the Tropics.
grafting. Fruit production in 7-8 years from seed, Reference: Ochse et al. 1961.
3-4 years from grafts. Some flower all year. Fruit
15-30 cm long, solitary; external color greenish
yellow, internal white or yellowish. Burseraceae
Utilization: Aril eaten fresh, preserved, dried. Seeds
boiled, roasted. Flavor sweet, with strong aro- Canarium album Reanch.
matic odor; great appeal. Good source of calories, Common names: canarium, Chinese olive (English);
vitamins B and C. Excellent potential in humid kanran, ch'ing-huo (Chinese).
Tropics. Variety selection and cultural research in Origin: Asia.
Thailand. Distribution: Asia.
References: Burkill 1935, Molesworth Allen 1967. Cultural requirements: Subtropical or cool tropical
climate.
Description: Tree. Propagation by seed.
Matis'ia cordata H.B.K. [-Quararibea cordata (Humb. Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh. Whole fruit preserved.
et Bonpl.) Gare, et Hern.] Seed edible but small and not generally used.
Common names: South American sapote (English); Pulp source of oil.
sapota, zapote chupachupa (Spanish); sapote du
Pérou (French); sapota do Peru (Portuguese).
Origin: South America. Canarium indicum L.
Distribution: South America. Common names: canary nut, Java almond (English).
Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands. Origin: Southeast Asia.
Very susceptible to frost injury. Distribution: Introduced widely in Tropics.
Description: Tree to 12 m. Propagation by seed. Cultural requirements: Tropical rain forest.
Flowers January-February (Florida). Fruit matures Description: Tree. Propagation by seed.
in 270-300 days. Fruit 12-14 cm in diameter; Utilization: Seed used in various food preparations
external color brown, internal orange. and as source of oil. Flavor rich; wide appeal.
Good potential for expansion.

21
Chapter 2

Canarium ovatum Engler Distribution: Pantropic. ..u^

Common names: pili nut (English); anangi, pili Cultural requirements: Warm tropical lowlanas w.i
(Philippines). low to high rainfall.
Origin: Philippines. Description: Vine. Propagation by seed, more com-
Distribution: Widespread in Tropics. monly by cuttings. Fruit 7-12 cm long; external
Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands. color red, internal white. r-i^w^r-
Description: Tree to 20 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, used in desserts. Flavor
5-7 cm long, in large clusters; external color sweet, pleasant. Locally important but little poten-
black, internal white. tial for commercial production.
Utilization: Pulp cooked, source of oil. Seed roasted. References: Fouque 1974, Ruehle et al. 1958.
Flavor excellent; high appeal. High oil and protein
content. Great potential in humid Tropics. Lemaireocereus thurberi Britt. et Rose
References: Brown 1920, Leon 1968, Wester 1925. Common names: sweet pitaya (English); pitaya,
pitahaya (Spanish).
Origin: Mexico, U.S.A.
Canarium schweinfurthii Engler
Distribution: Mexico, U.S.A.
Common names: incense tree, African elemi Cultural requirements: Dry, hot subtropical climate.
(English). Description: "Tree" to 7 m. Propagation by seed, cut-
Origin: Tropical Asia. tings. Fruit 4-7 cm long; external color red, in-
Distribution: Africa.
terior red or yellow.
Cultural requirements: Hot tropical climate. Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, in desserts. Flavor
Description: Tree to 40 m. Propagation by seed.
sweet, pleasant. Locally important but little poten-
Flowers March-May (Africa). Fruit matures in 90
tial for commercial development.
days. Fruit 3.5 cm long; external color bluish
Reference: Fouque 1974.
black, internal white to cream.
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh as condiment. Seed
roasted, source of oil (shea butter). Flavor good.
Limited potential outside native area. Opuntia ficus-indica MiM.
Common names: prickly pear, Indian fig (English);
References: Dalziel 1948, Irvine 1961.
cardon de México, chumbo, higo, tuna (Spanish);
chardon d'Inde, figuier d'Inde (French).
Dacryodes edulis H. J. Lam. (= Pacfiylobus edulis G. Origin: Mexico.
Don) Distribution: Tropics, subtropics.
Common names: bush butter (English); safoutier Cultural requirements: Cool semiarid climate. Cal-
(French). careous soil best.
Origin: Tropical west Africa. Description: "Shrub" to 5 m. Propagation by seed,
Distribution: Tropical Africa, Malaya. more commonly by cuttings. Fruit production in
Cultural requirements: Relatively dry tropical 5-6 years from seed, 2-3 years from cuttings.
savanna. Fruit matures in 90 or more days. Fruit 4-9 cm
Description: Tree. Propagation by seed, cuttings. long; external color purple or red, internal red.
Fruit production in 5-6 years from seed. Fruit Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, dried, made into jelly,
exterior color blue black. candy, preserves. Flavor sweet, pleasant. Locally
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, roasted, boiled as important but little potential for expansion as
dessert, with curries. Flavor subacid, pleasant. commercial crop.
Rich in oil and starch. Widely used in native area. Reference: Fouque 1974.
Moderate potential for development.
Reference: Dalziel 1948.
Pereskia aculeata Plum, ex MiM.
Common names: Barbados gooseberry, lemon vine
Cactaceae English); corona de novia, grosellero, guamacho
(Spanish); cactier à fruits feuilles, groseillier de
Hylocereus undatus Britt. et Rose Barbade (French); mata velha (Portuguese).
Common names: night-blooming cereus, strawberry Origin: Tropical America.
pear (English); pitaya, pitahaya (Spanish); cierge Distribution: Tropical America.
lézard, poire de chardon (French). Cultural requirements: Hot tropical climate with
Origin: Mexico, Central America. medium to high rainfall.

22
 Major Fruits

Description: Vine. Propagation by seed, cuttings. in 60 days. Fruit spherical to ellipsoid, 10-30 cm
Fruit 1.5-2 cm in diameter; external color yellow, long, 400-2,500 g, solitary or in small clusters;
internal white. external color yellow to orange; internal color
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, preserved. Flavor sweet yellow, orange, or red.
to sour, pleasant. High in vitamin A, medium in Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, made into juice, pre-
calcium. Little potential for wider cultivation. serves, desserts. Flavor sweet; general appeal.
References: Fouque 1974, Kennard and Winters 1960. Excellent potential for commercial production in
Tropics. Variety selection, propagation, cultural-
method research in South Africa, South America,
Capparidaceae U.S.A. (Florida, Hawaii).
References: Ochse et al. 1961, Yee et al. 1970.
Boscia senegalensis Lam. ex Poir.
Common names: aVsen (West Africa); kursan (Arabic).
Origin: Africa (Sahara, Sahel). Caryocaraceae
Distribution: Africa.
Cultural requirements: Hot, arid or semiarid climate. Caryocar nuciferum L. ( = C. villosum Pers.)
Description: Shrub to 5 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit Common names: souari nut (English); nuez souari
spherical, 1.5-2 cm in diameter. (Spanish); noisette indienne (French).
Utilization: Fruit cooked and eaten after soaking. Origin: South America.
Locally important. Little potential for wider Distribution: South America; introduced into tropical
cultivation. Asia.
References: Dalziel 1948, Irvine 1961. Cultural requirements: Humid lowland tropical forest.
Description: Tree to 30 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit
10-15 cm in diameter; exterior gray brown.
Caricaceae Utilization: Seeds eaten fresh, roasted; source of oil.
Flavor good. Locally important with fair possibility
Carica candemarcensis Hook. f. f=C. pubescens for further development.
Lenné et K. Koch) Reference: Fouque 1974.
Common names: mountain papaya (English); cham-
buro, papaya de tierra fria (Spanish).
Origin: South America. Chrysobalanaceae
Distribution: South America.
Cultural requirements: Tropical highlands and cool Chrysobalanus ¡caco L.
subtropical areas with well-distributed rainfall. Common names: coco plum (English); icaco, hicaco
Description: Arborescent herb to 5 m or more. Propa- Spanish); icaque (French); abajeru (Portuguese).
gation by seed. Fruit production in 2 years. Fruit Origin: Central and South America, West Indies.
6-20 cm long; external color orange, internal Distribution: Pantropic.
yellow. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands, poor to
Utilization: Pulp made into preserves. Flavor sour, fertile soils, coastal to inland sites. Usually found
aromatic, pleasant. Locally important but little where soil moist or flooded.
potential for large-scale cultivation. Description: Shrub or tree to 8 m. Propagation by
References: Badillo 1971, Fouque 1974. seed or cuttings. Flowers in two or more flushes a
year. Fruit spherical to ellipsoid, 2-3 cm long;
external color white, pink, or purple; internal color
Carica papaya L. white.
Common names: papaya, pawpaw (English); papaya, Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, canned. Seed cooked.
lechosa, fruta bomba (Spanish); papayer (French); Flavor sweet, somewhat insipid. Important in local
mamâo (Portuguese). areas; little potential for large-scale production.
Origin: Tropical America. Reference: Fouque 1974.
Distribution: Pantropic.
Cultural requirements: Warm tropical or subtropical Licania platypus Fritsh.
climate, fertile soil, well-distributed rainfall. Not Common names: sunsapote (English); zapote cabillo
tolerant of frost or wind. (Spanish), sansapote (Philippines).
Description: Arborescent herb to 8 m. Propagation by Origin: Central and South America.
seed. Fruit production in 8-10 months. Flowers all Distribution: Central and South America, Philippines.
year. Dioecious or hermaphroditic. Fruit matures

23
Chapter 2

Figure 17. —Papaya, a rapidly growing fruit appreciated everywhere in the Tropics.

Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands, sea- Description: Tree to 8 cm. Propagation by seed.
sonally dry. Flowers December-February. Fruit matures in 180
Description: Tree to 30 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit days. Fruit diameter 2.5-4 cm; external color red-
production in 10 years. Flowers November- dish brown, internal red.
December. Fruit matures in about 250 days. Fruit Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh. Seed roasted. Flavor
oblong, 15 cm long, 900 g; external color greenish sweet, pleasant. Locally important. Little potential
brown, internal orange yellow. for wider cultivation.
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh. Pulp dry, with sweet References: Dalziel 1948, Irvine 1961.
flavor. Locally important but little potential for
extensive cultivation.
Reference: Wester 1925. Combretaceae

Terminalia catappa L.
Parinari curatellifolia Planch, ex Benth. Common names: tropical almond, Singapore almond
Common names: hissing tree (English); parinaire (English); almendro (Spanish).
(French). Origin: Pacific islands, Southeast Asia.
Origin: West Africa. Distribution: Pantropic.
Distribution: Africa. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands. Grows
Cultural requirements: Tropical climate, light soils. well under great variety of conditions, including
coastal strands.

24
 Major Fruits

Description: Tree to 20 m. Propagation by seed. Dilleniaceae

Flowers at various times of year. Fruit 5-6 cm
long; external color greenish brown, internal Diilenia indica L.
white. Common names: elephant apple (English); chalba
Utilization: Seed eaten fresh, cooked. Flavor good. (India).
Limited potential because kernel difficult to ex- Origin: India.
tract. Used more as ornamental tree than as food Distribution: Widely introduced into Tropics.
crop. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands with
Reference: Burkill 1935. medium to high rainfall.
Description: Tree to 12 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit
12-15 cm in diameter, solitary; exterior color
Terminaría edulis Blanco green.
Common name: dalison (English). Utilization: Fleshy sepals used as flavoring in cur-
Origin: Southeast Asia, Philippines. ries, jams. Flavor has low appeal outside of native
Distribution: Southeast Asia, Philippines, Hawaii. area. Little potential as food crop.
Cultural requirements: Tropical lowlands. References: Burkill 1935, Kennard and Winters 1960.
Description: Tree to 35 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit
5 cm long; external color red.
Utilization: Pulp eaten as preserves. Flavor sour. Ebenaceae
Little potential.
Reference: Brown 1920. Diospyros discolor Willd.
Common names: velvet apple, butter fruit (English);
mabolo (Philippines).
Terminaría kaernbachii Warb. Origin: Philippines.
Common name: okari nut (English). Distribution: Introduced widely into Tropics but not
Origin: Papua New Guinea. common.
Distribution: Southeast Asia, Hawaii. Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands.
Cultural requirements: Tropical lowlands. Description: Tree to 10 m. Propagation mostly by
Description: Large tree. Propagation by seed. Fruit seed; can be grafted. Flowers March-May (Flori-
10 cm long; external color rose, internal white. da). Dioecious, occasionally monoecious. Seed-
Utilization: Seed eaten fresh, roasted. Flavor good; less selections known. Fruit matures in 150-180
high appeal. Good source of protein. Good poten- days. Fruit ovoid, 6-10 cm in diameter, solitary;
tial for wider cultivation. Needs wider trial. external color purplish red to orange, internal
white to yellowish.
Utilization: Pulp of fruit eaten fresh, preserved.
Cycadaceae Flavor sweet, aromatic; moderate appeal. Fair
potential for wide cultivation.
Cycas circinaiis L. References: Popenoe 1939, Ruehle et al. 1958.
Common name: queen sago.
Origin: Asia, Africa.
Distribution: Pantropic. Diospyros ebenaster Retz. ( = D. digyna Jacq.)
Cultural requirements: Hot tropics and subtropics. Common names: black sapote (English); zapote
Tolerant of light frost. negro, zapote de mico (Spanish); barbacoa, bois
Description: Tree to 7 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit d'ébène, sapote noir (French); ébano (Portuguese).
ovoid, 4-4.5 cm long, exterior color brown. Origin: Mexico, Central America.
Utilization: Seed leached with water to remove Distribution: Introduced elsewhere into Tropics but
toxins, dried meal used as starchy food. Locally not common.
important as food crop. More important in many Cultural requirements: Hot tropical climate, low to
areas as ornamental plant. middle elevations, relatively high rainfall. Well
Reference: Burkill 1935. adapted to calcareous soils.
Description: Tree to 15 m. Propagation by seed,
grafting. Fruit production in 5-6 years from seed,
2-3 years from grafts. Flowers March-May (Flor-
ida). Fruit mature in 200-300 days. Fruit ovate,
7-12 cm in diameter, solitary; external color green
to brown, internal brown to black.

25
Chapter 2

Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, mixed with other fruits.

Flavor sweet, insipid. Fair to good source of vita-
min C. Moderate potential for development. Needs
wider trial.
References: Fouque 1974, Popenoe 1939, Ruehle
et al. 1958.

Diospyros kaki L.
Common names: Japanese persimmon (English);
kaki (Japanese).
Origin: China, Japan.
Distribution: Worldwide in warm temperate and sub-
tropical areas and in tropical highlands.
Cultural requirements: Requires seasonal cool period
for successful flowering and fruiting, well-distrib-
uted rainfall.
Description: Tree to 12 m (usually smaller). Propaga-
tion by seed, grafting. Flowers March-April (Flor-
ida). Dioecious or polygamous. Fruit matures in
about 200 days. Fruit ovoid to oblate, 2.5-8 cm in
diameter, solitary; external color yellow or orange,
internal orange.
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, dried, preserved. Flavor
sweet, pleasant; wide appeal. Good source of vita-
min A, fair source of vitamin C. Important fruit in
Figure 18. —Bignay or salamander. The
Asia. Moderate potential for production elsewhere.
prolific fruits are useful in jellies.
Reference: Popenoe 1939.

Description: Tree to 10 m. Propagation by seed, cut-

Diospyros mespiiiformis Höchst, ex A. DC. tings, layering, grafting. Fruit production in 5-6
Common names: West African ebony, swamp ebony years from seed, 2-3 years from grafts. Flowers in
(English); kaki du brousse (French). April-May (Florida). Dioecious. Fruit matures in
Origin: Africa. 150-200 days. Fruit spherical to ovoid, 1 cm in
Distribution: Africa. diameter, in clusters of 20-50; external color pur-
Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands with ple to black, internal purple.
low to medium rainfall. Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, made into jelly and
Description: Tree to 20 m. Propagation by seed. wine. Flavor sweet, often bitter. Little potential for
Dioecious. Fruit 2.5 cm. in diameter. expansion as food crop.
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, dried, made into References: Burkill 1935, Ruehle et al. 1958.
beverages by fermentation. Flavor sweet. Local
importance as food crop but little potential for
expansion. Antidesma dallachyanum BailL
References: Dalziel 1948, Irvine 1961. Common name: Herbert River cherry (English).
Origin: Australia.
Distribution: Australia; introduced elsewhere but
Euphorbiaceae rare.
Cultural requirements: Tropical and warm subtropi-
Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng. cal climate.
Common names: bignay, salamandar (English). Description: Tree to 7 m. Propagation by seed.
Origin: Southeast Asia. Flowers in May (Florida). Fruit matures in 90-150
Distribution: Introduced widely into Tropics but not days. Fruit spherical, 1.5 cm in diameter, in clus-
common outside Asia. ters of 10-30; external color red, internal red.
Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands. Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, made into jelly. Flavor
Adapted to variety of soil conditions. Tolerates sour. Little potential as food crop.
light frost. Reference: Ruehle et al. 1958.

26
 Major Fruits

Baccaurea dulcís Muell.-Arg. Phyllanthus acidus L.

Common names: rambai, chupa, kapundung (Malaya). Common names: Otaheite gooseberry (English);
Origin: Malay Peninsula, Indonesia. grosella (Spanish); chermai (Malaya).
Distribution: Southeast Asia. Origin: India, Madagascar.
Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands. Distribution: Pantropic.
Description: Tree, moderate size. Propagation by Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands.
seed. Fruit in snnall clusters. Tolerant of a variety of soils, seasonal dry period.
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, stewed. Cultivated in Description: Tree to 6 m. Propagation by seed, cut-
native area but little potential for expansion. tings. Flowers February-April (Florida). Usually
Reference: Burkill 1935. monoecious. Fruit matures in 90-100 days. Fruit
oblate, conspicuously ribbed, 2-2.5 cm in diame-
ter; exterior color yellow.
Baccaurea grifithii Hook. f. Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, stewed, preserved.
Common names: larah, taban, rambai utan (Malaya). Flavor very sour, refreshing. Locally important but
Origin: Malay Peninsula. little potential for widespread cultivation.
Distribution: Malay Peninsula. References: Molesworth Allen 1967, Ruehle et a!.
Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands. 1958.
Description: Medium tree. Propagation by seed. Dio-
ecious. Fruit matures July and December. Fruit Phyllanthus emblica Skeels
spherical, 2.5-6 cm in diameter, in clusters of 3-5; Common names: emblic (English); melaka (Malaya).
external color brownish, internal white. Origin: Tropical Asia.
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, stewed. Flavor sweet to Distribution: Tropical Asia; introduced elsewhere but
subacid. Good potential as food crop if selection rare.
done for improved varieties. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands. Toler-
Reference: Moleswort h Allen 1967. ant of dry conditions.
Description: Tree to 20 m. Propagation by seed, cut-
tings, layering, grafting. Flowers June-July (Flor-
Baccaurea motleyana Muell.-Arg. ida). Monoecious, occasionally dioecious. Fruit
Common names: rambai (English); rambai, rambeh spherical, 2.5-5 cm in diameter, solitary; external
(Malaya). color greenish yellow or red, internal yellowish.
Origin: Southeast Asia. Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, stewed, preserved.
Distribution: Southeast Asia. Flavor very sour, sometimes bitter; little appeal.
Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands. Very rich in vitamin G. Limited potential for devel-
Description: Tree to 20 m. Propagation by seed, opment as food crop.
grafting. Dioecious. Fruit ovoid, 2.5-4.5 cm long, References: Molesworth Allen 1967, Morton 1955.
in small clusters; external color brownish yellow,
internal whitish.
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, stewed, preserved. Flacourtiaceae
Flavor sweet. Good potential for expanded
cultivation. Dovyalis abyssinica Warb.
References: Burkill 1935, Molesworth Allen 1967. Common names: African dove plum (English);
mukambura (Kenya).
Origin: Ethiopia, Kenya.
Elateriospermum tapes Blume Distribution: Some introduction elsewhere but rela-
Common names: tapos, kedui (Indonesia). tively rare.
Origin: Southeast Asia. Cultural requirements: Adapted to hot, dry tropical
Distribution: Southeast Asia. climate but tolerant of higher rainfall. Grows
Cultural requirements: Hot, humid Tropics. poorly in calcareous soil.
Description: Large tree. Propagation by seed. Seed Description: Shrub or tree to 10 m. Propagation by
5 cm long. seed, cuttings. Dioecious. Fruit ovoid, 2.5 cm in
Utilization: Seeds eaten after roasting or boiling to diameter; external color light orange, internal
remove toxins. Sometimes pickled. Little potential yeMow.
as cultivated crop. Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, stewed, preserved. Fla-
Reference: Burkill 1935. vor sour to subacid; limited appeal. Little poten-
tial for wider cultivation.
References: Eggeling 1940, Ruehle et al. 1958.

27
Chapter 2

D. abyssinica x D. hebecarpa 'Description: Shrub to 7 m. Propagation by seed, cut-

Common name: hybrid dovyalis. tings. Dioecious. Fruit matures in M^V'^^^^^^^
Origin: U.S.A. (Florida). October-November (Florida). Fruit ovoid, 2-2.b cm
Distribution: Introduced into many tropical and sub- in diameter, solitary, exterior color purple to
tropical areas. black
Cultural requirements: Tropical or subtropical cli- Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, cooked, preserved. Fla-
mate. Tolerant of a great range of soil, tempera- vor sour; little appeal. Good source of vitamm C.
ture, rainfall conditions. Little potential as food crop.
Description: Shrub to 7 m. Propagation by seed, cut- References: Ruehle et al. 1958, Sturrock 1959.
tings, layering. Fruit production in 4-5 years from
seed, 2 years from vegetative propagation. Several
cycles of flowering and fruiting per year. Herma- Flacourtia indica Merr. ( = F. ramontchi L'Her.)
phroditic or monoecious. Fruit matures in 30-40 Common names: governor's plum (English);
days. Fruit ovoid, 3-3.5 cm in diameter; exterior ramontschi (India).
color orange. Origin: Tropical Asia, Madagascar.
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, stewed, in jams, jellies. Distribution: Pantropic.
Flavor subacid, pleasant. Good potential particu- Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands.
larly for processing. Superior selections very Tolerant of a variety of soils.
productive, with good flavor. Description: Shrub or tree to 6 m. Propagation by
References: Knight and Winters 1966, Ruehle et al. seed, layering, grafting. Flowers April-May (Flor-
1958, Sturrock 1959. ida). Dioecious. Fruit matures in 60-90 days. Fruit
ovoid, 2-3 cm in diameter, solitary; external color
purple, internal yellow.
Dovyalis caffra (Hook. f. et Harv.) Warb. Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, in jellies, jams. Flavor
Common names: kei apple (English); umkokolo sweet, pleasant. Plant vigorous, useful for local
(South Africa). and home garden production but little potential
Origin: Southwestern Africa. for commercial development.
Distribution: Widely introduced into tropical and sub- References: Burkill 1935, Popenoe 1939, Ruehle et al.
tropical areas but not common. 1958.
Cultural requirements: Adapted to semiarid tropical
and subtropical climates. Tolerant of high rainfall,
hot weather, temperatures to -8° C. Flacourtia inermis Roxb.
Description: Shrub or tree to 6 m. Propagation by Common names: Martinique plum (English); lovi-lovi
seed, cuttings, layering, grafting. Fruit production (language unknown).
in 5-6 years from seed, 2-3 years from vegetative Origin: Southeast Asia.
propagation. Flowers February and June (Florida). Distribution: Introduced elsewhere into Tropics but
Dioecious. Fruit matures in 90 days. Fruit ovoid, rare.
3-4 cm in diameter; exterior color yellow, solitary. Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands.
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, cooked, preserved. Fla- Very susceptible to frost injury.
vor sour to subacid, pleasant. Locally utilized but Description: Tree to 5 m. Propagation by seed.
little potential for further development. Flowers May-June (Florida). Fruit matures in 60
References: Burkill 1935, Ruehle et al. 1958. days. Fruit spherical, 2 cm in diameter; external
color red, internal yellow.
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, in jellies, jams. Flavor
Dovyalis hebecarpa Warb. sour. Little potential for commercial development.
Reference: Burkill 1935.
Common names: Ceylon gooseberry, kitambilla,
ketembilla (English).
Origin: Sri Lanka.
Distribution: Widely introduced into Tropics but not Flacourtia jangomas Reausch. ( = F. cataphiracta
Roxb.)
common outside native area.
Common names: runeala plum (English); prunier
Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands.
malagache (French).
Tolerant of variety of soils, light frost.
Origin: Tropical Asia.
Distribution: Introduced elsewhere into Tropics but
not common.

28
 Major Fruits

Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands. Garcinia dulcís Kurz

Description: Shrub or tree to 5 m. Propagation by Common name: mundu (Malaya).
seed, layering, grafting. Flowers May-June (Flor- Origin: Philippines, Borneo, Java.
ida). Dioecious. Fruit matures in 60-90 days. Fruit Distribution: Introduced elsewhere into Tropics but
ovoid, 2-2.5 cm in diameter; external color purple, rare.
internal yellow. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands.
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, in jellies, jams. Flavor Description: Tree to 13 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit
sweet, pleasant. Useful for local food production, conical, 5-7 cm in diameter, solitary; external
but little potential for commercial development. color pale orange, internal orange yellow.
Reference: Burkill 1935. Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, in jams, as flavoring in
other foods. Flavor sour to subacid. Rich in citric
acid. Potential as home garden fruit in Tropics.
Flacourtia rukam Zoll, et Mor. References: Burkill 1935, Molesworth Allen 1967.
Common names: rukam, Indian prune (English).
Origin: Philippines, Malaya Archipelago.
Distribution: Introduced elsewhere into Tropics but
not common.
Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands.
Description: Tree to 7 m. Propagation by seed, graft-
ing. Flowers May-June (Florida). Dioecious. Fruit
matures in 60-90 days. Fruit ovoid, 2-2.5 cm in
diameter; external color purple, internal yellow.
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, in jellies, jams. Flavor
sweet, pleasant. Little potential for commercial
development.
References: Burkill 1935, Sturrock 1959.

Gnetaceae
Figure ^9. —Garcinia dulcís, small but delicious.
Gnetum gnemon L.
Common names: Spanish joint fir (English); meninjau
(Malaya). Garcinia livingstonei T. Anders.
Origin: Malaysia. Common names: imbe (English); imbe (southeastern
Distribution: Tropical Asia. Africa).
Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical climate. Origin: Eastern tropical Asia.
Description: Tree to 20 m. Propagation by seed, cut- Distribution: Introduced widely into Tropics but not
tings. Fruit 3 cm long; exterior color yellow or red. common.
Utilization: Fruit eaten fresh, boiled, roasted. Leaves Cultural requirements: Originated in hot, dry tropical
eaten fresh. Important in native area. Much poten- climate but grows well in more humid climate
tial as food crop. also.
References: Burkill 1935, Molesworth Allen 1967. Description: Tree to 6 m. Propagation by seed, graft-
ing. Fruit production in 4-6 years from seed, 2-3
years from grafts. Flowers February-April,
Guttiferae August-September (Florida). Dioecious. Fruit
matures in 180-200 days. Fruit ellipsoid, 2.5-4 cm
Garcinia cambogia Desrouss. in diameter; external color orange, internal light
Common name: goraka (Sri Lanka). orange.
Origin: Sri Lanka. Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh. Flavor sweet, pleasant.
Distribution: Tropical Asia. Pulp scant in most selections. Little potential for
Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical climate. development.
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, dried; used in curries. References: Burkill 1935, Ruehle et al. 1958.
Flavor very sour. Little potential for development.

29
Chapter 2

Description: Tree to 10 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit

production in 7-8 years. Flowers in April-May,
sometimes other seasons (Florida). Fruit matures
in 120-150 days. Fruit conical, 6-7 cm in diameter,
yellow externally and internally.
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, in sherbets, jams; used
as flavoring in other foods. Flavor very sour, aro-
matic. Rich in citric acid. Potential as food crop
limited outside native areas.
References: Burkill 1935, Molesworth Alien 1967.

Mammea africana Sabine

Common names: African apricot (English); abricotier
d'Afrique (French).
Origin: West Africa.
Distribution: Tropical Africa.
Cultural requirements: Hot, tropical monsoon
Figure 20. —Imbe, Garcinia livingstonei. a
prolific fruit from a strange tree.
climate.
Description: Tree. Propagated by seed.
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh. Important in native area
Garcinia mangostana L. but little potential elsewhere.
Common names: mangosfeen (English); manggis
(Malaya); mangoustanier (French).
Origin: Southeast Asia. Mammea americana L.
Distribution: Pantropic but rare outside Asia. Common names: mamey apple (English); mamey,
Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands. mamey de Santo Domingo (Spanish); abricotier
Grows best in deep, fertile soils. Tolerant of des Antilles (French); abrico (Portuguese).
heavy, poorly drained soils. Not tolerant of tem- Origin: \Nes\ Indies.
peratures below 5° C.
Distribution: Pantropic but common only in tropical
Description: Tree to 12 m. Propagated by seed, graft-
America.
ing. Fruit production in 7-10 years from seed, 4-5
Cultural requirements: Hot tropical climate, low to
years from grafts. All known trees female; fruit
high rainfall, variety of soil conditions. Not toler-
develops parthenocarpically. Fruit matures in ant of frost.
150-180 days. Fruit ovoid, 6-8 cm in diameter;
Description: Tree to 20 m. Propagation by seed,
external color purple or reddish purple, internal
grafting. Fruit production in 6-8 years from seed,
white.
4-5 years from grafts. Dioecious. Fruit spherical,
Utilization: Aril eaten fresh. Flavor sweet, excellent;
8-15 cm in diameter, solitary; external color light
universal appeal. Little nutritional value. Potential
brown, internal orange.
excellent as fresh fruit in hot, humid Tropics.
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, stewed, preserved.
References: Almeyda and Martin 1976a, Burkill 1935,
Flavor sweet, pleasant; high appeal. Fair potential
Molesworth Allen 1967, Popenoe 1939.
for wider use, fresh and processed.
References: Fouqué 1974, Popenoe 1939, Ruehle
et al. 1958.
Garcinia tinctoria W. F. Wight ( - G. xanthochymus
Hook, f.)
Common names: gamboge (English); asam kandis
(Malaya). Platonia insignis Mart.
Origin: India, Burma, Thailand. Common names: bacur (English); pacuri (Spanish);
Distribution: Introduced widely into Tropics but rare parcouri (French); bacupari, bacuri (Portuguese).
outside Asia. Origin: Brazil, Guyana.
Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands. Distribution: South America.
Tolerant of shade, poor soils (Including high pH), Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands.
light frost. Tolerant of various soil conditions, including poor
drainage.

30
 Major Fruits

Description: Tree to 25 m. Propagation by seed. Juglans honorei Dode

Flowers June-July (Brazil). Fruit nnatures in Common names: Ecuador walnut (English); nogal
200-300 days. Fruit 10-12 cm in diameter; exter- (Spanish); noyer d'equateur (French); tocte
nal color yellow to brown, internal white. (Quechua).
Utilization: Aril eaten fresh, in desserts. Flavor sub- Origin: South America (Andes).
acid, pleasant. Needs trial elsewhere in Tropics to Distribution: South America.
determine potential. Cultural requirements: Cool climate, low to medium
References: Cavalcante 1972, Fouque 1974. rainfall, altitude of 1,800-3,000 m in Andes.
Description: Tree to 30 m. Propagation by seed.
Monoecious. Fruit 2.5-4 cm long, brown.
Rheedia madruno Planch, et Triana Utilization: Seed eaten fresh, used in various food
Common names: madrono (English); madroño, preparations. Flavor good; general appeal. Local
cozoiba (Spanish); madruno (French). importance as food crop. Important also for wood.
Origin: South America. References: Fouque 1974, Popenoe 1924.
Distribution: Introduced elsewhere but rare.
Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands.
Description: Tree to 8 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit Lauraceae
3-7 cm long; external color yellow, internal white.
Utilization: Aril eaten fresh, preserved. Flavor sub- Persea americana Mill.
acid, pleasant; high appeal. Good potential for Common names: avocado (English); aguacate, palta
wider trial in Tropics. (Spanish); avocat (French); abacate (Portuguese).
Reference: Fouque 1974. Origin: Central and South America, Mexico.
Distribution: Tropics and subtropics of world.
Cultural requirements: Tropical or subtropical cli-
Juglandaceae mate, depending on race. Medium to high rainfall.
Tolerant of a variety of soils. Good drainage essen-
Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch tial because of susceptibility to Phytophthora root
Common names: pecan (English); nuez de pecan, rot.
nogal pecanero, pacana (Spanish); noix de pecan, Description: Tree to 16 m. Propagation by seed,
pacanier (French). grafting. Fruit production in 5-8 years from seed,
Origin: U.S.A., Mexico. 3-4 years from grafts. Flowers February-March
Distribution: Tropical and subtropical highlands; (Florida). Synchronous dichogamy in flowering;
warm Temperate Zone. most varieties benefit from cross-pollination. Fruit
Cultural requirements: Best in temperate and cool matures in 120-400 days, depending on race and
subtropical climates. Deep, fertile soil best. Cool variety. Fruit spherical, ovoid, ellipsoid, or pyri-
weather during dormancy required for successful form, 8-20 cm long, 200-2,000 g; external color
flowering. green, red, or purple; interior color yellow or
Description: Tree to 50 m. Propagation by seed, whitish.
grafting. Fruit production in 10-12 years from Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, mixed with other ingre-
seed, 5-8 years from grafts. Flowers in April-May dients in salads, desserts. Flavor nutty, buttery;
(U.S.A.). Monoecious. Fruit matures in about 150 general appeal. Good source of oil, minerals.
days. Fruit ellipsoid, 4-5 cm long, brown. Important commercial fruit with good potential for
Utilization: Seed eaten fresh, roasted; used in many expansion. Large variety collections and work in
food preparations. Flavor excellent; universal all aspects of production in Central America,
appeal. Rich in oil. One of the most important South America, Israel, South Africa, Australia,
nuts of the world. Good potential for expansion in New Zealand, U.S.A. (California, Florida, Puerto
production in all areas where adapted. Most Rico).
important work in variety improvement and culture References: Popenoe 1939, Sauls et al. 1976.
in U.S.A. (Texas and Florida).
References: Phillips et al. 1960, Sargent 1922, Sharpe
and Gammon 1958.

31
Chapter 2

Persea schiedeana Nées

Common names: coyo, coyo avocado (English); coyo,
coyocte, shucte, chucte (Spanish); avocatier du
Guatemala (French).
Origin: Mexico, Central America.
Distribution: Tropical America.
Cultural requirements: Cool tropical to subtropical
climate. Good soil drainage essential.
Description: Tree to 25 m. Propagation by seed,
grafting. Flowers February-April (Central
America). Fruit matures in 100-120 days. Fruit
pyriform, 5-10 cm in diameter, 150-900 g, solitary;
external color green, internal yellow.
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh. Flavor rich, nutty. Good
source of oil, minerals. Pulp often fibrous. Little
potential outside native area because not as pro-
ductive as avocado.
Reference: Popenoe 1939.

Lecythidaceae

Bertholletia excelsa Humb. et Bonpl.

Common names: Brazil nut (English); nuez del Brazil
(Spanish); amande d'Amérique, noix de Brésil
(French); castanha do moranhao (Portuguese).
Origin: South America.
Distribution: South America; introduced elsewhere Figure 21. —Brazil nut, one of the best tropical nuts.
but rare.
Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands
with deep, fertile soil.
Lecythis elliptica Kunth
Description: Tree to 45 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit
Common names: monkey pot (English); olla de mono,
production in 8-12 years. Fruit spherical to ovoid,
sapucaia (Spanish); marmite de singe (French).
10-15 cm in diameter; external color brown, edible
Origin: South America.
portion white.
Distribution: Introduced elsewhere into Tropics but
Utilization: Seed eaten fresh, roasted. Flavor rich,
rare.
excellent; general a,ppeal. Important commercial
Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands;
crop, limited possibility for expansion.
deep, fertile soils best.
References: Fouque 1974, Leon 1968.
Description: Small tree. Propagation by seed. Fruit 9
cm long, 7.5 cm in diameter; external color brown,
edible portion white.
Grias cauliflora L. Utilization: Seed eaten fresh, roasted. Flavor excel-
Common names: anchovy pear (English); paco, pera lent; high appeal. Rich in oil, protein, B vitamins.
de anchoa (Spanish); poire d'anchois (French). Good potential for development as commercial
Origin: \Nesi Indies, Colombia. crop.
Distribution: West Indies, South America. References: Fouque 1974, Leon 1968.
Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands;
swampy areas.
Description: Tree to 15 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit Lecythis ollaria L.
pyriform, 5-8 cm long; external color brown. Common names: monkey pot (English); olla de mono
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh. Little potential for (Spanish); noix de sapucaia (French); cambuça de
development. macao, sapucaia (Portuguese).
Reference: Fouque 1974. Origin: Brazil.
Distribution: South America; introduced elsewhere
but not common.

32
 Major Fruits

Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands; Cordyla pinnata Milne-Redh. ( = C. africana Lour.)
deep, fertile soils best. Common names: wild mango (English); poivrier du
Description: Tre^ to 35 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit Senegal (French).
7-12 cm long, 8-15 cm in diameter; external color Origin: West Africa.
brown, edible portion white. Distribution: Tropical Africa.
Utilization: Seed eaten fresh, roasted. Flavor rich, Cultural requirements: Hot, dry tropical climate.
excellent; high appeal. Rich in oil and protein. Description: Tree. Propagation by seed. Fruit ex-
Good potential for further development. ternal color yellow.
Reference: Fouqué 1974. Utilization: Pulp eaten frest. Flavor sweet, astringent;
limited appeal. Little potential for development.
Reference: Dalziel 1948.
Lecythis zabucajo Aubl. ( = /.. usitata Miers)
Common names: paradise nut (English); nuez de
paraíso, nuez sapucaia, olla de mono (Spanish); Coumarouna odorata AubL ( = Dipteryx odorata
noix de paradis, noix de sapucaia (French); Willd.)
sapucaia (Portuguese). Common names: tonka bean (English); choiba,
Origin: Brazil. sarrapia (Spanish); gaiac de Cayenne (French);
Distribution: South America; introduced elsewhere cumaru verdadeiro (Portuguese).
but not common. Origin: South America.
Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands; Distribution: South America.
deep, fertile soil best. Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands.
Description: Tree to 35 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit Description: Tree to 30 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit
15-20 cm long, 22-26 cm in diameter; external production in 5 years. Fruit 5-6 cm long, 3 cm in
color brown, edible portion white. diameter, external color brown.
Utilization: Seed eaten fresh, roasted. Flavor excel- Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh. Seed eaten after boiling
lent; high appeal. Rich in oil, protein, B vitamins. to remove toxins. Little potential for development.
Good potential for further development as food References: Fouqué 1974, Perez-Arbelaez 1956.
crop.
References: Fouqué 1974, Leon 1968.
Cynometra cauliflora L.
Common names: namnam (English); nam-nam
Leguminosae (Malaya).
Origin: Southeast Asia.
Ceratonia siliqua L. Distribution: Southeast Asia; introduced elsewhere
Common names: carob, St.-John's-bread (English); but rare.
algarroba (Spanish). Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands.
Origin: Africa, Middle East. Description: Tree to 7 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit
Distribution: Dry subtropics. 5-10 cm long, 2.5 cm wide. External color brown,
Cultural requirements: Dry, seasonally hot subtropi- internal yellow.
cal climate with minimum of 300-380 mm of rain- Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, cooked, pickled, in
fall without irrigation. Grows but does not fruit chutney, curries. Flavor sour, pleasant. Important
well in high-rainfall areas. in local areas. Little potential for commercial
Description: Tree to 10 m. Propagation by seed, development.
grafting. Fruit production in 10-12 years from References: Burkill 1935, Molesworth Allen 1967.
seed, 5-6 years from grafts. Dioecious, but
hermaphroditic selections known. Fruit a narrow
Detarium microcarpum Quill, et Perr.
pod, 10-15 cm long, external color brown.
Common name: sweet dattock (English).
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, processed as chocolate
Origin: West Africa.
substitute and thickener. Rich in carbohydrates,
Distribution: Tropical Africa.
fair source of protein. Good potential in arid
Cultural requirements: Hot, dry tropical climate.
climates.
Description: Tree to 10 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit
References: Coit 1949, Sturrock 1959.
4 cm long, 2.5 wide; external color brown, internal
greenish.
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, dried. Little potential
for commercial development.
Reference: Dalziel 1948.

33
Chapter 2

Detarium senegalense J. F. Gmelin Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, powdered and made
Common name: tallow tree. into gruel or cakes. Flavor sweet. Locally impor-
Origin: Africa. tant but with lirriited potential for development.
Distribution: Africa. Reference: Fouque 1974.
Cultural requirements: Tropical forest areas with
rainfall of 1,500-1,600 mm.
Description: Tree to 40 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit Inga edulis Mart.
external color reddish, internal yellow. Common names: guamo (English); guaba, guama,
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, dried. Little potential guamo (Spanish); pois sucre (French); inga cipo,
for commercial development. rabo de mico (Portuguese).
References: Dalziel 1948, Irvine 1961. Origin: South America.
Distribution: South America.
Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical climate.
Dialium guiñéense Willd. Description: Tree to 15 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit
Common names: velvet tamarind, black tamarind production in 2 years. Flowers all year. Fruit up to
(English); tamarinier blanc (French). 100 cm long; external color green, internal white.
Origin: West Africa. Utilization: Aril eaten fresh. Flavor sweet. Not impor-
Distribution: Tropical Africa. tant as food crop. Little potential.
Cultural requirements: Hot tropical savanna with References: Cavalcante 1972, Fouque 1974, Leon
1,000-1,600 mm of rainfall. 1968.
Description: Tree to 20 m. Propagation by seed.
Flowers in September-November, January-April
(West Africa). Fruit matures in 90-150 days. Ex- Inga feuillei A. DC.
ternal color black, internal orange red. Common names: pacay (English); pacae (Spanish).
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, macerated in water. Origin: Peru, Bol iva.
Flavor sweet-sour, pleasant. Used in native area. Distribution: South America.
Little potential for expansion. Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical climate.
References: Dalziel 1948, Irvine 1961. Description: Tree. Propagation by seed. Fruit 30-60
cm long; external color green, internal white.
Utilization: Pulp (aril) eaten fresh. Flavor sweet. Used
Dialium indum L. locally. Little potential.
Common name: tamarind plum (English).
Origin: Indonesia.
Distribution: Southeast Asia. Inga laurina (Sw.) Willd.
Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical climate. Common names: guama (English); guabo, guamo
Description: Tree to 40 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit (Spanish); pois doux (French).
2.5 cm long, exterior color black. Origin: Central and South America, West Indies.
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh. Flavor sweet. Seldom Distribution: Tropical America, eastern tropical Asia.
cultivated. Little potential for development. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands.
Reference: Burkill 1935. Description: Tree to 20 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit
6-12 cm long, 4-8 cm wide; external color green,
internal white.
Hymenaea courbaril L. Utilization: Aril eaten fresh. Flavor sweet. Used
Common names: West Indian locust (English); locally. Little potential as food crop.
algarrobo, copal, courbaril (Spanish); caroubier de Reference: Fouque 1974.
Guyane (French); jatai, jatoba (Portuguese).
Origin: Central and South America, West Indies.
Distribution: Central and South America, West Inga paterno Harms.
Indies. Common names: paterna (English); paterno, guama
Cultural requirements: Hot tropical climate. Adapted (Spanish).
to variety of conditions. Origin: Mexico, Central America.
Description: Large tree. Propagation by seed. Fruit Distribution: Mexico, Central America.
6-15 cm long; external color brown, internal Cultural requirements: Tropical climate, wet to rather
yellow. dry forest.

34
 Major Fruits

Description: Medium tree. Propagation by seed. Fruit Pithecellobium lobatum Benth.

9-12 cm long, 4-5 cm wide; external color green, Common names: jering (Java); jengkol, jaring
internal white. (Sumatra); nieng, kanieng (Thailand).
Utilization: Aril eaten fresh. Seeds cooked. Flavor of Origin: Southeast Asia.
pulp sweet. Used locally. Little potential as food Distribution: Southeast Asia.
crop. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical climate.
Reference: Standley and Steyermark 1946. Description: Tree to 20 m.
Utilization: Young pods, immature and mature seeds
eaten after boiling to remove toxins. Used mostly
Inocarpus edulis Forst. as flavoring. Flavor appreciated in native area.
Common names: Otaheite chestnut (English); gayam Little potential for development.
(Java). Reference: Burkill 1935.
Origin: Malaysia and Pacific islands.
Distribution: Southeast Asia and Pacific islands.
Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands. Tamarindus indica L.
Description: Small tree. Propagation by seed. Common names: tamarind (English); tamarindo
Utilization: Seeds roasted, boiled; moderate appeal. (Spanish); tamarin (French); tamarindo
Good source of protein. Potential for trial in other (Portuguese).
areas. Origin: Tropical Africa.
Reference: Burkill 1935. Distribution: Pantropic.
Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands. Toler-
ant of a variety of soils if well drained and dry
Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) Benth. conditions. Does not fruit well where rainfall high
Common name: African locust (English). all year. Large trees tolerant of light frost. Grows
Origin: West Africa. well in calcareous soils.
Distribution: Tropical Africa. Description: Tree to 25 m. Propagation by seed, lay-
Cultural requirements: Hot tropical climate; savanna, ering, grafting. Fruit production in 7-8 years from
forest. seed, 3-4 years from vegetative propagation.
Description: Tree to 12 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit Flowers May-June (Florida). Fruit matures in
15-20 long; external color brown, internal yellow. 300-360 days. Fruit 8-15 cm long, 2.5-3 cm wide,
Utilization: Pulp made into a drink, mixed with other in clusters, brown.
foods as flavoring. Seeds ground and fermented. Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, dried, candied, in bever-
Used in native area. Little potential for ages; flavoring in foods, sauces. Seeds cooked.
development. Flavor of pulp sweet-sour; high appeal. Good
References: Dalziel 1948, Irvine 1961. source of calories, thiamine, minerals. Widely
used but little potential for expansion.
References: Popenoe 1939, Ruehle et al. 1958.
Parkia speciosa Hort, ex Hassk.
Common names: peté, sindutan (Java); patai
Malpíghiaceae
(Sumatra); sataw (Thailand).
Origin: Malaysia, Indonesia.
Bunchosia armeniaca DC.
Distribution: Southeast Asia.
Common names: ciruela, ciruela verde (Spanish);
Cultural requirements: Humid tropical climate.
bunchosie des Andes (French); ameixa do Para
Description: Tree to 25 m. Propagation by seed. Pods
(Portuguese).
to 50 cm long, turning black when ripe.
Origin: South A^nerica.
Utilization: Pulp of pods used as food, flavoring;
Distribution: South America; some introduction else-
pods pickled; seeds, leaves eaten fresh. Flavor
where but rare.
strong, somewhat resembling garlic; esteemed in
Cultural requirements: Low to middle elevations,
native area. Little potential for wider cultivation.
tropical climate.
Reference: Burkill 1935.
Description: Shrub or tree to 10 m. Propagation by
seed. Fruit production in 2 years. Several crops of
fruit a year. Fruit ellipsoid, 3-4 cm long, in clus-
ters of 8-10; external color orange, internal cream
or red.

35
Chapter 2

Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, preserved. Flavor sweet

but some somewhat astringent. Marketed locally
but little potential for development.
References: Cavalcante 1974, Fouqué 1974, Popenoe
1924.

Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) H.B.K.

Common names: nance, golden spoon (English);
mañero, manteco, nance (Spanish); maurissi,
moureiller des Caraïbes (French); murici, muruci
(Portuguese).
Origin: Mexico, Central and South America, West
Indies.
Distribution: Tropical America.
Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands. Toler-
ant of considerable range of rainfall, variety of
soil conditions.
Description: Shrub or tree to 10 m. Propagation by
seed. Fruit 2-2.5 cm in diameter, ovoid, exterior
color yellow.
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, in beverages; used to
flavor liqueur. Flavor sweet, aromatic; general
appeal. Potential for home gardens and local
marketing.
References: Fouqué 1974, Leon 1968, Standley and
Steyermark 1946.

Malpighia glabra L. ( = /W. punicifolia L.)

Common names: West Indian cherry, Barbados Figure 22.—Acerola, a compact package of
cherry (English); acerola, cereza de Barbados vitamin C.
(Spanish); acérolier, cerisier des Antilles (French).
Origin: West Indies, South America.
Melastomaceae
Distribution: Introduced throughout Tropics but rare
in many areas.
Melastoma maiabathricum L.
Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands with
Common names: Singapore rhododendron (English);
medium to high rainfall. Tolerant of a variety of
kluruk (Java).
soil conditions, seasonal dry period.
Origin: Tropical Asia.
Description: Shrub to 6 m. Propagation by seed, cut-
Distribution: Tropical Asia.
tings, layering, grafting. Flowers April-October
Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands.
(Florida). Cross-pollination needed for good fruit
Description: Small shrub. Fruit pulp red.
production in most selections. Fruit matures in 30
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh. Flavor sweet, slightly
days. Fruit ovoid, 1-3.5 cm in diameter, solitary;
astringent; moderate appeal. Little potential for
external color red, internal yellow.
wider cultivation.
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, in beverages; processed
Reference: Burkill 1935.
into puree and juice. Flavor sour to sweet; mod-
erate appeal. Pulp very rich in vitamin C. Potential
for home garden and commercial vitamin C
Meliaceae
production.
References: Fouqué 1974, Ledin 1958.
Lansium domesticum Correa
Common names: langsat, lanson (English); langsat
(Southeast Asia); lanzon (Spanish); improved race
with large fruit called duku (Malaya, English).
Origin: Southeast Asia.

36
 Major Fruits

Distribution: Introduced widely into Tropics but not

common outside Asia.
Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands
with mildly acid soil high in organic matter. Not
tolerant of frost, drought.
Description: Tree to 15 m. Propagation by seed, lay-
ering, grafting. Fruit production in 15 years from
seed, 4-5 years from vegetative propagation. Fruit
spherical or ellipsoid, in clusters of about 20
(duku 8-10); external color yellow, internal whitish.
Utilization: Aril eaten fresh, preserved, in jellies.
Flavor subacid to sweet; universal appeal. High
potential for wider cultivation of superior selec-
tions in hot Tropics.
References: Burkill 1935, Molesworth Allen 1967.

Sandoricum koetjape Merr. ( = Sandoricum indicum

Cav.)
Common names: santol (English); sentui, kechapi Figure 23. —Breadfruit, a starctiy fruit usually
(Southeast Asia). eaten cooked.
Origin: Southeast Asia.
Distribution: Widely introduced into Tropics but com- Utilization: Entire fruit baked, boiled, roasted, fried;
mon only in Asia. preserved by fermentation. Seeds of seedy selec-
Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands tions boiled. Flavor starchy; general appeal.
with fertile medium-acid soil. Large trees will Important food in hot Tropics. Good potential for
tolerate light frost. wider cultivation.
Description: Large tree. Propagation by seed, layer- References: Burkill 1935, Molesworth Allen 1967,
ing, grafting. Flowers in April-May (Florida). Fruit Ochse et al. 1961.
matures in about 120 days. Fruit spherical, 4-8
cm in diameter; external color yellow orange,
internal white. Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr. ( = A. cfiampeden
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, preserved, in jellies. Spreng.)
Flavor sour to sweet; good selections have uni- Common names: chempedak (English); champedak,
versal appeal. Good potential for wider cultivation chepedak (Java); chubadak, kakan (Sumatra).
of superior selections. Origin: Southeast Asia.
References: Burkill 1935, Leon 1968. Distribution: Tropical Asia.
Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical climate.
Description: Tree to 20 m. Propagation by seed,
Moraceae grafting. Fruit 20-35 cm long, 10-15 cm in di-
ameter, 10-20 kg (sometimes more); external color
Artocarpus altilis Fosb. { = A. communis J. R. Forst.) yellowish to orange, internal yellow.
Common names: breadfruit (English); fruta de pan Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, preserved, cooked with
(Spanish); arbre de pain (French); fruta pao (Por- various other foods. Seeds cooked. Flavor sweet,
tuguese). Seedy form called breadnut. aromatic; general appeal. Important in native area.
Origin: Southeast Asia, Polynesia. Medium potential as food crop.
Distribution: Pantropic. References: Burkill 1935, Molesworth Allen 1967,
Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands. Ochse et al. 1961.
Tolerant of a variety of soils if well drained. In-
jured by temperatures below 5° C.
Description: Tree to 30 m. Propagation by cuttings,
layering (seedy form by seed). Generally two crops
of fruit mature during year, varying in time and
duration. Monoecious. Fruit spherical, 20-30 cm
in diameter; external color greenish yellow, inte-
rior whitish or pale yellow.

37
Chapter 2

Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. ( = A. integrifolius non Brosimum aiicastrum Sw.

L f.) Common names: Maya breadnut (English); ramon,
Common names: jackfruit (English); nongka (Java); nuez de pan (Spanish); noyer à pain (French).
lamasa, malasa (Sumatra); khanunn (Thailand); Origin: Mexico, Central America.
jaca (Spanish); jaqueira, jaca (Portuguese). Distribution: Tropical America.
Origin: Tropical Asia. Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical climate
Distribution: Pantropic. with seasonal dry period. Tolerant of a variety of
Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical climate. soils, seasonal flooding. Grows especially well in
Grows well in variety of soils if well drained. Not shallow calcareous soils.
tolerant of frost. Description: Tree to 30 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit
Description: Tree to 25 m. Propagation by seed, production in 5-6 years. Two or three periods of
grafting. Generally flowers June-July and Decem- bloom and fruiting per year in Florida. Fruit
ber-February in Florida. Fruit matures in 180-200 spherical to ellipsoid, 2-2.5 cm in diameter,
days. Fruit 30-90 cm long, 25-50 cm in diameter, exterior color orange. Pulp scant, seed large.
to 60 kg but usually 20-25 kg; external color yel- Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh; seed eaten fresh,
lowish, internal yellow. cooked. Flavor of pulp sweet; seed has some
Utilization: Entire immature fruit cooked. Aril of ma- bitterness unless cooked. Moderate appeal. Little
ture fruit eaten fresh, preserved. Seeds roasted, potential for development.
boiled. Flavor sweet, strongly aromatic. Not widely References: Cook 1935, Fairchild 1945, Fouqué 1974.
esteemed outside Asia. Fair potential for wider
cultivation in Tropics if good varieties introduced
from Asia. Ficus carica L.
References: Burkill 1935, Molesworth Allen 1967, Common names: fig (English); higo (Spanish); figue
Ochse et al. 1961. (French); figo (Portuguese).
Origin: Asia.
Distribution: Subtropics, cool Tropics.
Artocarpus odoratissima Blanco Cultural requirements: Develops best in relatively dry
Common name: Marang (English, Philippines). climate where cool season alternates with hot
Origin: Southeast Asia, Philippines. season. Tolerant of a variety of soil conditions.
Distribution: Southeast Asia, Philippines. Tolerant of temperatures below freezing when
Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands. dormant. Fruiting poor in areas of high rainfall.
Description: Tree. Propagation by seed, grafting. Description: Small tree. Propagation by seed, cut-
Fruit production in 6 years from seed. tings, grafting. Fruit production in 3-4 years from
Utilization: Aril of mature fruit eaten fresh, preserved. seed, 1-2 years from vegetative propagation. Most
Flavor sweet, aromatic; general appeal. Source of types produce 2-3 crops of fruit per year. Pollina-
iron, vitamin C. Good potential for introduction tion required for Smyrna type; other types par-
into other areas of Tropics. thenocarpic. Fruit pyriform, 2.5-6 cm in diameter;
Reference: Burkill 1935. external color green, yellow, red, or purple;
internal color whitish, yellowish, or pink.
Utilization: Syconium eaten fresh, dried, preserved,
Artocarpus rigidus Blume stewed. Flavor sweet; universal appeal. Potential
Common name: monkey jack (English). as home garden and commercial crop great in
Origin: Tropical Asia. areas where adapted to climate. Many varieties
Distribution: Tropical Asia. selected in subtropical areas of world. Research
Cultural requirements: Hot tropical climate. on culture in U.S.A. (California, Florida, Louisiana).
Description: Large tree. Propagation by seed. Fruit References: Krezdorn and Adriance 1961, Storey and
pulp yellow. Condit 1969.
Utilization: Aril of mature fruit eaten fresh. Seeds
roasted. Flavor sweet. Needs further trial to deter-
mine potential. Pourouma cecropiaefolia Mart.
Reference: Burkill 1935. Common names: Amazon tree grape (English); uvilla
(Spanish); mapati, puruma, uva-da-mata
(Portuguese).
Origin: South America.
Distribution: South America.

38
 Major Fruits

Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands. Musa troglodytarum L.

Not tolerant of frost. Common name: fei banana (English).
Description: Tree to 12 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit Origin: South Pacific islands, Tahiti, New Caledonia.
spherical, 2.5 cm in diameter, in clusters, exterior Distribution: South Pacific islands.
color purple. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands.
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, in beverages. Flavor Description: Perennial herb. Propagation by division.
sweet. Limited potential as food crop. Fruit 10-20 cm long, 5-30 per cluster; external
Reference: Cavalcante 1974. color yellow, orange, or brown; internal color
white or yellow.
Utilization: Pulp cooked. Flavor starchy; moderate
Treculia africana Decne appeal. Source of food in local areas. Little poten-
Common names: African breadfruit (English); arbre tial for expansion.
de pain (French). Reference: Simmons 1959.
Origin: Tropical west Africa.
Distribution: Tropical west Africa.
Cultural requirements: Hot tropical climate, forest Myristlcaceae
areas.
Description: Tree to 26 m, propagation by seed. Tree Myristica fragrans (L.) Houtt.
monoecious. Fruit 45 cm in diameter, to 12 kg; Common names: nutmeg, mace (English); nuez
external color yellowish brown, seeds brown. moscada (Spanish); muscade (French); noz
Utilization: Seeds boiled, roasted, consumed whole; moscada (Portuguese).
ground into meal; used in sauces, flavorings; Origin: Moluccas.
source of oil. Flavor similar to peanuts. Rich in Distribution: Pantropic; economically important only
oil. Food source in local areas. Little potential for in limited areas.
expansion. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands
References: Dalziel 1948, Irvine 1961. with well-distributed rainfall. Light well-drained
soil with high organic content. Not tolerant of
frost.
Musaceae Description: Tree to 18 m. Propagation by seed,
grafting. Fruit production in 8-10 years from seed,
Musa acuminata Colla and hybrids of M. acuminata 4-5 years from grafts. Flowers throughout the
and M. balbisiana Colla year. Dioecious. Fruit spherical to ovoid, 3-9 cm
Common names: banana, plantain (English); banano, in diameter, solitary; external color yellow, seed
plátano, guineo (Spanish); banane, bananier brown, aril red.
(French). Utilization: Fruit pulp cooked. Seed (nutmeg) and aril
Origin: Southeast Asia. (mace) dried as spices. Flavor of fruit pulp good
Distribution: Pantropic; warm subtropics. when sweetened and stewed. Used as food crop
Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical climate. only in limited areas. Nutmeg and mace are
Fertile well-drained soil. important spices, but conditions for successful
Description: Perennial herb to 8 m. Propagation of production are exacting.
edible types by division. Fruit production about 12 References: Ochse et al. 1961, Rosengarten 1969.
months after planting. Flowers at any time of year
depending on planting time, nutrition, and matu-
rity. Fruit forms parthenocarpically. Fruit matures Myrtaceae
in 90-120 days. Fruit 6-35 cm long, 2.5-10 cm in
diameter, 10 to 150 or more per cluster; external Britoa acida Berg
color greenish, yellow, orange, or red; internal Common names: para guava (English); goyavier de
color white, yellow, or orange. Para (French); araca do Para (Portuguese).
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, cooked in many ways. Origin: Brazil.
Flavor sweet to starchy; great appeal. Good Distribution: Brazil.
source of carbohydrates; some types have mod- Cultural, requirements: Hot, dry tropical climate; light
erate amounts of vitamin A and C. Important food soils.
source throughout the world. Scores of varieties Description: Shrub or tree to 8 m. Propagation by
exist. Extensive research in culture in various seed. Fruit spherical to ovoid, 5-7 cm long; exter-
places where commercial production exists. nal color yellow, internal whitish.
References: Leon 1968, Ochse et al. 1961, Simmons
1959.

39
Chapter 2

Utilization: Pulp made into jellies. Flavor sour, Eugenia luschnathiana Klotzsch
pleasant; general appeal. Some potential for Common name: pitomba (English, French,
processing. Portuguese).
References: Gomez 1977, Popenoe 1939. Origin: Brazil.
Distribution: Introduced elsewhere but rare outside
Brazil.
Eugenia aggregata Kiaersk. Cultural requirements: Tropical to warm subtropical
Common names: cherry of the Rio Grande (English); climate. Not tolerant of drought especially at time
cerise du Rio Grande (French). of bloom and fruit development.
Origin: Brazil. Description: Tree to 8 m. Propagation by seed (can
Distribution: Tropical America but rare outside Brazil. be grafted). Flowers April-May (Florida). Fruit
Cultural requirements: Grows well in tropical to sub- matures in 60 days. Fruit ovoid, 2.5-3 cm in di-
tropical conditions in a variety of soils. Not toler- ameter; external color orange, internal yellow.
ant of drought; good supply of water needed espe- Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, in jellies, preserves.
cially during bloom and fruit development. Mature Flavor sweet to subacid; good appeal. Good home
trees tolerate -6° C. garden fruit. Little potential for commercial
Description: Tree to 8 m. Propagation by seed (can production.
be grafted). Fruit production in 4-5 years from References: Fouque 1974, Ruehle et al. 1958.
seed. Flowers March-April (Florida). Flowers per-
fect but cross-pollination increases fruit set. Fruit
matures in 60 days. Fruit oblong, 2-3 cm in di- Eugenia uniflora L.
ameter, solitary on new growth; external color red Common names: Surinam cherry, pitanga (English);
or purple, internal yellowish orange. cereza de Surinam, pitanga (Spanish); cerise
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, in jellies. Flavor sweet; carree, cerisier de Suriname (French); pitanga,
moderate appeal. Good home garden fruit and pitanga do norte (Portuguese).
ornamental tree. Little potential for commercial Origin: South America.
production. Distribution: Pantropic.
References: Fouque 1974, Ruehle et al. 1958. Cultural requirements: Tropical and warm subtropi-
cal climates, medium to high rainfall, variety of
soil conditions. Tolerant of light frost.
Eugenia dombeyi Skeels ( = E. brasiliensis Lam.) Description: Shrub or tree to 6 m. Propagation by
Common names: grumichama (English, Spanish); seed (can be grafted). Fruit production in 3-4
cerisier du brésil (French); grumixama years from seed. Main bloom March-May, occa-
(Portuguese). sionally at other times of year (Florida). Fruit
Origin: Brazil. matures in 35-50 days. Fruit oblate, conspicuously
Distribution: Widely introduced but not common out- ribbed, 2-3.5 cm in diameter; external color red,
side tropical America. purple, or black; internal color orange.
Cultural requirements: Warm, wet tropical lowlands. Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, in jellies. Flavor sweet,
Grows best in medium-acid soil. Easily injured by sometimes resinous; limited appeal. No potential
frost. as commercial food crop. Important in some
Description: Shrub or tree to 6 m. Propagation by places as ornamental hedge plant.
seed (can be grafted). Flowers April-May (Florida). References: Fouque 1974, Popenoe 1939, Ruehle
Fruit matures in 30-40 days. Fruit oblate, 2-3 cm et al. 1958.
in diameter, solitary on new growth; external color
purple to black, internal orange.
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, in jellies. Flavor sweet; Eugenia uvaiha Camb.
general appeal. Good home garden fruit and orna- Common names: ubaia, uvaia, uvaiha (Portuguese).
Origin: Brazil.
mental plant. Little potential for commercial
production. Distribution: Introduced elsewhere but rare outside
Brazil.
References: Fouque 1974, Popenoe 1939, Ruehle
et al. 1958. Cultural requirements: Tropical or warm subtropical
climates with low to medium rainfall. Tolerant of
light frost and drought.

40
 Major Fruits

Description: Shrub or tree to 8 m. Propagation by days. Fruit spherical, 2-3 cm in diameter, borne
seed. Fruit production in 3-4 years. Flowers on trunk and large limbs; external color black,
March-May (Florida). Fruit matures in 60 days. internal white or pink.
Fruit spherical, 3-5 cm in diameter, external color Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, in jellies; made into
yellow. wines. Flavor sweet, excellent; wide appeal.
Utiiization: Pulp eaten fresh, as juice, in jellies; Excellent home garden fruit with some potential
flavoring in alcoholic beverages. Flavor sweet, for greater commercial production. Good orna-
insipid. Odor sometimes unpleasant. Little mental plant. Several varieties known in Brazil.
possibility for cultivation outside local areas. References: Fouqué 1974, Popenoe 1939, Ruehle et
References: Fouqué 1974, Popenoe 1939. al. 1958.

Feijoa sellowiana Berg Myrciaria floribunda Berg

Common names: pineapple guava, feijoa (English); Common names: guava berry (English); mirto, murta,
feijoa, guayaba chilena, guaybo (Spanish); feijoa mije, mijo (Spanish).
(French); feijoa, guayabo del pais (Portuguese). Origin: Mexico, West Indies, South America.
Origin: South America. Distribution: Tropical America.
Distribution: Subtropics, cool Tropics. Cultural requirements: Warm tropical lowlands; rela-
Cultural requirements: Best development in cool tively dry to moist conditions, variety of soils.
subtropical and highland tropical climates. Poor growth in high-pH soils.
Tolerant of considerable range in rainfall, variety Description: Shrub or tree to 12 m. Propagation by
of soil conditions. Fruits poorly in hot tropical seed. Fruit produciton in 6-8 years. Flowers
lowlands. May-June (Florida). Fruit matures in 60 days. Fruit
Description: Shrub or tree to 6 m. Propagation by spherical to ovoid, 1-1.5 cm in diameter, solitary
seed, cuttings, layering, grafting. Fruit production on new growth; external color red or yellow,
in 3-5 years from seed, 2-3 years from vegetative internal yellow orange.
propagation. Flowers April-May. Plants often self- Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, in jellies, preserves;
sterile; fruiting improved by cross-pollination. flavoring in alcoholic beverages. Flavor sweet,
Fruit matures in 150-180 days. Fruit ellipsoid, 2-5 aromatic, pleasant. Little possibility of
m long, 2-4 cm in diameter; external color green, commercial development.
internal white. Reference: Little et al. 1974.
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, in jellies, preserves.
Flavor sweet, pleasant; moderate appeal. Mainly a
home garden fruit. Little potential for develop- Pseudanamomis umbellulifera (H.B.K.) Kausel
ment. Common names: monos plum (English); cereza de
References: Fouqué 1974, Popenoe 1939, Ruehle et mono (Spanish).
al. 1958. Origin: Venezuela.
Distirbution: Venezuela, Florida.
Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands with
Myrciaria cauliflora Berg medium to high rainfall. Tolerant of a variety of
Common names: jaboticaba (English, French, Span- soil conditions, light frost.
ish); jaboticaba sabara, jabuticaba (Portuguese). Description: Shrub to 5 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit
Origin: Brazil. production in 3-5 years. Often two crops of fruit
Distribution: Introduced widely into tropical and per year (Florida). Fruit ellipsoid, 2.5-3 cm in
subtropical areas but not common outside South diameter; external color orange, internal yellow
America. orange.
Cultural requirements: Cool tropical and warm sub- Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, in jellies. Flavor sweet,
tropical climates with medium to high rainfall. insipid. Little potential for cultivation.
Fertile, mildly acid, well-drained soils best.
Tolerant of light frost.
Description: Shrub or tree to 12 m. Propagation by Psidium araca Raddi ( = P. guiñéense Sw.)
seed (can be grafted). Fruit production in 6-10 Common names: Brazilian guava (English); araca de
years or more from seed. Several cycles of Brasil, guayaba acida (Spanish); goyavier acide,
flowers and fruit a year. Fruit matures in 30-40 goyavier du Brésil (French); araça, araça do
campo (Portuguese).
Origin: South America.

41
Chapter 2

Distribution: Introduced elsewhere but rare outside Utilization: Pulp made into beverages, jellies, pre-
South America. serves. Flavor very sour, aromatic; moderate
Cultural requirements: Tropical to warm subtropical appeal. Limited potential as home garden fruit.
climates. Tolerant of a variety of soil conditions. References: Fouque 1974, Popenoe 1939.
Description: Shrub or tree to 7 m. Propagation by
seed or cuttings. Fruit ellipsoid, 2-3 cm in
diameter, solitary on new growth; external color Psidium guajava L.
pale yellow, internal white. Common names: guava, common guava (English);
Utilization: Pulp made into jellies. Flavor sour to guayaba (Spanish); goyavier (French); goiaba
subacid, pleasant; moderate appeal. Limited (Portuguese).
potential for processing. Origin: Tropical America.
References: Fouque 1974, Popenoe 1939. Distribution: Tropics, warm subtropics.
Cultural requirements: Warm climate with medium
rainfall. Thrives in variety of light to medium soils,
Psidium cattleianum Sabine even with poor drainage. (So widely adapted it is
Common names: Cattley guava, strawberry guava considered a weed in some areas.) Mature plants
(English); cas dulce, guayaba de fresa (Spanish); can tolerate very light frost.
goyavier de Cattley, goyavier fraise (French); Description: Tree to 10 m. Propagation by seed, cut-
Araca da praie, araca de coroa (Portuguese). tings, layering, grafting. Fruit production in 4-5
Origin: South America. years from seed, 2-3 years from, vegetative propa-
Distribution: Tropics, subtropics. gation. Main blooms April-May, September-
Cultural requirements: Cool to hot climate. Variety of October (Florida). Fruit matures in 90-120 days.
soil conditions, swampy to well drained. With- Fruit spherical, ellipsoid, or pyriform; 3-8 cm in
stands temperature to -6° C without injury. diameter, solitary on new growth; external color
Description: Shrub or tree to 7 m. Propagation by white or yellow, sometimes with pink blush;
seed, cuttings, layering. Fruit production in 2-3 internal color white, yellow, or red.
years from seed. Flowers several times a year Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, stewed, as juice, jellies,
(Florida). Fruit matures in 60-90 days. Fruit paste, preserves. Flavor sweet to sour, aromatic;
spherical, 2.5-4 cm in diameter, solitary on new high appeal. Rich in vitamin C. Good potential as
growth; external color yellow or red, internal home garden fruit or for commercial production
whitish. for fresh market or processing. Variety improve-
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, as juice, jellies, pre- ment and cultural research in many countries,
serves, sherbets. Flavor sweet or subacid, especially India and U.S.A. (Florida, Hawaii,
aromatic; wide appeal. Good home garden fruit Puerto Rico).
and ornamental plant. Little potential for References: Popenoe 1939, Ruehle 1959.
commercial production.
References: Fouque 1974, Popenoe 1939, Ruehle et
al. 1958. Psidium microphyllum Britt. (= P. sartorianum
Niedenzu)
Common names: Puerto Rican guava (English);
Psidium friedrichsthalianum Niedz. guayaba, pichiche (Spanish).
Common names: Costa Rican guava (English); cas, Origin: West Indies, Central America.
guayaba agria (Spanish); goyavier de Costa Rica Distribution: West Indies, Central America.
(French). Cultural requirements: Warm tropical climate.
Origin: Central America. Description: Tree to 15 m. Propagation by seed.
Distribution: Tropical America. Fruit spherical, 1-1.5 cm in diameter, solitary on
Cultural requirements: Hot tropical climate with new growth; external color pale yellow, internal
medium to high rainfall; variety of soil conditions whitish.
if well drained. Easily injured by frost. Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, in jellies. Flavor
Description: Tree to 10 m (usually smaller). Propaga- sweetish; low appeal. Little potential for wider
tion by seed, cuttings. Fruit production in 4-5 cultivation.
years from seed. Main blooms March-April, Reference: Fouque 1974.
September-October (Florida). Fruit matures in
about 90 days. Fruit spherical to ovoid, 4-6 cm in
diameter, solitary on new growth; external color
yellow, internal pale yellow.

42
 Major Fruits

Rhodomyrtus tomentosa Wight Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, pickled. Flavor slightly
Common names: downy myrtle, hill gooseberry sweet, insipid. Good eye appeal but limited taste
(English); kemunting (Malaya, Java). appeal. Limited potential as commercial fruit in
Origin: Tropical Asia. Southeast Asia, where many superior selections
Distribution: Introduced widely into subtropical areas exist.
but not common outside Asia (except in Florida References: Burkill 1935, Molesworth Allen 1967.
where naturalized).
Cultural requirements: Cool tropical or warm sub-
tropical climate; light acid soils (pH 4-6). Tolerant Syzygium cumini Skeels
of wet soil conditions and temperatures to about Common names: Java plum, jambolan (English);
-6° C. Will not grow in high-pH soils. jambolan (Malaya); jamun (India); duhat
Description: Shrub to 3 m. Propagation by seed, (Philippines).
division of crowns. Fruit production in 3-4 years Origin: Southeast Asia, Philippines.
from seed. Flowers April-May (Florida). Fruit Distribution: Pantropic.
matures in 60 days. Fruit ellipsoid, 1.5 cm in Cultural requirements: Tropical lowland or hot
diameter, exterior color purple. subtropical climate. Tolerant of a variety of soils
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, in pies, jellies, pre- (even where poorly drained), seasonal dry period.
serves. Flavor subacid; moderate appeal. Little Thrives under adverse conditions to the point of
potential for wider cultivation. being a weed in some areas.
References: Burkill 1935, Ruehle et al. 1958. Description: Tree to 16 m. Propagation by seed
(layering, grafting possible but seldom used). Fruit
production in 5-6 years from seed. Flowers
Stenocalyx dysentericus Berg March-April (Florida), sometimes other seasons.
Common names: cageiteira (Portuguese). Fruit matures in 90 days. Fruit ellipsoid, 1.5-2.5
Origin: Brazil. cm in diameter, 5-20 per cluster; external color
Distribution: Brazil. purple, internal white to lavender.
Cultural requirements: Dry tropical savanna. Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, made into jellies, wine.
Description: Tree to 6 m. Propagation by seed. Flavor sweet, usually astringent; low appeal.
Fruit 3-5 cm in diameter; external color yellow, Marketed in Asia, but little potential for
internal white. expansion.
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, in jellies; made into References: Burkill 1935; Molesworth Allen 1967;
wine. Flavor subacid. Chiefly harvested from the Popenoe 1939.
wild.
Reference: Fouque 1974.

Syzygium aqueum Burm. f. ( - Eugenia aquea)

Common names: water rose apple, watery rose apple
(English); jambu ayer (Malay).
Origin: Southeast Asia.
Distribution: Introduced widely into Tropics but not
common outside Asia.
Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands
with light, well-drained, mildly acid soils. Not
tolerant of temperatures below freezing.
Description: Tree to 8 m. Propagation by seed,
layering (many selections seedless). Fruit
production in 7-8 years from seed, 3-4 years from
layers. Flowers May-July (Florida), sometimes
other seasons. Fruit matures in 30-40 days. Fruit
pyriform, 3.5-4.5 cm in diameter, solitary; external
color green, white, or pink; internal color white.

Figure 24.—Java plum, an astringent fruit.

43
Chapter 2

Syzygium guiñéense A. DC. Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, preserved. Flavor sweet,
Common names: Water berry (English); musombo insipid; moderate appeal. Marketed in Asia but
(Africa). little potential for expansion.
Origin: Tropical Africa. References: Burkill 1935, Molesworth Allen 1967.
Distribution: Tropical Africa.
Culturai requirements: Tropical climate, varied condi-
tions including seashore, streannbanks, savanna,
forest. Naucleaceae
Description: Shrub or tree to 12 nn. Fruit 1-1.5 cnn
Nauclea iatifolia Smith ( = A/, esculenta, Merr.,
long.
Sarcocephalus esculentus Afzel. ex Sabine)
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, nnade into a beverage.
Common names: African peach, country fig (English);
Limited appeal. Little potential for wider
pêcher des nègres (French); doundaké (West
cultivation.
References: Dalziel 1948, Irvine 1961. Africa).
Origin: Africa.
Distribution: Introduced elsewhere into Tropics but
Syzygium malaccensis Merr. et Perry rare outside Africa.
Cultural requirements: Hot tropical climate. Adapted
Common names: Malay apple, Malay rose apple,
to conditions from savanna to moist forest.
mountain apple (English); jambu merah (Malaya).
Description: Shrub or tree to 30 m, depending on
Origin: Southeast Asia.
moisture conditions. Propagation by seed. Fruit
Distribution: Pantropic.
production in 5-6 years. Flowers July-August
Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical climate;
(Florida). Fruit matures in 100-120 days. Fruit
variety of soil types. Not tolerant of high-pH soils,
spherical to ellipsoid, 4-6 cm in diameter, solitary,
frost.
Description: Tree to 15 m. Propagation by seed, red inside and out.
layering, grafting. Fruit production in 5-6 years Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, dried. Flavor sweet,
from seed, 3-4 years from vegetative propagation. slightly bitter; limited appeal. Little potential for
Flowers May-June (Florida), often other seasons extensive cultivation.
as well. Fruit matures in 30-40 days. Some References: Dalziel 1948, Irvine 1961.
selections seedless. Fruit pyriform, 5-8 cm long;
external color yellow, pink, red, or purple; internal
color white. Olacaceae
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, stewed, preserved.
Flavor sweet, insipid; moderate appeal. Good Coula edulis BailL
ornamental tree. Commercial production in Asia Common names: African walnut (English); noyer du
but little potential for expansion. pays (French); bodwe (Ghana); emumu (Nigeria);
Reference: Molesworth Allen 1967. kumen, kumini (Cameroon).
Origin: Tropical west Africa.
Distribution: Tropical west Africa.
Syzygium samarangense Merr. at Perry ( = S. Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands.
javanicum Miq.) Description: Tree to 20 m. Propagation by seed.
Common names: Java apple, wax jambu (English); Flowers April-May, October-January. Fruit
jambu ayer rhio (Malaya); jamelac (French). spherical to ellipsoid, 3 cm long; external color
Origin: Southeast Asia. brown, edible portion brownish.
Distribution: Introduced widely into Tropics but rare Utilization: Seed eaten fresh, boiled, roasted. Flavor
outside Asia. good; general appeal. Very rich in oil. Locally
Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands; important but little potential for wider cultivation.
variety of soil conditions. References: Dalziel 1948, Irvine 1961.
Description: Tree to 12 m. Propagation by seed,
layering (some forms seedless). Fruit production
in 5-6 years from seed. Flowers April-June Ximenia americana L.
(Florida), sometimes other seasons. Fruit matures Common names: tallowwood plum, hog plum
in 30-40 days. Fruit pyriform, 3-5 cm long; (English); chocomico, manzanillo (Spanish); citron
external color green, yellow, white, or pink; de la mer, prunier de mer (French); ameixa
(Portuguese).
internal color white.
Origin: Pantropic; warm subtropics.

44
 Major Fruits

Distribution: Pantropic; warm subtropics.

Cultural requiremerits: Hot tropical lowland or sub-
tropical climate. Tolerant of great range in
rainfall, soil conditions. Tolerant of light frost.
Description: Scandent shrub or tree to 10 m.
Propagation by seed. Fruit production in 3-4 years.
Flowers several times a year. Fruit matures in
50-60 days. Fruit ellipsoid, 2.5 cm long, exterior
color yellow.
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, preserved; seed eaten
fresh, roasted. Flavor of pulp subacid. Insipid;
limited appeal. Little potential for wider
cultivation.
Reference: Fouqué 1974.

Oleaceae

Noronhia emarginata Thou.

Common names: Madagascar olive (English);
noronha (Madagascar).
Origin: Madagascar, Sri Lanka.
Distribution: Introduced around Tropics but not
widely known.
Cultural requirements: Tropical climate, often near

i
seashore. Tolerant of poor soils, saline condi-
tions, wind.
Description: Small tree. Propagation by seed. Fruit
ellipsoid, 2-3 cm long, external color greenish.
Utilization: Pulp preserved. Flavor sweet; moderate
appeal. Little potential for cultivation as good
food. Used as ornamental tree in coastal areas.

Oxalidaceae

Averrhoa bilimbi L. Figure 25. — Bilimbi, a sour fruit for cooking

Common names: bilimbi (English); bilimbi, grosella or for chutneys.
(Spanish); belimbing asam (Malaya).
Origin: Southeast Asia. Utilization: Pulp used in curries, jellies, chutney, pre-
Distribution: Introduced throughout Tropics but not serves, pickles. Flavor very sour; fair appeal. Good
common outside Asia. source of vitamin C. Important in home gardens
Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands. and local marketing. Little potential for further
Tolerant of a variety of soil conditions, seasonal commercial development.
dry period. Very susceptible to frost injury. References: Leon 1968, Molesworth Allen 1967,
Description: Tree to 10 m. Propagation by seed (can Popenoe 1939.
be grafted). Fruit production in 5-6 years from
seed. Several cycles of bloom and fruit during
year. Fruit matures in 90 days. Fruit cylindrical, Averrhoa carambola L.
5-8 cm long, shallowly ribbed, in small clusters Common names: carambola, starfruit (English);
on trunk and limbs of tree, greenish yellow inside carambola (Spanish, Portuguese); belimbing
and out. manis (Malaya).
Origin: Southeast Asia.
Distribution: Introduced throughout Tropics but not
common outside Asia.

45
 Chapter 2

Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands. Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, in confections. Seed
Tolerant of a variety of soils if well drained and and pulp a source of edible fats. Flavor of
mildly acid. Tolerant of seasonal dry period and moderate appeal. Fruit good source of vitamins A,
light frost. Grows well in warnn subtropical areas. B^, and C. Locally important but limited potential
Description: Tree to 10 m. Propagation by seed, for wider cultivation.
layering, grafting. Fruit production in 6-8 years Reference: Fouqué 1974.
from seed, 2-3 years from grafts. Several cycles
of bloom and fruit during year. Fruit matures in
about 90 days. Fruit ellipsoid, conspicuously Attalea cohune Mart. ( = Orbignya cofiune (Mart.)
ribbed, 6-15 cm long, solitary or in small clusters Dahlgr. ex Stand.)
on limbs and sometimes trunk of tree, yellow to Common names: cohune palm (English); corozo
orange inside and out. (Spanish).
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, in preserves, jellies, Origin: Central America.
sauces. Flavor sweet to very sour; improved Distribution: Tropical America.
varieties excellent, with wide appeal. Good source Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands.
of vitamin 0. Marketed widely in Asia. Commerical Description: Palm, single trunk, to 6 m. Propagation
production in Florida; fair potential for further by seed. Flowers all year. Fruit ellipsoid, 6 cm
commercial development. Many varieties selected long, in large clusters, exterior color brown.
in Southeast Asia, U.S.A. (Florida). Utilization: Pulp candied. Seed a source of edible oil.
References: Campbell and Malo 1972, Leon 1968, Locally important oil source. Little potential for
Molesworth Allen 1967, Popenoe 1939. expansion.

Palmae Bactris minor Jacq.

Common name: tobago cane (English).
Areca catechu L. Origin: Northern South America.
Common names: betel nut (English); aveline des Distribution: Tropical America.
Indes, noix d'arec (French). Cultural requirements: Hot tropical climate; coastal
Origin: Southeast Asia, Pacific islands. regions.
Distribution: Introduced widely into Tropics but not Description: Palm, multiple trunks, to 12 m. Propaga-
economically important outside Asia and Pacific tion by seed. Fruit spherical to ovoid, 1.5 cm long,
islands. in clusters, exterior color purple to black.
Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands; Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh. Flavor subacid;
monsoon climate. moderate appeal. Little potential for cultivation as
Description: Palm, single trunk, to 30 m. Propagation food crop.
by seed. Fruit production in 6-10 years or more. Reference: Fouqué 1974.
Flowers throughout year. Fruit matures in 270-300
days. Fruit ovoid, 4-5 cm long, in clusters of
200-300, exterior color orange or red.
Borassus flabellifer L.
Utilization: Seed chewed as stimulant. Low appeal
outside Asia. Little potential for further Common names: Palmyra palm, African fan (English).
Origin: Southeast Asia, India.
development.
Reference: Blatter 1926. Distribution: Asia; introduced into plant collections
elsewhere.
Cultural requirements: Hot tropical climate; sandy
soils in coastal areas.
Astrocaryum tucuma Mart.
Description: Palm, single trunk, to 30 m. Propagation
Common names: tucuma (English); cumare, tucuma
by seed. Flowers March-April (India). Fruit
(Spanish); aovara (French); tucum, tucuma acu
(Portuguese). matures in 120 days. Fruit 15-20 cm in diameter,
in large clusters, external color brown.
Origin: Brazil.
Utilization: Mesocarp of fruit eaten fresh, dried.
Distribution: Brazil.
Endosperm of immature seeds eaten fresh. Sap
Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands; sandy
soils in coastal areas. from cut inflorescences made into sugar, wine,
vinegar. Important food crop in India. Limited
Description: Palm, single trunk, to 14 m. Propagation
potential for cultivation outside Asia.
by seed. Fruit 5-6 cm in diameter, 70 g; external
Reference: Blater 1926.
color greenish yellow to orange, internal yellow.

46
 Major Fruits

Borassus flabellifer L. var. aethiopica Warb. (= fî. Elaeis guineensis Jacq.

aethiopium Mart.) Common names: African oil palm, oil palm (English);
Common names: deleb palm, African fan painn Palma de aceite, palma africana (Spanish);
(English); ronier (French). palmier à huile (French); dendezeiro (Portuguese).
Origin: Africa. Origin: South America, Africa.
Distribution: Africa; introduced into plant collections Distribution: Hot Tropics.
elsewhere. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands
Cultural requirements: Hot tropical climate with low with deep, fertile, well-drained soil.
to medium rainfall. Description: Palm, single trunk, to 20 m. Propagation
Description: Palm, single trunk, to 25 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit production in 3-5 years. Flowers all
by seed. Fruit 15 cm in diameter, in large clusters, year. Fruit irregularly shaped, 3-5 cm long, in
exterior color brown. large tight clusters of about 100; external color
Utilization: Pulp of fruit eaten fresh, dried. Endosperm orange, red, or black; internal color yellow or
of immature seed eaten fresh. Sap from cut orange.
inflorescences made into sugar, wine. Locally Utilization: Pulp and endosperm of seed processed
important crop in Africa. Little potential for for edible oil. Not consumed as fresh fruit. High
expansion. oil and vitamin A content. Very important oil
References: Dalziel 1948, Irvine 1961. source, increasing in importance in Tropics.
Important plantings in Southeast Asia, Central
and South America.
Butia capitata Becc. References: Leon 1968, Ochse et al. 1961.
Common names: jelly palm, pindo, butia (English).
Origin: Brazil.
Distribution: \N'\öe\y introduced into tropical and Euterpe edulis Mart. (= E. olerácea Mart.)
subtropical areas. Common names: para palm (English); manaca,
Cultural requirements: Subtropical or cool tropical palmiche de Rio Negro (Spanish); pinot (French);
climate. Adapted to wide range of soil conditions. açai do Para (Portuguese).
Very resistant to freeze injury. Origin: South America.
Description: Palm, single trunk, to 8 m. Fruit globose, Distribution: South America.
2.5 cm in diameter, in large clusters, exterior color Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands;
yellow to orange yellow. sandy soils; marshy areas.
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, in jellies. Seed is minor Description: Palm, single trunk, to 20 m. Propagation
source of oil. Flavor of pulp subacid, pleasant. by seed. Flowers all year. Fruit about 1.5 cm in
Little potential as food crop. Used as ornamental diameter, external color black to purple.
plant. Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, fermented into bever-
Reference: Fouque 1974. ages. Important source of hearts of palm. Locally
important. Little potential for wider cultivation.
References: Cavalcante 1974, Fouque 1974.
Cocas nucífera L.
Common names: coconut (English); coco, cocotero
(Spanish); cocotier (French); coqueiro da Bahia Guilielma gasipaes (H.B.K.) L. H. BaMey ( = Bactris
(Portuguese). gasipaes H.B.K.)
Origin: Pantropic. Common names: peach palm (English); pejibaye
Distribution: Pantropic. (Spanish); palmier-pêche (French); casipaes
Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands. (Portuguese).
Tolerant of a variety of soil conditions. Origin: Central America.
Description: Palm, single trunk to 30 m. Propagation Distribution: Central and South America.
by seed. Fruit production in 6-9 years. Flowers all Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands;
year. Fruit matures in 16-18 months. Fruit ovoid, will not yield well under dry conditions.
10-40 cm in diameter, in clusters of 10-20; external Description: Palm, single or multiple trunks, to 20 m.
color brown, edible portion white. Propagation by seed (suckers to small extent).
Utilization: Endosperm of seed eaten fresh, dried; Fruit production in 3-4 years from seed. Flowers
prepared in many ways with other foods; used as all year. Fruit variously shaped, 2.5-5 cm long, in
source of edible oil. Flavor good; high appeal. Rich clusters of up to 300; external color green, yellow,
in oil, protein. An important food crop. Cultivation orange, or red; internal color yellow to orange.
not likely to expand much.
References: Leon 1968, Ochse et al. 1961.

47
Chapter 2

Utilization: Pulp cooked, preserved. Seed eaten fresh, Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands;
cooked. Flavor nutty, oily; high appeal. Rich in oil, various soil conditions.
vitamin A. Good source of hearts of palm. Good Description: Palm, single trunk, to 30 m. Propagation
potential for commercial cultivation. Variety by seed. Fruit production in 20 years or more.
collection at Turrialba, Costa Rica. Dioecious. Fruit bilobed, 40 cm or more in
References: Camacho 1969, Fouque 1974, Hunter diameter, 20 kg or more; external color brown,
1969, Johanessen 1967. edible portion white.
Utilization: Endosperm of seed eaten fresh. Limited
appeal. Little potential for wider cultivation.
Hyphaene thebaica Mart.
Common names: doum palm, gingerbread palm
(English). Mauritia flexuosa L.
Origin: North Africa. Common names: wine palm, mirity palm (English);
Distribution: Africa, Middle East, elsewhere in plant aguaje, achual (Spanish); palmier bâche (French);
collections. miriti (Portuguese).
Cultural requirements: Dry tropical or subtropical Origin: Northeastern South America.
climate. Distribution: South America.
Description: Palm, branched trunk, to 10 m. Propaga- Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands;
tion by seed. Fruit ovoid, 8 cm long, exterior color poorly drained or periodically flooded soils.
brown. Description: Palm, single trunk, to 25 m. Propagation
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, mixed with other foods. by seed. Fruit 4-6 cm long; external color yellow
Endosperm of immature seeds eaten fresh. High to reddish brown, internal yellow to orange.
protein and oil content. Locally important but Utilization: Pulp of immature fruit eaten fresh.
little potential for expansion. Endosperm of seed eaten fresh. Starch extracted
References: Dalziel 1948, Irvine 1961. from trunk. Significant source of food in native
area. Little potential for wider cultivation.
References: Cavalcante 1974, Fouque 1974.
Jubaea chilensis Baill. ( = J. spectabilis H.B.K.)
Common names: Chilean wine palm (English); coco
Mauritia vinifera Mart.
de Chile, coquito (Spanish); cocotier du Chile
Common names: moriche palm (English); aguaje,
(French).
morichi (Spanish); palmier bâche (French); Buriti'
Origin: Chile.
(Portuguese).
Distribution: Introduced into warm Temperate Zone
Origin: South America.
areas and subtropical areas of world but not
Distribution: South America.
common.
Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical climate; acid
Cultural requirements: Warm temperate, cool sub-
soils.
tropical, or high-altitude tropical climate. Very
Description: Palm, single trunk, to 30 m. Propagation
cold tolerant.
by seed. Fruit 4-6 cm long.
Description: Palm, single trunk, to 20 m. Fruit 4-5 cm
Utilization: Fruit pulp fermented into wine. Little
long, 3 cm in diameter, exterior color yellow.
potential for wider cultivation.
Utilization: Sirup and wine made from sap of trunk;
flavor excellent. Little potential for cultivation as
food crop, but used as ornamental. Wild
population in danger of extinction because tree Nipa fruticans Thunb.
must be destroyed to obtain sap. Common names: nipa palm (English), gúlga (India).
Reference: Fouque 1974. Origin: Tropical Asia.
Distribution: Tropical Asia; introduced into plant
collections elsewhere.
Lodoicea maldivica Pers. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands;
Common names.-^double coconut, Seychelles nut grows in tidal areas where soil inundated with
saltwater.
(English).
Origin: Seychelles. Description: Palm, prostrate trunk buried in soil.
Distribution: Introduced into various palm collections Propagation by seed.
in Tropics.

48
 Major Fruits

Utilization: Sap from cut inflorescence fermented Description: Palm, multiple trunks, to 12 m. Propaga-
into wine. Endosperm of seed candied. Important tion by seed. Fruit 2.5 cm long, 1 cm in diameter, in
only in native area. Little potential for wider large clusters, brown when dry.
cultivation. Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh. Trunk tapped for sap to
Reference: Burkill 1935. make wine. Little potential as food crop. Widely
used as ornamental plant.
References: Dalziel 1949, Irvine 1961.
Orbignya martiana Barb.
Common names: babassu (English); babacu
(Portuguese).
Balacea edulis Reinw.
Origin: South America.
Common names: Salak palm, salak (English).
Distribution: South America.
Origin: Southeast Asia.
Cultural requirements: Hot tropical monsoon climate.
Distribution: Introduced elsewhere into Tropics but
Description: Palm, single trunk, to 20 m. Fruit 6-12 cm
rare.
long.
Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands.
Utilization: Seed eaten fresh, extracted for edible oil.
Description: Palm, multiple trunks, to 4 m. Propaga-
Little potential for wider cultivation.
tion by seed, suckers. Dioecious. Fruit 5-7 cm
Reference: Fouqué 1974.
long; external color brown, interior yellowish
white.
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh. Flavor sweet; high
Phoenix dactylifera L.
appeal, high potential for introduction into other
Common names: date, date palm (English); datil
areas of hot Tropics.
(Spanish); datile, tamareira (Portuguese).
Reference: Leon 1968.
Origin: Africa.
Distribution: Dry subtropical and tropical areas of
world.
Pandanceae
Cultural requirements: Hot, dry atmospheric condi-
tions needed for proper fruit maturation, but
Pandanus leram Jones
irrigation needed for growth of plant. Tolerant of
Common name: Nicobar breadfruit (English).
salinity in irrigation water, various types of soil,
Origin: Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
temperatures to about -5° C.
Distribution: Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Description: Palm, multiple trunks, to 30 m (usually
Cultural requirements: Tropical lowlands.
only one trunk allowed to grow large in cultivation).
Description: Tree growing in coastal areas.
Propagation by seed or by suckers from base of
Utilization: Pulp boiled, pressed into cakes. Source
trunk. Fruit production in 5-8 years from suckers.
of carbohydrate. Moderate appeal. Little potential
Dioecious. Fruit 5 cm long, 2.5 cm in diameter, in for wider cultivation.
clusters of 1,000-1,500; yellow, greenish, orange,
red, or brown.
Utilization: Pulp dried, mixed with other foods. Flavor
Pandanus tectorius SoL ex Balf. f.
sweet, nutty; universal appeal. Rich in carbo- Common names: screwpine, Nicobar breadfruit.
hydrates. Important article of commerce. Cultiva-
Origin: Southeast Asia, South Pacific islands.
tion could be expanded. Many varieties in Middle Distribution: Pantropic.
East, California. Cultural requirements: Sandy soils at seashore,
References: Ochse et al. 1961, Popenoe 1913, tropical climate.
Popenoe 1939. Description: Tree to 7 m. Propagation by seed, cut-
tings. Fruit ovoid, 18 cm in diameter; exterior
color red or yellow, yellowish inside.
Phoenix redi nata Jacq. Utilization: Soft portion of pulp cooked. Seeds eaten
Common names: Senegal date palm, dwarf date palm
fresh, cooked. Terminal buds eaten fresh.
(English); dattier à feuille panchées (French).
Important locally in Asia and Pacific; little
Origin: Tropical Africa. potential elsewhere.
Distribution: Pantropic. Reference: Brown 1931.
Cultural requirements: Hot tropical climate with
medium rainfall.

49
 Chapter 2

Passifloraceae
Distribution: Pantropic; warm subtropics.
Cultural requirements: Cool tropical or warm sub-
Passiflora antioquiensis Karst
tropical climate with well-distributed medium
Common names: banana passion fruit (English); rainfall. Adapted to a variety of soils if well
curuba antioquena (Spanish).
drained. Tolerates heavy soils better than the
Origin: South America (Andes).
purple granadilla does. Does not set fruit well if
Distribution: South America.
mean temperature too high.
Cultural requirements: Cool high-altitude areas in Description: Vine. Propagation by seed, cuttings,
Tropics.
grafting. Fruit production in 1-2 years from seed,
Description: Vine. Propagation by seed. Fruit ellip- less than 1 year from vegetative propagation.
soid, 4-5 cm long, solitary; external color yellow Flowers around March and September in Hawaii.
or red, internal orange.
Most vines self-incompatible; cross-pollination
Utilization: Arils eaten fresh, in beverages, desserts. necessary. Fruit spherical to ovoid, 6-10 cm in
Flavor sweet; moderate appeal. Little potential for diameter; external color yellow, internal yellow to
expanded cultivation. orange.
References: Martin and Nakasone 1970 Pooenoe Utilization: Arils used in jellies, as flavoring in
1924.
beverages, desserts. Flavor subacid to sour; high
appeal. High vitamin A and C content. Good
Passiflora edulis Sims potential for expansion of commercial production;
more widely adapted than purple granadilla.
Common names: purple passion fruit, purple
Cultivated in New Zealand, Hawaii, American
granadilla (English); maracuyá, granadilla, parcha
Tropics.
(Spanish); grenadille violette (French); maracujá,
References: Akamine et al. 1956, Fouqué 1974,
maracujá común (Portuguese).
Origin: Brazil. Martin and Nakasone 1970, Popenoe 1939.
Distribution: Pantropic; warm subtropics.
Cultural requirements: Cool tropical or subtropical
climate with well-distributed medium rainfall and Passiflora la urifolia L.
light well-drained soils. Not tolerant of frost or Common names: water lemon, yellow granadilla
wind. Will not set fruit if mean temperature too (English); parcha, parcha de culebra (Spanish);
high. maritambou, pomme d'or, pomme-liane (French);
Description: Vine. Propagation by seed, cuttings, maracujá, maracujá común (Portuguese).
grafting. Fruit production in 1-2 years from seed, Origin: West Indies, South America.
less than 1 year from vegetative propagation. Distribution: Widely introduced into Tropics.
Flowers around March and September in Hawaii. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands.
Most vines self-incompatible, require cross- Sometimes used as rootstock for P. edulis
pollination. Fruit spherical, 5-9 cm long, solitary; because it is less susceptible to soilborne
external color purple, internal yellow to orange. diseases.
Utilization: Arils can be eaten fresh or in jellies, but Description: Vine. Propagation by seed, cuttings.
used mostly as flavoring in beverages, desserts. Fruit ovoid, 5-8 cm long; external color yellow to
Flavor sweet to subacid; high appeal. Good orange, internal yellow.
source of vitamins A and C. Potential good for Utilization: Arils eaten fresh, in beverages, desserts
increased cultivation if disease-resistant varieties Flavor subacid; limited appeal. Little potential for
developed. Cultivated in New Zealand, Hawaii, wider cultivation.
American Tropics. References: Fouqué 1974, Martin and Nakasone
References: Akamine et al. 1956, Fouqué 1974; 1970.
Martin and Nakasone 1970, Popenoe 1939.

Passiflora ligularis Juss.

Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa Deg. Common names: sweet granadilla (English);
Common names: yellow passion fruit, yellow granadilla, parchita amarilla (Spanish); grenadille
granadilla (English); granadilla, maracuyá, parcha douce (French).
(Spanish); grenadille (French); maracujá Origin: Central and South America.
(Portuguese). Distribution: Introduced widely into Tropics but not
Origin: Australia (not certain). common outside Central and South America.

50
 Major Fruits

Cultural requirements: Cool tropical climate with

well-distributed medium to high rainfall. Does not
grow or fruit well in hot tropical lowlands.
Description: Vine. Propagation by seed, cuttings.
Fruit ellipsoid, 5-8 cm long, 4-5 cm in diameter,
solitary; external color greenish, yellow, or orange;
internal color white.
Utilization: Arils eaten fresh, in beverages, desserts.
Flavor sweet; limited appeal. Little potential for
expanded cultivation.
References: Fouque 1974, Martin and Nakasone
1970, Popenoe 1939.
v»

Passiflore maliformis L.
Common names: sweet calabash (English); curuba,
granadilla de hueso, parcha cimarrona (Spanish);
liane à agoutis, pomme calebasse (French).
Origin: West Indies, South America.
Distribution: Limited introduction elsewhere in
Tropics but common only in area of origin.
Cultural requirements: Warm, wet tropical climate.
Description: Vine. Propagation by seed, cuttings.
Fruit production in 1-2 years from seed, less than
1 year from cuttings. Fruit 3.5-5 cm in diameter;
external color greenish, yellow orange; internal
color yellowish orange.
Utilization: Arils eaten fresh, in beverages, desserts.
Flavor sweet; moderate appeal. Limited potential
for wider cultivation.
References: Fouque 1974, Martin and Nakasone
1970.

Passiflora quadrangularis L.
Common names: giant granadilla (English); granadilla, Figure 26. —Passiflora maliformis, one of
badea (Spanish); barbadine (French); maracujá açu, many edible species.
maracujá grande, maracujá mamao (Portuguese).
Origin: Tropical America.
Passiflore serrate-digitate L.
Distribution: Pantropic.
Common names: tagua (English); tagua-tagua
Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands.
(Spanish); pomme à agoutis, pomme-liane manicou
Description: Vine. Propagation by seed, cuttings. Fruit
(French); maracujá do mato, maracujá pedra
production in 1-2 years from seed, less than 1 year
(Portuguese).
from cuttings. Fruit irregularly shaped, 10-30 cm
Origin: West Indies, South America.
long, 10-15 cm in diameter; external color
Distribution: Trop\ca\ America; introduced elsewhere
yellowish green, mesocarp white, arils yellow.
but not well known.
Utilization: Entire immature fruit eaten as a cooked
Cultural requirements: Warm tropical lowlands.
vegetable. Pulp eaten fresh, in desserts. Arils eaten
Description: Vine. Propagation by seed, cuttings. Fruit
fresh, in beverages, desserts. Flavor subacid,
4-5 cm in diameter; external color yellow, internal
somewhat insipid. Widely cultivated. Moderate
white.
potential for expansion.
Utilization: Arils eaten fresh, in beverages, desserts.
References: Araque 1963, Fouque 1974, Martin and
Flavor sweet; low appeal. Little potential for further
Nakasone 1970.
cultivation.
References: Fouque 1974, Martin and Nakasone 1970.

51
Chapter 2

Polygonaceae Macadamia tetraphylla L. A. S. Johnson

Common names: macadamia nut, rough-shell
Coccoloba uvifera (L.) L. macadamia, spiny leaf macadamia, rough-shell
Common names: seagrape (English); uva de la playa, Queensland nut (English).
uva de mar, uvero macho (Spanish); raisinier, Origin: Australia.
raisinier bord de mer (French); uva de praia Distribution: Tropics and subtropics with suitable
(Portuguese). climate.
Origin: Tropical America. Cultural requirements: Cool tropical or subtropical
Distribution: Pantropic. climate with well-distributed rainfall. Fertile, deep,
Cultural requirements: Warm tropical lowlands, medium-acid soil. Not tolerant of frost or very hot
coastal areas. Tolerant of considerable range in weather.
rainfall, variety of soil conditions, salinity in soil. Description: Tree to 16 m. Propagation by seed, cut-
Easily injured by frost. tings, grafting. Flowers February-April (Florida).
Description: Shrub or tree to 10 m, depending on Fruit matures September-November (Florida),
environment. Propagation by seed (can be September-January (California). Fruit spherical to
propagated by cuttings, layering). Usually ovoid, 1.5-3.5 cm in diameter, in small clusters;
dioecious. Fruit spherical to ovoid, 1-2 cm in husk green, nut brown, kernel whitish.
diameter, in clusters, exterior color red to purple. Utilization: Kernel of seed eaten fresh, roasted.
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, in jellies. Flavor sweet Flavor excellent; high appeal. Rich in protein, oil.
to subacid; limited appeal. Little potential as food Good potential for expanded cultivation. Commer-
crop. Important ornamental plant. cial production in same areas as M. integrifolia.
References: Fouqué 1974. References: Hamilton and Fukunaga 1959, Storey
1959, 1965.

Proteaceae

Macadamia integrifolia Maiden et Betche

Common names: macadamia nut, Queensland nut,
smooth-shell macadamia (English); macadamia
(Spanish, French).
Origin: Australia.
Distribution: Tropics and subtropics with suitable
climate.
Cultural requirements: Cool tropical or subtropical
climate with well-distributed medium to high rain-
fall. Not tolerant of frost or excessive heat. Areas
of adaptation limited because of exacting climatic
requirements.
Description: Tree to 16 m. Propagation by seed, cut-
tings, grafting. Flowers February-April (Florida).
Fruit matures September-November (Florida).
Some fruit produced nearly all year in California.
Fruit spherical, 1.5-3 cm in diameter, in small
clusters; husk green, nut brown, kernel white or
yellowish.
Utilization: Kernel of seed eaten fresh, roasted.
Flavor excellent; high appeal. Good source of
protein; rich in oil. Potential great for expansion
in areas with suitable climate. Commercial
production in Australia, Rhodesia, South Africa, Figure 27.—Macadamia nut, Australia's
U.S.A. (California, Hawaii). contribution to the Tropics.
References: Hamilton and Fukunaga 1959, Leon
1968, Storey 1959, 1965.

52
 Major Fruits

Punicaceae Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, dried, stewed, candied,

preserved. Flavor sweet; moderate appeal.
Púnica granatum L. Important in native area; little potential for
Common names: pomegranate (English); granada commercial production elsewhere.
(Spanish); grenade (French); shih-liu (China). References: Popenoe 1939, Ruehle et al. 1958.
Origin: Middle East.
Distribution: Subtropical and cool tropical areas.
Cultural requirements: Subtropical climate. Well Ziziphus spinachristi Willd.
adapted to hot conditions, but can tolerate Common names: Christ's-thorn (English).
temperatures to -8° C. Tolerant of dry condi- Origin: Africa.
tions, heavy soils, poor drainage. Poor growth in Distribution: Africa, Middle East.
calcareous soils. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical or subtropical
Description: Shrub or small tree to 6 m. Propagation climate with low to medium rainfall.
by seed, cuttings, layering. Fruit production in 3-4 Description: Shrub or tree to 10 m. Propagation by
years from seed. Fruit globose to ovoid, 5-10 cm seed. Fruit 2 cm long.
in diameter; external color yellow or red, internal Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, dried, cooked, pre-
white, yellow, or red. served. Limited potential for wider cultivation.
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, in beverages. Flavor References: Dalziel 1948, Irvine 1961.
sweet or subacid; moderate appeal. Little
potential for expanded cultivation.
References: Leon 1968, Popenoe 1939. Rosaceae

Rhamnaceae Crataegus pubescens (H.B.K.) Steud.

Common names: Mexican hawthorn, manzanilla
Ziziphus ¡ujuba MilL (English); manzanilla (Spanish).
Common names: Chinese jujube, tsao (China). Origin: Mexico.
Origin: Asia. Distribution: Mexico; some introduction into other
Distribution: Subtropics, warm Temperate Zone. tropical and subtropical areas.
Cultural requirements: Hot, relatively dry climate Cultural requirements: Cool tropical or subtropical
during growing season, cool to cold during climate.
dormancy. Tolerant of temperatures to -10° C Description: Tree to 13 m. Propagation by seed (can
during dormancy. be grafted). Fruit ovoid, 1-2 cm long, external
Description: Deciduous tree to 10 m. Propagation by color.
seed, cuttings, grafting. Fruit ellipsoid, 2-3 cm Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, in jellies, preserves.
long; external color dark red to brown, internal Flavor sweet; moderate appeal. Good source of
whitish. vitamins A and C, pectin. Limited potential for
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, dried, stewed, candied, commercial production.
preserved. Flavor sweet; moderate appeal. References: Coetzee et al. 1950, Standley 1922.
Important in native area; little potential for
commercial production elsewhere. Many varieties Cydonia oblonga MilL
in China. Common names: quince (English); membrillo,
References: Popenoe 1939. marumero (Spanish).
Origin: Middle East.
Distribution: Worldwide in Temperate Zone, sub-
Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. tropics, highland Tropics.
Common names: Indian jujube (English); beri (India).
Cultural requirements: Temperate, cool tropical, or
Origin: India. subtropical climate with well-distributed rainfall,
Distribution: Tropics, warm subtropics.
heavy soils. Grows poorly in hot tropical climate.
Cultural requirements: Warm to hot tropical climate
Description: Shrub or tree to 7 m. Propagation by
with low to relatively high rainfall. Tolerant of
seed, cuttings, grafting. Fruit irregularly shaped,
poor soils, flooding; not tolerant of frost.
7-10 cm long; external color green or yellow,
Description: Tree to 12 m. Propagation by seed, cut-
internal pale yellow or white.
tings, grafting. Flowers July-September (Florida).
Utilization: Pulp used in jellies, preserves. Flavor
Fruit matures in 180 days. Fruit ellipsoid, 2.5-4
sour to subacid, often used as rootstock for
cm long, solitary; external color brown, internal
apples in Tropics.
whitish.
Reference: Bailey 1949.

53
 Chapter 2

Eriobotrya japónica (Thunb.) Lindl. Description: Tree to 12 m. Propagation by seed,

Common names: Loquat, Japanese plum (English); grafting. Fruit production in 6-8 years from seed,
níspero del Japón (Spanish); néflier du Japón, 3-4 years from grafts. Flowers September-October
bibace (French). (Ecuador). Fruit globose, 1-2 cm in diameter, in
Origin: China. clusters of 7-10; external color black or purple,
Distribution: Subtropics, highland Tropics. internal greenish yellow.
Cultural requirements: Grows and fruits well in sub- Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, canned, in liqueurs.
tropical or tropical highland clinnates with well- Flavor sweet, often astringent; moderate appeal.
distributed medium rainfall. Tolerant of variety of Little potential for existing selections, but could
soil conditions. Does not fruit well in hot tropical be improved greatly through breeding and
climate or in areas where subjected to frost «election.
during bloom or fruit development. References: Fouqué 1974, Popenoe 1939.
Description: Tree to 10 m. Propagation by seed,
grafting. Fruit production in 5-6 years from seed,
2-3 years from grafts. Flowers in October-
Rubus adenotrichus Schlecht.
December, sometimes August-September (Florida).
Common names: blackberry (English); frambuesa,
Fruit matures in about 120 days. Fruit ellipsoid to
mora, mora común (Spanish).
pyriform, 3-7 cm long, 10-40 g, in clusters of
Origin: Mexico, Central and South America.
8-20; external color yellow or orange, internal
Distribution: Mexico, Central and South America.
white, yellow, or orange.
Cultural requirements: Subtropical or tropical high-
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, stewed, preserved, in
land climate.
jellies. Flavor sour, subacid, or sweet; universal
Description: Shrub to 5 m. Propagation by seed, divi-
appeal. Excellent crop for home gardens and local
sion. Fruit ellipsoid, 2 cm long, purple.
marketing. Little potential as major commerical
Utilization: Fruit eaten fresh, in juice, jellies, desserts.
crop. Many varieties selected in China, Japan,
Flavor sweet; general appeal. Important in local
India, U.S.A. (California, Florida).
areas but little potential for commercial
References: Condit 1915, Popenoe 1939.
production.
Reference: Popenoe 1924.
Fragaria vasca L.
Common name: Woodland strawberry (English).
Rubus glaucus Benth.
Origin: Eurasia, North America.
Common names: Andean blackberry (English); mora
Distribution: Temperate Zone, subtropics, highland
Tropics. de Castilla (Spanish); mûre des Andes (French).
prigin: South America (Andes).
Cultural requirements: Cool climate with well-dis-
tributed medium rainfall. Distribution: Widely introduced into tropical highland
Description: Perennial herb to 18 cm. Propagation by and subtropics but not common outside South
and Central America.
seed, division. Fruit conical, 1-2 cm in diameter,
red or white. Cultural requirements: Subtropical or tropical high-
Utilization: Fruit eaten fresh, in preserves. Flavor land climate with well-distributed medium rainfall.
Description: Scandent shrub to 3 m. Propagation by
sweet; general appeal. Useful in development of
seed, cuttings. Fruit production in 2 years from
cultivated strawberry varieties having good
seed, 1 year from cuttings. Fruit ellipsoid, 2.5-3
commercial potential.
cm long, red to purple.
Utilization: Fruit eaten fresh, in juice, sirup, preserves,
desserts. Flavor sweet to subacid, aromatic; high'
Prunus salicifolia H.B.K. ( = P. capollin Zuce.)
appeal. Good potential for commercial production
Common names: capulín cherry (English); capulín,
in suitable climate.
cerezo (Spanish); capulín, cerisier capulín (French).
References: Fouqué 1974, Popenoe 1924.
Origin: Central and South America.
Distribution: Widely introduced into cool climates
but common only in native area.
Rubus lasiocarpus Smith (= R albescens Roxb.)
Cultural requirements: Cool subtropical or tropical
Common names: Mysore raspberry, Ceylon raspberry,
highland climate with well-distributed medium hill raspberry (English).
rainfall.
Origin: Mountains of tropical Asia.
Distribution: Widely introduced but not common
outside native area.

54
 Major Fruits

Cultural requirements: Cool tropical or subtropical Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, in beverages. Moderate
climate with well-distributed medium to high rain- appeal. Little potential for cultivation.
fall. Not tolerant of drought or frost; tolerant of a Reference: Hoehne 1946.
variety of soil conditions.
Description: Shrub to 3 m. Propagation by seed, tip
layering, cuttings. Fruit production in 1-2 years Borojoa patinai Cuatr.
from seed, 1 year from vegetative propagation. Common name: borojo (Spanish).
Flowers December-April (Florida). Fruit matures in Origin: Colombia.
90 days. Fruit 1.5-2 cm in diameter, in clusters of Distribution: Colombia.
10-15, purple. Cultural requirements: Warm tropical lowlands, with
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, in juice, jelly, jam, medium rainfall, heavy soils.
desserts. Flavor sweet; moderate appeal. Good Description: Small tree. Propagation by seed. Fruit
crop for home garden. Limited possibility for globose, 6-8 cm in diameter; external color green,
commercial planting. internal brown to black.
Reference: Led in 1953. Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, in desserts. Flavor
sweet, some bitterness; moderate appeal. Little
potential as commercial crop.
Rubus macrocarpus Benth. Reference: Pérez-Arbelaez 1956.
Common names: mora, frambuesa (Spanish).
Origin: South America (Andes).
Distribution: South America. Genipa americana L.
Cultural requirements: Tropical highland climate. Common names: genipap, marmalade box (English);
Description: Shrub. Propagation by seed, cuttings. bilito, genipa, huitu, jagua, maluco (Spanish);
Fruit ellipsoid, up to 5 cm long, red. genipapo (Portuguese).
Utilization: Fruit eaten fresh, in juice, preserves, Origin: West Indies, South America.
desserts. Flavor subacid; moderate appeal. Little Distribution: Some introduction into other areas of
potential for commercial cultivation. Tropics.
Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands with
medium to high rainfall. Tolerant of seasonal dry
Rubus rosaefolius Smith. period. Injured at temperatures a few degrees
Common names: thimbleberry (English); zarza, above freezing.
frambuesa (Spanish). Description: Tree to 20 m. Propagation by seed,
Origin: India. grafting. Fruit globose, 5-8 cm in diameter,
Distribution: Introduced into many areas of Tropics. external color to gray.
Cultural requirements: Warm to cool tropical climate Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, in beverages; fermented
at low and middle elevations. to make alcoholic beverages. Flavor sweet,
Description: Trailing shrub, propagation by seed, aromatic; moderate appeal. Little potential for
cuttings. Fruit 2-2.5 cm long, red. expanded production.
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, as juice, jelly, desserts. References: Fouque 1974, Hoehne 1946, Popenoe
Flavor sweet; limited appeal. Little potential for 1939.
commercial production.
References: Leon 1968, Neal 1965.
Randia formosa K. Schum.
Common name: Blackberry jam fruit (English).
Origin: Brazil.
Rubiaceae
Distribution: Introduced into various places in
Alibertia edulis A. Rich. Tropics but rare.
Common names: purui', apurui', mermelada (Portu- Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands
guese). with acid soils.
Origin: South America. Description: Shrub. Propagation by seed. Fruit
Distribution: South America. external color yellow, internal black.
Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands. Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, in beverages. Flavor
Description: Shrub or small tree. Propagation by sweet; low appeal. No potential for commercial
seed. Dioecious. Fruit ovoid, 1.5-3 cm in diameter, production.
exterior color yellowish brown. Reference: Neal 1965.

55
Chapter 2

Vangueria madagascariensis J. F. Gmel. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands. Grows

Common names: Spanish tamarind (English); well where rainfall is well distributed or where
voavanga (Africa). seasonal dry period occurs. Well adapted to a
Origin: Africa, Madagascar. variety of soils, including infertile rocky soils.
Distribution: Introduced into many areas in Tropics Tolerant of light frost.
but not common. Description: Tree to 15 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit
Culturai requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands. production in 3-4 years. Flowers April-May, often
Not tolerant of frost. at other times (Florida). Fruit matures in about 90
Description: Shrub to 5 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit days. Fruit pyriform, 7-8 cm long, 4-5 cm in
2-3.5 cm in diameter, greenish yellow inside and diameter, in clusters of 3-10; external color red
out. and yellow, internal cream; black seeds.
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, in beverages, other Utilization: Aril eaten fresh, cooked. Immature fruit
foods. Flavor subacid, aromatic. Little potential very toxic. Flavor rich, nutty; general appeal.
for wider cultivation. Seeds not eaten. Little potential for expansion of
References: Burkill 1935, Wester 1925. commercial production, partly because of toxicity.
Cultivated in Africa, India, tropical America.
References: Dalziel 1948, Irvine 1961, Leon 1968,
Rutaceae Popenoe 1939.

Casimiroa edulis Llav. et Lex. ( = C. tetrameria Millsp.,

a form of this species) Erioglossum rubiginosum Blume
Common names: white sapote (English); matasano, Common names: katilaju (Java); pancovier (French),
sapote blanco, zapote (Spanish); matasano, mertajam (Malaya).
pomme mexicaine, sapote blanche (French). Origin: Southeast Asia to Australia.
Origin: Mexico, Central America. Distribution: Introduced elsewhere into Tropics but
Distribution: Cool tropic areas and subtropics of the rare outside native area.
world but not common outside tropical America. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands.
Culturai requirements: Subtropical or tropical high- Description: Large tree. Propagation by seed. Flowers
land climate with medium rainfall. Tolerant of March-May (Florida). Fruit matures in about 100
variety of soil conditions, seasonal dry period, days. Fruit ovoid, 1.5 cm long, in large clusters;
frost. external color red to purple, internal whitish.
Description: Tree to 15 m. Propagation by seed, cut- Utilization: Aril eaten fresh. Flavor subacid, astrin-
tings, layering, grafting. Fruit production in 7-8 gent; low appeal. Little potential for wider
years from seed, 3-4 years from vegetative cultivation.
propagation. Flowers January-February (Florida). References: Burkill 1935.
Fruit matures in 120 days. Fruit spherical to
oblate, 6-121 cm in diameter, in clusters of 2-3; Euphoria longana Steud. ( = Neptielium longana
external color greenish yellow or yellow, internal (Lam.) Carm.)
white to yellow. Common names: longan (English); oeil de dragon
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, in preserves. Flavor (French); lungan (Malaya); lam yai (Thailand).
sweet, often bitter; moderate appeal. Good Origin: Southern China to Thailand.
potential for home garden.and local marketing; Distribution: Introduced into cool tropical and sub-
little potenital for commercial.cultivation. Various tropical areas of the world.
named varieties in United States (California and Cultural requirements: Cool tropical lowland or warm
Florida). subtropical climate with well-distributed medium-
References: Fairchild 1939, Fouqué 1974, Popenoe to-high rainfall. Does not fruit well in hot lowland
1939. Tropics.
Description: Tree to 15 m. Propagation by seed,
layering, grafting. Fruit production in 7-10 years
Sapindaceae from seed, 3-5 years from vegetative propagation.
Flowers March-April (Florida). Polygamous,
Blighia sápida Koenig usually self-fertile. Fruit matures in 120-150 days.
Common names: akee (English); aki, seso vegetal Fruit globose to ovoid, 2-4 cm in diameter, 15-
(Spanish). 30 g, in clusters of 5-50 or more; external color
Origin: Tropical west Africa. yellow to brown; internal color whitish,
Distribution: \N'\de\y introduced into Tropics. translucent. Erratic in bearing.

56
 Major Fruits

Utilization: Aril eaten fresh, dried, canned, in jellies.

Flavor very sweet, sometimes aromatic; general
appeal. Good home garden fruit. Important in
markets of Southeast Asia, where many varieties
exist. Potential for commercial production would
be greater if regularly bearing varieties were
available.
References: Groff 1921, Ruehle et al. 1958, Popenoe
1939.

Litchi chinensis Sonn.

Common names: litchi, lychee (English); lichi
(Spanish); litchi (French); li chih (China).
Origin: China.
Distribution: Cool tropical and warm subtropical
areas of the world.
Cultural requirements: Cool tropical or warm sub-
tropical climate with well-distributed medium rain-
fall, medium acid soil with high organic content.
Not tolerant of drought. Does not fruit in hot
lowland Tropics. Mature trees tolerant of light
frost. Requirements exacting; not well adapted in
many areas.
Description: Tree to 12 m. Propagation by seed,
layering, grafting. Fruit produciton in 8-12 years Figure 28.—Quenepa, a common and popular
or more from seed, 3-4 years from vegetative fruit in dry regions of thie
propagation. Flowers March-April (Florida). American Tropics.
Polygamous, usually self-fertile. Fruit matures in
Description: Tree to 20 m. Propagation by seed,
60-90 days. Fruit spherical, conical, or ovoid,
layering, grafting. Fruit production in 7-10 years
2.5-4 cm in diameter, 15-30 g, in clusters of 5-30
from seed, 4-5 years from vegetative propagation.
or more; external color yellow, pink, or red;
Flowers in April (Florida). Dioecious; occasional
internal color whitish, translucent. Erratic in
hermaphroditic plants reported. Fruit matures in
bearing.
90-150 days, depending on selection. Fruit
Utilization: Aril eaten fresh, dried, canned, preserved,
globose, 2-3.5 cm in diameter, 10-25 g; external
in desserts. Flavor sweet, aromatic; universal
color green, internal yellow to orange. Some
appeal. Commercial production in China, Taiwan,
varieties selected in Florida and Puerto Rico.
South Africa, Australia, India, U.S.A. (Florida,
Utilization: Aril eaten fresh, in jellies, beverages.
Hawaii). Potential good for expanded commercial
Seed roasted. Flavor of aril sweet to subacid
production if regularly bearing varieties can be
(poor selections astringent); general appeal. Good
found. Many varieties selected in Asia. Research
for home garden and local marketing. Little
on culture and variety improvement in Florida.
potential for commercial produciton.
References: Campbell and Malo 1968, Cobin 1954,
References: Campbell 1976, Jackson 1967, Popenoe
Groff 1921, Leon 1968.
1939.

Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq. ( = Melicocca bijuga L.) Nephelium eriopetalum Miq.

Common names: Spanish lime, quenep, kenep Common names: lotong, rambutan hutan (Malaya).
(English); quenepa, mamón, mamoncillo, Origin: Southeast Asia.
limoncillo (Spanish); kenépier, quenettier (French). Distribution: Southeast Asia.
Origin: West Indies, Central and South America. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands.
Distribution: Introduced widely into Tropics but com- Description: Large tree. Propagation by seed. Fruit
mon only in Caribbean region. 3-5 cm in diameter; pulp whitish.
Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands with Utilization: Aril eaten fresh. Flavor sour. Little
poor to good soils, low to high rainfall. Very potential for wider cultivation.
resistant to drought; not tolerant of frost.
References: Burkill 1935, Molesworth Allen 1967.

57
Chapter 2

Nephelium glabrum Noronha Nephelium mutabile Blume

Common names: redan, rambutan pachat (Malaya). Common names: pulasan (Malaya); ngo-khonsan
Origin: Southeast Asia. (Thai).
Distribution: Southeast Asia. Origin: Southeast Asia.
Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands. Distribution: Southeast Asia; some introduction else-
Description: Medium tree. Propagation by seed. Fruit where but rare.
1.5 cnn long, exterior color purple. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands.
Utilization: Aril eaten fresh. Flavor sweet, astringent; Description: Tree to 9 m. Propagation by seed,
low appeal. Little potential for wider cultivation. layering, grafting. Polygamous; some varieties
References: Burkill 1935, Molesworth Allen 1967. bear parthenocarpic fruit. Fruit globose, 3-6 cm
long; external color yellow or red, internal white.
Utilization: Aril eaten fresh, cooked, in jams, desserts.
Nephelium lappaceum L. Flavor subacid to sweet; general appeal. Regular
Common names: rambutan (Malaya, English, bearing. Good potential for wider cultivation in
Spanish); ngo-phan (Thai). hot Tropics.
Origin: Southeast Asia. Reference: Molesworth Allen 1967.
Distribution: Introduced widely into Tropics but rare
outside Asia.
Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands. Pometia pinnata Forst.
Not tolerant of frost, high-pH soils. Common names: Fijian longan (English); kasai, asam
Description: Tree to 13 m. Propagation by seed, kuang (Malaya).
layering, grafting. Male and hermaphroditic trees Origin: Malaysia. Polynesia.
exist; fruiting increased by planting these Distribution: Introduced into other areas of the
together. Fruit ovoid, 5-6 cm long, in clusters of Tropics, mostly in Asia and South Pacific islands.
10-12; external color greenish, yellow, or red; Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical climate at
internal color whitish, translucent. Varieties low and medium altitudes.
selected in Southeast Asia. Description: Tree to 40 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit
Utilization: Aril eaten fresh, stewed, canned, in jams, globose, 5 cm long; external color brown, internal
jellies. Flavor sweet; great appeal. Good potential whitish.
for expansion of commercial production in hot Utilization: Aril eaten fresh. Seed roasted. Flavor of
Tropics because of regular bearing. aril sweet; low appeal. Little potential as food
References: Burkill 1935, Leon 1968, Popenoe 1939, crop.
Valmayor et al. 1971. References: Neal 1965, Wester 1925.

Nephelium malaiense Griff. Talisia esculenta Radlk. ( = Sapindus esculentus

St. Hil.)
Common names: cat's-eye (English); mata kuching
(Malaya). Common names: pitomba, pitombeira (Portuguese);
pitoulier comestible (French).
Origin: Southeast Asia.
Origin: South America.
Distribution: Southeast Asia; some introduction else-
Distribution: South America.
where but rare.
Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands.
Description: Tree to 20 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit Description: Tree to 15 m. Propagation by seed.
production in 4-5 years. Flowers in March-May Flowers September-November (Brazil). Fruit
(Florida). Fruit matures in about 120 days. Fruit matures in 120 days. Fruit 3 cm long, 2.5 cm in
ovoid, 1.5-2 cm in diameter, in large clusters; diameter; external color yellow; internal color
white, translucent.
external color brown; internal color whitish,
Utilization: Aril eaten fresh. Flavor subacid; moderate
translucent.
Utilization: Aril eaten fresh. Flavor sweet, aromatic; appeal. Little potential for wider cultivation.
References: Cavalcante 1974, Fouque 1974.
moderate appeal. Little potential for cultivation
outside Asia.
References: Burkill 1935, Molesworth Allen 1967.

58
 Major Fruits

Talisia olivaeformis Radlk. Calocarpum sapota Merr. (= C. mammosum Pierre)

Common names: yellow genip (English); cotoperiz, Common names: mamey sapote (English); mamey,
cotopriz, mamón de mico, tapai jocote (Spanish); mamey colorado, zapote (Spanish); lucume,
pitoulier a fruits oliviformes (French). mamey, sapote mamey (French); sapota
Origin: West Indies, Central and South America. (Portuguese).
Distribution: Introduced elsewhere to small extent Origin: Mexico, Central America.
but rare outside tropical America. Distribution: Introduced into many areas in Tropics
Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands with but rare outside tropical America.
poor to good soils, low to high rainfall. Not Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands with
tolerant of frost. medium rainfall and seasonal dry period. Adapted
Description: Tree to 18 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit to a variety of soil conditions. Not tolerant of
production in 7-10 years from seed. Flowers in frost, prolonged drought.
April (Florida). Dioecious or hermaphroditic. Fruit Description: Tree to 20 m. Propagation by seed,
matures in 120 days. Fruit globose to ovoid, grafting. Fruit production in 8-12 years or more
2.5-3.5 cm long, in clusters of 6-10; external color from seed, 4-5 years from grafts. Most flower in
yellowish green; internal color yellow, orange, or Florida April-July but some bloom all year.
pink. Hermaphroditic but yields generally improved by
Utilization: Aril eaten fresh, in jellies. Flavor sweet cross-pollination. Fruit matures in 12-15 months.
or subacid; moderate appeal. Marketed in local Fruit ovoid to ellipsoid, 10-18 cm long, 300-
areas. Little potential for wider cultivation. 1,300 g or more, solitary; external color brown,
References: Fouqué 1974. internal orange to red. Seeds 1-3.
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, in preserves, mar-
malades, various desserts. Seed used to prepare
Sapotaceae material similar to chocolate. Flavor very sweet;
general appeal. Good potential for commercial
Bequaertiodendron magalismontanum (Sond.) Heine development in hot Tropics. Some varieties
et J. H. Hemsley selected in Centria America, West Indies, Florida.
Common name: wild plum (English). References: Almeyda and Martin 1976b, Campbell
Origin: Africa. 1967, Fouqué 1974, Malo 1970, Popenoe 1939.
Distribution: Africa.
Cultural requirements: Lowland tropical or subtropical
climate. Adapted to wide range of environmental Calocarpum viride Pitt.
conditions. Common names: green sapote (English); injerto
Description: Tree to 30 m. Propagation by seed. (Spanish).
Utilization: Pulp of fruit widely used. Moderate Origin: Central America.
appeal. Little potential for cultivation outside Distribution: Tropical America.
Africa. Cultural requirements: Cool tropical climate with
Reference: Irvine 1961. well-distributed medium rainfall. Not tolerant of
frost or very hot conditions.
Description: Tree to 20 m. Propagation by seed,
Buiyrospermum paradoxum (Gaertn. f.) Hepper (= B. grafting. Fruit matures in about 12 months. Fruit
parkii (Don.) Kotschy.) ovoid to ellipsoid, 5-12 cm long, solitary; external
Common name: Shea butter tree (English). color green, internal orange to red.
Origin: Tropical West Africa. Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, preserved, in desserts.
Distribution: Africa. Flavor sweet; general appeal. Moderate potential.
Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands with Less widely adapted than the mamey sapote.
low rainfall and definite dry season. Grows well in Reference: Popenoe 1939.
poor lateritic soils.
Description: Tree to 13 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit
production in 12-15 years. Flowers December- Chrysophyllum cainito L.
February (Ghana). Fruit matures in 90 days. Fruit Common names: star apple (English); caimito, cauje
ovoid, 5 cm long, solitary. Edible fat extracted (Spanish); caimito, caimitier, pomme étoile
from seed used in cooking, soapmaking. Important (French); cainito (Portuguese).
source of edible fat. Good potential in Africa in Origin: Central America, West Indies.
areas where oil palm does not grow. Distribution: \N\cie\y introduced into lowland Tropics.
References: Dalziel 1948, Irvine 1961.

59
Chapter 2

Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands with Origin: Central America.

medium to high rainfall. Grows well in a variety of Distribution: Introduced widely into lowland Tropics.
soil types. Not tolerant of frost or cool climate. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands with
Description: Tree to 20 m. Propagation by seed, low to relatively high rainfall. Adapted to a variety
grafting. Fruit production in 8-12 years from seed, of soil types, especially calcareous soils; poor
4-5 years from grafts. Flowers August-October growth in heavy clays. Not tolerant of frost.
(Florida). Hermaphroditic, usually self-fertile. Fruit Description: Tree to 20 m. Propagation by seed,
matures in about 180 days. Fruit globose, 5-8 cm grafting (layering reported successful in some
in diameter, solitary; external color purple or light areas). Fruit production in 6-10 years from seed,
green, internal purple or white. 3-5 years from grafts. Main bloom in September-
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, in preserves, beverages. October, some all year (Florida). Fruit matures in
Flavor sweet; general appeal. Good for home 180-240 days. Fruit spherical, ellipsoid, or conical,
garden and local marketing. Moderate potential 5-15 cm in diameter, 100-500 g; external color
for commercial planting. brown; internal color white, orange, tan, or brown.
References: Campbell 1974, Fouqué 1974, Leon 1968, Varieties selected in Florida.
Popenoe 1939. Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, in desserts. Flavor
sweet; wide appeal. Good potential for home
garden and commercial production. Widely grown
Madhuca longifoiia Macbr. ( = Bessie longifolia L.) in tropical America, India, Philippines.
Common names: Indian butter tree, wild sapote tree References: Campbell et al. 1967, Popenoe 1939.
(English); mahua, moha, mowa (India).
Origin: India, Sri Lanka.
Distribution: Introduced elsewhere into Tropics but Mimusops djave Engler
rare. Common names: djave nut, false shea butter nut
Cultural requirements: Hot tropical climate with low (English); nyam (West Africa).
to medium rainfall. Origin: Africa.
Description: Large tree. Propagation by seed. Fruit 5 Distribution: Africa.
cm long, external color yellow. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands.
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh. Seeds most important Description: Large tree. Propagation by seed.
as source of oil for cooking, soapmaking. Sap Utilizetion: Pulp eaten fresh, with other foods. Seed
from flowers source of sugar, also used to make a source of fat used in cooking. Flavor subacid;
wine. Potential needs to be evaluated through low appeal. Little potential outside native area.
wider introduction. Reference: Dalziel 1948.
Reference: Dastur 1951.

Mimusops elengi L.
Manilkara kauki Dubard ( = Mimusops kauki L.) Common nemes: bulletwood, Indian medlar (English);
Common names: sau, sawa (Malaya); pekola (Indo- pokok tanjong (Malaya); borsali, bukul, elengi
nesia); bilat-bilat (Philippines). (India).
Origin: Southeast Asia.
Distribution: Introduced into many places in Tropics.
Cultural requirements: Tropical or warm subtropical
climate. Tolerant of a variety of soil types, light
frost.
Description: Tree to 15 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit
ovoid, 3.5 cm long, exterior color orange.
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh. Flavor sweet, insipid.
Little potential as food crop.
References: Molesworth Allen 1967, Wester 1925.

Manilkara zapote Van Royen [ = Achras sapote (Mill.)

Fosb.]
Common names: sapodilla, naseberry (English);
chicozapote, níspero (Spanish); sapotille (French);
Figure 29.—Mimusops elengi, a fruit with
sapoti, sapota, sapotiiha (Portuguese). latex that bothers most persons.

60
 Major Fruits

Origin: India, Southeast Asia. Pouteria obovata Baehni ( = Lúcuma obovata H.B.K.)
Distribution: Introduced widely into Tropics. Common names: lucmo, lúcumo, lucma, lúcuma
Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands. Adapted (Spanish); lucmo (French).
to a variety of soil types. Origin: South America (Andes).
Description: Tree to 16 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit Distribution: Tropical America.
ovoid, 2-3 cm long; external color yellow or Cultural requirements: Cool tropical climate with
orange, internal yellow. medium rainfall. Not well adapted to hot tropical
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh. Flavor sweet, insipid; lowlands.
low appeal. Little potential as food crop. Description: Tree to 12 m. Propagation by seed,
References: Molesworth Allen 1967, Neal 1965. grafting. Flowers June-August (Florida). Fruit
matures in about 180 days. Fruit ovate, 4-8 cm
long, solitary, yellow inside and out.
Pouteria caimito Radlk. Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, dried, powdered; used
Common names: abiu (English, French); caimo, cauje to flavor desserts, beverages. Flavor sweet;
(Spanish); abiu, abeiro (Portuguese). moderate appeal. Fair potential for commercial
Origin: South America. production but less widely adapted than the
Distribution: Introduced elsewhere but rare outside canistel.
tropical America. References: Fouqué 1974, Popenoe 1939.
Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands
with acid soils. Not tolerant of frost.
Description: Tree to 12 m. Propagation by seed, Synsepalum dulcificum Daniell
grafting. Fruit production in 7-10 years from seed, Common names: miracle fruit, miraculous berry
3-4 years from grafts. Flowers June-August (English).
(Florida). Flowers hermaphroditic. Some trees self- Origin: Tropical west Africa.
fruitful, others evidently require cross-pollination. Distribution: Widely introduced into Tropics but not
Fruit matures in 180 days. Fruit ellipsoid to common outside native area.
spherical, 5-10 cm long, solitary; external color Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands
yellow, internal whitish. with acid soils having organic content. Grows well
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, in desserts. Flavor in light shade. Not tolerant of frost.
sweet; wide appeal. Good potential for commer- Description: Shrub or tree to 6 m. Propagation by
cial production in hot Tropics. seed, cuttings. Fruit production in 4-5 years from
References: Cavalcante 1974, Fouqué 1974, Popenoe seed. Flowers several times a year (Florida). Fruit
1939. ellipsoid, 2-3 cm long; external color red, internal
white.
Pouteria campechiana Baehni ( = Lúcuma nervosa Utilization: Pulp eaten with other foods to counter
DC, L salicifolia H.B.K.) sour or bitter flavors; used to flavor palm wine.
Common names: canistel, eggfruit, yellow sapote Flavor of pulp sweet, insipid. Not important as a
(English); canistel, fruta huevo, sapote amarillo food crop. Attempts to exploit the striking effect
(Spanish); canistel, janne d'oeuf (French). on perception of sour flavors in development of
Origin: Central America, West Indies. artificial sweeteners have not been successful but
Distribution: Widely introduced into Tropics. are continuing.
Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands with References: Dalziel 1948, Irvine 1961, Montagut 1972.
medium to high rainfall. Well adapted to seasonal
dry period, variety of soil types. Tolerant of light
frost. Simaroubaceae
Description: Tree to 12 m. Propagation by seed,
grafting. Fruit production in 5-7 years from seed, Irvingia gabonensis Baill.
3-4 years from grafts. Flowers June-August Common names: wild mango, duiker nut, dika, dika
(Florida). Fruit matures in about 180 days. Fruit
nut (English).
ovoid to conical, 4-12 cm in diameter, solitary on
Origin: West Africa.
young shoots, yellow to orange inside and out.
Distribution: West Africa.
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh; used in beverages,
Cultural requirements: Tropical monsoon climate.
desserts. Flavor very sweet; moderate appeal.
Description: Tree to 40 m. Propagation by seed.
High in niacin, vitamins A and C, proteins, carbo-
Flowers December-January (Africa). Fruit 5 cm in
hydrates. Good potential for development because
diameter, exterior color yellow.
of productivity, adaptability, and nutrient content.
References: Fairchild 1943, Popenoe 1939.

61
Chapter 2

Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh. Seed eaten fresh or Solanum muricatum Ait.
processed for fat. Pulp bitter and acid. Locally Common names: melon shrub, pepino (English);
important but little possibility for cultivation pepino, pepino dulce (Spanish); melon-poire, poire-
outside native area. melon (French).
References: Dalziel 1948, Irvine 1961. Origin: Southwestern South America.
Distribution: Jrop\ca\ America; limited introduction
elsewhere.
Solanaceae Cultural requirements: Subtropical to tropical high-
land climate with cool to hot days, cool nights,
and well-distributed rainfall. Prefers light, fertile,
Cyphomandra betacea Sendt. well-drained soils. Grows poorly in hot tropical
Common names: tree tomato (English); arbol de lowlands. Not tolerant of freezing temperatures.
tomates, palo de tomate (Spanish); tomate d'arbre Description: Herbaceous shrub to 1 m. Propagation
(French); tomate francés (Portuguese). by seed. Fruit ovoid to ellipsoid, 5-20 cm long;
Origin: South America. external color green, white, or yellow, often with
Distribution: Tropical highlands and warm subtropics. purple stripes; internal color white or yellow.
Cultural requirements: Grows best in frost-free Good selections in Ecuador, Peru, and Chile.
climate with warm days, cool nights, well- Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, canned, preserved.
distributed rainfall. Prefers light, mildly acid soil. Flavor sweet to subacid, much variation in quality;
Not tolerant of wind, root-knot nematodes. moderate appeal. Good potential for commercial
Description: Herbaceous shrub to 4 m. Propagation production.
by seed, cuttings. Fruit production in 1-2 years References: Fouqué 1974, Popenoe 1924.
from seed. Some trees flower all year. Fruit set
only if night temperatures cool. Fruit matures in
60-90 days. Fruit conical to ellipsoid, 4-6 cm Solanum quitoense Lam.
long, 3-5 cm wide; external color yellow, red, or Common names: naranjilla (English); lulo, naranjilla,
purple; internal color yellow or orange. naranjilla de Quito (Spanish); morelle de Quito;
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh but used mostly in jams, naranjilla (French).
sauces. Flavor subacid to sour, some rather Origin: South America (Andes).
strong; moderate appeal. Fair potential for Distribution: Some introduction into other areas but
processing in highland Tropics, subtropics. not common outside South America.
References: Fletcher 1965, Fouqué 1974. Cultural requirements: Cool, moist tropical highlands
with light, fertile, well-drained soil. Not tolerant of
frost, wind, root-knot nematodes. Does not grow
or set fruit well in hot tropical lowlands.
Description: Herbaceous shrub to 2 m. Propagation
by seed (grafting on nematode-resistant root-
stocks has been done experimentally). Fruit
production in 10-13 months from seed. Flowers
all year. Plants hermaphroditic, self-fertile. Fruit
matures in 50-60 days. Fruit globose to ovoid, 3-5
cm long, 4-6 cm in diameter, in clusters of 3-4;
external color yellow or orange, internal green.
Utilization: Juice consumed fresh, mixed with other
juices, used as flavoring in desserts. Flavor
subacid; universal appeal. Good potential for
limited commercial production in areas with
suitable climate.
References: Gattoni 1957, Ledin 1952, Schultes and
Cuatrecasas 1953.
Figure 30.—Tree tomato, Cyphomandra, on
lanky branches.

Solanum topiro Humb. et BonpL (mistakenly called

S. hyporhodium)
Common names: cocona (English); cocona, lulo,
topiro (Spanish).

62
 Major Fruits

Origin: South America (upper Amazon). Utilization: Seeds eaten fresh, roasted; source of
Distribution: South America; some introduction else- cooking oil; adulterant for chocolate. Flavor nutty;
where but rare. moderate appeal. Purgative if eaten in quantity.
Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands Little potential for cultivation as food crop.
with light well-drained soils. Not tolerant of root- References: Burkill 1935, Dalziel 1948, Neal 1965.
knot nematodes.
Description: Herbaceous shrub to 2 m. Propagation
by seed. Fruit ovoid, 7-10 cm in diameter; external Sterculia monosperma Ventenat ( = S. nobilis Smith)
color white or yellow, sometimes with purple Common names: China chestnut, noble battle tree
markings; internal color whitish. (English); pheng phok (Thai).
Utilization: Pulp made into preserves; eaten fresh Origin: China, Thailand.
only to small extent. Flavor sweet, insipid; limited Distribution: China, Thailand, Sumatra, Taiwan.
appeal. Little potential because of limited Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands.
adaptability. Tolerates a variety of soil conditions.
Reference: Fouqué 1974. Description: Tree to 13 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit
9 cm long, 5 cm in diameter, in clusters of 12 or
more; external color red; seeds black.
Sterculiaceae Utilization: Seeds eaten after cooking. Little potential
for wider cultivation.
Cola acuminata Schott et Endl. (a very similar Reference: Molesworth Allen 1967.
species is C. nitida A. Chev.)
Common names: cola nut, kola nut (English); obi
abata (west Africa). Theobroma bicolor Numb, et Bonpl.
Origin: Tropical Africa. Common names: mocambo, pataste (Spanish); cacao
Distribution: Widely introduced into Tropics. do Perú (Portuguese).
Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands Origin: Mexico, Central and South America.
with fertile, well-drained, medium-acid soil high in Distribution: Introduced elsewhere into Tropics but
organic content. Not tolerant of high-pH soils or not common outside tropical America.
frost. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands.
Description: Tree to 20 m (usually smaller). Propaga- Description: Tree to 12 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit
tion by seed, layering, cuttings. Fruit 20 cm long, ellipsoid, 15-20 cm long, 10-11 cm in diameter.
6-7 cm in diameter, solitary; external color brown, Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh. Seeds roasted, cooked
internal whitish; seeds white, red, or pink. with other foods. Flavor of pulp subacid, pleasant;
Utilization: Seeds used fresh as masticatory and as odor somewhat disagreeable. Little potential for
source of extracts for beverages and drugs. No commercial production.
potential as food crop. Moderate potential in References: Fouqué 1974, Leon 1968.
production of beverages and stimulants.
References: Burkill 1935, Dalziel 1948, Irvine 1961.
Theobroma cacao L.
Common names: cocoa, cacao (English); cacao
Sterculia foetida L. (Spanish); cacao, cacaotier (French); cacau
Common names: Java olive (English); kelumpang (Portuguese).
(Malaya); sam (Thai). Origin: South America.
Origin: Tropical Asia. Distribution: Pantropic.
Distribution: Pantropic. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands
Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands with with fertile well-drained soils. Often grown in light
medium to high rainfall. Adapted to variety of soil shade. Not tolerant of frost.
types, seasonal dry period. Description: Tree to 8 m. Propagation by seed,
Description: Tree to 16 m. Propagation by seed. layering, cuttings, grafting. Flowers June-July,
Polygamous; some trees evidently need cross- September-October (Northern Hemisphere). Self-
pollination for fruit set. Fruit lobed, 7 cm long, 12 steriljty common; cross-pollination desirable. Fruit
cm in diameter; external color brown to red; seeds matures in 120-150 days. Fruit ellipsoid, 15-30 cm
bluish or gray. long; external color yellow, orange, red, purple, or
brown; pulp white, pink, or brown.

63
Chapter 2

Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh; flavor subacid, pleasant. Description: Tree to 20 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit
Seeds processed into chocolate. Not important 2 cm long, external color black.
for pulp; very important as source of chocolate. Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, candied, mixed with
Good potential for greater production. Commer- other fruits and used in various ways. Flavor
cial production in many areas of hot Tropics. sweet (resembles prune). Widely used in native
References: Chatt 1953, Ochse et al. 1961, Urquhart area; little potential for cultivation elsewhere.
1962. References: Dalziel 1948, Eggeling 1940, Irvine 1961.

Theobroma grandiflorum K. Schum.

Vitaceae
Common names: cupuassu (English); cupuacu
(Portuguese).
Origin: Brazil. Vitis vinifera L.
Common names: grape (English); uva (Spanish);
Distribution: Some introduction elsewhere into
raisin (French).
Tropics but common only in Amazon.
Origin: Eurasia.
Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands.
Distribution: Tropics, subtropics, Temperate Zone.
Description: Tree to 20 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit
Cultural requirements: Best development in sub-
12-25 cm long, 10-12 cm in diameter; external
tropical and temperate regions with fertile well-
color brown, internal yellowish or whitish.
drained soils and good supply of soil moisture
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, in beverages. Flavor
during growing season. In these regions,
subacid, aromatic; high appeal. Important in
dormancy is induced by cool weather. In some hot
native area. Evaluation of potential elsewhere
needed. tropical areas fruit production is achieved by
pruning or withholding water to induce dormancy.
References: Cavalcante 1974, Fouque 1974.
In general, grapes are not well adapted to the hot,
wet, lowland Tropics.
Description: \NooOY deciduous vine. Propagation by
Strychnaceae
cuttings, grafting. Fruit production in 3-4 years.
Flowering occurs after dormant period. Fruit
Strychnos spinosa Lam.
matures in 90 or more days. Fruit globose to
Common names: Kaffir orange, monkey ball (English).
ellipsoid, in large clusters; external color green,
Origin: Africa.
yellow, red, or purple; internal color white, pink, or
Distribution: Introduced into many areas but not
red.
common outside Africa.
Utilization: Fruit eaten fresh, dried; made into jellies,
Cultural requirements: Hot, dry tropical or subtropical
jams, wine, juice. Flavor sweet; universal appeal.
savanna. Tolerant of light frost.
Widely grown on a commercial scale, with many
Description: Shrub or tree to 10 m. Propagation by
varieties adapted to subtropical and temperate
seed. Fruit globose, 10-12 cm in diameter;
regions. Varieties adapted to the Tropics are
external color yellowish orange, internal yellowish
needed to stimulate more commercial production,
brown.
for which there is good potential.
Utilization: Pulp eaten fresh, fermented to make
References: Araque 1969, Olmo 1970, Tafurt et al
alcoholic beverage. Flavor subacid; moderate 1969.
appeal. Little potential for cultivation as food
crop.

Verbenaceae

Vitex doniana Sweet (= V. cuneata K. Schum. et

Thonn., V. cienl<owskii Kotschy et Perr.)
Common names: black plum, African plum (English);
prune noire (French); koro (Africa).
Origin: Africa.
Distribution: Africa.
Cultural requirements: Hot tropical climate; savanna
and deciduous forest with low to medium rainfall.

64
3. Citrus Fruits and Their Relatives

The fruits commonly called citrus belong to three concerning citrus fruit varieties and their status is
genera, Citrus, Fortunella, and Poncirus, in the family Hodgson (1967).
Rutaceae. There are numerous cultivated varieties,
many named hybrids, and many fruits of uncertain Principal Citrus Fruits
origin and relationship. Citrus is produced from the
warm Temperate Zone to the hottest parts of the The major citrus fruit species and varieties are given in
Tropics (fig. 7), and the fruits and their products are table 1, some minor species are included because they
shipped eveywhere. The best source of information represent a distinct fruit type.

Table 1.—Principal cultivated varieties of Citrus, Fortunella, and Poncirus

Species, group, and variety Note Valued

Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck, sweet orange:

Common group:
Baräo; Brazilian 3
Belladonna Italian 3
Berna (Bedmar, Bernia, Verda, Spanish 2
Verna, Vernia)
Biondo Comune (Nostrale Liscio). . . Italian 3
Biondo Piccio Italian 3
Cadenera (Cadena Fina, Orero, .... Spanish 1
Précoce de Canarias, Prococe de
Valence, Sin Jueso, Valencia sans
Pépins)
Calabrese (Ovale) Italian 1
Castellana Spanish 3
Clanor(Lanwilliam) South African 3
Hamiin (Morris) Floridian 1
Homosassa Floridian 3
Jaffa (Florida Jaffa) Floridian 2
Joppa Widespread 3
Khettmali (Hitmali, Khatmali) Lebanese 3
Macetera Spanish 3
Malta (Malta Common) Indian 3
Maltaise Blonde (Maltaise, Petite .. North African 2
Jaffa, Portugaise Blonde)
Maltaise Ovale (California or Careys Mediterranean
Mediterranean Sweet, Maltese
Oval)
Marrs (Marrs Early) Texan 3
Mosambi (Mosambique) Indian 3
Natal Brazilian 3
Parson (Parson Brown) Floridian 2
Pera Floridian (Brazilian) 1
Pineapple Floridian 2
Pope (Glen Summer, Pope Summer) Floridian 4
Premier Rhodesian 2
Queen Floridian 3
Salustiana Spanish 2
Sathgudi Indonesian 4
Seleta (Selecta, Siletta) Portuguese (Australian) 2
Shamouti (Chamouti, Jaffaoui, Israeli 3
Laffaoui, Palestine Jaffa)

65
Chapter 3

Table 1.—Principal cultivated varieties of Citrus, Fortunella, and Ponc/ri/s—Continued

Species, group, and variety Note Value^

Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck, sweet orange:

Common group—Con.
Shamouti Masri (Egyptian Egyptian 3
Shamouti, Khalily White)
Valencia (Hart Late, Hart's Tardiff, Portuguese 1
Valencia Late)
Vicieda (Viciedo) Spanish 3
Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck, sweet orange:
Sugar group:
Lima Brazilian 3
Succari (Sukkari) Egyptian 3
Sucrena(Cavamiel, Grande de Oro, . Spanish 3
Imperial, Real)
Vainiglia (Dolce, Maltese, Vaniglia . Italian 4
Pigmented group:
Bloodred (Blood Red Malta) Mediterranean, Indian, 3
Pakistani
Doblefina (Blood Oval, Morlotte, ... Spanish 2
Oval Sangre, Rojo Oval,
Sanguina Oval, Sanguine Ovale)
Doublefine Ameliroee (Gross Spanish (North African) 2
Sanguine, Pedro Veyrot,
Washington Sanguine,
Washington Sangre)
Entrefina (Inglesa) Spanish 4
Maltaise Sanguine (Portugaise) Maltese 3
Moro (Belladonna Sanguigno) Sicilian 3
Murtera Spanish 4
Ruby (Ruby Blood) Mediterranean (U.S.A.) 3
Sanguigno Semplice Sicilian 4
SanguinelloComune Italian 3
Sanguinello Moscato Sicilian 3
Spanish Sanguinelli(Sanguinella, .. Spanish 3
Sanguinelli)
Tarocco(Taroccodal Muso, Italian 2
Tarocco di Francoponte)
Tarocco Liscio(Calabrese Sicilian 3
Sanguigno, Tarocco Ovalo)
Tomango South African 3
Navel group:
Australian Brazilian 4
Baianinha Piracicaba Brazilian 2
Frost Washington Californian 1
Gillette Californian 2
Leng Australian 2
Navelina (Dalmau) Californian (Spanish) 3
Oberholzer(Oberholzer Palmer) South African 2
Robertson Californian 3
Thompson (Thomson Improved) Californian 3
Washington (Bahia, Baia, Baina, ... Brazilian (U.S.A.) 1
Riverside)

66
 Citrus Fruits and Their Relatives

Table 1.—Principal cultivated varieties of Citrus, Fortunella, and Ponc/rt/s—Continued

Species, group, and variety Note Value^

Citrus aurantium (L) sour or bitter orange:

Comnnon group:
Seedlings Widespread 2
Sevillano (Agrio de España, Real).. . Spanish 1
Bittersweet group:
Bittersweet Floridian 3
Paraguay (Apepu) Paraguayan 3
Variant group:
Abies Narrow Leaf Algerian 3
Bouquet (Bouquet de Fleurs) French 3
Bouquetier a Grandes Fleurs French 3
(Bouquetier a Peau Epaisse)
Bouquetier de Nivea (Fleurs Doubles) French 3
Kabasu Japanese 3
Kikudaidai Japanese 3
Variegated (Panache) Californian 3
Willowleaf Unknown 4
Zadaidai Japanese 2
Myrtle-leaf group:
Boxwood Leaf Chinotto Mediterranean 3
(Chinois a Fou Bois)
Crispifolia Chinotto (Crinkle Leaf. . . Mediterranean 3
Chinotto)
Dwarf Chinotto Mediterranean 3
Large Chinotto Mediterranean 3

Citrus bergamia Risso, bergannot:

Castagnaro Mediterranean 3
Femminello Mediterranean 3
Melarosa Mediterranean 4
Piccola (Petite) Mediterranean 4
Torulosa (Striata) Mediterranean 4

Citrus unshiu Marc, marcovitch, satsuma mandarin:

Early (Wase) group:
Aoe Japanese 2
Iseki Japanese 4
Matsuyama Japanese 3
Miho Japanese 3
Miyagawa Japanese 1
Okitsu Japanese 2
Late (Unshu) group:
Hayashi Japanese 2
Ishikawa Japanese 2
Nankan No. 4 Japanese 2
Owari Japanese 3
Silverhill Floridian 4
Sugiyami Japanese 1
Citrus nobilis Loureiro, king mandarin:
King Malayan 3

67
Chapter 3

Table 1.—Principal cultivated varieties of Citrus, Fortunella, and Pone/rus—Continued

Species, group, and variety Note Valued

Citrus deliciosa Tenore, Mediterranean mandarin:

Mediterranean Common (Willowleaf) Mediterranean

Citrus reticulate Blanco, common mandarin:

Beauty (Glen) Australian 2
Campeona Uruguayan 2
Clementina (Algerian) North African 1
Cravo (Laranja Cravo) Portuguese 3
Dancy Indian 1
Ellendale (Ellendale Beauty) Australian 2
Emperor (Emperor of Canton) Australian 3
Encore Californian 3
Fairchild Californian 2
Fewtrell (Fewtrell's Early) Australian 3
Fortune Californian 3
Fremont Floridian 3
Imperial Australian 1
Kara Californian 3
Kinnow/ Californian 2
Lee Floridian 3
Murcot(Murcott Honey, Smith) Floridian 2
Nova Floridian 2
Ortanique Jamaican 2
Osceola Floridian 3
Page Floridian 3
Ponkan (Nagpur, Warnuco) Floridian 2
Robison Floridian 2
Tankan Chinese 3
Wilking Californian 3

Figure 31.—Willow mandarin, an old variety

of Citrus reticulata.

68
 Citrus Fruits and Tineir Relatives

Table 1.—Principal cultivated varieties of Citrus, Fortunella, and Ponc/rus—Continued

Species, group, and variety Note Valued

Mandarinlike fruits (often hybrids):

Tanger group:
Dweet Californian 3
Mency Californian 3
Temple Jamaican 2
Umatilla Floridian 3
Tángelo group:
Allspice Californian 3
Minneola Floridian 2
Orlando Floridian 3
Seminóle Floridian 4
Thornton Floridian 4
Ugli Jamaican 2

Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck, pummelo:

Common group:
Bampeiyu Malaysian 1
Hirado Japanese 1
Kao Pan (Kao Panne) Thailandese 1
Kao Phunag Thailandese 1
Mato Chinese 2
Tahitian (Moanalua) Borneo 3
Pigmented group:
Chandler Californian 2
Ogami Japanese 2
Pandan Benor Indonesian 1
Pandan Wangi Indonesian 1
Siamese Pink (Slam) Thailandese 2
Thong Dee Thailandese 2
Sweet or nonacid group:
Siamese Sweet Thailandese 3
Ama (Mikado) Japanese 3

Citrus paradisi Macfad., grapefruit:

Common group:
Duncan Floridian 2
Marsh Floridian 1
Triumph Floridian 3
Walters Floridian 4
Pigmented group:
Foster (Foster Pink) Floridian 3
Redbush (Red Marsh, Red, Red .... Texan 1
Seedless, Ruby)
Thompson (Pink Marsh) Floridian

Fruits like grapefruit

Tángelo group:
K-Early Floridian
Chapter 3

Table 1. —Principal cultivated varieties of Citrus, Fortunella, and Ponc/yt/s—Continued

Species, group, and variety Note Value^

Fruits like grapefruit—Con.

Orangelo group:
Chironja Puerto Rican 3
Natsudaidai Japanese 1
Poornnan (Poornnan Orange) Oriental 2
Wfieeny Grapefruit Australian 3

Citrus medica L., citron:

Acid group:
Diamante (Cedro Liscio) Italian 2
Etrog (Atrog, Ethirog) Israeli 2
Sw/eet group:
Corsian Corsican 2

'X$^^gB3iHKraaiifegey^.

^1 " Tîirïliffilïïïï'^^'iFÎlIgTTWTiTrTi^ -^

b^£* , ,, „

Figure 32.—Chironja, probably a hybrid of

orange and grapefruit, under
development In Puerto Rico.

70
 Citrus Fruits and Their Relatives

Table 1.—Principal cultivated varieties of Citrus, Fortunella, and Ponc/rus—Continued

Species, group, and variety Note Value^

Citrus limon (L) Burm, f., lemon:

Acid group:
Berna (Bernia, Verna, Vernia) Spanish 1
Eureka Californian 1
Femminello Ovale (Comune, Italian 2
Ruvittaru)
Femminello Sfusato Italian 3
(Favazzina, Siracusa)
Interdonata (Spéciale) Italian 3
Lisbon Portuguese 1
IVIesero Spanish 3
Monachello Italian 2
Villafrancha Sicilian 2
Sweet group:
Dorshapo Brazilian 4

Fruits similar to lemon

Meyer Chinese 2
Rough Indian 2

Figure 33.—A tropical lemon as large as a grapefruit.

Chapter 3

Table 1. —Principal cultivated varieties of Citrus, Fortunella, and Poncirus—ConWnueá

Species, group, and variety Note Value^

Citrus aurantifolia (L.) Swingle, lime:

Small fruited acid group:
West Indian (Key, Mexican) Widely extended 1
Large fruited acid group:
Tahiti (Persian) Mediterranean 2
Bearss (Bearss Seedless) Floridian 2

Citrus limettioides Tan.

Indian Sw/eet, Palestine Indian 3

Fortunella margarita (Lour.) Swingle, kumquat:

Nagami, Oval Japanese 2

Fortunella crassifolia Swingle

Meiwa, Large Round Japanese 3

Fortunella japónica (Tfiunb.) Swingle

Marumi, Round Japanese 3

Fortunella hindsii (Champ.) Swingle

Hongkong Japanese, Chinese 3

Fortunella obovata Tan.

Changshow Japanese, Chinese 4

Fortunella polyandra (Ridl.) Tan.

Malayan Malaysian 4

Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf., trifoliate orange:

Root-stock group:
Rubidoux Calfornian 1

Figure 3A. —Poncirus trifoliata, a trifoliate

orange with small fruits and large thorns.

72
 Citrus Fruits and Their Relatives

Table 1.—Principal cultivated varieties of Citrus, Fortunella, and Ponc/r¿7s—Continued

Species, group, and variety Note Value^

Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Rat., trifoliate orange—Con.

Ornamental group:
Flying Dragon Japanese 3
Hybrid group:
Carrizo Floridian 1

^Value: 1, Widespread, highly commercial-

ized, very important. 2, Widespread,
somewhat commercialized, very promising. 3,
Localized use or little known, but
appreciated. 4, Minor importance.

Other Fruits of the Orange Subfamily

Other fruits in subfamily Aurantioideae are given in table

2. These fruits, having citruslike characteristics, are
many in number, widely scattered, and often unknown
except in localized areas. The work of Swingle and Reece
(1967) has been very useful in making up this table.

Table 2.—Fruits of the orange subfamily Aurantioideae, excluding Citrus, Fortunella,

and Poncirus

Species Common name Origin Use Value^

Aegle mérmelos (L.)Corr, . . . Indian bael India Pulp, eaten fresh, 1

used in drinks
Afraegle paniculata (Schum. Powder-flask fruit . . West Africa Oil extracted
etThonn.) from seeds
Atalantia monophylla Kurz. . Indian atlantia India Immature fruits 3
pickled
Citropsis articulate (\N'\\\(i.) . West African cherry West Africa Fruit eaten fresh 4
Swingle et M. Kell. orange
Citropsis schweinfurthii ... Uganda cherry orange East Africa Fruit eaten fresh 4
Swingle
C/irops/s fana/cae Swingle etSierra Leone cherry East Africa Fruit eaten fresh 4
M. Kell orange
Clauseneenisete(W\\\ó.) ... Mokolokale Southern... Fruit eaten fresh 4
Hook f. Africa
Clausena anisum-olens Kayumanis Philippines Fruit eaten fresh, 3
(Blanco) Merr. fermented into
liquor
Clausene dentate var. dulcis Indian wampee, .... India Fruit eaten fresh 2
(Bedd.) Swingle wampi
Chapter 3

Table 2. —Fruits of the orange subfamily Aurantioideae, excluding Citrus, Fortunella,

and Fonc/rus—Continued

Species Common name Origin Use Value^

Clausena dentate var. henryi Ichang China Fruit eaten fresh 4

Swingle
Clausena excavata Burm. f. . Pink limeberry China Fruit eaten fresh, 4
leaves stewed in
curry
Clausena heptaphylla (Roxb.) Karumphul Southeast . . Leaves used to . . 4
Wight, et Am. Asia flavor chewing
tobacco
Clausena indica (Dalz.) Oliv India Fruit eaten fresh 4
Clausena lansium (Lour.) . . . Wampee China Fruit eaten fresh 2
Skeels
Clausena lunulata Hayata . . Hime-wannpi Taiwan Fruit eaten fresh 2
Clausena mollis Merr Wampee Philippines Fruit eaten fresh 4
Clymenia polyandra (Jan.) . . Clymenia New Ireland Fruit eaten fresh 3
Swingle
Eremocitrus glauca (L'\r\ó\.) . Australian desert Australia... Fruit used in juice 3
Swingle lime and jam
Feronia //mon/a Swingle. . . . Wood apple Tropical Asia Fruit eaten fresh, 3
used in drinks,
desserts
Feroniella lucida (Scheit) .. Java feroniella .... Indonesia .. Fruit eaten fresh 4
Swingle
Feroniella oblata S\N'\r\g\e .. Indochina feroniella Indochina .. Cooked fruit used 4
as condiment
Glycosmis citrofolia (Willd.) Chinese glycosmis . China Fruit eaten fresh 4
Lindl.
Glycosmis pentaphylla Correa Glycosmis Tropical Asia Fruit eaten fresh 4
Hesperethusa crenulata . . . Hesperethusa India, Cooked fruit used 3
(Roxb.) Roem. Indochina as condiment
Luvunga scandens (Roxb.) . . Trifoliate liana-lime India, Fruit used for . . . 4
Buch.-Ham. Southeast perfumed
Asia medicine oil
Microcitrus australasica(F.. Australian finger. . . Australia... Fruit eaten fresh 4
Muell.) Swingle lime
Microcitrus australis Australia . . . Fruit eaten fresh 4
(Planch.) Swingle
Microcitrus garrowayi(f. M. Garroway's ........ Australia . . . Fruit eaten fresh 4
Bail.) Swingle Australian lime
Microcitrus warburgiana ... NewGuinea wild.. . Papua New Fruit eaten fresh 4
(F. M. Bail.)Tanaka lime Guinea

74
 Citrus Fruits and Their Relatives

Table 2.—Fruits of the orange subfamily Aurantioideae, excluding Citrus, Fortunella,

and Ponc/Vivs—Continued

Species Common name Origin Use Valued

Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. Curry leaf Tropical Asia Leaf used to
flavor curries
Murraya paniculata (L.) Jasmine orange . . . China Ripe fruit, leaves
W. Jack used as
condiment
Severinia buxifolia Tenore .. Chinese box orange China, India Leaves used in
Chinese yeast
cake
Severinia disticha (Blanco).. Philippine box Vietnam, . . . Fruit eaten fresh
Swingle orange Philippines
Triphasia trifolia (Burma, f.) Triphasia, limeberry Southeast . , Fruit candied;
P. Wilson Asia ornamental

''Value: 1 Widespread, higtily commercialized,

very important. 2, Widespread, somewhat
commercialized, very promising. 3, Localized
use or little known, but appreciated. 4, Minor
importance.

Figure 35. —rr/p/7as/a trifolia, foliage, flowers,

and fruits.

75
Chapter 3

Other Minor Fruits of the Family Rutaceae

Rutaceae contains many other genera with edible

species. Usually these fruits, given in table 3, do not
resennble citrus. The best source of information about
them is Tanaka (1976).

Table 3.—Minor species of the family Rutaceae, excluding the subfamily Aurantioideae

Species Common name Where found Use

Acronychia pedunculataW\q. . Baiba, bai bai India, Southeast Asia Pulp eaten fresh,
leaves raw.
Adenandra formosana Hayata Ang-tan Okinawa, Taiwan . . . Pulp eaten fresh.
Adenandra fragrans Roem. et South Africa Pulp, leaves
Schult. brewed as tea.
Adenandra ryukyuensis Okinawa Pulp eaten fresh.
Masamune
Calodendron capensis Thunb. Cape chestnut South Africa Nuts eaten.
Casimiroa edulis Llave et Lex. White sapote, Mexico, Central .... Pulp eaten fresh.
Mexican apple America
Correa alba Andr Cape Barren tea Australia Tea brewed from
leaves.
Evodia daniellii Hemsl Sui-nam Korea, northern China Oil extracted from
pulp and seeds.
Evodia fraxinifolia Hook, f Kanukpa Bengal, Nepal Oil extracted from
pulp and seeds.
Evodia lunu-ankenda Merr Stenggek .... Thailand, Malaysia, Leaves used as
burong India tea.
Evodia ptelaefolia Merr Awadan Taiwan, southern . . . Tea brewed from
China, Vietnam leaves.
Fagara chalybea Engler Iguga Tropical Africa Leaves used as
condiments.
Fagara inaequalis Engler Bolongolo .... Tropical Africa Oil extracted from
seeds.
Fagara lemaire De Wild Bolongolo .... Niger, Zaire Oil extracted from
seeds.
Fagara okinawensis Nakai.. .. Shima-mu- ... Okinawa Shoots used as
zanshô condiment.
Fagara zanthoxyloides Lam Western tropical ... Dried leaves used
Africa as condiment.
Feretia apodanthera Del Northern Cameroon Seeds brewed as
coffee.
Melicope ternata Forst Ternate-leaved New Zealand Gums chewed.
melicope
Melicope triphylla Merr Wadan Okinawa Leaves cooked.
Orixa japónica Thunb Ko-kusagi .... China, Japan Leaves cooked.
Orixa swynnertoniiyeró Zimbabwe Pulp eaten fresh.
Ptelea tomentosa Rafin Southwestern U.S.A. Pulp eaten fresh.
Ptelea trifoliata L Wafer ash, ... North America Fruit used to flavor
common hop beer,
tree.
Ruta graveolens L Rue Throughout Leaves used as
Temperate Zone condiment,
and Tropics

76
 Citrus Fruits and Their Relatives

Table 3.—Minor species of the family Rutaceae, excluding the subfamily Aurantioideae—
Continued

Species Common name Where found Use

Ruta tuberculata Forsk Iran, Arabia, north . . Oil extracted from

Africa leaves.
Skimmia laureola Sieb, et Zuce India Oil extracted from
leaves.
Teclea afzelii Engler West Africa Fruit eaten fresh.
Teclea englerima Kimena Zaire Fruit eaten fresh.
Teclea natalensis Bastard South Africa Fruit eaten fresh.
ironwood
Toddalia aculeata Pers Wild orange .. India, Sri Lanka,.... Leaves and pulp
Madagascar chewed.
Toddalia asiática Lam Daung Okinawa, Philippines Fruit eaten fresh,
leaves used as
condiment.

Figure Z&.—Chaetospermum glutinosum, a

handsome fruit not used as a food.

77
Chapter 3

Table 3.—Minor species of the family Rutaceae, excluding the subfannily Aurantioideae—
Continued

Species Common name Where found Use

Zanthoxylum acanthopodium Laos Leaves used as

DC. condiment.
Zanthoxylum ailanthoides S\eb. Karasu-zanshô Japan, China, Korea, Leaves are eaten
et Zuce. Taiwan
Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb. .. . Timbur China, Taiwan, Fruit, leaves used
Malaysia as condiment.
Zanthoxylum avicennae DC. .. Cay sen lai ... Southern China,.... Leaves used as
Taiwan condiment.
Zanthoxylum beecheyanum . . Hire-zanshô .. Okinawa Fruit and bark used
K. Koch. as condiment.
Zanthoxylum budrunga Wall.. . Clavarier Asian Tropics Various parts used
as condiment.
Zanthoxylum coreanum Nakai 0-shanshô . .. Korea Leaves eaten fresh.
Zanthoxylum heterophyllum Madagascar, Réunion Fruit, bark used
Smith as condiment.
Zanthoxylum nitidum DC Sung China, Vietnam .... Leaves, seeds used
as condiment,
made into
beverage.
Zanthoxylum oxyphyllum Edgw. Mezenga India Shoots eaten frosh.
Zanthoxylum piperatum DC. . . Sanshô Japan, China Leaves, fruit, bark
used as
condiment.
Zanthoxylum planispinum S\eb. Fuyu-sanshô . Japan, China, Korea, Peel used as
et Zuce. condiment.
Zanthoxylum rhetsa DC Baharmani .. . India, Iran, Indonesia Seeds, rind, bark
used as
condiment.
Zanthoxylum schinifolium S\eb. Inu-zanshô ... Japan, China, Korea Leaves, fruit eaten
fresh.
Zanthoxylum senegalense DC. Senegal prickly Senegal Fruit eaten fresh,
ash fermented.
Zanthoxylum simulans Hance Pepper bush .. China Fruit used as
condiment.
Zanthoxylum triphyllum Wight India Fruit used as
condiment.
Zanthoxylum usitatum Lanessak Xuong Vietnam Fruit used as
condiment.

78
4. Minor Fruits of the Americas

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used

Actinidaceae

Saurauia pulchra
Sprague Moquillo Colombia Pulp

Alangiaceae

Metteniusa edulis
Karst Kanji Colonnbia Seed

Anacardiaceae

Anacard ium
excelsum Skeels Caracoli' Colombia Peduncle
Anacardium humile
St. Hil. Monkey nut Brazil Nut
Anacardium
macrocarpa Engler Caju-assu Brazil Fruit stalk
Anacardium
microcarpum Ducke Caju-do-cannpo Brazil Fruit stalk
Anacardium nanum
St. Hil. Brazil Nut
Anacardium negrense
Pires et Froes. Cajutim Brazil Nut
Anacardium pumilum
St. Hil. Cajueiro rasteiro Brazil Nut
Anacardium
rfiinocarpus DC. Wild cashew, Brazil Nut
caracoli
Anacardium
spruceanum Benth. Cajuaçu Brazil Nut

Campnosperma
panamensis Standl. Sajo Colombia Pulp

Poupartia amazónica
Ducke Cerdo branco Brazil Pulp
Seh i nus iatifolius
Engler Chilean pepper Chile Pulp (wine)
tree
Schinus moiie L. California Brazil Pulp (wine)
pepper tree

Spondias macrocarpa
Engler Taperyba assu Brazil Pulp
Spondias
myrobalanus Veil. Brazil Pulp
Spondias venuiosa
Mart. Brazil Pulp

79
Chapter 4

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used

Annonaceae

Annona acutiflora
Mart. Pau de Guiñe Brazil Pulp
Annona cinérea
Dona! Rinón Venezuela Pulp
Annona coriácea
Mart. Araticum-de- Brazil Pulp
tabuleiro
Annona cornifolia St.
Hil. Aranticó mirim Brazil Pulp
Annona crassiflora
Mart. Marolo Brazil Pulp
Annona densiconia
Mart. Araticum-do- Brazil Pulp
mato
Annona exalbida Veil. Araticum alvadio Brazil Pulp
Annona furfuracea St.
Hil. Araticum grande Brazil Pulp
Annona glabra L Pond apple Florida, South Pulp
America,
West Indies
Annona globiflora
Schlecht. Anonita de Mexico Pulp
papagayos
Annona involucrata
Raiil
LJCll 1 1 . Central America, Pulp
Trinidad
Annona jalinii Saff. Manirito Venezuela Pulp
Colombia
Annona longiflora S.
Wats. Wild cherimoya Mexico Pulp
Annona lutescens
Saff. Central America Pulp
Annona marcgravii
Mart. Pohne Central America Pulp
Annona montana
Macfad. Mountain Brazil Pulp
soursop West Indies
Annona nutans R. E.
Fries Araticunn Paraguay Pulp
Annona paludosa
Abu! Guiana Pulp
Annona palustris L Araticunn-paná Brazil Pulp
Annona pisonis M. Araticunn apê Brazil Pulp
Annona punctata
Abul. Guiana Pulp
Annona rodriguessi
Barb. South America Pulp
Annona sancta-crucis
S. Moore South America Pulp

80
 Minor Fruits of the Americas

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Annona scleroderma
Saff. Poshte Central America, Pulp
Mexico
Anona testudínea
Saff. Annona de! Central America Pulp
nnonte

Coussapoa ruizii
Klotzsch. Cibuero South America Pulp

Duguetia bracteosa
Mart. Pinhao Brazil Pulp
Duguetia lanceolata
St. Hil. Beribazeiro Brazil Pulp
Duguetia longifolia
Baill. Guiana, Pulp
Trinidad, Peru
Duguetia
marcgraviana Mart. Brazil Pulp
^ r'
Duguetia spiaxana
Mart. Biribarana Brazil Pulp

Porcelia nitidifolia
Ruiz et Pav. Peru Pulp
I 1-J 1 f^

Porcelia saffordiana
Rusby Bolivia Pulp

Rollinia discreta L. Guiana Pulp

RoHinia edulis Tr. et
PI. Anón Colombia Pulp
Rollinia em arg i nata
Schlecht. Mirinn Brazil Pulp, seeds
Rollinia jimenzii Saff. Anonilla Costa Rica Pulp
Rollinia lau ri fol i a
Schlecht. Anonilla Costa Rica Pulp
Rollinia longifolia St.
Hil. Brazil Pulp
Rollinia multiflora Anoncillo Surinam Pulp
Rollinia mucosa Baill. Wild cachimán Tropical Pulp
South America,
West Indies
Rollinia orthopetala
A. DC. Biribá South America Pulp
Rollinia
pulcherinervia A. DC. Guiana Pulp
Rollinia sylvatica St.
Hil. Articunn do mato Brazil Pulp

RoHiniopsis discreta
Saff. Fructa de macaco Brazil Pulp

¡Innna riiRCreta L. Guiana Pulp

81
Chapter 4

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Apocynaceae

Ahouai nítida M.
Pichón Tomate del diablo Colombia Pulp

Ambelania acida
Aubl. Pepito do mato Brazil Pulp
Ambeiania tenuifolia
MuelL-Arg. Pepito do mato Brazil Pulp

Bonafousia longituba
Mgf. Paiuetu Brazil Pulp
Bonafousia
tetrastachya Mgf. Azúcar Colombia Pulp

Couma guianensis
Abul. Sorva Guiana, Brazil Pulp
Couma macrocarpa
Barb. Sorva grande Brazil Pulp
Couma rigida
Muell.-Arg. Itapeuá Brazil Pulp
Couma utiiis Muell. Couma, huansoco Brazil Pulp

Lacmelia edulis Karst Lechemiel Venezuela Pulp

Lacmelia floribunda
Benth. et Hook. f. Tachuelo Colombia' Pulp
Lacmelia speciosa Perillo Colombia Pulp

Macoubea guianensis Pequia nut Brazil, Guiana Nut

Parahancornia ampa
Ducke Amapá Brazil Pulp

Vallesia glabra Cav. Central America Pulp

Florida, West
Indies

Zsc/7o/c/cea
arborescens
Muell.-Arg. Molongo Brazil Pulp

Araceae

Montrichardia
arborescens Schott Arracacho Colombia Seeds

Philodendron
bipinnatifidum Schott Banana de macaco Brazil Pulp

82
 Minor Fruits of the Americas

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Araucariaceae

Araucarie brasiliensis
Lam. Pinheiro brasileiro Brazil Seeds

Asclepiadaceae

Vincetoxicum selvinii
Standl. Cuchamper Central America Pulp

Berberidaceae

Mahonie pinnate
Fedde Lena amarilla Mexico, U.S.A. Pulp
Mahonie trifoliate
Fedde Agrito Mexico, U.S.A. Pulp

Betulaceae

Cerpinus ceroliniana
Walt. American Central America, Nut
hornbeam Mexico, U.S.A.

Bignoniaceae

Crescentia cujete L. Calabazo Tropical Americas Pulp, seeds

Fermentiere
stenocerpe Dug. Palo vela Colombia Pulp, seeds

Teneecium liliecinum
Seem. Emossé berog Panama Guiana, Pulp

Bombacaceae

Bombex equeticum
Schum. Cacao selvagen Brazil Seed
Bombax gracilipes
Schum. Brazil Seed
Bombex menguba
Mart. Manguba Brazil Seed
Bombax spruceenum
Ducke Mamorana grande Brazil Seed

Cavan i lies i a
platenifolie H.B.K. Macondo Colombia Seed

Eriodendron
aesculifolium DC. Mexico Pulp, seed

83
Chapter 4

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Pachira grandiflora
Tussac. West Indies Seed
Pachira macrocarpa
Schlecht. Cayenne nut, Central America, Seed (as cocoa)
sapotón Mexico

Patinoa aim i rajo

Cuatr. Almirajó Colombia Seed

Boraginaceae

Cord i a den tata Po ir. Uvito Colombia Pulp

Cordia dodecandra
DC. Siricote Mexico Pulp

Tournefortia
hirsutissima L. Nigua Colombia Pulp

Bromeliaceae

Aechmea hoppii L. B.
Smith Tropical Americas Pulp
Aechmea magdalenae
Andre ex Baker Pita Tropical Americas Pulp

Ananas ananasoides
L.B.S. Brazil Pulp
Ananas bracteatus
Schult. Carauatá Brazil Pulp

Brom el ia chrysantha
Jacq. Piñuela South America Pulp
Bromelia karatas L. Piñuela Tropical Americas Pulp, vegetative
Bromelia pinguin L. Pinguin West Indies Pulp
Bromelia trianae Mez. Piñuela Colombia Pulp

Greigia sphacelata
Regel. Chupón Chile Pulp

Burseraceae

Bursera icicariba
Baill
Lja.111. Brazil Pulp
Bursera leptophleos
Mart. Emburana Brazil Pulp

Protium brasiliense
Engler Almecera Brazil Seeds (oil)
Protium heltaphyllum
March. Breu branco Brazil, Guiana Pulp

84
 Minor Fruits of the Americas

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used

Cactaceae

Acanthocereus
pentágonos L. Pitahaya morada Mexico, South Pulp
America
Acanthocereus
pitajaya Dug. Pitahaya West Indies Pulp

Borzicactus
acanthurus Britt. et
Rose Peru Pulp

'^, A
) ^1

Figure 37. —Bromelia pinguin, a wild but

tasty fruit of the Caribbean.

85
Chapter 4

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Borzicactus
eriotrichus Britt. et
Rose Peru Pulp
Borzicactus sepium
Britt. et Rose Ecuador Pulp

Carnegia gigantea
Britt. et Rose Sahuaro Mexico, U.S.A. Pulp

Cephalocereus
russelianus Rose Cardón peludo Colombia, Pulp
Venezuela

Cereus variabais
Pfeift. Junnbeba Brazil Pulp
Cereus hexagonus
Mill. Cacto colunnnar South America, Pulp
West Indies
Cereus jamacaru
P. DC. Mandacaru Brazil Pulp
Cereus margaritensis
Johnst. Cardón higo Colombia Pulp

Echinocactus
horizonthalonius Lem. Mexico Pulp

Echinocereus
congiomeratus Forst. Pitahaya de Mexico Pulp
agosto
Echinocereus
enneacanthus
Engelm. Strawberry cactus Mexico, U.S.A. Pulp
Eciiinocereus
engelmannii Rumpl. Mexico, U.S.A. Pulp
Echinocereus
trichochidiatus
Engelm. Mexico, U.S.A. Pulp

Epiphyllus
phylianthus Haw. Calaguala Central America Pulp

Escontria chiotilla
Rose Chiotilla Mexico Pulp

Espostoa lanata Britt.

et Rose Cotton ball. Soroco Ecuador, Peru Pulp

Eulychnia acida Phil. Copao Chile Pulp

Eulychnia spinibarbis
Britt. et Rose Guillave Chile Pulp

86
 Minor Fruits of the Americas

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used

Haageocereus
decunfibens Backeb.
^1 ^ \^ \jt it 9 Ä^ \^ * f \^ fc^ *^* ^^ ■ » ^»^ »«^ • Peru Pulp
Haageocereus
pseudo-melanostele
Backeb
\J Q v^ 1 \ V •»/ • Peru Pulp

Hamatocactus
unninstus Orcutt Mexico Pulp

Harrisia bonplandii
Parn. Brazil Pulp
Harrisia eriophora
Rritt pt Rose Cuba Pulp
Harrisia guelichii
Rritt et Rose Argentina
Î3
Pulp
Harrisia portorricence
Rritt
LJ 1 1 I I. et
^ I Rose
1 IV/\J w Puerto Rico Pulp

Hylocereus
costaricensis Britt. et
Rose Pitahaya Costa Rica Pulp
Hyiocereus
guatemalensis Britt.
et Rose Pitahaya Costa Rica, Pulp
Guatennala
Hylocereus
ocamponis Britt. et
Rose Pitahaya Mexico Pulp
Hylocereus
polyrhizus Britt. et
Rose Pitahaya Colombia, Pulp
Pananna
Hylocereus trigonus
Saff. Pitahaya West Indies Pulp
Hylocereus undatus
Britt. et Rose Pitahaya Central Annerica, Pulp
Mexico
Lemaireocereus
chichipe Britt. et
Rose Chichipe Mexico Pulp
Lemaireocereus
deficiens Britt. et
Rose Venezuela Pulp
Lemaireocereus
griseus Britt. et Rose Cardón Curacao, Pulp
Venezuela
Lemaireocereus
lateus Britt. et Rose Ecuador Pulp
Lemaireocereus
queretaroensis Saff. Pitahaya Mexico Pulp

87
Chapter 4

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Lemaireocereus
stellatus Britt. et
Rose Mexico Pulp
Lemaireocereus
thurberi Britt. et Rose Pitahaya dulce Mexico, U.S.A. Pulp
Lemaireocereus
weberi Britt. et Rose Mexico Pulp, seeds

Lopfiocereus schottii
Britt. et Rose Ciña Mexico Pulp

Machaerocereus
gummosus Britt. et
Rose Pitahaya agria Mexico Pulp, seed

Mammillaria spp. Central Annerica, Pulp

South Annerica,
West Indies

Myrtiiiocactus
geometrizans
Console Garannbullo Guatennala, Pulp
Mexico

Nopalea
cochineilifera Salnn-
Dyck. Cochineal plant, Mexico Pulp
nopal
Nopalea dejecta
Salnn-Dyck. Nopal channacuero Mexico Pulp

Nopaloxochia
ackermanii Britt, et
Rose Beni-kujaku Mexico Pulp

Opuntia azurea Rose Nopalillo Mexico Pulp

Opuntia bonplandii
Pfeift. Ecuador Pulp
Opuntia chlorotica
Engelnn. et Bigel. Mexico, U.S.A. Pulp
Opuntia dillenii Haw. Prickly pear Tropical Americas Pulp
Opuntia dobbieana
Britt. et Rose Ecuador Pulp
Opuntia fulgida
Engelm. Velas de coyote Mexico, U.S.A. Pulp
Opuntia imbricata
DC. Xoconostle Mexico, U.S.A. Pulp
Opuntia leucotricha
DC. Nopal duraznillo Mexico Pulp
Opuntia megacantha
Salm-Dyck. Nopal, tuna Mexico Pulp

88
 Minor Fruits of the Americas

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Opuntia phaecantha
Engelm. Mexico U.S.A.
1 » 1 ^^ f^ 1 ^^ x^ j ^^ • x^ • r 1 • Pulp
Opuntia
soederstromiana
Britt. et Rose Ecuador
b_ \^ \tM K^ X^ \^ 1 Pulp
Opuntia versicolor
Engelm. Mexico, U.S.A. Pulp

Pacfiycereus
coiumna-trajani Britt.
et Rose Higos de tetezo Mexico Pulp
Pachycereus pectan-
aboriginum Britt. et
Rose Cardón Mexico Pulp
Pachycereus pringlei
Britt. et Rose Cardón U.S.A. Pulp, seeds

Pereskia bahiensis
Guerke Brazil, Pulp
Pereskia bleo DC. Bleo de chupa Colombia, Pulp
Panama
Pereskia colombiana Guamacho Colombia Pulp
Pereskia grandifolia
Haw. Brazil Pulp
Pereskia guamacho
Weber Colombia, Pulp
Venezuela

Pereskiopsis aquosa
Britt. et Rose Tuna de agua Mexico Pulp
Pereskiopsis porteri
Brandeg. Alcajer Mexico Pulp

Phyllocactus biformis
Labour. Honduras Pulp
■ %-1 f-'

Pilocereus royenii
Runnpl. Sebucán Puerto Rico Pulp

Selenicereus
grandiflorus Britt. et
Rose West Indies Pulp

Tephrocactus ferocior
Backbg. Bolivia, Peru Pulp

Trichocereus
chiloensis Britt. et
Rose Cardón de Chile Pulp
candelabro

89
Chapter 4

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used

Trichocereus
coquimbanus Britt. et
Rose Copao Chile Pulp
Trichocereus
schickendantzii Britt.
et Rose Argentina Pulp

Capparidaceae

Crataera tapia L. Tapia Tropical Americas Pulp

Morisonia
americana L. Zorrocloco, Venezuela Pulp
higicho

Caprifoliaceae

Sambucas australis
Cham, et Schiet. Brazil, Chile Pulp

Caricaceae

Carica candicans
Gray Mito Peru Pulp
Carica cauliflora
Jacq. Papaita Venezuela Pulp
Carica cest ri flora
Solms Papaya de tierra Colombia Pulp
tria
Carica chilensis
Solms Palo gordo Chile Pulp
Carica chrysopetala
Heilb. Chamburo, Ecuador Pulp
higacho
Carica chrysophylla
Heilb. Chihualcan, Southeastern Pulp
higacho Colombia,
Ecuador
Carica digit ata
Poepp. Mamáo Brazil Pulp
Carica frutifragrans
H. Garcia B. et J.
Hernández C. Chamburo Colombia Pulp
Carica goudotiana Tr.
et PI. Tapaculo, Colombia Pulp
papayuela
Carica pétala Hook.
et Arn. Papaya de mica Central America Pulp
Carica pentágona
Heilb. Babaco Ecuador Pulp

90
 Minor Fruits of the Americas

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Carica quercifoiia
Benth. et Hook. Mountain papaya Tropical Americas Pulp

Jaracatia
dodecaphyiia A. DC. Jaracatia Brazil Pulp
Jaracatia mexicana
A. DC. Papaya orejona Central America, Pulp
Mexico
Jaracatia spinosa A.
DC. Mamào bravo Brazil Pulp

Jarilla caudata
Standl. Jarilla Mexico Pulp

Caryocaraceae

Caryocar
amygdaliferum Cav. Almendrón Colombia, Nut (oil)
Ecuador, Peru
Caryocar brasiliense
Camb. Brazil Pulp
Caryocar butyrosum
WilJd. Tropical Americas Nut
Caryocar glabrum
Pers. Piquiá-arana Brazil, Guiana Nut
Caryocar
tomentosum Willd. Piquiá nut French Guiana Nut
Caryocar viiiosum
Pers. Piquiá nut Brazil, Guiana Nut

Celastraceae

Elaeodendron
attenuatum
Rich. Guadeloupe Pulp
Goupia polyandra South America Pulp
Brazil
Peri tassa laevigata
A. C. Smith Gogo Vengúela Aril

Chrysobalanaceae

Couepia bracteosa
Benth. Pajurá Brazil, Guiana Pulp
Couepia chrysocalyx
Benth. Parinari Brazil Pulp
Couepia guianensis
Aubl. Merecure Colombia Pulp
Couepia longipendula
Castanha-de Brazil Nut
Pilg.
galinha

91
Chapter 4

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used

Couepia polyandra
Rose Mexico Pulp
^ r^
Couepia subcordata
Benth. Marirana Brazil Pulp
Hirtelia americana L. Pasito Colombia Pulp, seeds
Hirtelia triandra
Swartz Pasito Colombia Pulp, seeds

Licania apétala
Fritsch. Ajurú Brazil, Guiana Pulp
Licania heteromorpha
Benth. Ajurú Brazil Pulp
Licania incana Aubl. Ajurú Brazil, Guiana Pulp
Licania macropfiylla
Benth. Anauerá Brazil Pulp
Licania montana
Aubl. Pajurá-da-mata Brazil Pulp
Licania parinarioides
Hub. Copuda Brazil Seed
Licania parviflora
Benth. Ajurú Brazil Pulp
Licania péndula
Benth. Ajurú Brazil Pulp
Licania pyrifolia
Griseb. Merecure Colombia Pulp
Licania tomentosa Fr. Braganca Brazil, Guiana Pulp

Parinarium
campestre Aubl. Brazil, Guiana Pulp
1 VJ 1 f^

Parinarium
montanum Aubl. Pajurá da mata Brazil, Guiana Pulp
Parinarium
pachyphyllum Rusby Perehuétano Colombia Pulp

Compositae

Wulfia stenogossa
Hub. Jannbu Brazil Pulp

Convolvulaceae

Maripa panamensis
Hemsl. Miel quemada Colombia Pulp

Coriariaceae

Corlarla ruscifolia L. Dew Chile, Peru Pulp (wine)

92
 Minor Fruits of the Americas

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used

Ebenaceae

Diospyros conzatti
Standl. Uzxaca Mexico Pulp
Diospyros inconstans
Jacq. Negra lora Antilles, South Pulp
America
Diospyros texana
Scheele Mexico Pulp

Maba inconstans
Grlp^^h West Indies Pulp

Ehretiaceae

Auxemma oncocalyx
Fr. All. Pau branco Brazil Pulp

Cordia alliodora
Cham. Capá Central America, Pulp
Mexico
Cordia calocephala
Cham. Claraiba Brazil Pulp
Cordia collococca L. Clammy cherry West Indies Pulp
Cordia den tata Poir. Chachalaca Central America Pulp
Cordia dodecandra
DC. Chacopte Guatemala, Pulp
Mexico
Cordia grandiflora
DC. Jaguara muru Brazil Pulp
Cordia sebestena L. Geiger tree Mexico, Pulp
West Indies
Cordia seliowiana
Cham. Mata fome Brazil Pulp
Cordia superba
Cham. Babosa branca Brazil Pulp

Ehretia bourreria L. Currant tree Jamaica Pulp

Ehretia elliptica DC. Mexico, U.S.A. Pulp
Ehretia tinifolia L. Bastard cherry West Indies Pulp

Elaeocarpaceae

Aristotelia chiiensis
Stuntz Maqui Chile Pulp

Muntingia caiabura L. Capulín Tropical Americas Pulp

Ericaceae

Cavendishia
cord i fol i a Hoar. Uvo Tropical Americas Pulp

93
Chapter 4

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used

Clethra tinifolia Sw. Soap wood Tropical Americas Pulp

Disterigma
margaricoccum Blake Ecuador Pulp
Disterigma popenoei
Blake Tira Ecuador Pulp

Englerodendron a lata
Hörold. Para silvestre Ecuador Pulp

Gaylussacia buxifolia
H.B.K. Colombia Pulp, seeds
Macleania
ecuadorensis Hoerold Ecuador Pulp
Macleania ¡urina
Blake Chaqui-lulu Ecuador Pulp
Macleania popenoei
Blake Joyapa Ecuador Pulp
Macleania rupestris
A. C. Smith Uva camarona Tropical Americas Pulp

Plutarchia guascensis
A. C. Smith Colombia

Thibaudia alata Dun. Pulp

Thibaudia floribunda
H.B.K. Coral Colombia, Pulp
Ecuador
Thibaudia grantii
A. C. Smith Chorota Colombia Pulp
Thibaudia imrayi
Hook. Dominica Pulp
Thibaudia melliflora
Ruiz et Pav. Mexico, Peru, Pulp
West Indies

Vaccinium
floribundum H.B.K. Colombian Andes Pulp
blueberry
Vaccinium
leucanthum Schlecht. Mexican blueberry Mexico Pulp
Vaccinium
méridionale Sw. Jamaican blueberry Jamaica Pulp
Vaccinium mortinia
Benth. Mortina Colombia, Pulp
Ecuador

94
 Minor Fruits of the Americas

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used

Euphorbiaceae

Apuleia férrea Mart. Pau ferro Brazil Pulp

Caryodendron
orinocense Karst Cacay Colombia Seeds

Hieronyma
colombiana Cuatr. Motilón Colombia Pulp

Omphalea diandra L. Comadre de Tropical South Seed

vaquero America, West
Indies
Omphalea
megacarpa L. Hunter's nut West Indies Seed
Omphalea triandra L. Jannaica cobseed Tropical Americas Seed

Flacourtiaceae

Gasearla parviflora
Wilid Martinique Aril
Gasearla pringlei
Brig. Mexico Aril

Mayna grandifolia
Warb. Achiote de venado Colombia Aril

Gesneriaceae

Besleria violácea
Aubl. Brazil, Guiana Pulp

Gnetaceae

Gnetum nodiflorum
Brongn. Hava Brazil, Gu iana Seed
Gnetum urens Blume Blume Huá-assú Brazil Seed

Guttiferae

Garcinia
cochinchinensis
Choisy Mangostâo- Brazil Pulp
amarelo

Rheedia acuminate
Planch, et Triana Peru Pulp

Rheedia benthamiana
Planch, et Triana Bacuripari Brazil Pulp
selvagem

95
Chapter 4

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used

Rheedia brasilienses
Planch, et Triana Bacupari Brazil Pulp
Rheedia edulis
Planch, et Triana Berba Central America, Pulp
South America
Rheedia lateriflora 1. Wild mammey Venezuela Pulp
Rheedia macrophylla
Planch et. Triana Bacupari Brazil Pulp

Hippocrateaceae

Salada campestris
Salp. Laranginha do Brazil Pulp
campo
Salada dulcis Benth. Waiateima Brazil Pulp
Salada
polyanthomaniaca
Barb. Bochecha de velho Brazil Pulp
Salada scabra DC. Guiana Pulp
Salada silvestris
Walp. Bacuparis-do-mato Brazil Pulp

Houmiriaceae

Endopleura uchi
Cuatr. Uchi, uxi Brazil Pulp

Hippocratea
volubilis L. Fava-de-arara Brazil Seeds

Hourimiri balsamifera
Pers. Guiana Pulp
Hourimiri floribunda
Mart. Umiri Brazil Pulp

Saccoglottis
cuspidata Urb. Uchi Brazil Pulp
Saccoglottis
guianensis Benth. Vaxiva Brazil, Guiana Pulp
Saccoglottis uchi
Hub. Uchi Brazil Pulp
Saccoglottis
verrucosa Ducke Uchi-coroa Brazil Pulp

Icacinaceae

Poraqueiba paraensis
Ducke Marl Brazil Aril
Poraqueiba sericea
Tul. Mari Brazil Aril

96
 Minor Fruits of the Americas

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used

Juglandaceae

Carya illinoensis
(Wangenh.) K. Koch Pecan Mexico, U.S.A. Nut
Carya mexicana Sarg. Mexico Nut
Carya myristiciformis
(Michx. f.) Nutt. Nutmeg hickory Mexico, U.S.A. Nut

Juglans boliviana (C.

DC.) Dode Bolivian black Bolivia Nut
walnut
Juglans honorei Dode Nogal, tocte Ecuador Nut
Juglans jamaicensis
DC. West Indian West Indies Nut
walnut
Juglans olanchana
Stand, et Will. Central American Central America Nut
walnut

Lardizabalaceae

Lard izábala biternata

Ruiz et Pav. Aquibuquil Chile, Peru Pulp
Lardizabala triternata
Ru¡7 pf Pav Chile Pulp

Lauraceae

Bielschmiedia anay
Kostern. Escalan Mexico Pulp

Cryptocarpa alba
Looser Peumo Chile Pulp

Persea leiogyna
Baike Florida avocado Florida Pulp
Persea schiedeana
Nees Cayo Costa Rica, Pulp
Mexico

Lecythldaceae

Couroupita
guianensis Abul. Cannonball tree Brazil Pulp, seed
Couroupita
subsessilis Pi Ig. Brazil Pulp
Couroupita
surinamensis Mart. Brazil, Guiana Pulp

nria.<z hauohtii Knuth Colombia Pulp

97
Chapter 4

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used

Gustavia meubertii Saccha mango Brazil, Peru Nut

Gustavia nana Pitt. Paco Colombia, Nut
Panama
Gustavia speciosa
DC. Chupa Colombia Nut
Gustavia superba
Berg. Paco Tropical South Nut
America

Lecythis amapaensis
Ledoux Sapucaia do
amapa Brazil Nut
Lecythis amazonii
Mart. Sapucaia Brazil Seed (oil)
Lecythis angustifoiia
Endl. Sapucaia, mirim Brazil Seed (oil)
Lecythis
constaricensis Pitt. Cocoboloa Central America Nut
Lecythis grandiflora
Aubl. Guiana Nut
Lecythis lanceolata
Poir. Sapucaia branca Guiana, Brazil Seed (oil)
Lecythis minor Jacq. Olla de mono Colombia Seed
Lecythis ovata
Cambess Sapucaia Brazil Seed (oil)
Lecythis paraensis
Hub. Castanha sapucaia Brazil Nut
Lecythis usitata
Miers. Castanha sapucaia Brazil Nut

Leguminosae

Cassia leiandra
Benth. Marimari Brazil Seed

Coumarouna oleifera
Taub. Almendro South America Seed

Erythrian edulis Tr. ex

Micheli Chachafruto, Brazil Pulp, seeds
boleú Central America

Geoffraea superba
Humb. et Bonpl. Almendoa Brazil Seed

Inga alba Willd. Inga chichica Brazil Pulp

Inga cinnamomea
Spruce Ingá-acu Brazil Pulp
Inga f agi folia Willd. Inga curumim Brazil Pulp
Inga falcistipula
Ducke Inga chichica Brazil Pulp

98
 Minor Fruits of the Americas

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Inga heterophylla
Willd. Inga chichica Brazil Pulp
Inga ingoides Guamo cafetero Colombia Pulp
Inga insignis Kunth Guama Ecuador Pulp
Inga laurina Willd. Guama Tropical Americas Pulp
Inga leptoloba
Schlect. Pepito Mexico Pulp
Inga macrophylla
N.B.K. Ingá-peua Brazil Pulp
Inga multijuga Benth. Guavitos Colombia Pulp
Inga spuria Willd. Churimo Colombia Pulp
Inga thibaudiana DC. Inga chichica Brazil Pulp
Inga velutina Willd. Ingá-de-fogo Brazil Pulp

Pachylecythis egleri
Ledoux Sapucaia grande Brazil Nut

Pithecellobium dulce
Benth. Manila tamarind Tropical Americas Aril
Pithecellobium
hymenaeaefolium
Benth. Barba de ángel Colombia Aril
Pithecellobium
lanceolatum Benth. Buche Colombia Aril

Prosopis alba Hieron. Algarrobo blanco Argentina Whole fruit

Prosopis agarobilla
Griesb. Algarobia Argentina, Whole fruit
Brazil
Prosopis chilensis
Stuntz Mesquite,
honeypod Tropical Americas Whole fruit or
pulp
Prosopis dulcís
Kunth Mesquite Puerto Rico Whole fruit or
pulp
Prosopis glandulosa
Torr. Mesquite, North America, Whole fruit or
honeypod South America pulp

Prosopis juliflora DC. Algarobeira Tropical Americas Pulp

Prosopis laevigata
M. C. Johnst. Mesquite Mexico Pulp
Prosopis nigra
Hiprnn
11 loi wi 1. Brazil Whole fruit or
pulp

Samanea saman
Merr. Rain tree Tropical Americas Pulp

99
Chapter 4

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used

Uribea tamarindoides
Dug. et Rom. Tannarindo de Colombia Pulp
monte

Zollernia Hicifolia
Vog. Brazil Pulp

Malpighiaceae

Banisteria
crotonifolia A. Juss. Brazil Pulp

Bunchosia armeniaca
Rich. Ciruela verde Peru Pulp
Bunchosia
costaricensis Rose
ex Pitt. Cereza Costa Rica Pulp

Byrsonima
amazónica Griesb. Murici vermelho Brazil Pulp
Byrsonima apicata
Rich. Maricao Brazil Pulp
Byrsonima coriácea
DC. Maricao Puerto Rico Pulp
Byrsonima crispa A.
Juss. Murici-da-mata Brazil Pulp
Byrsonima
crysophylla H.B.K. Murici pinima Brazil, Pulp
Venezuela
Byrsonima intermedia
A. Juss. Gangica Brazil Pulp
Byrsonima lancifolia
Juss. Murici-da- Brazil Pulp
copoeira
Byrsonima locidula
Hub. Murici vermelho Brazil Pulp
Byrsonima sericea
DC. Murici Brazil Pulp
Byrsonima
verbascifolia Rich. Murici-rasteiro Brazil Pulp
Malpighia
angustifolia L. West Indies Pulp
Maipighia aquifolia L. West Indies Pulp
Malpighia beteruaba
Spreng. Guadeloupe Pulp
Malpighia en i de
Spreng. Dominician Pulp
Republic
Malpighia
coccitera L. West Indies Pulp

100
 Minor Fruits of the Americas

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Malpighia emarginata
Moc. et Sessé Mexico Pulp
Malpighia facata Ker
Gawl. Jamaica Pulp
Malpighia grandiflora
Jacq. Martinique Pulp
Malpighia incana
Mill. Honduras Pulp
Malpighia
macrophylla Willd. Brazil Pulp
Malpighia nitida
Crantz Venezuela Pulp
Malpighia obovata
H.B.K. South Annerica Pulp
Malpighia setosa
Spreng. West Indies Pulp
Malpighia urens L. West Indies Pulp

Malvaceae

Malvaviscas arbóreas
Cav. Quesito Colonnbia Pulp

Melastomataceae

Bellacia aabletii
Naud. Missel Guiana Pulp
Bellacia axinanthera
Triana Manzana de Venezuela Pulp
corona
Bellacia brasilierisis
Naud. Brazil Pulp
Bellacia
costaricensis Cogn.
Ex. Papaturro agrio Costa Rica Pulp
Bellacia
grossalarioides Manzana de Venezuela Pulp
corona
Bellacia i m perlai i s
Said, et Cogn. Araça de anta Brazil Pulp

Blakea laarifolia
Naud. Guadeloupe Pulp

endemia hirta D. Don Camasey peludo Colombia Pulp

Conostegia
xalapensis D. Don Capiroto Mexico Pulp

Henriettea flavescens
Triana Guiana Pulp

101
Chapter 4

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Henriettea succosa,
DC. Guiana Pulp

Huilaea macrocarpa
(L) Uribe Tuno Colombia Pulp

Loreya arborescens
DC. Guiana Pulp

Maieta guianensis
Aubl. Guiana Pulpr

Maieta heterophylla
DC. Peru Pulp
Maieta poeppigii
Mart. Peru Pulp
Maieta rubra Bail!. Martinique Pulp

Miconia albicans
Triana Central America, Pulp
Mexico
Miconia desmantha Colombia, Pulp
^ r'
Venezuela
Miconia holosericia
Bello Colombia, Pulpr*
Venezuela
Miconia ligustrina
Triana Esmeraldo Colombia Pulp
Miconia prasina DC. Camasey Puerto Rico Pulp

Mouriria apiranga
Spruce ex Triana Apirange Brazil Pulp
Mouriria domingensis
Spach Murta Puerto Rico Pulp
Mouriria grandiflora
DC. Camutin Brazil Pulp
Mouriria pseudo-
geminata Pitt. Pauji Venezuela Pulp
Mouriria pusa Gardn. Silverwood Brazil Pulp

Myriaspora decipiens
Naud. Tuno Colombia Pulp

Tocota guianensis
Aubl. Guiana Pulp

Meliaceae

Cabralea cangerana
Said. Cangerana Brazil Pulp

Gura rea
trictiiliodes L. Muskwood Tropical Americas Pulp

102
 Minor Fruits of the Americas

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used

Menispermaceae

Chonododendron
platyphyssum Miers Jabuticabeira-de- Brazil Pulp
cipó
Chonododendron
tomentosum Ruiz at
Pav. Brazil, Peru Pulp

Monimiaceae

Peumus boldus Mol. Boldo Chile, Peru Fruit

Moraceae

Bagassa guianensis
Aubl. Tatajuba Brazil Pulp

Brosimum potabile
Ducke Annapá doce Brazil Pulp
Brosimum
acutifolium Hub. Muirá piranga Brazil Seeds
Brosimum
caudichaudii Tree. Manninha-de- Brazil Sap
cadela
Brosimum
costaricanum Liebm. Costa Rica Seeds
Brosimum discolor
Schott. Muirá pininna Brazil Seeds
Brosimum
galactodendron D.
Don Palo de vaca Central Annerica Sap

Broussonetia
xantlioxylum Mart. Tayuva Brazil Pulp

Castilloa uiei Warb. Caucho Brazil Pulp

Chlorophora tinctoria
Gaud Dinde Colonnbia Pulp
Ficus anthelminthica
Mart. Caxinguba Brazil Pulp
Ficus du Ici aria Dug. Higuerón guayabo Colonnbia Pulp
Ficus gigantosyce
Dug. Higuerón Colombia Pulp
Ficus glabrata H.B.K. Higo Honduras Pulp
Ficus involuta Miq. Matapalo Mexico Pulp
Ficus padifolia H.B.K. Camichón Mexico Pulp
Ficus paluda Vahl Higuito Colombia Pulp
Ficus sápida Miq. Higuito Colombia Pulp
Ficus velutina H.B.K. Oticón Colombia Pulp

103
Chapter 4

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Madura mora
Grieseb. Argentina Pulp
Madura xanthoxilon
Endl. Tatajiba Brazil Pulp

Morus celtidifolia
H.B.K. Central America, Pulp
Mexico
Morus multicaulis
Perr. Brazil Pulp

Paratocarpus wood i i
Merr. Mexico
1 ▼ 1 \^ X\ 1 \^ V^ Pulp

Poulsenia armata
Standl. Cocuá Colombia Pulp

Pourouma acuminata
Mart. Imbauba puruma Brazil Pulp
Pourouma
cecropiaefolia Mart. Mapati Brazil Pulp

Pseudolmedia rígida
Cuatr. Guaimarillo Northern South Pulp
America

Sahagunia racemifera
Hub. Janitá Brazil Pulp
Sahagunia
strepticans Liebm. Brazil Pulp

Myristocaceae

Compsoneura atopa
A. C. Smith Josebé Colombia Seed

Dialyanathera
acuminata Standl. Cuángare Colombia Aril
Myrsinaceae

Ardisia coricea Sw. Beefwood Jamaica Pulp

Ardisia escailoniodes
Schlect. et Cham. Marlberry Central America, Pulp
West Indies
Ardisia esculenta
Pav. South
V^ V^ ^gi* ^11 /Amprira
\ 1 1 1 \^ 1 1 \y tA Pulp
Ardisia manglillo
Duchas. Manglillo Pacific Coast Pulp
Ardisia
guadelupensis
Duchas. Guadeloupe Pulp

104
 Minor Fruits of the Americas

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Ardisia longistaminea
A. C. Smith Capulí Colombia Pulp
Ardisia revoluta
H.B.K. Guastomate Colombia Pulp
Ardisia sápida Cuatr. Hayuelo Colombia Pulp
Ardisia semi-crenata
Mart. Icacoré-caatinga Brazil Pulp

Icacorea guianensis
Aubl. Icacoré-caatinga Brazil, Florida, Pulp
West Indies

Rapanea ovalifolia
Mez. Jómirim Brazil Pulp

Myrtaceae

Abbevillea fenzniar)a
Berg. Guabiroba Brazil Pulp

Britoa sellowiana
Berg. Sete casacas Brazil Pulp

Calyptranthes
grandifolia Grieseb. Brasaviva Brazil Pulp
Calyptranthes
obscura DC. Brazil Pulp
Calyptranthes pallens
Grieseb. Tapón blanco Florida, West Pulp
Indies
Campomanesia
aromática Grieseb. Guavaberry West Indies Pulp
Campomanesia
caerulea Berg. Guabiroba Brazil Pulp
Campomanesia
corn i folia H.B.K. Palilho Brazil Pulp
Campomanesia
guaviroba Benth. et
Hook. f. Guabiroba Brazil Pulp
Campomanesia
1 i neat i folia Ruiz et
Pav. Michinche Peru Pulp
Eugenia acapulcensis
Steud. Capulín Mexico Pulp
Eugenia aeruginea
DC. Guasábara Puerto Rico Pulp
Eugenia arrabidae
Berg. Uvaia Brazil Pulp
Eugenia biflora Krug
et Urb. Pitangueira Puerto Rico Pulp

105
Chapter 4

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Eugenia cabelludo
Kiaersk Cabelluda Brazil Pulp
Eugenia capuli Berg. Capulín Central Annerica, Pulp
Mexico
Eugenia catinga BaiII. Guiana Pulp
Eugenia caul i flora
Berg. Brazil Pulp
Eugenia conzattii
Standl. Mexico Pulp
Eugenia crenata Veil. Cambuhy Brazil Pulp
Eugenia dichotoma
DC. West Indies Pulp
Eugenia distycha DC. Wild coffee West Indies Pulp
Eugenia dulcis Berg. Brazil Pulp
Eugenia eggersii
Kiaersk Guasábara Puerto Rico Pulp
Eugenia fragrans
Willd. Zebra wool, Mexico, Pulp
guayabillo West Indies
Eugenia guabiju
Berg. Guabiju Brazil Pulp
Eugenia
haennatocarpa Alasin Uvillo Puerto Rico Pulp
Eugenia inocarpa DC. Brazil Pulp
Eugenia
itacolumensis Berg. Brazil Pulp
Eugenia ligustrina
Willd. Palo de nnuleta Puerto Rico Pulp
Eugenia longipes
Berg. Florida Pulp
Eugenia myrobalana
DC. Guabirobeira Brazil Pulp
Eugenia nhanica
Cambess Brazil Pulp
Eugenia obtongifolia
Sagot Vara real Colombia Pulp
Eugenia origanoides
Berg. Capuli'n Mexico Pulp
Eugenia pisiformis
Cambess Brazil Pulp
Eugenia procera Poir. Ironwood Tropical Americas Pulp
Eugenia
pseudopsidium Jacq. Martinique Pulp
Eugenia pumila
Gardn. Brazil, Guiana Pulp
Eugenia selloi Berg. Pitanga tuba Brazil Pulp
Eugenia stipitatata
McVaugh Aracá-boi Brazi Pulp
Eugenia supra-
axillaris Spreng. Tala Brazil Pulp

106
 Minor Fruits of the Americas

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Eugenia tomentosa
Cambess. Cabelluda Brazil Pulp
Eugenia umbelluiifera
Krug et Urb. Ciruelas South America, Pulp
West Indies

Marliera edulis Ndz. Cambucazeiro Brazil Pulp

Marliera giomerata
Berg. Cambucá Brazil, Guiana Pulp

Myrcia sphaeocarpa
DC. Cambuizeiro Brazil Pulp
Mrycia splendens
DC. Hoja menuda Puerto Rico Pulp

My r ci aria dubia
McVaugh Guayabo Colombia, Pulp
Venezuela
Myrciaria floribunda
Berg. West Indies Pulp
Myrciaria linearifolia
Berg. Cambuizeiro Brazil Pulp
Myrciaria piicato-
costata Berg. Cambucá Brazil Pulp
Myrciaria tenelia
Berg. Cambuizeiro preto Brazil Pulp
Myrciaria truncifiora
Berg. Brazil Pulp

Myrtus alba Piso Cambui' amarelo Brazil Pulp

Myrtus arayan H.B.K. Peru Pulp
Myrtus cisplatensis
Muell. Brazil Pulp
Myrtus edulis Muell. Arrayán Uruguay Pulp
Myrtus foliosa H.B.K. Arrayán Tropical Americas Pulp
Myrtus incana Berg. Brazil Pulp
Myrtus mucronata
Camhp<^s
vy 01 1 1 k./v^ O O . Brazil Pulp
Myrtus rubra Piso Cambuizeiro Brazil Pulp
verdadero

Paivaea langsdorffii
Berg. Cambucizeiro Brazil Pulp

Psidium acutangulum
Mart. Aracá pomba Brazil Pulp
Psidium albidum
Cambes Aracazeiro branco Brazil Pulp
Psidium aromaticum
Aubl. Brazil Pulp
Psidium cinereum
Mart. Brazil Pulp

107
Chapter 4

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Psidium fluviatile
Rich. Guiana Pulp
Psidium grandifolium
Mart. Brazil Pulp
Psidium humiie Veil. Brazil Pulp
Psidium incarnescens
Sw. Brazil Pulp
Psidium littorale
Raddi Araça do praia Brazil Pulp
Psidium molle Bertol. Guisaro Central Annerica, Pulp
Mexico
Psidium multiflorum
Cambess Guabiroba das Brazil Pulp
gérais
Psidium
oerstedeanum Berg. Arrayán Central America Pulp
Psidium sartorianum
Niedz. Pichiché Mexico Pulp
Psidium sylvestre Araça piranga Brazil Pulp

Stenocalyx suleatus
Berg. Pitanga Brazil Pulp

Olacaceae

Ximenia coriácea
Engler Ameixeira brava Brazil Pulp

Onagraceae

Fuchsia corymbifolia
Ruiz et Pav. Fuchsia Peru Pulp
Fuchsia dent i culata
Ruiz et Pav. Peru Pulp
Fuchsia fulgens Moc.
et Sessé Guatemala, Pulp
Mexico
Fuchsia magellanica
Lam. Tropical Americas Pulp
Fuchsia racemosa
Lam. Tropical Americas Pulp
Fuchsia splendens
Zuce. Mexico Pulp

Opiliaceae

Ave ledo a nuciferum

Pitt. Venezuela Nut

108
 Minor Fruits of the Americas

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used

Palmae

Acanthorrhiza
aculeata H. Wendl. Mexico, Trinidad Juice (wine)

Acrocomia
lasiospatha Mart. Mucujá Brazil, Pulp
West Indies
Acrocomia media
Cook. Corozo Puerto Rico Seed
Acrocomia mexicana
Karw. ex Mart. Palmito de coyol Central America, Pulp, seed
Mexico (oil)
Acrocomia
sclerocarpa Mart. Grugru, mucajá South America, Pulp, seed
West Indies (oil)
Acrocomia totai Mart. Totai Argentina, Seed (oil)
Bolivia,
Paraguay
Acrocomia vinifera
Oerst. Coyol Central America Pulp

Aiphanes
acanthophylla Burret Coyor Puerto Rico Pulp, seed
Aiphanes caryotifolia
Wendl. Chascara Colombia Pulp, seed
Aiphanes minima
Burret Coyor Central America, Pulp, seed
South America

Astrocaryum acuale
Mart. Palnneira lú Brazil, Guiana Pulp
Astrocaryum ayiri
Mart. In Brazil Seed (oil)
Astrocaryum jauary
Mart. Jauary Brazil Seed (oil)
Astrocaryum
macrocarpum Hub. Palmeira-tucumá- Brazil Pulp
assi
Astrocaryum mubaca
Mart. Mumbaca Brazil Seeds
Astrocaryum
murumuru Mart. Murú murú Brazil Pulp, seed
(oil)
Astrocaryum
princepa Barb. Tucumá-assu Brazil Pulp

109
 Chapter 4

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Astrocaryum
standleyanum Bailey Honduras Pulp
Astrocaryum tucuma
Mart. Tucuma Brazil Pulp, seed
(oil)
Astrocaryum vulgäre
Mart. Cumari Brazil Pulp, seed
(oil)

Attalea cohune Mart. Cohune palm Central America Pulp, seed

(oil)
Attalea compacta
Mart. Pindoba Brazil Seed (oil)
Attalea excelsa Mart. Urucury Brazil Seed (oil)
Attalea funifera Mart. Coquille Brazil Seed (oil)
Attalea h um 11 is Mart. Indaya Brazil Seed (oil)
Attalea princeps
Mart. Naya Brazil Seed (oil)
Attalea speciosa
Mart. Babassú Brazil Seed (oil)
Attalea spectabilis
Mart. Guruá Brazil Seed (oil)
Attalea ubérrima Dug Taparo Colombia Nut

Bactris arundinacea
Trail Palmeria lú-i Brazil Pulp
Bactris major Jacq. Peach palm Brazil Pulp, seed
(oil)
Bactris m a raj a Mart. Marajah palm Brazil Pulp
Bactris minor Jacq. Coyolito Brazil, Pulp
Colombia

Figure 38.—Astrocaryum standleyanum, one of many

marginally edible palm fruits.

110
 Minor Fruits of the Americas

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Bactris pi ranga Trail Palmeira maraja- Brazil Pulp
piranga
Bactris setosa Mart. Tucum Brazil Pulp, seed
(oil)
Bactris subglobosa
H. Wendl. El Salvador Pulp

Brahea dulcis Mart. Raima dulce Mexico Pulp

Brahea salvadorensis
H. Wendl. Central America Pulp (oil)

Butia eriospatha
Becc. Brazil Pulp
Butia yatay Becc. Coqueiro-yatay Brazil, Seeds
Uruguay

Chamaedorea
elegans Mart. Central America, Fruits
Mexico

Cocos schizophylla
Barb. Aricuri Brazil Pulp
Cocos vagans Bondar Ariri Brazil Seed (oil)

Copernicia cerifera
Mart. Carnaubeira Brazil Seed

Desmoncus
macroacanthos Mart. Jacitara Brazil Pulp
Desmoncus prunifera
Poepp. Jacitara tipiti Peru Pulp

Dictyocaryum
schultzei Burret Palma real Colombia Endocarp

Diplothenium
campestre Mart. Brazil Pulp
Diplothenium
maritimum Mart. Brazil Pulp

Elaeis melanococca
Gaertn. Caiaué Brazil Seed (oil)

Erythea arm ata S.

Wats. Mexican blue palm Mexico Pulp
Erythea edulis S.
Wats. Guadeloupe palm Mexico Pulp

Euterpe badiocarpa
Barb. Açai-pardo Brazil Pulp
Euterpe contreversa
Barb. Açai-caatinga Brazil Pulp (wine)

111
 Chapter 4

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Guilielma insignis
Mart. Chonta Northern South Pulp
America

Jessenia bataua
Burrett Seje, patauá Brazil Pulp (oil)
Jessenia polycarpa
Karst Brazil Pulp

Leopoldinia piassaba
Wallace Pissava Brazil Pulp (oil)
Leopoldinia puichera
Mart. lara Brazil Pulp (starch)

Manicaria saccifera
Gaertn. Temiche Central America, Seed (oil)
South America

Mauritia aculeata
H.B.K. Caraná-i Brazil Pulp
Mauritia armata Mart. Buritirana Brazil Pulp
Mauritia huberi
Burrett Caraná-grande Brazil Pulp
Mauritia m art i ana
Spr. Caraná Tropical South Pulp
America

Maximiliana inajay
Spr. Inajaî Brazil Pulp
Maximiliana maripa
Drule. Maripá Brazil, Guiana Seeds (oil)
Maximiliana regia
Mart. Inajá Brazil Seeds (oil)

Oenocarpus bacaba
Mart. Bacaba Brazil, Guiana, Pulp (oil)
Oenocarpus bataua
Mart. Batauá Brazil Pulp
Oenocarpus d i stich us
Mart. Bacaba Brazil, Uruguay Pulp
(beverage)
Oenocarpus minor
Mart. Becabinha Brazil Pulp
(beverage)
Oenocarpus
multicaulis Spr. Bacaba Brazil, Peru Pulp
(beverage)

Orbignya guacuyule
Hernandez X. Coquito de aceite Mexico Pulp (oil)

112
 Minor Fruits of the Americas

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Orbignya speciosa
Barb. Babaçu Brazil Pulp
Orbignya SfDectabilis
Burret Carua Northern South
America
Phytelephas
macrocarpa Ruiz et
Pav. Ivory nut Tropical South Young fruit
America

Pyrenoglyphis maraja
Burret Maraja Brazil Pulp

Raphia taedigera
Mart. Jupaty Brazil Pulp

Rhyticocos amara
Becc. Coco nain Lesser Antilles Pulp
(beverage)

Roystonea
borinquena Cook Royal palnn Puerto Rico Pulp

Sabal paimetto Lodd.

ex Schult, f. Cabbage palnnetto U.S.A., West Pulp
Indies

Scheelea iiebmannii
Becca. Coyol real Mexico Pulp (oil)

Trithrinax brasiliensis
Mart. Brazil, Paraguay, Pulp
Uruguay

Washingtonia
sonorae S. Wats. Palma branca Mexico Pulp

Passifloraceae

Passifiora alata Ait. Maracujá grande Brazil Pulp

Passiflora
amethystina Karst Maracujá de serra Brazil Pulp
Passiflora cearensis
Barb. Peora Brazil Pulp
Passiflora ci nein nata
Mart. Maracujá-mochila Brazil Pulp
Passiflora coccínea
Aubl. Guacú Brazil Pulp
Passiflora foetida L. Parchita de Tropical Americas Pulp
montana

113
Chapter 4

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Passiflora
incarnata L. Maypop, Brazil Pulp
Maracujazeiro
vermelho
Passiflora
laurifolia L. Yellow granadilla, Brazil Pulp
nnaracujá
Passiflora manicata
Juss. Parcho Andes Pulp
Passiflora
membranaceae
Benth. Granadilla Andes Pulp
beilisinna
Passiflora
mucronata L. Maracujá Brazil, Pulp
Venezuela
Passiflora nitida
H.B.K. Maracujá-de- Brazil, Pulp
rato Venezuela
Passiflora organensis
Gardn. Nensi Brazil Pulp
Passiflora
pinnatistipula Cav. Galupa Chile, Pulp
Colombia
Passiflora platyloba
Kíllíp Monesa Central America Pulp
granadilla
Passiflora popenovii
Killip Grandilla de Ecuador Pulp
quijos, chisiqui
Passiflora psilantfia
Killip Gullan Ecuador Pulp
Passiflora riparia
Mart. Maracujá Brazil Pulp
Passiflora rubra L. Maracujazeiro Brazil Pulp
suspiro
Passiflora serrata L. Maracujazeiro-do- Brazil Pulp
nnato
Passiflora schlimiana
Tr. et PI. Curuba Colombia, Pulp
Venezuela
Passiflora tripartita
Poir. Tasco Ecuador Pulp
Passiflora villosa
Mart. Nuxilla Brazil Pulp
Passiflora vitifolia
H.B.K. Chulupo Colombia Pulp

114
 Minor Fruits of the Americas

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
PInaceae

Pinus cembroides
Zunn. Piñón Mexico, U.S.A. Seeds
Pinus nelsonii Shaw Mexico Seeds

Polygalaceae

Moutabea aculeata
Poepp. et Endl. Caimito do monte Tropical Americas Pulp
Moutabea
angustifolia Hub. Gogo de guariba Brazil Pulp
Moutabea chodatiana
Hub. Gogo de guariba Brazil Pulp

Polygonaceae

Coccoloba
caracasana Meissn. Central America Pulp
Coccoloba
divers i fol i a Jacq. Pigeon plum Florida, Pulp
West Indies
Coccoloba obovata
H.B.K. Uvillo Pantropics Pulp
Coccoloba pichuna
Hub. Pixuna Brazil Pulp
Coccoloba venosa L. Calambrena Puerto Rico Pulp

Quiinaceae

Lacunaria grandiflora
Ducke Moela de mutum Brazil Pulp
Lacunaria ¡enmani
Ducke Moela de mutum Brazil, Guiana Pulp

Rliamnaceae

Condalia mexicana
Schlect
\J\J 1 1 1 ^ v./1. Mexico Pulp
W- 1 f-r

Reynosia
septentrionalis Urb. Guamaberry, Florida, Pulp
darling plum West Indies
Reynosia uncinata
Urb. Cascarola Puerto Rico Pulp

Ziziphus angolito
Stand. Angolito Colombia Pulp
Ziziphus endlichii
Loes Mexico Pulp

115
Chapter 4

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used

Ziziphus joazeiro
Mart. Joazeiro Brazil Pulp
Ziziphus misto!
Griesb. Argentine jujube Argentina Pulp

Rosaceae

Crataegus pubescens
Steud. Manzanilla Guatemala, Pulp
Mexico
Crataegus stipulosa
Steud. Manzanilla Guatemala to Pulp
Ecuador

Heteromeles
arbutifolia Roem. Christnnas berry Mexico, U.S.A. Pulp
Heteromeles
ferruginea Benth. Cerote Colombia Pulp

Licania incana Aubl. Licania Brazil Pulp

Prunus occidentalis
Sw. West Indian West Indies Pulp, seeds
cherry laurel
Prunus serótina Ehrh. Ceresa Tropical Americas Pulp

Rubus adenotrichos
Schlecht. Mora Ecuador, Mexico Pulp
Rubus bogotensis
H.B.K. Mora Colombia Pulp
Rubus brasiliensis
Mart. Brazil Pulp
Rubus constaricanus
Liebnn. Costa Rica Pulp
Rubus geoides J. Snn.
ex Hook. Minemine Chile Pulp
Rubus hondurensis
Bail!. Zarzannora Honduras Pulp
Rubus nubigenus
H.B.K. Mora Colombia Pulp
Rubus
porphyromallus
Focke Mora Colombia Pulp
Rubus roseus Poir. Mora de rocota Ecuador, Peru Pulp
Rubus urticaefolius
Poir. Mora Ecuador, Peru, Pulp
Brazil

116
 Minor Fruits of the Americas

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used

Rubiaceae

Alibertia hexagina
Karst Pera Colombia Pulp
Alibertia melloana
Hook. f. Madroño Southern Brazil Pulp
Alibertia sessilis
Schum. Marmelinho do Brazil Pulp
campo

Amajova edulis Baill. Boiabeira prêta Brazil Pulp

Amajova guianensis
Aubl. Amaina Brazil, Guiana Pulp

Duranta macrophylla
Hub. Puruhi grande Brazil Pulp
Duranta plumieri
Jacq. Brazil, Pulp
West Indies

Du roi a s ace i fera

Hook. f. Cabeca-de-uruba Brazil Pulp

Gardenia brasiliensis
Spreng. Brazil Pulp
Gardenia suaveolens
Veil. Bacupari-açu Brazil Pulp

Guet tard a
speciosa L. Angelica Brazil Pulp
Guettarda uruguensis
Cham, et Schlecht. Velvet seed Brazil, Pulp
Uruguay

Hamelia patens Jacq. Scarlet bush, Puerto Rico, Pulp

bálsamo Martinique
Pentagonia
brachyotis Standl. Murciélago Colombia Pulp
Pentagonia
macrophylla Benth. Murciélago Central America, Pulp
Colombia

Posoqueria acutifolia
Mart. Bacupari-mirim Brazil Pulp
Posoqueria latifolia
Roem. et. Schult. Jazmin de monte Brazil Aril

Randia aculeata L. Cruceto, cambrón Antilles, Pulp

Central
America, South
America

117
Chapter 4

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used

Thieleodoxa sorbilis
Ducke Puruhi grande Brazil Pulp
Thieleodoxa
stipularis Ducke Brazil Pulp
Thieleodoxa
vertid I lata Ducke Brazil Pulp

Tocoyena formosa K.
Schum. Genlpapo do Brazil Pulp
campo

Santalaceae

Acanthosyris falcata
Griseb. Bolivia, Pulp
Paraguay
Acanthosyris
spinescens Griseb. Sombra de touro Brazil Pulp

Sapindaceae

l\/leliococca
lepidopetala Radlk. Central America, Pulp
West Indies

Paullinia cupanà
H.B.K. Guaraná Brazil Pulp
Paullinia macrophylla
H.B.K. Bejuco prieto Colombia Aril
Paullinia
subrotundata Pers. Peru Seeds, ari

Schmidelia edulis St.

Hil. Fructa de parao Brazil Pulp

Talisia escalenta
Radlk. Pitomba Brazil Pulp
Talisia hexamphylla
Vahl. Mamón cutuplis Venezuela Pulp

Sapotaceae

Bumelia altamiranoi
Rose et Standl. Mexico Pulp
Bumelia laetevirens
Hemsl. Tempixtle Mexico Latex
Bumelia sartorum
Mart. Quixaberia Brazil Pulp

Chrysophyllum
argenteum Jacq. West Indies Pulp

118
 Minor Fruits of the Americas

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Chrysophyllum
auratum Miq. Níspero-caimito Colombia Pulp
Chrysophyllum
bicolor Poir. Caimillo Puerto Rico Pulp
Chrysophyllum
excelsum Hub. Sorva do Peru Brazil Pulp
Chrysophyllum
macoucow Aubl. Guiana Pulp
Chrysophyllum
mexicanum Brand, ex
Standl. Caimito, cimarrón Colombia, Peru Pulp
Chrysophyllum
microcarpum Swantz West Indies
Chrysophyllum
monopyrenum Swartz Satin leaf Tropical Americas Pulp
Chrysophyllum
oliviforme L. Satin leaf Florida, Pulp
West Indies

Glycoxylon huberi
Ducke Pao doce Brazil Pulp
Glycoxylon
inophyllum Ducke Pao doce Brazil Pulp
Glycoxylon
pedicellatum Ducke Ajará-y Brazil Pulp

Labourdonnaisia
albescens Benth. Almique Cuba Pulp

Lúcuma
arguacoensium Karst Nawe, manzano Colombia Pulp
Lúcuma dissepela
Ducke Ablurana grande Brazil Pulp
Lúcuma lasiocarpa
Mart. Abîurana Brazil Pulp
Lúcuma laurifolia DC. Guapeba Brazil Pulp
Lúcuma multiflora
A. DC. Jácana Puerto Rico Pulp
Lúcuma palmer! Fern. Mexican sapodilla, Mexico Pulp
huicon
Lúcuma paraensis
Standl. Abiu Brazil Pulp
Lúcuma parviflora
Benth. Muira-pixi Brazil Pulp
Lúcuma procera
Mart. Macarandiba Brazil Pulp

Lúcuma rivicola
Gaertn. Cutitiribá, Brazil Pulp
egg fruit

119
Chapter 4

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Lúcuma serpentaria
H.B.K. Cuba Pulp
Lúcuma speciosa
Ducke Pajurá Brazil Pulp
/ uruma Itorta
^Li \.f Li 111 o DC
\y 1 Id 1-/ >-/ • Brazil Pulp
Lúcuma valparadisea
A. DC. Palo colorado Chile Pulp

Manilkara balta Dub Brazil, Guiana Pulp

Manilkara bidentata
Dub. Ausubo Puerto Rico Pulp
Manilkara coriácea
Miq. Abricoteiro-do- Brazil Pulp
nnato
Manilkara huberi
Stand. Maçaranduba Brazil Pulp
Manilkara sieberi
Dub
L^KJVJ.
West Indies, Pulp
Florida

Mimusops elata Fr
Alemao Maçaranduba Brazil Pulp
vermeiha
Mimusops excelsa
Ducke Maçaranduba Brazil Latex
Mimusops huberi
Ducke True nnaçaranduba Brazil Pulp
Mimusops triflora F.
Allem. Maçaranduba Brazil Pulp

Ocythece fabrilis
Pierre West Indies Pulp (drink)

Pou ter i a
carabobensis Pitt. Chupón torito Venezuela Pulp
Pouteria macrocarpa
Baehni Cutite-grande Brazil Pulp
Pouteria macrophylla
Eyma Cutite Brazil Pulp
Pouteria pariry Baehi Pariri Brazil Pulp
Pouteria speciosa
Baehni Pajurá-de-obidos Brazil Pulp
Pouteria su avis
Hemsl. Uruguay Pulp
Pouteria tovarencis
Engler Níspero de nnonte Venezuela Pulp
Pouteria ucuqui Pires
et Schultes Ucuqui Colonnbia Pulp
Sideroxylon
amigdalicarpum Pitt. Chupón colorado Venezuela Pulp

120
 Minor Fruits of the Americas

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Sideroxylon capiri
Pitt. Zapote de ave Mexico Pulp
Sideroxylon
foetidissimum Jacq. Mastic West Indies Pulp
Sideroxylon rugosum
Roem. et Schult. Mecieira de boi Brazil Pulp

Vitellaria multiflora
A. DC. Zapatillo Colombia Pulp

Saxifragaceae

Gumillea auriculata
Ruiz et Pav. Peru Seeds (coffee
substitute)

Simarubaceae

Simaruba glauca Sw. Paradise tree Florida, South Pulp

America,
Mexico, West
Indies

Solanaceae

Acnistus arborescens
Schlect. Palo de gallina Colombia Pulp

Cyphomandra
crassifolia Macbr. Tomate silveste South America Pulp
Cyphomandra
hartwegi Sendt. Cyndra Argentina, Chile Pulp
Cyphomandra
heterophylla Taub. Pepinillo Colombia Pulp
Cyphomandra
naranjilla Pitt. Naranjilla Colombia Pulp

Physalis angulata L. Camapu Brazil Pulp

Physalis peruviana L. Uchuva South America Pulp
Physalis pubescens L. Camapu Brazil Pulp

Solandra grandiflora
Sweet Trumpet flower, Jamaica, Pulp
gusaticha Venezuela

Solanum agrarium
Sendt. Brazil Pulp
Solanum asarifolium
Kth et Bcke Bolivia Pulp
Solanum caripense
Humb. et Bonpl. Frijolitos South America Pulp

121
Chapter 4

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Solanum georgicum
R. E. Schultes Tonto-rande Colombia Pulp
Solanum grandiflorum
Ruiz et Pav. Fructa de lobo Brazil, Peru Pulp
Solanum hirtum Vahl Colombia, Pulp
Trinidad
Solanum hirsutissimum Naranjillo Costa Rica to Pulp
Standl. Ecuador
Solanum liximltante
R. E. Schultes Coconilla Ecuador, Peru Pulp
Solanum nigrum L. Black nightshade Tropical Americas Pulp
Solanum piloferum
Benth. Mexico Pulp
Solanum platyphyllum
Humb. et BonpL' Lulo Amazon and Pulp
Orinoco River
area
Solanum pseudolulo
Heiser Colombia Pulp
Solanum scabrum
Vahl Arana gato Antilles, Central Pulp
America, South
America
Solanum sessillflorum
Dun. Cubio, cubil Brazil (Amazon and Pulp
Para River areas)
Solanum
sisymbrlfolium Lam. Guinda South America Pulp
Solanum
stramonlifolium Jacq. Jua Andes Pulp
Solanum tequilense
A. Gray Central America, Pulp
Mexico
Solanum vestissimum
Dunal Colombia, Pulp
Venezula
Solanum torvum
Swartz Wild eggplant Tropical Americas Green pulp

Sterculiaceae

Guazuma tomentosa
H.B.K. Bastard cedar Tropical Americas Pulp
Guazuma ulmifolia
Lam. West Indian South America, Pulp
guácima West Indies
Sterculia apétala
Karst Capera Panama Seed
Sterculia chicha St.
Hil. Castanha do para Brazil Seed

122
 Minor Fruits of the Americas

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Theobroma albiflora
Goud. Cacao montaras Colombia Seed
Theobroma bicolor
H.B.K. Cacao, perúcocoa Amazonia, Central Seed
America, Peru
Theobroma
grandiflorum K.
Schum. Cupuassú Amazonia Seed, Pulp
Theobroma mariae
Schum. Cacaoti Brazil Seed
Theobroma martiana
Dietr. Brazil Seeds
Theobroma
microçarpa Mart. Cacao-rana Brazil Seeds
Theobroma obovatum
Bern. Cabeça de drunú Brazil Pulp
Theobroma
pentágona Bern. Cacao lagarto Central America Seeds
Theobroma
purpureum Pitt. Cacao de mico Central America Seeds
Theobroma speciosa
Willd. Cacao do mono Brazil Seeds
Theobroma
spruceanum Bern. Cacao azul Brazil Pulp, seed
Theobroma
stipulatum Cuatr. Chocolate Colombia Pulp
Theobroma
subincanum Mart. Cupuahy, cacao- Amazonia Seeds
rana

Symplocaceae

Symplocos serrulata
Hunnb. et Bonpl. Azajar Colombia Pulp

Taxaceae

Podocarpus andina
Poepp. Lieuque Chile Pulp
Podocarpus
macrostachyus Pari. Pinete Colombia, Pulp
Ecuador
Theophrastaceae

Jaquinia caracasana
H.B.K. Venezuela Pulp

Tiliaceae

Sloanea dentata L. Urucurana Brazil, Guiana Pulp

123
Chapter 4

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used

Ulmaceae

Celtis glycicarpa
Mart. Grao de gallo Brazil Pulp
Celtis iguanaea Sarg. Uña de gato Colombia Pulp
Celtis tala Gill. Mexico Pulp

Phyllostylon
rhamnoides Taub. Sabanaemico Colombia Nut

Vacciniaceae

Vaccinium
meridionals Sw. Agraz Colombia Pulp

Verbenaceae

Callicarpa
americana L. French mulberry U.S.A., West Indies Pulp

Citharexylum
fruticosum L. Florida, fiddle- Florida, West Pulp
wood, péndula Indies

Lantana cámara L. Mountain sage Tropical Americas Pulp

Lantana trifolia L. Wild sage Tropical Americas Pulp

Wiex capitata Vahl Aceituno Colombia, Pulp

Venezuela
y/fex cymosa Hub. Aceituno Brazil Pulp
Vitex ducke i Hub Brazil Pulp
1 V-I I ^

Vitex flavens H.B.K. Turumá turia Brazil, Peru Pulp

Vitex gigantea H.B.K. Pechichi Ecuador Pulp
Wrex mo///s H.B.K. Uvalama Mexico Pulp
Vitex adora ta Humb. Turumá cheiroso Brazil Pulp
Vitex orinocensis
H.B.K. Guarataro Brazil, Pulp
Venezuela
Vitex triflora Hub. Brazil, Guiana Pulp

Violaceae

Gloeospermum
sphaexocarpum
Tr. et PI. Pepito Peru Pulp

Leonia triandra Cuatr. Yema de huevo Brazil, Peru Pulp

124
 Minor Fruits of the Americas

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used

Vitidaceae

Vitis caribaea DC. Uva silvestre Central America, Pulp

Mexico, West
Indies

Vit is sicyoides Miq. Tropical Annericas Pulp

Vochysiaceae

Er ism a caí carat urn

Warna Jabuti Brazil Pulp
Erisma ¡apura Spruce Japura Brazil Pulp

125
5. Minor Fruits of Africa

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Acanthaceae

Barleria bornuensis
S. Moore Jatibolohi Northern Cameroon Pulp

Agavaceae

Dracaena afro-
montana Ikenke Zaire Berries
Dracaena butayei Diaria mbula Zaire Berries
Dracaena capitulifera Bodelo Zaire Berries
Dracaena
dundusanensis Lubete Zaire Berries
Dracaena fragans Ipepe Zaire Berries
Dracaena hookeriana Bastard apple Zaire, Berries
southern Africa
Dracaena laurentii Kwikwi Zaire Berries
Dracaena poggei Lilandala Zaire Berries
Dracaena reflexa var.
nitens Ebiannba Zaire Berries
Dracaena rubro-
aurantiaca Lile Zaire Berries
Dracaena thalioides Gungowa Zaire Berries
Dracaena vanderysti Honda Zaire Berries
Anacardiacaea

Antrocaryon
klaineanum Pierre West Africa Pulp
V- ■ f^

Antrocaryon
micraster A. Chev. et
Guillaum. Tropical Africa Pulp, seed
Antrocaryon nannanii
De. Wild. Zaire Seed

Glycycarpus
racemosus Dalz. Amberee Tropical Africa Pulp

Haematostaphis
barter'! Hook. f. Blood plunn West Africa Pulp

Lannea alata Engler Wa'anreh East Africa Pulp

Lannea discolor
Engler Live-long East and southern Pulp
Africa
Lannea edulis Engler Wild grape Southern Africa Pulp
Lannea fulva Engler Malawi Pulp
Lannea kirkii Burtt-
Davy Tree grape Southern and Pulp
east Africa

126
Scientific Common Where Part
name name found used
Lannea stuhlmannii
Engler Mango, mvure Malawi Pulp
Lannea velutina A.
Rich. Sambitouliga Upper Volta, Zaire Pulp
Lannea welwitschii
Engler Kumbi Zaire Pulp

Ozoroa ret ¡culata R.

et A. Fernandez East Africa Pulp

Pi era lima el Hot i i

Stapf West Africa
W W ^te^ Vi^ V /»III \^ VA Pulp

Rhus albida Schousb. Hawthorn Southern and Berries

west Africa
Rhus natalensis
Bernh. ex Krauss Garri East Africa Berries
Rhus tenuinervis
Engler Southern Africa Berries
Rhus tripartita (Ucria)
Grande Dmah West Africa Berries
Rhus vulgaris Meikle Muthigio East Africa Berries

Sclerocarya
schweinfurthiana
Schinz Mungongo Angola Pulp

Sorindeia grandifolia
Engler. Sierra Leone Pulp
Sorindeia
¡uglandifolia Planch.
ex Oliv. Damson West Africa Pulp
Sorindeia
madagascariensis
DC. Grape mango Madagascar Pulp
Sorindeia warneckei
Engler Tropical Africa Pulp

Trichoscypha
acuminata Engler Dole Zaire, Angola Pulp
Trichoscypha arbórea
A. Chev. West Africa Pulp
Trichoscypha
ferruginea Engler West Africa Pulp
Trichoscypha
longifolia Engler West Africa Pulp
Trichoscypha
reygaertii De. Wild. Zaire Pulp

127
Chapter 5

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used

Anisophylleaceae

Anisophyllea
fruticulosa Engler et
Gilg. Mufungo Zambia Pulp
Anisophyllea laurina
R. BR. ex Sabine Monkey apple Tropical Africa Pulp
Anisophyllea poggei
Engler Prune du Kasai Zaire Pulp

Annonaceae

Annona arenaria
Thonn. Bagra, lolo Zaire Pulp
Annona cuneata R. E.
Fries var.glabrescens
Robyns et Gherq. Elolo Zaire Pulp
Annona glabra L. Pond apple, West Africa Pulp
nnonkey apple
Annona stenophylla
Engler et Diels ssp.
nana Robson Zaire Pulp

Anonidium mannii
Engler et Diels Mongongwe Equatorial Africa Pulp

Artabotrys boonei Aganboli Zaire Pulp

Artabotrys likimensis Kakannbo Zaire Pulp
Artabotrys malchairi Entsala Zaire Pulp
Artabotrys species Mukukuma Madagascar, Pulp
east Africa
Artabotrys thomsonii Longuro Zaire Pulp

Cleistopholis
bequaerti Musoka Zaire Pulp
Cleistopholis glauca Ominga Zaire Pulp
Cleistopholis
grandiflora Montóle Zaire Pulp
Cleistopholis patens
Engler Bontolei Zaire Pulp
Cleistopholis
pynaertii Bontole Zaire Pulp
Cleistopholis
verschuereni Bontole Zaire Pulp

Enneastemon
foliosus Robyns
et Gherq. Equatorial Africa Pulp

128
 Minor Fruits of Africa

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Enneastemon
schweinfurthii
Robyns et Gherq. Central Africa Pulp
Enneastemon sereti Nangdjangu Zaire Pulp
Enneastemon vogelii
Keay West Africa Pulp

Hexalobus
crispiflorus A. Rich. Keyiowo, Central Africa, Pulp
mosome, ilumbe Zaire
Hexalobus
monopetalus Engler
et Diels Mukundu Equatorial and Pulp, nut
Southern Africa

Popow!a caffra Dwaba berry Southern Africa Pulp

Popowia congensis
Engler Southern Nigeria Pulp
Popowia obovata
Engler et DIels East Africa Pulp
Popowia pynaerti Pome Zaire Pulp

Uvaria afzelii SC.

Elliot West Africa Pulp
Uvaria cabrae De Wild. Mundembo Zaire Pulp (aril)
Uvaria cliamae Beauv. Bush banana Sierra Leone Pulp
Uvaria doeringii Diels West Africa Pulp
Uvaria leptocladon
Oliv. Kenya Pulp
Uvaria ovata A. DC. West Africa Pulp
Uvaria scabidra Kuatiliu Zaire Pulp

Apocynaceae

Acokanthera
longiflora Stapf Kenya Pulp

Ancylobothrys
amoena Hua Bulempe Tanzania, Pulp
Sudan
Ancylobothrys
pyriformis Pierre Zaire Pulp
Ancylobothrys
scandens Pichón West Africa Pulp (beverage)

Anthoclitandra
robustior Pichón Zaire Pulp

Azanza garckeana
Exell et Hillcoat Quarters, snot- Kenya, Tanzania, Pulp
apple Zimbabwe

129
Chapter 5

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used

Carissa bispinosa
Desf. ex Brenan Num-num Southern Africa, Pulp
Kenya
Carissa ferox DC. Southern Africa Pulp
Carissa haematocarpa Amatungulu Southern Africa, Pulp
Kenya
Carpodinus gracilis
Stapf Southern Africa Pulp
Carpodinus
vertid ¡fata De Wild.
et E. Laurent Tropical Africa Pulp

Clitandra arnoldiana
De Wild. Zaire Pulp
Ciitandra cirrhosa
Radlk. Oban rubber West Africa Pulp

Conopharyngia
elegans Stapf Kakope, toad tree Zambia Pulp

Dictyophleba
leonensis Pichón West Africa Pulp

Hunteria el Hot i i
Pichón Sierra Leone Pulp

Jasminochyla
ugandensis Pichón Nandi rubber vine East Africa Pulp

Landoiphia calabarica
E. A. Bruce Sierre Leone Pulp
Landoiphia capensis
Oliv. Wild apricot Southern Africa Pulp
Landolpliia
droogmansiana De
Wild. Zaire Pulp
Landoiphia
dubreucquiana De
Wild. Zaire Pulp
Landoiphia duicis
Pichón Tropical Africa Pulp
Landoiphia gentiiii De
Wild. Lisuki Tropical Africa Pulp
Landoiphia heudeiotii
DC. Guinea gunnvine Senegal, tropical Pulp (beverage)
Africa
Landoiphia hirsuta
Pichón Tropical Africa Pulp
Landoiphia humiiis K.
Schum. Zaire Pulp

130
 Minor Fruits of Africa

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Landolphia kirkii Dyer Coast rubber vine Malawi, southern Pulp
Africa
Landolphia
lanceolata Pichón Tropical Africa Pulp
Landolphia
landolphioides A.
Chev. Tropical Africa Pulp
Landolphia
macrantha Pichón Tropical Africa Pulp
Landolphia
owariensis Beauv. White rubber vine, Tropical Africa Pulp (beverage)
white ball rubber
Landolphia parvifolia
K. Schum. Malawi Pulp
Landolphia
petersiana This.-Dyer East Africa Pulp
Landolphia thollonii
Dewevre Londi-londi Zaire Pulp

Roupellia grata Wall,

et Hook. f. Creann fruit Tropical Africa Pulp

Saba florida Bullock Chiwo Zaire, Sudan, Pulp

west Africa
Saba senegalensis
Pichón Saba Tropical Africa

Thespesia dan is Oliv. Danisa Kenya Pulp

Araliaceae

Cussonia angolensis Lombilla Zaire Pulp

Cussonia arbórea Dikasa ya tambu Zaire Pulp
Cussonia brieyi Loka-loka Zaire Pulp
Cussonia corbisieri Dikasa-diatembo Zaire Pulp
Cussonia delovoyi Kitompo Zaire Pulp
Cussonia holstii Muamve Zaire Pulp
Cussonia kirkii Seem Cabbage tree Malawi Pulp
Cussonia natalensis Cabbage tree Southern Africa Pulp
Cussonia pan icu lata Unnbrella tree Southern Africa Pulp
Cussonia spicata
Thunb. Cabbage tree, Malawi, Pulp
kipersol southern Africa
Cussonia thyrsiflora Kipersol Southern Africa Pulp
Cussonia umbellifera Cabbage tree Zaire Pulp

Pentadiplandra
brazzeana Bai 11. Zaire Pulp

131
Chapter 5

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used

Asclepiadaceae

Leptadenia
pyrotechnica DC. Asabai Niger Pulp

Sarcostemma
viminale R. Br. Creeper East and Pulp
southern Africa
Balanitaceae

Balan i tes aegyptiaca

Del. Desert date Senegal, Sudan, Pulp (dried)
Uganda
Balanites glabra
Mildr. et Schlecht. OIngaswa Kenya Pulp
Balanites maughamii
Sprague Torch fruit tree Southern Africa Nut
Balanites quarrel Wabagana Zaire Nut
Balanites wilsoniana
Dawe et Sprague Uganda, Zaire Nut

Berberidaceae

Berberís holst!i
Engler East Africa Berries

Bignoniaceae

Colea mauritiana Boj. Sofint sohy Madagascar Pulp

Colea tel f ai rea Boj. Voansakalava Madagascar Pulp

Phyllarthorn
bojerianum DC. Zahana Madagascar Pulp

Phylloctenium
decaryanum H. Perr. Balmy fruit Madagascar Pulp

Bombacaceae

Adansonia
madagascariensis
Baíll. Madagascar Madagascar Pulp
baobab, Zaha

Pochota glabra
Bullock Pachira nut West Africa, Nut
Zaire

132
 Minor Fruits of Africa

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used

Brexiaceae

Brexia
madagascariensis
Thouars ex Ker Gawl. Tanzania Pulp

Burseraceae

Commiphora africana
Engler Mbambara East and Pulp
southern Africa
Commiphora
caraifolia Cork tree Southern Africa Pulp
Commipliora liarveyi Cork tree Southern Africa Pulp
Commiphora
peduncuiata Engler Hill mango West Africa Pulp

Dacryodes buettneri
Lam. Gabon Pulp«■■ ■ ^

Dacryodes edulis
H. J. Lam. Eben tree West Africa Pulp
Dacryodes klaineana
H. J. Lam. Damson Sierre Leone Pulp

Protium macgregorii
Leehn. Kaibas East Africa * Pulp
Santiria trimera
Aubrév. Balsamier West Africa Pulp

Cactaceae

Opuntia di lien i i Haw. Prickly pear Madagascar Pulp

Opuntia megacantha
Salm-Dyck Mispel Southern Africa Pulp
Opuntia stricta Haw. Figuier de barbarie, Madagascar Pulp
prickly pear
Opuntia tuna Mill. Tuna, prickly pear Senegal Pulp
Opuntia vuigaris MIN. Cochineal fig Southern Africa Pulp

Canellaceae

Warburgia
ugandensis Sprague East Africa Pulp
1 W« 1 ^

Capparidacea

Boscia albitrunca
Gilg. et Bened Emigrants' tree Southern Africa Berries
Boscia an gust i foi i a
A Rich West Africa Berries
Boscia senegalensis
Lam. ex Poir. Kursan Tropical Africa Berries

133
Chapter 5

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used

Capparis citrifolia Capers Southern Africa Pulp

Capparis corymbosa
Lam. Mordo Tropical Africa Pulp
Capparis fascicularis
DC. Northern Cameroon Pulp
Capparis
hypericoides Southern Africa Pulp
Capparis zeheri Wait-a-bit Southern Africa Pulp

Courbonia edulis G i Ig
et Bened. Tanzania, Pulp
east Africa
Courbonia glauca
Gilg et Bened. East Africa Pulp
Courbonia virgata A.
Brongn. Kurdan Sudan Pulp

Crateva adansonii
DC, Congo, Sudan Pulp
Euadenia eminens
Hook. f. Sierra Leone Pulp
Maerua angolensis
DC. Knob bean, Southern Africa, Pulp
jabsabsa Zaire
Maerua angustifolia Snake egg bush Southern Africa, Pulp
Zaire
Maerua aprevalina Esembe Zaire Pulp
Maerua cabra White bushwood Southern Africa Pulp
Maeru crassifolia
Forsk. Eb nennbe Mauritania Pulp
Maerua
denliardtiorum Gilg Kukupe Kenya Pulp
Maerua júncea Kasakala Zaire Pulp
Maerua oblongifolia
A. Rieh. Sudan PulD

Celastraceae

Cassine burl<eana Southern Africa Pulp

Cassine capensis Southern Africa Pulp
Cassine croceae Southern Africa Pulp
Cassine
eucleaeformis Southern Africa Pulp
Cassine l<raussiana Red pear Southern Africa Pulp
Cassine
maurocenia L. Hottentot cherry Southern Africa Pulp
Cassine papulosa Southern Africa Pulp
Cassine schlechter i
Davison Mozambique Pulp

134
 Minor Fruits of Africa

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Cassine
spliaeropfiyila Cape cherry Southern Africa Pulp
Cassine tetragona Dry liver Southern Africa Pulp
Maytenus acuminata Silky bark Southern Africa Pulp
Maytenus cymosa Walt-a-bit Southern Africa Pulp
Maytenus
peduncularis Blackwood Southern Africa Pulp
Maytenus polyacanttia Southern Africa Pulp
Maytenus
senegalensis Exell Volfa Botawana, Pulp
southern Africa
Maytenus tenuispina Southern Africa Pulp
Maytenus undata Koko tree Southern Africa Pulp

Mystroxylon
aethiopicum Loes. Spoon wood Uganda, Pulp
southern Africa
Mystroxylon kuba
Eckl. at Zeyh. Kubu Southern Africa Pulp

Pachystigma bowkeri
Robyns Southern Africa Pulp

Salada caillei A.
Chev. Tropical Africa Pulp
Salada demeusei Seka Zaire Pulp
Salada den tata Baker Tsimatra Madagascar Pulp
Salada erecta Wal p. Tropical Africa Pulp
Salada lomensis
Loes. West Africa Pulp
Salada nítida N. E.
Br. West Africa Pulp
Salada pyriformis
Steud. Tontel Sierra Leone Pulp
Salada rehmannii
Schinz et DC. Wild orange, Southern Africa, Pulp
malombo Sierra Leone,
Zaire
Salada senegalensis
DC. West Africa Pulp
Salada
stuhlmanniana Loes. Tanzania Pulp
Salada togoica Loes. Togo, Pulp
west Africa

Chrysobalanaceae

Chrysobalanus
ellipticus Soland. ex
Sabine Odora pear West Africa Pulp

135
Chapter 5

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Chrysobalanus
orbicularis Schum. et
Thonn. Mafuli Zaire Pulp, seed
Grangeria
madagascariensis 0.
Hoffmg. Morasira Madagascar Pulp
Hirtella zanzibarica
Oliv. East Africa Pulp
Magnistipula
bangweolensis Grah. Tanzania Pulp

Parinari benna SO.

Elliot Tropical Africa Pulp
Parinari bequartii Mukuwe Zaire Pulp
Parinari congensis F.
Didr. Mampombo Zaire Pulp
Parinari curatellifolia
Planch. Cork or hissing Equatorial and Nut
tree, mobola southern Africa
plum, imbombo
Parinari emirnensis
Baker Vandevenona Madagascar Pulp
Parinari excelsa
Sabine Rough-skinned Tropical Africa Pulp, nut
plum, grey or
Guinea plum,
busumbi
Parinari glabra Oliv. Zaire Nut
Parinari latifolia Exell Sand apple Southern Africa Pulp
Parinari macrophylla
Sabine Cayor apple, Senegal Nut, pulp
gingerbread
plum
Parinari mobola Oliv. Mabo, sand apple Zaire, Nut
southern Africa
Parinari pumila
Mildbr. Pommier du cayor, Zaire Nut
parinarium

Combretaceae

Laguncularia
racemosa Gaertn. f. Tarrafe Bissago Nut
Strephonema
pseudocola A. Chev. Awuruku West Africa Nut
Terminalia párvula
Pampan Megag Somalia Nut

136
 Minor Fruits of Africa

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Connaraceae

Cnestis ferruginea
DC. Nkualisende Zaire Pulp
Cnestis iomalla Bankala Zaire Pulp
Cnestis nataiensis Wild peach Southern Africa Pulp
Cnestis sapinii De
Wild. Zaire Pulp
Cnestis setosa Bankaka Zaire Pulp
Cnestis urens Biesende Zaire Pulp

Rourea piatysepaia
Baker Voampika Madagascar Pulp
Santaioides
gudjuanum
Schellenb. West Africa Pulp

Cycadaceae

Cycas thouarsii
Gaudich. Fatra Madagascar Nut

Encephaiartos
altensteinii Lehm. Bread tree Equatorial and Pulp
southern Africa
Encephaiartos caffer
Miq. Bushman bread Southern Africa Pulp
Encephaiartos
cycadifolius Kaffir bread tree Southern Africa Pulp
Encephaiartos
eugene-maraisii Wild date Southern Africa Pulp
Encephaiartos ferox Bread palm Southern Africa Pulp
Encephaiartos
horridus Kaffier bread Southern Africa Pulp
Encephaiartos
lafifrnns
Id nil vy» /o Southern Africa Pulp
Encephaiartos
lehmannii
I^IIIIIXAllllll
Southern Africa Pulp
Encephaiartos
longifolus Bread palm, cycad Southern Africa Pulp
Encephaiartos
paucidentatus Southern Africa Pulp
Encephaiartos
transvenosus Modjadji's palm Southern Africa Pulp
Encephaiartos
vil OS us Southern Africa Pulp

Dichapetalaceae

DIchapetalum
cymosum Poison leaf Southern Africa Pulp

137
Chapter 5

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Dichapetalum edule
Engler Tropical Africa Pulp
Dichapetalum
flexuosum Engler West Africa Pulp
Dichapetalum
toxicarium Baill. West Africa Pulp
Dichapetalum
venenatum Engler et
Gilg Makaou, machaow West Africa Pulp

Ebenaceae

Diospyros
atropurpúrea Guerke West Africa Pulp
Diospyros austro-
africana var.
microphyla Southern Africa Pulp
Diospyros austro-
africana var.
rubriflora Fire bush Southern Africa Pulp
Diospyros barteri
Hiern. Tropical Africa Pulp
Diospyros bequaerti Innbimbo Zaire Pulp
Diospyros bipidensis
Guerke Pandi Zaire Pulp
Diospyros boala Boala Zaire Pulp
Diospyros
canaliculata De Wild. Flint bark Tropical Africa Pulp
Diospyros crassiflora
Hiern. Ekili Zaire Pulp
Diospyros dendo
Welw. Tropical Africa Pulp
Diospyros
dichrophylla Monkey apple Southern Africa Pulp
Diospyros elliotti F.
White Sierra Leone Pulp
Diospyros heudelotti
Hiern. Tropical Africa Pulp
Diospyros
kamerunensis Guerke Tropical Africa Pulp
Diospyros
kimba-kimba Kinriba-kimba Zaire Pulp
Diospyros lycioides
sp. guerkei Southern Africa Pulp
Diospyros lycioides
sp. lysioides Jackal berry Southern Africa Pulp
Diospyros lycioides
sp. sericeae Southern Africa Pulp
Diospyros
mespiliformis Höchst.
ex A. DC. Monkey guava Tropical Africa Pulp

138
 Minor Fruits of Africa

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Diospyros nataiensis
Brenan Smalbead Southern Africa Pulp
Diospyros paliens Southern Africa Pulp
Diospyros ramuiosa Southern Africa Pulp
Diospyros scabrida Southern Africa Pulp
Diospyros simii Star apple Southern Africa Pulp
Diospyros staudtii Belinda Zaire Pulp
Diospyros thomasii
Hutch, et J. M. Dalz. West Africa Pulp
Diospyros tricoior
Hiern. West Africa Pulp
Diospyros wtiyteana African bladder nut, Southern Africa Pulp
wild coffee
Diospyros viridicans
Hiern. Gabon ebony West Africa Pulp

Euclea crispa Southern Africa Pulp

Euclea crispa var.
ova ta Southern Africa Pulp
Wl ■ ^

Euclea divin or urn

Hiern. Musaki Uganda Pulp
Euclea katangensis Sakonida Southern Africa Pulp
Euclea lancea Southern Africa Pulp
Euclea linearis Southern Africa Pulp
Euclea milbraedii Botuna, kinga. Zaire Pulp
kenga
Euclea nataiensis A.
DC. Southern Africa Pulp
Euclea ovata Burch. Southern Africa Pulp
Euclea polyandra Guarri Southern Africa
Euclea pseudebenus
E. Mey. Black ebony Angola, Pulp
southern Africa
Euclea racemosa Guarri Southern Africa Pulp
Euclea schimperi
Dandy Ogum East and Pulp
southern Africa,
Sudan
Euclea tomentosa
k» Wff ^y f \^ wt I ^/ 9 t f ^^ f « C ^^ ^^ %êA
Southern Africa Pulp
Euclea undulata
Thunb. Southern Africa Pulp
Euclea undulata var.
myrtina Southern Africa Pulp

Ehretiaceae

Cordia africana Lann. Mukumari Tropical Africa Pulp

Cordia balanocarpa
Rrpnan
l_/l ^1 lui 1 Tanzania Pulp
Cordia caffra Southern Africa Pulp
Cordia charaf B.
Ehren ex Aschers. Marer, maded East Africa Pulp

139
Chapter 5

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used

Cord i a myxa L. Sapistan, sebestan, West Africa Pulp

Assyrian plum
Cordia ovalis R. Br. Sandpaper tree Angola Pulp
Cordia somaliensis
Baker Pumbazi Kenya Pulp

Ehretia amoena Southern Africa Pulp

Ehretia petiolaris
Lam. Betel tree Mauritius Pulp
Ehretia rígida Cape lilac Southern Africa, Pulp
Kenya

Elaeagnaceae

Eiaeagnus
angustifolia L. Chalet Algeria Pulp
Eiaeagnus multiflora
Thunb. North Africa Pulp

Ericaceae

Arbutus canarier)sis
Duham. Canary madrone Canary Islands Pulp
Arbutus unedo L. Strawberry tree North Africa Pulp

Vaccin i urn
andringitrense Perr. Madagascar Pulp
Vaccinium emirnense
Hood. Madagascar Pulp
Vaccinium littorale H.
Perr. Madagascar Pulp
Vaccinium stanleyi
Schweinf. Myrtillier du Congo Zaire Pulp

Euphorbiaceae

Antidesma laciniatum Esutu Zaire

An tides m a
madagascariense Lam. Taindalitra, verana Madagascar Pulp
Antidesma
membranaceum
Muell.-Arg. Uganda, Zaire Pulp
Antidesma venosum
E. Mey. ex Tul. Itombo Tropical and Pulp
southern Africa

Bridelia atroviridis Mondjako Zaire Pulp

Bridelia brideliifolia Mutako Zaire Pulp
Bridelia ferruginea
Benth. Utulu Northern Pulp
Cameroon,
Malawi, Zaire

140
 Minor Fruits of Africa

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Bridelia micrantha
Raill
LJOM 1. Tropical and Pulp
southern Africa
Bridelia schleronerua
Muell.Arg. Kimwindu Tropical Africa, Pulp
Zaire

Crotonogyne poggei
Pax Mondondo Zaire Pulp

Drypetes arguta
Hutch. Bastard white Southern Africa Pulp
ironwood
Drypetes finvorensis
Hutch et J M Dalz West Africa Pulp
Drypetes floribunda
Hutch. West Africa Pulp
Drypetes gerrardii White ironwood Southern Africa Pulp
Drypetes gilgiana Pax
ptI Hoffm
C 1 1 VJ 1 1 1 1 1. West Africa Pulp
Drypetes ivorensis
Hutch et Dalz West Africa Pulp
Drypetes natalensis Stink bush Southern Africa Pulp

Hymenocardia acida
Tul. Tropical Africa Pulp
Lingelsheimia
gilgiana Hutch. West Africa Pulp

Macaranga
angolensis Ebili Zaire Pulp
Macaranga barteri Esenge Zaire Pulp
Macaranga
dibeleensis Botimeli Zaire Pulp
Macaranga gilleti Bolongo Zaire Pulp
Macaranga
heterophylla
Muell.-Arg. West Africa Pulp
Macaranga laurentii Esenge Zaire Pulp
Macaranga monandra Mondonnbe Zaire Pulp
Macaranga
neomildbraediana Mushasha Zaire Pulp
Macaranga saccifera Kilokote Zaire Pulp
Macaranga spinosa Boengi Zaire Pulp
n,, 1 __
Macaranga rosea Itele Zaire Pulp
Macaranga lecomtei Itele Zaire Pulp
Macaranga
vermoeseni Sasa Zaire Pulp

141
Chapter 5

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Maesobotrya barteri
Hutch. Olowun West Africa Pulp
Maesobotrya
bertramiania Ekakoloko Zaire Pulp
Maesobotrya
floribunda Benth. var.
hirtella Pax Bolongo Zaire Pulp
Maesobotrya
sparsiflora Hutch. , . West Africa Pulp
Maesobotrya staudtii
Hutch. Zaire Pulp

Manniophyton fulvum
Muell.-Arg. Nigeria Nut

Microdesmis zenkeri
Pax West Africa Pulp
Microdesmis
puberula Hook. f. ex
Planch. West Africa Pulp

Phyllanthus capillaris Eselebele Zaire Pulp

Phyllanthus delpyanus Kolokole Zaire Pulp
Phyiiantlius
discoideas
Muell.-Arg. Mukarara, red Southern, west Pulp
pear and east Africa;
Zaire
Phyllantlius incurvus Dye bush, kridia Southern Africa, Pulp
Zaire
Phyllanthus
medraspatensis Southern Africa Pulp
Phyllanthus
muellerianus Exell Bolombwe Zaire Pulp
Phyllanthus niruri Sonso Zaire Pulp
Phyllanthus
polyanthus Mokolokala Zaire Pulp
Phyllanthus
reticulatus Poir. Mkasiri East Africa Pulp

Pseudolachnostylis
glauca Hutch. Southern Africa Pulp
Pseudolachonstylis
maprouneifolia Pax Malawi Pulp

Ricinodendron
rautinenii Schinz Mokuru Angola Pulp

142
 Minor Fruits of Africa

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Securinega virosa
Bâill. Mkwamba Sudan, Kenya Pulp
Tetracarpidium
conophorum Hutch.
et Dalz. Awusa nut West Africa Pulp, seeds

Fagaceae

Quercus ilex L. Evergreen oak North Africa Seed

Quercus suber L. Cork oak North Africa Seed

Flacourtiaceae

Caioncoba crepiniana Kuma Zaire Pulp

Caloncoba gilgiana
Gilg Gorii West Africa Pulp
Caioncoba glauca
Gilg Gorii, bakala West Africa, Pulp
Zaire
Caioncoba mannii Obobondo Zaire Pulp
Caioncoba
welwitschii Bosanku Zaire Pulp

Dovyalis celastroides
Send. Cranberry Southern Africa Pulp
Dovyalis giorgii Bokoma Zaire Pulp
Dovyalis macrocalyx
Warb. East Africa Pulp
Dovyalis rhamnoides
E. Mey. Cape cranberry, Southern Africa Pulp
wineberry
Dovyalis trist i s Sim. Southern Africa Pulp
Dovyalis zeyheri Warb. Southern Africa Pulp
1 V<1 • f-/

Flacourtia
flavescens Willd. Niger plum, Upper Volta Fruit
berry tree
Flacourtia liirtiuscula
Oliv. Southern and Pulp
southeast Africa
Flacourtia vogelii
Hook. f. Blackberry Sierra Leone Pulp

Oncoba spinosa
Fursk. Oncob, snuffbox Tropical Africa Pulp
Prockia rotundifolia
Eck!, et Zeyh. Southern Africa Pulp
• v. 1^

Raw son i a lucida

Harv. et Sond. East Africa Pulp

143
Chapter 5

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used

Scolopia mundii Red pear Southern Africa Pulp

Scolopia thorneroftii Southern Africa Pulp
1 « 1 ^

Scolopia zeyheri
Szyszyl. Red pear, thorn East Africa Pulp
pear

Smeathmannia
laevigata Soland. West Africa Pulp
1 \^lf^

Soyauxia gabonensis
Oliv. Nigeria Pulp

Goodeniaceae

Scaevola plumieri
Vahl Ngoli foyi Senegal Pulp

Guttiferae

Garcinia afzelii
Engler West Africa Pulp
Garcinia cernua Baker Madagascar Pulp
Garcinia conrauana
Engler Ntu, false cola West Africa Pulp, seed
Garcinia epunctata
Stapf Botata Zaire Pulp
Garcinia giadidi De
Wild. Ngadidi Nigeria, Zaire Pulp
Garcinia huillensis
Welw. ex Oliv. Gadi Zaire, east Africa Pulp
Garcinia kola Heckel Bitter kola Nigeria, Zaire Pulp, seed
Garcinia mann i i Oliv. Balala Zaire, Pulp
west Africa
Garcinia mlanjiensis
Dunkiey Southern Africa
^^ %• **■ VII X^ III r\lli V^ ^lA j Pulp
Malawi
Garcinia natalensis
Schlechter Ebony, wild plunn West Africa Pulp
Garcinia ovalifolia
Oliv. Italonga Zaire Pulp
Garcinia poiyantha
Oliv. Akv\/ala Zaire Pulp
Garcinia
smeathmannii Oliv. False chewstick West Africa Pulp
Garcinia verrucosa
Jum. et Perr. Madagascar Pulp

144
 Minor Fruits of Africa

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used

Garcinia wentzeliana
Engler Magola Tropical Africa Pulp
Harungana
madagascariensis Montoni West Africa, Pulp
Sudan, Uganda,
Zaire
Hypericum
aethiopicum Sukibile, St.- Southern Africa Pulp
Johnswort
¡Hypericum
ianceolatum Mohanga Zaire Pulp
Hypericum
peplidifolium A. Rich. East Africa Pulp
Hypericum
roperianum Kabalebale Zaire Pulp

Mammea gilletii De
Wild. Dahomey Pulp
Pentadesma
butylaceae Sabine Owala oil tree Tropical Africa Seed
Rheedia pervillei
Planch, et Triana Madagascar Pulp

Symphonia
fasciculata BaiII. Kiza Madagascar Pulp
Symphonia louveiii
Jum. Madagascar Pulp
Symphonia
macrocarpa Jum. Madagascar Pulp

Tsimatimia pervillei
Jum. et Perr. Madagascar Pulp

Houmiriaceae

Aubrya gabonensis
Baill. Gabon Pulp
1 W.1^

Sacoglottis
gabonensis Urb. Ozouga Liberia, Ghana Pulp

Icacinaceae

Alsodeiopsis staudtii
Engler Tropical Africa Pulp

Icacina claesensi Kukbukumbu Zaire

145
Chapter 5

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Icacina guessfeldtii
Aschers, ex Engler Zaire Pulp
Icacina mannii Mumu Zaire Pulp
Icacina senegalensis
A. Juss. False yam Tropical Africa Nut, pulp

Rhapiostylis
beniniensis Planch. West Africa Seeds

Ixonanthaceae

Desbordesia
glaucescens Pierre West Africa
w W ^^ ^^ » V 1 1 I 1 S^ %^ Pulp, seed

Irvingia gabonensis
Baill. Dika nut Tropical Africa Nut
Irvingia grandifolia
Engler Kumakuma Tropical Africa Nut
Irvingia oblonga A.
Chev. Gabon Nut, pulp
Irvingia smith i i
Hook. f. Zaire central Nut, pulp
Africa
Klainedoxa elliptica Bonkesa Zaire Nut
Klainedoxa
gabonensis Pierre ex
Engler Sopei Sierre Leone, Nut, pulp
Zaire
Klainedoxa longifolia Lolo Zaire Pulp
Klainedoxa
oblongifolia Musombo Zaire Pulp
Klainedoxa ovalifolia Wangata Zaire Pulp

Lauraceae

Bequaertiodendron
magalismontaun
Heine et J. H. Hemsley Stemfruit Southern and Pulp
tropical Africa
Bequaertiodendron
natalense Heine et
J. H. Hemsley Natal plum, Southern Africa, Pulp
mwamba Kenya
Bequaertiodendron
oblanceolatum Heine et
J. H. Hemsley Tropical Africa Pulp

146
 Minor Fruits of Africa

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Leeaceae

Leea guiñeen si s G.
Don Voanka zoambana, West Africa, Pulp
Madagascar,
Zaire

Leguminosae

Acacia albida Del. Zaire Seeds

Acacia macrostacliya
Reich, ex Benth. Upper Volta Seeds
Acacia nilotica Willd.
ex Del. Cameroon Seeds
^^ \^ \^ \ji \^

Acacia tortHis Hayne Djodjailmo Central Africa, Seeds

Zaire, Angola

Afzelia africana
Smith Lovolovo Tropical Africa Seeds
Afzelia belle Harms Bolinga Zaire Seeds
Afzelia bijuga Gray Madagascar Seeds
Afzelia brieyi Nkokongo Zaire Seeds
Afzelia pachyloba
Harms Nigeria Seeds
Afzelia quanzensis
Welw. Mahogany bean Southern Africa Pulp

Andira inermis DC. Northern Cameroon Pulp

Baufiinia bequarti Kitunju Zaire Pods

Bauhinia escalenta
Burch. Gemsbuck bean Southern Africa Pods
Baufiinia
fassagleensis Kotschy Kadaranda Zaire Pods
Bauhinia galpinii Pride of the cape Southern Africa Pods
Bauhinia kirkii Marama bean Southern Africa Pods
Bauhinia macrantha
Oliv. Camel's foot Angola, Seeds
southern Africa
Bauhinia petersiana
Bolle Mutata Zaire Pods
Bauhinia rufescens
Lam. Nigeria, Pods,seeds
Senegal
Bauhinia
tomentosa L. Dembademba Southern Africa Pods

Beilschmiedia manii
Benth. et Hook. Spicy cedar, Tropical Africa Pulp
Laurier
Brachystegia
appendiculata Benth. Tropical Africa Pulp

147
Chapter 5

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Busses massaiensis
Harms Tanzania Seeds
Bussea occidentalis
Hutch. Samanta West Africa Pulp, seeds

Cassia alata L. Tropical Africa Seeds

Cassia delagoensis
Harv. Sierra Leone Seeds
Cassia sennal L Coffee senna Tropical Africa Seeds
Cassia singueana
Del. Sierre Leone Seeds

Cattiormion
altissimum Hutch, et
Dandy Zegelia West Africa Pulp
Cordyla ricliardii
Planch, ex Milne-
Redhead Kalindi Uganda Pulp
Dichrostachys
cinérea Wight et Arn. Bastard acacia, Ghana, Nigeria Pulp, seed
Chinese lantern
tree, kisanga
Drepanocarpus
lunatus G. F. W. Mey. Sierrre Leone, Pulp
Madagascar
Guibourtia
coleosperma J. Leon. Mushi, bastard Tropical Africa Seeds
teak
Lemuropisum edule
H. Perr. Madagascar Pulp

Parkia bicolor A.
Chev. African locust, Tropical Africa, Seeds
arbre a farine. Zaire
nere, nete,
libamba
Parkia clappertoniana
Keay African locust, Tropical Africa Seeds
arbre a farine,
nere, nete
Parkia filicoidea
\Ne\\N. African locust. Tropical Africa, Seeds
arbre a farine. Zaire
nere, nete,
bolembelembe
Parkia oliveri
Macbride African locust, Tropical Africa Pulp, seed
arbre a farine,
nere, nete

Pentaclethra
macrophylla Benth. Olive bean tree Tropical Africa Seeds

148
 Minor Fruits of Africa

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Pi Host ig m a
reticulatum Höchst. Bauhinia, kifumbi Tropical Africa Pods, seeds
Piliostigma thonningii
Milneredh. Picture frame tree Tropical and Pods, seeds
southern Africa,
Sudan
Pithecellobium dulce
Benth. Madagascar Pulp (aril)
Prosopsis africana
Taub. Mesquite Tropical Africa Seeds
Pseudocadia
zambesiaca Harms Nyala tree Southern Africa Pulp
Pterocarpus
santalinoides L'Herit. Padouk Tropical Africa Seeds
Sesbania pachycarpa
DC. Senegal Seeds
Sesbania sesban
Merr. Tropical Africa Seeds, pods
Tetrapleura tetraptera
Taub. Bulesa West and east Wings and
Africa, Zaire ridges of fruit
Linaceae

Hugonia obtusifolia
C. M. Wright Bondesobe Zaire, west Africa Pods

Loganiaceae

Stactiynos
triclisioides Baker West Africa Pulp

Loranthaceae

Lorantlius discolor
Engler Lige, mpoa Zaire Pulp

Malvaceae

Abutilón mauritianum
Sw. Country mallow West Africa Pod

Melastomataceae

Dinophora
spenneroides Benth. Fundoka Equatorial Africa, Pulp
Zaire

Dissotis canescens Ordeal bean Southern Africa Pulp

Dissotis erecta Dandy Zaire Pulp
Dissotis hensii Cogn. Zaire Pulp
Dissotis princeps Southern Africa Pulp

149
Chapter 5

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used

Tristemma hirtum
Beauv. Conao Pulp
Tristemma
incompletum R. Br. Enuatoriai Africa Pulp
Tristemma virusanum
Commers. ex Juss. . . Madaaascar Bprrip<^

Meliaceae

Ekebergia arbórea
Bak. f. Malawi Pulp
Ekebergia capensis Dog ash Southern Africa Pulp
Ekebergia meyeri Dog plum Southern Africa Pulp
Ekebergia pterophyiia Southern Africa Pulp
Ekebergia ruppeiiana Musimba Zaire Pulp
Trichilia buchanani Mbayu Zaire Pulp
Trichilia emética Vahl Red ash, thunder Nigeria, Pulp
tree southern Africa
Trichilia heudelotii Soko Zaire Pulp
Trichilia kisoko Kisoko Zaire Pulp
Trichilia lancei Soko Zaire Pulp
Trichilia montchali Esao Zaire Pulp
Trichilia prieureana Mbula, mambobo Zaire Pulp
Trichilia rubescens Libembe Zaire Pulp
Trichilia urbrosa Soko Zaire Pulp

Turrae a cab rae Monganagana Zaire Pulp

Turraea floribunda Honeysuckle Southern Africa Pulp
Turraea nilotica
Kotschy et Peyr. Malawi Pulp
Turraea vogelii Niambe, boboie Zaire Pulp

IVIenispermaceae

Burasaia
madagascariensis
Thouars. Madagascar Berries
Chasmanthera
welwitschii Trou p. Central Africa Berries
Cocculus cebatha
DC. North Africa Berries, pulp
Dioscoreophyllum
cumminsii Diels Zaire Berries
Sphenocentrum
¡ollyanum Pierre West Africa Berries

Til i acora diel si ana

Hutch, et Dalz. West Africa Berries
Tiliacora gilletii Efiliti Zaire Berries

150
 Minor Fruits of Africa

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used

Monimiaceae

Xymalos monospora
Baill. ex Warb. Wild lemon, Malawi, Pulp
lemonwood southern Africa

Moraceae

Bosquiea angolensis
Ficalho Bofunge Zaire Pulp
Cardiogyne africana
Bureau Mbambo Kenya Pulp
Chlorophora excelsa
Benth. et Hook. f. Moreira Zaire Pulp
Chlorophora regia A.
Chev. West Africa Pulp
Ficus abutilifolia Miq. West Africa Pulp
Firij<i amridiensis
1 1 \^ LI fO CI f / / U U f ^1 > w 1 O North Nigeria Pulp
Ficus artocarpoides
Warb. Eze, Likumo Zaire, west Africa Pulp
Ficus asperifolia Miq. North Cameroon, Pulp
Madagascar
Ficus baronii Bak. Adabo Madagascar Pulp
Ficus barteri Sprague West Africa Pulp
Ficus brachypoda Kot i Zaire Pulp
Ficus bubu Mbubu Zaire Pulp
Ficus burkei Wild fig Southern Africa Pulp
Ficus burrt-davyi Wild fig Southern Africa Pulp
Ficus capensis
Thunb. Kaya Zaire, Pulp
southern Africa
Ficus capensis var.
ostiolata Apapa Zaire Pulp
Ficus capreifolia Del. Willow wild fig, Zaire, southern. Pulp
sannura east, and west
Africa
Ficus cordata Thunb. Wild fig Southern Africa Pulp
Ficus congensis
Engler Equatorial Africa, Pulp
Zaire
Ficus
crassipedicellata Bongonguru Zaire Pulp
Ficus cyathistipula Kimbale Zaire Pulp
Ficus dryepondtiana Lotola Zaire Pulp
Ficus elegans Miq. West Africa Pulp
Ficus eriobotryoides
Kunth et Bouche West Africa Pulp
Ficus eucalypîoides
Batt. et Trab. Libya Pulp
Ficus exaspérât a
Vahl Likoyo Southern Africa, Pulp
Zaire

151
Chapter 5

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used

Ficus glumosa Del. Tropical Africa Pulp

Ficus gnaphalocarpa
Steud. ex A. Rich. Tropical Africa Pulp
I^ ■ r^

Ficus homblei De
Wild. Zaire Pulp
Ficus Hicina Wild fig Southern Africa Pulp
Ficus ingens Miq. Glabrous fig Southern Africa, Pulp
Malawi
Ficus iteophylla Miq. West Africa Pulp
Ficus kisantuensis Nsanda Zaire Pulp
Ficus leprieuri Mulumba Zaire Pulp
Ficus lingua Moabu Zaire Pulp
Ficus luteola Ambuta Zaire Pulp
Ficus mallotocarpa Kikuya Zaire, Pulp
southern Africa
Ficus megapoda
Baker Madagascar Pulp
Ficus mucosa Welw.
ex Filcalho Kibembe West Africa Pulp
Ficus natalensis
Höchst. Wild fig Southern Africa Pulp
Ficus nekbudu Warb. Nekbudu Zaire Pulp
Ficus ovata Vahl var.
ocîomelifolia Leba Zaire Pulp
Ficus peîersii Wild fig Southern Africa Pulp
Ficus petitiana A.
Rich. Ethiopia Pulp
Ficus platyphylla Del. Tropical Africa Pulp
Ficus poli ta Vahl Tropical Africa Pulp
Ficus populifolia Vahl Sudan, central Pulp
Africa
Ficus pretoriae Burtt
Davy Wonderboom Southern Africa Pulp
Ficus preussii Warb. Dikanda Zaire Pulp
Ficus pseudo-carica
Miq. Ethiopia Pulp
Ficus recurvata Andom Zaire Pulp
Ficus rupium Wild fig Southern Africa Pulp
Ficus sakalavarum
Baker Adabo Madagascar Pulp
Ficus salicifolia Milumba Zaire Pulp
Ficus smutssii Wild fig Southern Africa Pulp
Ficus soldenella Wild fig Southern Africa Pulp
Ficus sonden Kitabataba Zaire, Pulp
southern Africa
Ficus storthophylla Adzogni Zaire Pulp
Ficus stuhlmannii
Warb. Makuyu, Zaire, Pulp
Stuhlmann's southern Africa
wild fig

152
 Minor Fruits of Africa

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Ficus sycomorus L. Sycamore North, east, and Pulp
southern Africa
Ficus teloukat Batt.
et Trab. Teloukat Sahara, Libya Pulp
Ficus thonningii Bodo, nogi Zaire Pulp
Ficus tiHifoiia Baker Madagascar Pulp
Ficus tu bereu lata Milumba Zaire Pulp
Ficus umbeHata
Vahl Muteri Zaire, Malawi Pulp
Ficus urceolaris
Welw. ex Hiern. Zaire, east Africa Pulp
Ficus vailis-choudae
Del. Vuruma Tropical Africa, Pulp
Zaire
Ficus verruculosa
Warb. Bwilembo Angola, Zaire Pulp
Ficus vestito-
bracteata Akai Zaire Pulp
Ficus vogeliana Miq. West Africa Pulp
Ficus vogelii Miq. Mtemboe Tanzania Pulp
Ficus
wildemansiana Sonkunu Zaire Pulp

Morus mesozygia
Stapf Mûrier du Senegal West Africa Pulp

Myriaceae

Myrica cordifolia Southern Africa Berries

My rica fay a AW. Firetree Canary Islands Berries

Myristicaceae

Scyphocephalum
ochocoa Warb. Ochoco West Africa Pulp

Myrtaceae

Eugenia arthroopoda
Drake Madagascar Pulp
Eugenia capensis
Harv. Southern Africa Pulp
Eugenia gerrardii
Sim. Southern Africa Pulp
Eugenia goviaia H.
Perr. Madagascar Pulp
Eugenia owariensis
P. Brauv. Mukulumbi Zaire Pulp
Eugenia sakalavarum
H. Perr. Madagascar Pulp
Eugenia tisserantii
Aubrev. et Pellegr. Aliago-ngu Central Africa Pulp

153
Chapter 5

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Eugenia tropophyla
Madagascar Pulp
Eugenia zeyheri Harv. Blacktea bush, Madagascar Pulp
wild jambos,
wild myrtle
Syzygium corda tu m
Höchst, ex Sond. Waterberry East and southern Pulp
Syzygium gilietti Mpese Zaire Pulp
Syzygium guiñéense
DC. Alika Zaire Pulp
Syzygium
macrocarpum Kpwokpwo Zaire Pulp
Syzygium owariense
Benth. Luamba Malawi, Zaire Pulp
Syzygium parvifolium Mokote Zaire Pulp

Napoleonaceae

Napoleonaea
heudeiotii A Juss. West Africa Pulp
Napoleonaea
imperiaiis Hutch, et
Dalz. West Africa Pulp, nut
Napoleonaea
leonensis Hutch, et
Dalz. West Africa Pulp
Napoleonaea
parviflora Bak. f. West Africa Pulp
Napoleonaea vogelii
Hook, et Planch. West Africa Pulp

Naucleaceae

Cephalanthus
natalensis Oliv. Quinineberry Southern Africa Pulp
Nauclea diderrichii
Merr. Tropical Africa Pulp

Nyctaglnaceae

Boerhavia diffusa L. Hogweed, West Africa Pulp

tanguinarh

Ochnaceae

Ochna afzelii R. Br.

ex Oliv. West Africa Berries
Ochna arbórea Redwood Southern Africa Berries
Ochna debeerstii Kinkunga Zaire Berries
Ochna holstii Real red pear Southern Africa Berries

154
 Minor Fruits of Africa

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Ochna katangensis
De Wild. Mulolo Zaire Berries
Ochna natalitia Redwood Southern Africa Berries
Ochna o'connori African boxwood Southern Africa Berries
Ochna pretoriensis Mountain plunn Southern Africa Berries
Ochna pulchra Wild pear, wild Southern Africa Berries
plum
Ochna
schweinfurthiana F.
Hoffm. Kitete Zaire Berries
Ochna suberosa Kasukasuka Zaire Berries

Ou ratea arnoldiana Mosange Zaire Carpels

Ou ratea brun neo-
purpurea Bosaka Zaire Carpels
Ouratea callophylla Mpandjandji Zaire Carpels
Ouratea coriácea Bonpandja Zaire Carpels
Ouratea den si flora Bongolu Zaire Carpels
Ouratea dewevrei Bolo Zaire Carpels
Ouratea elongata Bukali Zaire Carpels
Ouratea engama Engama Zaire Carpels
Ouratea flava Hutch.
pt nal7
d l_/CII^. West Africa Carpels
Ouratea goosensi Kosaka Zaire Carpels
Ouratea lax i flora Mbete Zaire Carpels
Ouratea likimiensis Bokwabangi Zaire Carpels
Ouratea macrobotrys Bofafuta Zaire Carpels
Ouratea pel lucida Sati Zaire Carpels
Ouratea refracta Fendjinjoko Zaire Carpels
Ouratea
subumbellata Mbogo Zaire Carpels
Ouratea thonneri Akwala Zaire Carpels
Ouratea welwitschii Mokamba Zaire Carpels

Olacaceae

Coula edulis BaiII.

var. cabrae J. Leon. African walnut, West Africa, Nut, pulp
kumunu, Zaire,
mombombo Gabon
Heisteri a parvifolia
Sm. Longuanta Zaire, Liberia Nut, pulp
Heisteria parvifolia
var. angustifolia Lokuanta Zaire Nut, pulp
Heisteria parvifolia
var. grandifolia Bokala Zaire Nut, pulp
Heisteria trillesiana
Pierre Gabon Nut, pulp

Olax pynaertii De
Wild. Zaire Nut

155
Chapter 5

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Olax subscorpioidea
Oliv. Miti Ghana Pulp
Ongokea gore Pierre Boleka Tropical Africa Nut
Strombosia
grandifolia Hook. f.
ex Benth. M'senha Tropical Africa Nut
Ximenia caffra Sond. Sour plum East and southern Pulp (juice)
Africa, Malawi
Ximenia caffra var.
natalensis Natal plum, wild Southern Africa Pulp (juice)
plum

Oleaceae

Jasminum bieleri Tete Zaire Pulp

Jasminum Vahl Kisjinko Uganda, Zaire Pulp

Olea africana Mill. Wild or brown East and southern Pulp

olive, muke Africa, Zaire
Olea capensis L. Southern Africa Pulp
Olea ex a spe rata Snakewood Southern Africa Pulp
Olea hochstetterl Ndobo Zaire Pulp
Olea laurifolla Lam. Southern Africa Pulp
Olea macrocarpa
Wright Southern Africa Pulp
Olea wood lana Knobl. Southern Africa Pulp

Opíliaceae

Opilla celtidifolla
Endl. ex Walp. Kenya Pulp
Palmae

Hyphaene coriácea
Gaertn. Gingerbread palm East Africa Pulp
Hyphiaene crinata
Gaertn. Fan palm, Southern Africa Pulp
iiala palm
Hyphaene
dankaliensis Becc. Eastern Ethiopia Pulp
Hyphaene guiñéense Mako Zaire Pulp
Hyphaene schatan
Boj. Satra Madagascar Nut
Hyphaene thebaica
Mart. Dum palm Tropical Africa Unripe kernel
Hyphaene ventricosa
Kirk. Fan palm Southern Africa Pulp

Medenríia argun H.
Wendl. North Africa Pulp

156
 Minor Fruits of Africa

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Phoenix canariensis
Hort. Canary Islands Pulp
Podococcus harten
Mann, et Wend!. West Africa Nut

Raphia farinifera
Hylander Rafia Madagascar Nut,
Raphia hookeri Mann.
et Wendl. Raffia Ivory Coast Nut
Raphia vinifera Beauv Tropical Africa Pulp

yon it ra util is Jum. Vonitra Madagascar Pulp

Pandanaceae

Microdesmis
puberula Hook. f. ex
Planch. Iseke Tropical Africa Pulp

Pandanus
candelabrum Makeke Zaire Pulp
Pandanus edulis
Thouars Madagascar Pulp
Pandanus utilis Bory Madagascar Pulp, seed

Passifloraceae

Adenia hastata
Schinz Davy Southern Africa Pulp

Passiflora caerulea L. Passionflower Southern Africa Pulp

Passiflora foetida L. Stinky passion fruit Tropical Africa Pulp
Passiflora incarnata L. Apricot vine Madagascar Pulp
Passiflora laurifolia L. Lemon apple Tropical Africa Pulp
Passiflora stipulata
Grenadine Madagascar Pulp
Aubl.

Pentadiplandraceae

Pentadiplandra
Zaire Pulp
brazzeana Baill.

Pistaciaceae

Pistacia atlántica
Northern Africa Nut
Desf. Betoum.
Pistachio nut Tunisia, Near East Nut
Pistacia vera L.

Polygalaceae

Atroxima afzeliana
West Africa Pulp
Stapf

157
Chapter 5

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used

Carpolobia alba G.
Don Bondjeke, biembe West Africa, Zaire Pulp
Carpolobia goetzei
Guerke Mtindapo Kenya, Tanzania Pulp
Carpolobia lutea G.
Don West Africa Pulp

Proteaceae

Brabejum stell-
atifolium L. Wild almond Southern Africa Seed (beverage)

Rhamnaceae

Berchemia discolor
Hemsley Bird plum Equatorial and Pulp
southern Africa

Berchemia zeyheri Pink ivory, Southern Africa, Pulp

red ivory Swaziland
Maesopsis eminii
Engler West and Pulp
southern Africa
Rhamnus zeyeri Sond. Red ebony Southern Africa Pulp
Scutia myrtina Kurz Cat thorn Uganda, southern Pulp
Africa
Ziziphus abyssinica
Höchst, ex A. Rich. Catch thorn Southern Africa Pulp
Ziziphus helvola Small wait-a-bit Southern Africa Pulp
Ziziphus ¡ujuba Mill. Kankole Zaire Pulp
Ziziphus lotus Lam. Lotus fruit Tunisia, western Pulp
Sahara
Ziziphus mucronata
Willd. Buffalo thorn East and Pulp
southern Africa
Ziziphus pubescens
Oliv. Mkone East Africa Pulp
Ziziphus zeyheriana
Sond. Sekhalo, Southern Africa Pulp
wait-a-bit

Rhizophoraceae

Cassipourea
congoensis R. Br. ex
DC. Zaire Pulp (aril)
Poga oleosa Pierre Inoi nut Cameroon Nut
Rhizophora mangle L. Meuma Zaire Embryo
Rhizophora
mucronata Lam. Red mangrove Southern Africa Embryo
Rhizophora racemosa
G. F. W. Mey. Tarrafe, mema Bissago, Zaire Embryo

158
 Minor Fruits of Africa

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used

Rosaceae

Crataegus azarólas L. Azaróle North Africa Pulp

Crataegus pubescen s
Steud. Mexican hawthorn Southern Africa Pulp

Mespilus
germánica L, Medlar North Africa Overripe pulp
Pancovia laurentii
Gilg ex De Wild. Bodumbe Zaire Pulp
Pyrenacantha
scandens Zaire Pulp

Rubus apetalus Poir. Voaromainty Madagascar, Berries

west and east
Africa
Rubus cuneifolius
Pursh Gozzard's curse Southern Africa Berries
Rubus fellatae A
Chev. West Africa Berries
Rubus fruticosus L. Blackberry, Southern Africa Berries
brannble
Rubus idaeus L. Wild raspberry Madagascar Berries
Rubus ludwigii Wild raspberry Southern Africa Berries
Rubus myrianthus
Baker Voarnnainty Madagascar Berries
Rubus pauciflorus
Baker Madagascar Berries
Rubus pinnatus Willd. South African Zaire, Canneroon Berries
blackberry
Rubus rigidus Sm. Zaire Berries
Rubus rosiefolius Sm. Hinnalayan Madagascar Berries
raspberry
Rubus runssorenis
Engler Zaire Berries
Rubus steudneri
Schweinf East Africa Berries
Rubus transvalliensis Branne Southern Africa Berries
Rubus volkensii
Engler East Africa Berries

Sorbus domestica L. Service tree North Africa Berries

Rubiaceae

Cant h it im nil ist um Southern Africa Pulp

Canthium crassum
M iprn Kenya, Malawi Pulp
Cantfiium longiflorum
Hiern. Tropical Africa Pulp
Cantfiium gilfillanii Southern Africa Pulp

159
Chapter 5

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Canthium
glabriflorum Mukula Zaire Pulp
Canthium gueinzii
Sond. Monkey rope Southern Africa Pulp
Canthium huillense Southern Africa Pulp
Canthium inerme 0.
Ktze. Cape date, Southern Africa Pulp
turkeyberry
Canthium lactescens
Hiern. East Africa Pulp
Canthium
mundtianum Rock alder Southern Africa Pulp
Canthium obovatum Quar Southern Africa Pulp
Canthium oddoni Bokiri Zaire Pulp
Canthium pauciflorum Southern Africa Pulp
Canthium spinosum Southern Africa Pulp
1 M 1 l-r

Canthium venosum Mabunga Zaire Pulp

Euciinia iongifiora
Salisb. West Africa Pulp w I f-r

Fadogia cienkowskii
Schweinf. Tropical Africa Pulp
Fadogia fragrans Wild date Southern Africa Pulp
Fadogia odorata
Krause Malawi Pulp
Fadogia saiictaria Katuba Zaire Pulp
Fadogia
schumanniana Kibusji Zaire Pulp
Fadogia tomentosa Lumpembe Zaire Pulp

Gardenia aquaiia
Stapf et Hutch. Tropical Africa Pulp
Gardenia boonei Yapingu Zaire Pulp
Gardenia cornuta Wild apple Southern Africa Pulp
Gardenia erubescens
Stapf et Hutch. Madju Tropical Africa Pulp
Gardenia imperialis Mutoto Zaire Pulp
Gardenia jasminoides Cape jessamine Southern Africa Pulp
Gardenia jovis-
tonantis Hiern. Ngbege Sudan, Zaire Pulp
Gardenia lutea Fres. Ethiopia Pulp
Gardenia neuberia
Eck!, et Zeyh. Kaffir cherry Southern Africa Pulp
Gardenia nítida Hook. Ghana Pulp
Gardenia ternifolia
Schum. et Thonn. Sudan Pulp

Genipa rutenbergiana
Baill. Karipedahy Madagascar Pulp

160
 Minor Fruits of Africa

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Heinsia cri ni ta G.
Tayl. Bush apple Tropical Africa Pulp
Heinsia puichelia var.
ptiyiiocalyx Bwongo Zaire Pulp

Ixora astericus Matshi Zaire Berries

Ixora brachypoda DC. Batiango, litumba Gambia, west Berries
Africa, Zaire
Ixora
longipedunculata De
Wild. Bolombo Zaire Berries
Ixora odorata Singa Zaire Berries
Ixora soyauxii Monyenye Zaire Berries

Morelia senegalensis
A. Rich. Nigeria Pulp
Mussaenda arcuata
Lam. Groseillier de Tropical Africa, Berries
l'afrique Zaire
Centrale, Mapinga
Mussaenda elegans
Schum. et Thonn. Alambili West Africa, Zaire Berries
Mussaenda
erytlirophylla Lofandja Zaire Berries
Mussaenda
stenocarpa Mpalambambu Zaire Berries
Mussaenda tenuiflora Bompampango Zaire Berries

Oxyanthus gerrardii Whipstick tree Southern Africa Pulp

Oxyanthus tubiflorus
DC. Sierre Leone Pulp
v> • ^

Pauridiantha
canthiifolia Molikuana Zaire Pulp
Pauridiantha
dewevrei Bremek. Mpapungo Zaire Pulp
Pouchetia gilletii De
Wild. Bokana Zaire Pulp
Pygmaeotliamnus
zeyheri Robyns Southern Africa Pulp

Rothmannia
capensis Candiewood Southern Africa Pulp
Rottimannia hispida Botumba Zaire Pulp
Rothmannia
latentlora Bita Zaire Pulp
Rothmannia
longiflora Salisb. Tropical Africa Pulp
Rothmannia
manganjae Garcia Malawi Pulp

161
Chapter 5

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Rut idea glabra Hiern. Nserewedua Ghana Berries
Rytigynia tomentosa
Robyns Tropical Africa Pulp
• \Mtf^

Sabicea africana
Happer Central Africa Berries
Sabicea calycina Ibango Zaire Berries
Sabicea elliptica
Hepper Central Africa Berries
Sabicea goosensis Ntsinga-ntumu Zaire Berries
Sabicea laurentii Boanga Zaire Berries
Sabicea venosa Sama Zaire Berries
Sabicea vogelii
Benth. Sierre Leone Berries
Stierbournia
bignoniiflora Hua. West Africa Pulp
1 w 1 ^

Sherbournia calycina
Hua West Africa, Zaire Pulp
Tapiphyllum
parvifolium Robyns Berg mispel Southern Africa Pulp

Temnocalyx
fuchsioides Robyns Makumbakumba Zaire Pulp
Temnocalyx obovatus
Robyns Buliansimba Malawi, Zaire Pulp
Temnocalyx verdickii Pombao-mwefu Zaire Pulp

Vangueria acutiloba
Robyns East Africa
■■w\^ \^ K # \ 1 ■ 1 N^ %^ Pulp
Vangueria api culata
K. Schum. East Africa Pulp
Vangueria esculent a
S. Moore Munjiro Mozambique Pulp
Vangueria infausta
Burch. Wild medlar, Equatorial and Pulp
mabolela southern Africa
Vangueria
madagascariensis
J.F. Gmel. Spanish tamarind Madagascar Overripe pulp
Vangueria reygaerti Bolenge Zaire
Vangueria tomentosa
Höchst. Wild medlar Equatorial and Pulp
southern Africa
Vangueria venosa
Höchst. Wild medlar Africa Pulp

Vangueriopsis
lanciflora Robyns Wild medlar Southern Africa Pulp
Warburgia
ugandensis Sprague East Africa Pulp

162
 Minor Fruits of Africa

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Rutaceae

Calodendron
capensis Thunb. Cape chestnut Southern Africa Nut
Clausena anisata
Hook. f. ex Benth. Mokolokale Zaire, Pulp
southern Africa
Feretia apodanthera
Del. Northern Pulp
Cameroon,
Chad
Oricia swynnertonii
Verd. Zimbabwe Berries
Teclea afzelii Engler West Africa Pulp
Teclea englerima Kimena Zaire Pulp
Teclea natalensis Bastard ironwood Southern Africa Pulp

Salvadoraceae

Dobera roxburghli
Planch. Tropical Africa Pulp

Salvadora
angustifolia Lion bush Southern Africa Pulp
Salvadora pérsica L. Toothbrush tree Scattered through- Pulp
out Africa

Sapindaceae

Aphania senegalensis
Radlk. Soapberry Senegal, Pulp
east Africa
Blighia milbraedii Kokole Zaire Pulp (aril)
Blighia wildemaniana
Gilg. ex De Wild. Bosi Zaire Pulp (aril)

Cardiospermum
alatum Southern Africa Pulp (aril)
Cardiospermum
halicacabum L. Pumpum Northern Pulp
Cameroon

Chytranthus gerardii
De Wild Zaire Pulp

Chytranthus
macrobotrys Exell. et
Mendonca Bodumbe West Africa Pulp
Chytranthus mannii
Hook. f. Tropical Africa Pulp

163
Chapter 5

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Chytranthus
mortehanii De
Voldere Odomba Tropical Africa Pulp
Deinbollia borbónica
Scheff. Mkilimu Kenya Pulp
Deinbollia giorgii Mombia Zaire Pulp
Deinbollia grandifolia
Hook. f. Tropical Africa Pulp, seed
Deinbollia laurentii Lifake Zaire Pulp
Deinbollia pin nata
Schum. et Thonn. Tropical Africa Pulp
Deinbollia pynaertii Eshu Zaire Pulp
Deinbollia variabilis Limbangi Zaire Pulp
Eriocoelum
microspermum Boembe Zaire Pulp
Eriocoelum
racemosum Baker Ivory Coast Pulp
Lecaniodiscus
cupanioides Planch.
ex Benth. West Africa Pulp
Papea capensis Eckl.
et Zeyh. Wild plunn Southern Africa Pulp
Paullinia pinnata L. Lusambo West Africa Pulp
Sapindus
senegalensis Poir. Senegal cherry West Africa Pulp
Zanha golungensis
Hiern. Togo, Malawi Pulp

Sapotaceae

Afrosersalisia afzelii
A. Chev. West Africa Pulp
Afrosersalisia
cerasifera Aubrév. Equatoual Africa Pulp
Afrosersalisia
malchairi Ebe Zaire Pulp
Aningueria robusta
Aubrév. et Pellegr. Tropical Africa Pulp
Baillonella
toxisperma Pierre Djave Tropical Africa Nut
Bequaertiodendron
magalismontanum
Heine et J. H.
Hemsley Musambya Tropical Africa Pulp
Bequaertiodendron
natalina Heine et J.
H. Hemsley Mwamba Kenya Pulp
Bequaertiodendron
oblanceolatum Heine
et J. H. Hemsley Tropical Africa Pulp

164
 Minor Fruits of Africa

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Chrysophyllum
albidum G. Don White star apple Tropical Africa Pulp
Chrysophyllum brieyl Kalolongi Zaire Pulp
Chrysophyllum
claessensl Agbulu Zaire Pulp
Chrysophyllum
delevoyi De Wild. Mwalu, African Zaire, west Africa Pulp
star apple
Chrysophyllum
lacourtianum De Wild Bonono West Africa, Zaire Pulp
Chrysophyllum
longifolium Inginge Zaire Pulp
Chrysophyllum
longipes Amekwiru Zaire Pulp
Chrysophyllum lungi Lungi Zaire Pulp
Chrysophyllum
magalis-montana
Send. Stam vrugte Southern Africa Pulp
Chrysophyllum
mortehani Bosabe Zaire Pulp
Chrysophyllum
obovatum Sabine Tropical Africa Pulp
Chrysophyllum
perpulchrum Mildbr.
ex Hutch, et Dalz. Monkey star Tropical Africa Pulp
apple
Chrysophyllum
pruniforme Pierre ex
Engler Prunier du Gabon West Africa Pulp
Chrysophyllum
vermoeseni Dilonge Zaire Pulp
Malacantha ainlfolia
Pierre Bulanga Tropical Africa, Pulp
Zaire
Manilkara butugi
Chiov. Luduiio Kenya Pulp
Manilkara cunelfolla
Dubard N-kunya Uganda Pulp
Manilkara mochisia
Dubard Mnago East Africa Pulp
Manilkara obovata J.
H. Hemsley African pearwood West Africa Pulp
Mimusops affinis Mungagu Zaire Pulp
Mimusops angolensis Kungulu Zaire Pulp
Mimusops bagshawei
^ fJinciff^
\J. l¥i\J\Jl C East and Pulp
1 « I ^

southern Africa
Mimusops boonei var.
acuminata Bulongo Zaire Pulp
Mimusops djave
Engler Muabi Tropical Africa, Pulp, seed
Zaire (oil)

165
Chapter 5

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Mimusops giorgii Mutondo Zaire Pulp
Mimusops heckelii
Hutch, et J. M. Dalz. Baco nut Tropical Africa Seed (oil)
Mimusops kummel
Bruce East and southern Pulp
Africa
Mimusops obovata Red milkwood Southern Africa Pulp
Mimusops schimpferi
Höchst. Egypt, Ethiopia Pulp
1 « 1 ^

Mimusops zeylieri
Sond. Transvaal milk- Zambia Pulp
wood southern Africa
Neolemonniera
adolfi-friderici Muhagi Zaire Pulp
Neolemonniera
clitandrifolia Heine Tropical Africa Pulp, seed
Neolemonniera
inerme White milkwood Southern Africa Pulp
Omphalocarpum
agglomeratum Sangasanga Zaire Pulp
Omphalocarpum
bomanehense Bofamba Zaire Pulp
Omphalocarpum
boyankombo Boyankombo Zaire Pulp
Omphalocarpum
brieyi Nsala Zaire Pulp
Omphalocarpum
busange Busange Zaire Pulp
Omphalocarpum
ghesquierei Bomate, sanga Zaire Pulp
sanga
Omphalocarpum
laurentii Mubata Zaire Pulp
Omphalocarpum lujai Bodimba Zaire Pulp
Omphalocarpum
mortehani Bolubu Zaire Pulp
Omphalocarpum
procerum Beauv. Ghana, west Pulp (soup)
»-• • I-' \y^\^\^f^/

Africa
Omphalocarpum
sankuruensis illula Zaire Pulp
Omphalocarpum
vermoeseni Sálala Zaire Pulp
Pachystela brevipes
Baill. ex Engler Moplka Tropical Africa Pulp
Pachystela long i sty la Bokoloku Zaire Pulp
Pachystela msolo
Engler Monbongome Uganda, Kenya, Pulp
Zaire
Sideroxylon inerme L. Milkwood Southern Africa Pulp

166
 Minor Fruits of Africa

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Synsepalum
attenuatum Hutch, et
J. M. Dalz. Miracle fruit Nigeria Pulp
Synsepalum
dulcificum Daniel Miracle fruit Dahomey, Ghana, Pulp
Zaire
Synsepalum
glychdorum Wernham Miracle fruit Tropical Africa Pulp
Synsepalum
stipulatum Eng 1er Miracle fruit Tropical Africa Pulp
Synsepalum
subcordatum De Wild Tropical Africa Pulp

Sarcolaenaceae

Rhodolaena
bakeriana Bail!. Fotona Madagascar Pulp

Scytopetalaceae

Scytopetalum
tieghemii Hutch, et
Dal? Sierra Leone Pulp

Simarubaceae

Odyendea
gabonensis Engler Gabon Nut

Smilacaceae

Smilax kraussiana
Wait-a-bit Zaire Berries
Meisn.

Sterculiaceae

Cola acuminata
Abata kola West Africa Seeds
Schott et Endl.
Cola carlcifolla K.
Monkey cola West Africa Seeds, pulp
Schum.
Cola chlamydantha
Ekom Cameroon Pulp
K. Schum.
Boro Zaire, tropical Pulp, seeds
Cola cordifolla R. Br.
Africa
Viniu Zaire Pulp
Cola derum ¡er i
Cola diversifolia De
Ikaie, kurrajong Zaire, tropical Seeds
Wild, et Th. Dur.
Africa
Skaie Tropical Africa, Pulp
ColagilletiiDeW\\ó.
Zaire
Mokekeri Zaire Pulp
Cola griseiflora

167
Chapter 5

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Cola heterophylla
Schott, et Endl. Ikaie Tropical Africa, Seeds
Zaire
Cola lateritia K.
Schum. Likoko Sierra Leone Pulp
to Zaire
Cola lau rent a Vuvunga Zaire Pulp
Cola lepldola Pulp
Cola nalaensis Boboi Zaire Pulp
Cola nítida Schott et
Endl. Kola Tropical Africa Seeds
Cola pachycarpa
Cola rhodophylla Mbwakila Zaire Pulp
Cola subverticiUata Ekongo Zaire Pulp
Cola togoensis
Engler et Krause Monkey cola West Africa Seeds
Cola variantifolia Lokeke Zaire Pulp
Cola verticillata Stapf
ex A. chev. Slipperly cola West Africa Seeds
Hildegardia barter!
Kosterm. West Africa Seeds
Scaphopetalum
amoenum A. Chev. Liberia, Ivory Seed
Coast
Sterculia foetida L. Javo olive Senegal Seed
Sterculia oblonga
Mart. Cameroon Seed
Sterculia setigera
Del. West Africa, Seed
Uganda

Strychnaceae

Strychnos boonei Malekv\/e Zaire Pulp

Strychnos
cocculoides Baker Polopopo, kaffir Zaire, southern Pulp
orange Africa
Strychnos congolana Goyo Zaire Pulp
Strychnos dale Dale Zaire Pulp
Strychnos decussata
Gilg. Mdolongwe, cape Kenya, southern Pulp
teak Africa
Strychnos dewevrei
Gilg. Mbundu Zaire Pulp
Strychnos
dundusanensis Benge Zaire Pulp
Strychnos gerrardii N.
E. Br. Monkey apple Mozambique, Pulp
Swaziland
Strychnos henningsii
Gilg. Cape hard pear Southern Africa Pulp

168
p-

Minor Fruits of Africa

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used

Strychnos innocua
Del. Monkey apple Uganda, tropical Pulp
Africa
Strychnos likimiensis Bosisllit Zaire Pulp
Strychnos malchairi Mobau Zaire Pulp
Strychnos
miniungansamba Kakunta-puku Zaire Pulp
Strychnos mortehani Mongonda Zaire Pulp
Strychnos pungens
Solered. Drikondu, kaffir Zaire, souttiern Pulp
orange Africa
Strychnos reygaerti Malegwe Zaire Pulp
Strychnos
schumanniana Gilg. Soutfiern Africa Pulp
Strychnos spinosa
Lam. Natal orange Southern Africa, Pulp
Madagascar

Figure 39.—Strychnos spinosa, a fruit witfi

edible pulp and poisonous seeds.

169
Chapter 5

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Strychnos
subaquatica Benge Zaire Pulp
Strychnos suberosa
De Wild, Polopopo Zaire Pulp
Strychnos unguacha
A. Rich. Sanza Zaire Pulp
Strychnos vacacoua
Baill. Bakanko Madagascar Pulp
Strychnos volkensii
Gilg. ex Engl. Moage East Africa Pulp

Thymelacaceae

Dicranolepsis
baertsiana Intoe Zaire Pulp
Dicranolepsis
oligantha Limbala Zaire Pulp
Dicranolepsis persei
Cummins Ghana Pulp
Dicranolepsis
pulcherrima Embala Zaire Pulp
Pedalea africana Southern Africa Pulp
Peddiea fischeri Engl. Kurandoli Guinea Pulp

Tiliaceae

Desplatsia
chrysochlamys Milbr.
et Burret Central Africa Berries
Desplatsia dewevrei
Burret Nokamba Central Africa, Berries
Zaire
Desplatsia
subericarpa Southern Africa Berries
Grewia barteri Burret Gurku Northern Nigeria Berries
Grewia bicolor yjuss. Imijij dargaza Mauritania, Berries
Nigeria,
southern Africa
Grewia caffra Zaire Berries
Grewia carpinifolia
Juss. Ntamba West Africa, Zaire Berries
Grewia cissoides
Hutch, et. Dalz. Northern Berries
Cameroon
Grewia claessensi Akamba Zaire Berries
Grewia conocarpa K.
Schum. Tanzania Berries
Grewia coriácea Zaire Berries
Grewia ectasicarpa S.
Moore Msokote Kenya Berries

170
 Minor Fruits of Africa

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used

Grewia flava DC. Brandy bush, Southern Africa Berries

wild currant
Grewia flavescens
Juss. Abba Tropical and Berries
southern Africa
Grewia homblei Malembwe Zaire Berries
Grewia inacquilatera Southern Africa Berries
Grewia kapiriensis Butola Zaire Berries
Grewia iasiocarpa Elephant's ear Southern Africa Berries
Grewia malacarpa Abasa Zaire Berries
Grewia megalocarpa
Juss. Tropical Africa Berries
Grewia mollis Juss. Kpoyo, gombo Tropical Africa, Berries
Zaire
Grewia monticola
^ff f ^ V r r Vt Iff ^^ ff V ft ff ^^ %^ > %A Zaire Beries
Grewia occidentalis Four-corners-berry Southern Africa Berries
Grewia pachycalyx K.
Snhum
vJ vy 1 1 U 1 1 1 . Tanzania Berries
Grewia pinnatifida Mabasa, epumbu Zaire Berries
Grewia pubesceris
Beauv. West Africa Berries
Grewia
\jli ^ Ww 1 o 1robusta
\J%J\A «J t U Southern Africa Berries
Grewia sereti Masani Zaire Berries
Grewia sirr)ilis K.
Snhum
\EJ\J I I
U 1 I I. East Africa Berries
Grewia subargentea Bakba, balawa Zaire Berries
Grewia tenax Fiori Gleia Western Sahara, Berries
Nigeria, Sudan
Grewia trichocarpa
Höchst, ex A. Rich. East Africa Berries
Grewia venusta Mulennbe Zaire Berries
Grewia villosa Willd. Goursoumi Tropical Africa Berries
Grewia woodiana K.
Schum. Malawi Berries
Leptonychia
batangensis Burrett Bofunnbo Zaire Berries
Leptonychia
multiflora Indembu Zaire Berries

Uapacaceae

Masuku Zaire Pulp

Uapaca albida
Uapaca
Djangasenge Zaire Pulp
angustipyrena pv. , 1 _
Bosenge Zaire Pulp
Uapaca bossenge
Samfi Zaire Pulp
Uapaca brieyi
Bosenge na mokili Zaire Pulp
Uapaca casteeisi
Uapaca clusioides n,, 1 _^
Tapia Madagascar Pulp
Baker
Djangasenge Zaire Pulp
Uapaca corbisieri
Uapaca dubia De
Malobe Zaire Pulp
Wild.

171
Chapter 5

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used

Uapaca ealeansis Bosenge na moküi Zaire Pulp

Uapaca esculenta A.
Chev. ex Aubrév. et
Leandri West Africa Pulp
Uapaca ferrar i Makala Zaire Pulp
Uapaca goosensi Djangasenge Zaire Pulp
Uapaca guineensis
Muell.-Arg. Sugarplum, Equatorial Africa Pulp
bosenge na mai
Uapaca heudelotii
Baill. Mbula Equatorial Africa Pulp
Uapaca homblei Masuku Zaire Pulp
Uapaca kibuati Kibuati Zaire Pulp
Uapaca kirkiana
Muell.-Arg. Wild loquat, Zambia, Malawi, Pulp
mzhanzhe, Zaire, southern
masuku Africa
Uapaca laurenti Bosenge Zaire Pulp
Uapaca lebruni Bosenge Zaire Pulp
Uapaca
macrostipulata Bosenge na mokili Zaire Pulp
Uapaca masuku Masuku Zaire Pulp
Uapaca multinervata Bosenge na mai Zaire Pulp
Uapaca munamensis Tokongo Zaire Pulp
Uapaca meo-masuku Masuku Zaire Pulp
Uapaca nitida
Muell.-Arg. Musenge Zaire Pulp
Uapaca pilosa Hutch. Mukonkola Tropical Africa Pulp
Uapaca pynaerti D'angasenge Zaire Pulp
Uapaca robynsi Misuku Zaire Pulp
Uapaca samfi Samfi Zaire Pulp
Uapaca sansibarica
Pax Tropical Africa Pulp
Uapaca staudii Pax West Africa Pulp
Uapaca togoensis
Pax Tropical Africa Pulp
Uapaca vanhouttei Nkalankala Zaire Pulp
kimasa
Ulmaceae

Ce It i s africana Cannibal stinkwood Southern Africa Pulp

Celtis brieyi De Wild. Diania Zaire Pulp
Celtis durandii Lingenge Zaire Pulp
Celtis integrifolia
Lam. Nettle tree Tropical Africa Pulp
Trema oriental i s
Blume Esese, pigeonwood Zaire, southern Pulp
Africa

172
 Minor Fruits of Africa

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used

Urticaceae

Musanga cecropiodes
R. Br. Corkwood, Zaire Berries
umbrella tree,
mambamba
Musanga smithii R. Br. Tropical Africa Pulp (beverage)

Myrianthus arboreus
Beauv. Mobambu West Africa, Zaire Nut
Myrianthus tiolstii
Engler Yellow giant mul- Zaire, east Africa Nut
berry, mwamba
Myrianthus iibericus
Rpnrilp Liberia Nut
Myrianthus preussi Ekoka Zaire Nut
Myrianthus serratus
Benth. Anyankoma West Africa Nut

Verbenaceae

Lantana cámara L Lantana Tropical Africa Berries

Lantana repens Wild rosmary Zaire Berries
Lantana rhodesiensis
Mnlripnkp East Africa Berries
Lantana rugosa Birds brandy Zaire Berries
Lantana tri foi i a L. Lantana Tropical Africa Berries

Premma hoistii
Guerke Mvumbangombe Tropical Africa Berries
Vitex bequaerti Musuku Zaire Berries
Vitex congolensis Bolombe Zaire Berries
Vitex eren ata A.
Chev. Alia Equatorial Africa Berries
Vitex ferruginea
.^rhiim pf Thnnn West Africa Berries
Vitf^y fi^nhf^ri (oiiprkp Tanzania Berries
Vitex g rand i fol i a
C^i ipr|<p West Africa Berries
Vitex huillensis Molankunda Zaire Berries
Vitex kapirensis De
Wild. Mufutu Zaire Berries
Vitex keniensis Turrill Tanzania Berries
Vitex longipetiolata
Guerke Equatorial Africa Berries
Vitex madiensis Oliv. Mufutu, nembule Zaire Berries
Vitex micrantha
Guerke Liberia Berries
Vitex mombassae
Samba Tanzania, Malawi, Berries
Vatke
Zaire

173
Chapter 5

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Vitex payos Merrill Zimbabwe Berries
Vitex phaeotricha
Mildbr. ex Pieper Equatorial Africa Berries
Vitex polyantha Mufutu-kinka Zaire Berries
Vitex poora
Corbishley Stinkbessie, Southern Africa Berries
stickberry
Vitex rivularis Guerke West Africa Berries
Vitex simplicifolia
Oliv. West and Berries
equatorial Africa
Vitex strickeri Vatke
et Hildebr. Tanzania Berries
Vitex thomasi Mufutu Zaire Berries
Vitex thonneri Esesele Zaire Berries
Vitex vermoeseni Palabikunda Zaire Berries
Vitex wellensi Mbannba Zaire Berries
Vitex welwitschii
Guerke Monnposo Zaire Berries
Vitex zeytieri Pipestem tree Southern Africa Berries
Vitidaceae

Ampelocissus
abyssinica Planch. Tanzania Berries
Ampelocissus
bombycina Planch. West Africa Berries
Ampelocissus
calophylla Bonze Zaire Berries
Ampelocissus
cavicaulis Planch. Mingonsa Zaire Berries
Ampelocissus
chantinii Kisanganna Zaire Berries
Ampelocissus edulis
Gilg. et Brandt. Kansugana Zaire Berries
Ampelocissus
elephantina Planch. Vigne de Madagascar Berries
Madagascar
Ampelocissus
gracilipes Stapf West Africa Unripe berries
Ampelocissus grantii
Planch. Wild grape West Africa, Berries
Zinnbabwe
Ampelocissus
lecardii Planch. West Africa Berries
Ampelocissus
leonensis Planch. West Africa Berries
Ampelocissus
malchairi Libakoko Zaire Berries
Ampelocissus
multistriata Planch. Tropical Africa Berries

174
 Minor Fruits of Africa

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Ampelocissus
schimperiana Höchst. Sudan Berries
Ampelocissus
venenosa Milundu Zaire Berries
Ampelocissus
verdickii Munganza Zaire Berries
Cissus adenocaulis
Steud. ex A. Rich. Madapa Zaire Berries
Cissus afzelii Monzonzo Zaire Berries
Cissus aralioides
Planch. Elongo Zaire, west Berries
Africa
Cissus argute
Hook. f. West Africa Berries
Cissus barbeyana Ngula Zaire Berries
Cissus barteri Boloko Zaire Berries
Cissus bul lata G i Ig.
et Brandt. Tropical Africa Berries
Cissus caesia Afzel. West Africa Berries
Cissus chevalieri
Gilg. et Brandt. West Africa Berries
Cissus cornifolia
Planch. Moganza Zaire Berries
Cissus dasypieuris Jackal grapes Southern Africa Berries
Cissus debilis Gabo Zaire Berries
Cissus deweverei Kuobegela Zaire Berries
Cissus diversilobatus
C.A.Smith Southern Africa Berries
Cissus doeringii Gilg.
et Brandt. Tropical Africa Berries
Cissus flavicans
Planch. Tropical Africa Berries
Cissus gilletti Ngalanda Zaire Berries
Cissus guerkeana Bilabila Zaire Berries
Cissus homblei Bubonbolin Zaire Berries
Cissus integrifolia Lendja Zaire Berries
Cissus ¡atrophoides
Tropical Africa Berries
Planch.
Cissus lonicerifolius Pepper bush Southern Africa Berries
Zaire Berries
Cissus mugansa Mugansa
Cissus natalitus Tickberry bush Southern Africa Berries
Cissus obovata-
Zaire Berries
oblonga Sannmaba
Cissus orondo Gilg.
Tropical Africa Berries
et Bemed.
Cissus plamatifolia
West Africa Berries
Planch. Berries
Cissus petiolata Bokengo Zaire
Zaire Berries
Cissus peynaerti Gwakulu
Zaire Berries
Cissus polyantha Idjongo
Cissus populnea
Tropical Africa Berries
Guill. et Perr.

175
Chapter 5

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used

Cissus producía Abalábala Zaire Berries

Cissus
quadrangularis L. Climbing cactus Tropical and Berries
southern Africa
Cissus rubiginosa
Planch. Mokila na West Africa, Berries
kabonde Zaire
Cissus smithiana Mosembe Zaire Berries
Cissus succulentus Snake grapes Southern Africa Berries
Cissus
unguiformifolius C. A.
Smith Southern Africa Berries
Cissus woodii Gilg. et
Rrandt
LJ 1 Cl 1 1 vJ L .
Southern Africa Berries
Rhoiclssus capensis
Planch. Wild grape Southern Africa Berries
Rhoicissus cuneifolia
Planch
1 1 \^ 1 1 %^ Ils
Southern Africa Berries
Rhoicissus dig i tat a Wild potato Southern Africa Berries
Rhoicissus
erythrodes Planch. Southern Africa Berries
Rhoicissus revoilii
Planch. Tropical Africa Berries
Rhoicissus
rhomboidea Planch. Kaffir ropewood Southern Africa Berries
Rhoicissus
tomentosa Monkey rope, Southern Africa Berries
wild grape
Rhoicissus tridentata
Wild, et Dummond Wild grape Malawi, Berries
southern Africa
Rhoicissus verdickii Kaluma-kalendja Zaire Berries
Vitis labrusa L. Fox grape Madagascar Berries
Vitis microdiptera
Baker Madagascar Berries
Vitis mult i strata
R;)kpr Tropical Africa Berries

Zingiberaceae

Aframomum
angustifolium K.
Schum. Longozy Madagascar, Pulp
Tanzania
Aframomum danielh'i
K. Schum. Bastard Southern Africa Pulp
melengueta
Aframomum
latifolium K. Schum. West Africa Pulp

176
 Minor Fruits of Africa

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used

sanguineum K.
Schum. Matungulu Equatorial Africa Pulp
Aframomum
sulcatum K. Schum. West Africa Pulp

177
6. Minor Fruits of Australia, Southeast Asia,
and the Pacific Islands

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Anacardiaceae

Buchanania florida
Shauer Xang tao Vietnam Seeds
Buchanania
sessilifolia Blume Malaysia Pulp
Dracontomelum dao
Merr. et Rolfe Dao Indonesia, Pulp
Philippines
Dracontomelum edule
Skeels Lamio Indonesia Pulp
Dracontomelum
sylvestre Blume Indonesia Pulp
Dracontomelum
vitiense Engler Fiji Pulp
Gluta renghas L. Indonesia, Seed
Malaysia
Gluta velutina Blume Paknam Indonesia, Pulp
Malaysia,
Thailand
Mangifera altissima
Blanco Pahutan Malaysia, Pulp
Philippines
Mangifera balba Gen. Indonesia Pulp
Mangifera caloneura
Kurz. Thailand Pulp
Mangifera
camptosperma Thailand Pulp
Mangifera
cochichinensis Engler Indonesia, Pulp
Malaysia
Mangifera
dupperreana Pierre Queo Vietnam Pulp
Mangifera equina
Gen. Xoai ngua Vietnam Pulp
Mangifera gracilipes Thailand Pulp
Mangifera kemanga
Blume Kemang Malaysia Pulp
Mangifera lagenifera
Griff. Lanjut Malaysia Pulp
Mangifera laurina
Blume Monjet Indonesia Pulp
Mangifera longipes
Griff. Malaysia Pulp
Mangifera
longipetiolata King Malaysia, Pulp
Thailand
Mangifera
macrocarpa Blume Indochina, Pulp
Indonesia

178
Scientific Common Where Part
name name found used
Mangifera maingayi
Hook. f. Malaysia Pulp
Mangifera
microphylla Griff. Malaysia Pulp
Mangifera minor
Blume Indonesia to Pulp
Pacific Islands
Mangifera
obiongifolia Hook. f. Malaysia, Pulp
Thailand
Mangifera oryza Gen. Indochina Pulp
Mangifera pentandra Thailand Pulp
Mangifera
pentaphylia Hook. f. Malaysia Pulp
Mangifera reba Pierre Xoai som Vietnam Pulp
Mangifera rumptiii
Pierre Indonesia Pulp
Mangifera siamensis
Warb. Thailand Pulp
Mangifera syivatica
Roxb. Indochina Pulp
Mangifera verticil lata
C. B. Rob. Bauno Philippines Pulp
Semecarpus atra
Veil!. New Caledonia Seeds
Semecarpus
cassuvium Roxb. Indonesia, Fruit stalk
Malaysia
Semecarpus
cuneiformis Blanco Ligas Philippines Fruit stalk
Semecarpus
gigantifolia Vidal Mandu Philippines Fruit stalk

Annonaceae

Alpfionsea elliptica
Hook. f. et Thorns. Malaysia Pulp
Alpfionsea ventricosa
Hook. f. et Thoms. Nogacola Malaysia Pulp
Aphania ochnoides
Pierre Thailand Pulp, seed
Aphania viridis Pierre Thailand Pulp, seed
Arytera littoralis
Blume Indonesia, Pulp
Malaysia
Cyathocalyx
globosus Merr. Philippines Pulp
Desmos mesnyi
Pierre Unone Indochina Pulp
Goniothalamus
repevensis Pierre Indochina Pulp

179
Chapter 6

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used

Oxy mitra
biglandulosa Scheff Malaysia Pulp
Polyalthia fruticosa
Lour. Cay bogie Burma, Malaysia, Pulp
Vietnam
Sphaerocoryne
aberrans Ridl. Malaysia, Vietnam Pulp
Stelechocarpus
burahol Hook. f. Kepel Indonesia, Pulp
Malaysia
Uvaria dulcis Dun. Indonesia, Pulp
Malaysia
Uvaria lancifolia
Merr. Calabao Philippines Pulp
Uvaria macrophylla
Roxb. Malaysia Pulp
Uvaria purpurea
Blume Indonesia, Pulp
Malaysia
Uvaria redleyi King Malaysia Pulp
Uvaria rufa Blume Indonesia, Pulp
Malaysia
Uvaria sorzogonensis
Presl. Philippines Pulp

Apocynaceae

Chilocarpus
denudatus Blume Indonesia, Pulp
Philippines
Leuconotis
eugeniifolius DC. Malaysia Pulp
Meiodinus
monogynus Roxb. Malaysia - Pulp, seed
Ochrosia littoralis
Merr. Philippines Seeds
Oclirosia
oppositifolia K.
Schum. Tropical Asia Seeds
Parameria
panicuiatum Benth. Serapit Indonesia Pulp
Urceola elástica
Roxb. Malaysia Seeds
Vallaris heynii
Spreng. Chama net Malaysia, Pulp
Thailand
Willughbeia coriácea
Wall. Malaysia Pulp
Willughbeia dulcis
Rjdi. Malaysia Pulp

180
 Minor Fruits of Australia, Soutlieast Asia, and the Pacific Islands

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Will ugh bei a edulis
Roxb. Goul Burma, Malaysia Pulp
Barringtoniaceae

Barringtonia
acutangula Gaertn. Kamdol Vietnann Nut
Barringtonia asiática
Kurz. Tropical Asia, Nut
Pacific Islands
Barringtonia butonia
Forst. Pacific Islands Nut
Barringtonia edulis
Seenri. Fiji Nut
Barringtonia excelsa
Blunne Pacific Islands Nut
Barringtonia
magnifica Lauter Pacific Islands Nut
Barringtonia procera
Knuth. Pacific Islands Nut
Barringtonia
scortechinii King Malaysia Nut

Figure AO. — Uvaria lancifolia, its bright red

fruits borne in a cluster.

181
Chapter 6

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used

Bignoniaceae

Oroxylum indicum
Vent. Sward fruit tree Tropical Asia Young fruit

Bombacaceae

Boschia microphylla
Griff. Plum mango Tropical Asia Pulp
Durio carinatus Mast. Borneo Seeds
Durio dulcís Beccari Borneo Pulp
Durio grandiflorus
Kostermans &
Soegeng Southeast Asia Pulp
Durio graveolens
Beccari Southeast Asia Pulp
Durio griffithii Bakh. Thailand Pulp
Durio lowianus Scorb Thailand Pulp
Durio malaccensis
Planch. Thailand Pulp
Durio mansoni Bakh. Thailand Pulp
Durio oxieyanus Griff. Durian daun Southeast Asia Pulp
Durio pinganianus
Rd. Thailand Pulp
Lahiia kutejensis
Hassk. Indonesia, Pulp
Malaysia
Burseraceae

Canariellum
oleiferum Engler New Caledonia Nut
Canarium
amboinensis Hochr. Java almond Indonesia Nut
Canarium
decumanum Gaertn. Indonesia Nut
Cariarium
denticulatum Blume Indonesia Nut
Canarium
grandiflorum Benn. Malaysia Nut
Canarium littorale
Blume Kikanari Indonesia, Nut
Malaysia
Canarium luzonicum
A. Gray Elemi Malaysia, Nut
Philippines
Canarium
mehenbetene Gaertn Pacific Islands Nut
Canarium nitidum
Benn. Malaysia Nut
Canarium nungi Guill Pacific Islands Nut
Canarium
patentinervium Miq. Indonesia Nut

182
 Minor Fruits of Australia, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Canarium
polyphyIIurn K. Schum. Indonesia, Nut
New Guinea
Canarium ruf urn
Benn. Indonesia, Pulp
Malaysia
Canarium secundum
Benn. Malaysia Nut
Canarium
solomonenge Burtt. Pacific Islands Nut
Canarium venosum
Craib. Thailand Nut
Canarium williamsii
C. B. Rob. Gisau Philippines Nut
Dacryodes expansa
H.J. Lam. Sabal Borneo Pulp
Dacryodes
macrocarpa H. J. Lann. Indonesia Pulp
Garuga floribunda
Decne. Indonesia Pulp
Protium javanicum
Burm. f. Bernang Indonesia Pulp
Santiria grandiflora
Kalkman Indonesia Pulp
Santiria laevigata
Blunne Indonesia, Pulp
Malaysia
Santiria tomentosa
Blunne Indonesia, Pulp
Malaysia

Scutinanthe brunnea
Thw. Indonesia, Pulp
Malaysia

Capparidaceae

Capparis hórrida L. f. Philippines Pods

Capparis loureeri
Tanaka Philippines Pods
Capparis micrantha
DC. Tropical Asia Pods
Capparis mitchelii Native orange Australia Pods
Crataeva nurvala
Hamilt. Garlic pear Tropical Asia Pods
Crataeva roxburghii
Cambodia Pods
R. Br.
Crataeva speciosa
/^bich Pacific Islands Pods
Volkens.

183
Chapter 6

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used

Celastraceae

Kurrima panícula ta
Wall. Malaysia, Pulp
Thailand
Salada flavescens
Kurz. Malaysia, Pulp
Thailand
Salada grandiflora
Kurz. Ampedal ajam Malaysia Pulp
Salada macrophylla
Blume Malaysia Pulp
Salada naumannii
Engler Pacific Islands Pulp
Salada prinoides DC. Tropical Asia Pulp
Salada roxburghii
Wall. Salacia Vietnam Pulp
Siphonodon
celastrinum Griff. Xungda Malaysia, Pulp
Vietnam
Chrysobalanaceae

Parinaria corymbosa
Miq. Indonesia Pulp
Parinaria excelsa
Sabine Gray plum Malaysia Pulp, seed
Parinaria nanda F.
Muell. Nanda Australia Pulp

Combretaceae

Terminalia
angustifolia Jacq. Malaysia Seeds
Terminalia bellerica
Roxb. Belleric Tropical Asia Seeds
Terminalia chebula
Retz. Malaysia Seeds
Terminalia copelandii
Elmer Indonesia, Seeds
Philippines
Terminalia
longespicata Sloot. Indonesia Pulp
Terminalia
microcarpa Decne. Indonesia Pulp
Terminalia sepicana
Diels Indonesia Pulp
Terminalia
solomonensis Exell Eastern New Pulp
Guinea

184
 Minor Fruits of Australia, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Cornaceae

Alangium slaviifolium
Wangerin Akola Malaysia Pulp

Cycadaceae

Cycas media R. Br. Australia Kernels

Cycas revoluta
Thunb. Japanese sago Tropical Asia, Kernels
Japan
Dichapetalaceae

Dichapetalum
timoriense Engler Malaysia Pulp

Dilleniaceae

Dillenia elliptica
jhunb. Indonesia Pulp
Dillenia megalantha
Merr. Indonesia Pulp
Dillenia meliosmifolia
Hook. f. Malaysia Pulp
Dillenia mindanensis
Elm. Philippines Pulp
Dillenia obovata
Hoogl. Indonesia, Pulp
Malaysia
D/7/en/a ovata Wall. Thiu Indonesia Pulp
Dillenia philippensis
Rolfe. Kalmon Philippines Pulp
Dillenia
reifferscheidia F. Vil Malaysia, Pulp
Philippines
Dillenia talaudensis
Hoogl. Malaysia, Pulp
Indonesia

Dipterocarpaceae

Dryobalanopsis
aromática Gaertn. Indonesia, Pulp
Malaysia
Dryobalanopsis
Keladang Malaysia Pulp
oblongifolia Dyer
Shorea apetara
Bornes shorea Indonesia, Nut
Buck
Malaysia
Gisok Philippines Nut
Shorea gisok Foxw.
Shorea robusta
Sal tree Indochina, Nut
Gaertn.
Malaysia
185
Chapter 6

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Shorea stenoptera
Burck Indonesia Nut

Ebenaceae

Diospyros
chamaethamnus
Millbr. Australia Pulp
Diospyros ehretioides
Wall. Thailand Pulp
Diospyros gianduiosa
Lace. Thailand Pulp
Diospyros lycioides
Desf. Australia Pulp
Diospyros mollis
Griff. Thailand Pulp
Diospyros montana
Roxb. Tandam Southeast Asia, Pulp
Australia
Diospyros packmanii
L B. Clarke Thailand Pulp
Diospyros pallens F.
White Australia Pulp
Diospyros peregrina
Guerke Gab Tropical Asia Pulp
Diospyros
pyrrhocarpa Miq. Anang Philippines Pulp
Diospyros siamensis
Hochr. Thailand Pulp
Maba buxifolia Per. Pacific Islands Seeds

Ehretiaceae

Cordia dichotoma
Forst, f. Clammy cherry Tropical Asia Pulp
Cordia myxa L. Sapistan Tropical Asia Pulp
Cordia subcordata
Lannk. Pacific Islands Seeds

Elaeocarpaceae

Elaeocarpus
calomala Merr. Kalomala Philippines Pulp
Elaeocarpus edulis
Tejsm. et Binn. Indonesia, Pulp
Papua New
Guinea
Elaeocarpus
jackianus Wall. Malaysia Pulp
Elaeocarpus
madopetalius Pierre Cana Vietnam Pulp

186
 Minor Fruits of Australia, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Elaeocarpus
oppositifolius Miq. Belimbin Indonesia Pulp
Muntingia calabura L. Manila cherry Pantropics Pulp

Eleagnaceae

Elaeagnus latifolia L. Bastard oleaster Malaysia Pulp

Elaeagnus
philippensis Perk. Lingaro Philippines Pulp

Ericaceae

Gautheria
cumingiana Vidal Philippines Pulp
Gautheria
fragrantissima Wall. Indian winter- Malaysia Pulp
green

Vaccinium hasseltii
Miq. Malaysia Pulp
Vaccinium
malaccense Wight Malaysia Pulp
Vaccinium
myrotoides Miq. Philippine blue- Philippines Pulp
berry
Vaccinium whitfordii
Merr. Philippines Pulp

Euphorbiaceae

Aleurites moluccana
Willd. Candle nut Pacific Islands Nut
Antidesma
dallachyanum Baill Australia Pulp
Antidesma d i and rum ^ ,
Spreng. Amii Southeast Asia Pulp
Antidesma fruticosa ^ ,
MuelL-Arg. Indochina Pulp
Antidesma ^ . , ^ . D. .^
ghaesembilla Gaertn. Heloch Tropical Asia Pulp
Antidesma ^ ^ ^ ^ . o .
montanum Blume Southeast Asia Pulp
Antidesma st ipu tare . ^ ^. D.,I^
Blume indochma, Pulp
Malaysia
Antidesma tomentosa
o, Java Pulp
Blume
Antidesma ^, , . D,,,^
velutinosum Blume Malaysia Pulp
Aporosa prainiana ^^
King

187
Chapter 6

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used

Baccaurea bracteata
Muell.-Arg. Malaysia, Pulp
Sumatra
Baccaurea brevipes
Hook. f. Malaysia Pulp
Baccaurea dulcís
Muell.-Arg. Chupa, tupa Southeast Asia Pulp
Baccaurea griffithii
Hook. f. Malaysia Pulp
Baccaurea lanceolata
Muell.-Arg. Malaysia Pulp
Baccaurea
macrophylla
Muell.-Arg. Malaysia Pulp
Baccaurea malayana
King Tampoi Malaysia, Sumatra Pulp
Baccaurea parviflora
Muell.-Arg. Malaysia Pulp
Baccaurea polyneura
Hook. f. Malaysia Pulp
Baccaurea pyriformis
Gage Malaysia Pulp
Baccaurea sápida
Muell.-Arg. Leteku Tropical Asia Pulp
Baccaurea sylvestris
Lour. Vietnam Pulp
Baccaurea velutina
Rjcji. Malaysia Pulp
Baccaurea wallichii
Hook. f. Malaysia Pulp
Baccaurea wrayi King Malaysia Pulp
Blumeodendron kurzii
J.J. Smith Malaysia Pulp
Bride! i a minutiflora
Hook. Tropical Asia Pulp
Bridelia retusa
Spreng. Tropical Asia Pulp
Elateriospermum
tapes Blume Thailand Pulp
Eupfiorbia
cambodiana L Indochina Pulp
Fluggia virosa Baill. Tropical Asia Pulp
Gelonium multiflorum
A. Juss. Ban-naringa Malaysia Pulp
Hymenocardia
wallichii Tul. Malaysia Pulp
Macaranga tanarius
Muell.-Arg. Philippines Pulp
Phyllanthus
gomphocarpus
Hook. f. Southeast Asia Pulp

188
 Minor Fruits of Australia, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used

Phyllanthus
pectinatus Hook. f. Malaysia Pulp
Phyllanthus
urinaria L. Tropical Asia Pulp

Fagaceae

Castanopsis argéntea
A. DC. Sanintero Indonesia, Nut
Malaysia
Castanopsis inermis
Benth. et Hook. f. Malaysia, Nut
Sumatra
Castanopsis javanica
/^ DC. Indonesia Nut
Castanopsis
malaccensis Gamble Malaysia Nut
Castanopsis
philippensis Vidal Philippine chestnut Philippines Nut
Castanopsis wallichii
King Malaysia Nut

Flacourtiaceae

Flacourtia euphlebia
Merr. Lanagon Philippines Pulp
Flacourtia sepiaria
Roxb. Indian plum Tropical Asia Pulp
Hemiscorpia trimera
Sioot. Indonesia Pulp
Homalium
cochinchinensis
Druce Acomas Vietnam Pulp
Hydnocarpus
anthelmintica Pierre Thailand to Pulp
Malaysia
Pangium edule
Reinw. Philippines Seeds
Ryparosa caesia
Blume Indonesia Pulp
Ryparosa hullettii
King Pitoling Malaysia Pulp
Ryparosa
multinervosa Sloot Mausea uru Indonesia Pulp
Scolopia spinosa
Wark. Rukem Malaysia Pulp

Gnetaceae

Gnetum
Indonesia, Pulp
brunonisnum Griff.
Malaysia

189
Chapter 6

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used

Gnetum genmonoides
Brongn. Indonesia Pulp
Gnetum I at i fol i urn
Blume Bulso Indonesia, Seeds
Philippines
Gnetum tendifolium
Ridl. Barringtonia Malaysia Pulp, seed
dinner

Guttiferae

Calophyllum
inophyllum L. Maria Pantropics Young seeds
Calophyllum
pulcherrimum Wall. Malaysia Pulp
Garcinia atroviridis
Griff. Buruguru Malaysia to Pulp
Thailand
Garcinia bancana
Miq. Indonesia, Pulp
Malaysia
Garcinia barretiana
Wester Kadis Philippines Pulp
Garcinia benthamii
Pierre Philippines Pulp
Garcinia binucao
Choisy Binukau Philippines Pulp
Garcinia celebica L. Boras Philippines Pulp
Garcinia
cochinchinensis
Choisy Buanha Vietnam Pulp
Garcinia costata
Hemsl. Malaysia Pulp
Garcinia cowa Roxb. Thailand Pulp
Garcinia globulosa
Ridl. Malaysia Pulp
Garcinia gracilis L. Thailand Pulp
Garcinia
hombroniana Pierre Malaysia Pulp
Garcinia macrophylla
Miq. Philippines Pulp
Garcinia mindanensis
Merr. Philippines Pulp
Garcinia microstigma
Kurz. Thung-thale-anee Southeast Asia Pulp
Garcinia mooreana
Wester Philippines Pulp
Garcinia negrolineata
Planch. Kandis hutan Malaysia Pulp
Garcinia Oliver i Pierre Bua rung Indochina Pulp

190
 Minor Fruits of Australia, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Garcinia parviflora
Miq. Yellow kandis Indochina, Pulp
Malaysia
Garcinia planchoni
Pierre Indochina, Pulp
Malaysia
Garcinia prainiana
King Cherapu Malaysia, Pulp
Philippines
Garcinia rubra Merr. Philippines Pulp
Garcinia
schomburghiana
Piprrp Thailand Pulp
Garcinia sizygiifolia
Pierre Funi Indonesia, Pulp
Vietnam
Garcinia subelliptica
Merr. Philippines Pulp
Garcinia tetrandra
Pierre Temil Indochina, Pulp
Philippines
Garcinia venuiosa
Choisy Gatasan Philippines Pulp
Garcinia vidaiii Merr. Pilis Philippines Pulp
Garcinia vilersiana
Pierre Vang nhura Indochina Pulp

Lauraceae

Cinnamomum iners
Reinw. Tropical Asia Pulp
Cryptocarva wiisonii
Guill. Pacific Islands Pulp
Litsea glutinosa C. B.
Robins. Robbins Tropical Asia Pulp
Micropora curtisii
Hook. f. Malaysia Pulp

Leeaceae
Tropical Asia Pulp
Leea indica Merr.
Indonesia, Seeds
Leea rubra Blume
Malaysia

Leguminosae

Sudan senna Thailand Pods

Cassia acutifolia Del.
Cassia angustí folia
Indian senna Thailand Pods
Vahl

191
Chapter 6

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Castanospermum
australe A. Cunningh.
et Fraser Moreth bay Australia Seeds
chestnut
Dial i um lau ri n um
Baker Malaysia Pulpr'
Dialium maingayi
Baker Keranji Malaysia Pulp
Dialium patens Baker Malaysia Pulp
Dialium platysepalum
Baker Monkey kerang Malaysia Pulp
Parkia biglandulosa
Wight, et Arn. Malaysia Pulp
■ W • fi^

Parlóla biglobosa
Benth. Malaysia Pulp, seed
Parkia intermedia
Hassk. Petir Indonesia, Seeds
Malaysia
Parkia javanica Merr. Kedawung Indonesia, Seeds
Malaysia
Parkia speciosa Hort. Petal Indonesia, Young seeds
Malaysia
Pithecellobium affine
Baker Malaysia Pulp
I M • ^

Pithecellobium
bulbalinum Benth. Keredas Malaysia Pulp, seed
Pithecellobium dulce
Benth. Madras thorn Pantropics Pulp
Pithecellobium
lobatum Benth. Djering Tropical Asia Pulp
Pongamia pinnata
Merr. Robinier Tropical Asia Pulp
Whitfordiodendron
erianthum Dunn. Tulang daeng Malaysia Pulp

Melastomataceae

endemia hirta D. Don Malaysia Pulp

M a rumia stellulata
Blume Indonesia Pulp
fi/ledinilla hasseltii
Blume Indonesia
■ • ■ %^ v^ ■ • ^^ x^ ■ *^ Pulp
f^emecylon
caeruleum Jacq. Javanese kulis Tropical Asia Pulp
Memecylon edule
Roxb. Ironwood tree Tropical Asia Pulp
Ochtocharis
borneensis Blume Indonesia, Pulp
Malaysia

192
 Minor Fruits of Australia, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Meliaceae

Aglaia acida Koord.

et Val. Langsatan Java Pulp
Aglaia elliptifolia
Merr. Philippines Pulp
Aglaia everettii Merr. Bunguas Malaysia, Pulp
Philippines
Aglaia glabriflora
Hiern. Malaysia Pulp
Aglaia glomerata
Merr. Karamiras Philippines Pulp
Aglaia harmsiana
Perk. Melatumbaga Philippines Pulp
Aglaia kingiana
Ridley Malaysia Pulp
Aglaia oligantha DC. Mantan Philippines Pulp
Aglaia rufibardis
Ridley Malaysia Pulp
Aglaia trichostema
Ridley Malaysia Pulp
Chisocheton
glomeratus Hiern. Malaysia Pulp
Chisoclieton
penduliflorus Planch Malaysia Pulp
Dysoxylon excelsum
Blume Malaysia Pulp
Lansium dubium
Merr. Mamata-babae Philippines Pulp
Sandoricum
nervosum Blunne Kechapi Indonesia, Pulp
Malaysia
Sandoricum radiât um
King Kechapi Malaysia, Pulp
Philippines
Walsura elata Pierre Indochina Pulp
Walsura villosa Wall Indochina Pulp

Menispermaceae

Limada scandens ^^. ^

Pulp
Lour. Vietnam

IVIoraceae

Artocarpus blancoi
Merr. Antipolo Philippines Pulp
Artocarpus camansi Dhiiinnmoc Pulp, seed
Blanco Kamansi Philippines
Artocarpus Pulp
chaplashus Roxb.

193
Chapter 6

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Artocarpus
cumingiana Tree. Philippines Pulp
Artocarpus dudak
Miq. Sumatra Pulp
Artocarpus glauca
Blume Java Pulp
Artocarpus
gomeziana Wall. Tapang Malaysia Pulp
Artocarpus
involucrata K. Schum. Papua New Pulp
Guinea
Artocarpus lakoocha
Roxb. Monkey jack Tropical Asia Pulp
Artocarpus
lanceaefolius Roxb. Thailand Pulp
Artocarpus
odoratissima Blanco Morang Philippines Pulp
Artocarpus
polyphema Pers. Java Pulp, seed
Artocarpus rotundata
Merr. Indonesia, Pulp
Malaysia
Broussonetia
papyri fera L'Merit, ex
Vent. Paper mulberry Tropical Asia Pulp
Cudrania
cochinchinensis
Kudo. Tropical Asia Pulp

Ficus áspera Forst. Tongue fly Australia, Pulp

Pacific Islands
Ficus auriculata Lour. Timia Tropical Asia Pulp
Ficus benglialensis L. Banyan Malaysia Pulp
Ficus conora King Indonesia Pulp
Ficus g lomera ta
Roxb. Cluster fig Tropical Asia Pulp
Ficus hirta Vahl Tropical Asia Pulp
Ficus hispida L. f. Gobia Tropical Asia Pulp
Ficus lacor Hamilt. Kahimal Malaysia Pulp
Ficus nota Merr. Philippines Pulp
Ficus obpyramidata
King Malaysia Pulp
Ficus pilosa Reinw. Indonesia, Pulp
Malaysia
Ficus pumila L. Pantropics Pulp
Ficus rostata L. Malaysia Pulp
Ficus ru m phi i Blume Malaysia Pulp
Ficus séptica Thunb. Indonesia, Pulp
Malaysia
Ficus ulmifolia Lam. Philippines Pulp
Ficus variegata
Blume Tropical Asia Pulp

194
 Minor Fruits of Australia, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Gymnartocarpus
woodii Merr. Philippines Seeds
Parartocarpus
venenosas Malanangka Philippines Pulp

Myricaceae

Myrica ¡avanica
Blume Indonesia Pulp, seed
Myrica sápida Wall. Box nnyrtle Tropical Asia Pulp

iVIyristicaceae

Horsefieldia
australiana Blake Australia Pulp
Horsefieldia ridleyana
Warb. Malaysia Pulp
Horsefieldia
sylvestris Warb. Indonesia, Pulp
Malaysia
Knema laurina Warb. Malaysia Pulp
Myristica argéntea
Warb. Papua nutmeg Papua New Seeds
Guinea
Myristica
cagayanensis Merr. Philippines Seeds
Myristica crassa King Malaysia Seeds

Myrsinaceae

Ardisia lurida Blume Southeast Asia Pulp

Ardisia squamulosa
Presl. Philippines Pulp
Embelia
philippinensis DC. Lendo Philippines Pulp
Embelia ribes
Burm. f. Tropical Asia Pulp

Myrtaceae

Decaspermum
fruticosum Forst. Tropical Asia Pulp
Eugenia aherniana
C. B. Rob. Turana Philippines Pulp
Eugenia mananquil
Blanco Philippines Pulp
Eugenia
polycephaloides C. B.
Rob. Maigang Philippines Pulp

195
Chapter 6

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used

Syzygium
accuminatissimum
DC. Indonesia, Pulp
Malaysia
Syzygium
arnottianum Walp. Indonesia Pulp
Syzygium calubcob
Merr. Kalubkub Philippines Pulp
Syzygium clavifforum
Wall. Borsrem Malaysia, Pulp
Philippines
Syzygium curanii
Merr. LipotI Philippines Pulp
Syzygium
densiflorum Brongn.
et Gris Kelat asam Indonesia, Pulp
Malaysia
Syzygium grande
Wall. Indochina to Pulp
Indonesia
Syzygium ¡ambos
Alston Roseapple Pantropics Pulp
Syzygium lineatum
Merr. et Perry Guava berry Indonesia, Pulp
Malaysia
Syzygium oblatum
Wall. Malaysia Pulp
Syzygium
poiycepfiaium Merr.
et Perry Gowok Southeast Asia Pulp
Syzygium
punctuiatum Wall. Malaysia Pulp
Syzygium simile
Merr. Panglomboien Philippines Pulp
Syzygium
xanthophylla LapinI Philippines Pulp

Nyssaceae

Nyssa ¡avanica
Wangerin. Tropical Asia Pulp

Ochnaceae

Ochna integerrima
Merr. Mai bong vang Vietnam Pulp

Olacaceae

Anacolosa luzonensis
Merr. Galo nut Philippines Nut

196
 Minor Fruits of Australia, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Ochanostachya
amentácea Masters Malaysia Pulp
Olax inbricata Roxb. Burma, Malaysia Pulp
Olax scandens Roxb. Dheniani Indonesia, Pulp
Malaysia
Scorodocarpus
borneensis Becc. Indonesia, Pulp
Malaysia

Oxalidaceae

Connaropsis grifithii
Planch. Pupoi Malaysia Pulp
Connaropsis
macrophylla King Malaysia Pulp
Connaropsis
monoptiyiia Planch. Malaysia Pulp

Palmae

Actinorhytis
calapparia H. Wendl.
et Druce Tangalo Malaysia, Pulp
Philippines
Adonidia meriilii
Becc. Manila palm Southeast Asia Nut
Areca caliso Becc. Philippines Nut
Arenga pinnata Merr. Sugar plum Tropical Asia Nut
Calamus litoko West. Litoko Philippines Pulp
Calamus mitis Becc. Tebdas Philippines Pulp
Calamus ornatus
Blume Puffed rattan Indonesia, Pulp
Malaysia
Calamus salicifolius
Becc. Lempeak Vietnam Pulp
Calamus us i ta tus
Blanco Abet Philippines Pulp
Corypha utan Lam. Buri palm Tropical Asia Young seeds
Daemonorhops
palembanicus Blume Uwi nangga Indonesia Pulp
Daemonorhops
periacanthus Miq. Rotan gelang Indonesia, Pulp
Malaysia
Daemonorliops ruber
Mart. Pendjalin sepet Indonesia, Pulp
Malaysia
Eugeissona triste
Griff
Ni^l 1 1 I .
Malaysia Young fruit
Latania commersonii
J. F. Gmel. Bourbon palm Tropical Asia Pulp

197
Chapter 6

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Livistona
cochinchinensis
Blume Vietnam Pulp
Livistona saribas
MGrr. Tropical Asia Pulp
Onocosperma
tig HI aria RIdl. Anibong Tropical Asia Pulp
Phoenix paludosa
Roxb. Malaysia, Pulp
Thailand
Phoenix pusilla
Gaertn. Inchu Malaysia Pulp
Raphia vinifera Beauv. Wine raffia Malaysia Pulp
Salacca affinis Blume Salak batool Malaysia Pulp
Salacca clemensiana
Becc. Dalubi Philippines Pulp
Salacca conferta
Griff. Salak hutan Indonesia, Pulp
Malaysia
Salacca glabrescens
Griff. Malaysia Pulp
Salacca wallichiana
Mart. Kumbur Malaysia Pulp
Veitchia ¡oanennis H.
Wendl. Fiji Nut

Pandanaceae

Freycinetia milnei
Seem Fiji Pulp
Pandanus brosimos
Merr. et Perry Pacific Islands Seeds
Pandanus conoideus
Lam. Marita Southeast Asia Pulp, seed
Pandanus dubius
Spreng. Knob-fruited Southeast Asia Seeds
screwpine
Pandanus
fischerianus Mart. Pacific Islands Seeds
Pandanus houlletii
Carr. Malay screwpine Malaysia Pulp
Pandanus ¡iulianettii
Mart. Pacific Islands Seeds
Pandanus obliquus
Kanehira Pacific Islands Pulp
Pandanus
spodiophyllus B. 0.
Stone Papua New Pulp
Guinea
Pandanus tectorius
Sol. Pacific Islands Seeds, pulp

198
 Minor Fruits of Australia, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Podocarpaceae

Podocarpus neriifolia
D. Don New Guinea Seeds, pulp

Proteaceae

Grevillea
elacocarpifolia Guill. Pacific Islands Seeds
Kermadecia
leptophylla Guill. Pacific Islands Seeds
Kermadecia sinuata
Brongn. et Gris Pacific Islands Seeds

Rhamnaceae

Hovenia dulcis
Thunb. Chinese raisin Asian subtropics Peduncle
Sageretia
oppositifolia Brongn. Drangu Indonesia Pulp
Sageretia theezans
Brongn. Indochina Pulp
Ziziphus agrestis
Roem. et Schul. Cay na Indochina Pulp
Ziziphus attoensis
Pierre Indochina Pulp
Ziziphus calophylla
Wall Malaysia Pulp
Ziziphus cambodiana
Pierre Putrea Indochina Pulp
Ziziphus funiculosa
I_l3^ Malaysia Pulp
Ziziphus hoaensis
P\Q^^Q Vietnam Pulp
Ziziphus oenoplia ^ ,
Mili. Anor Tropical Asia Pulp

Rhizophoraceae

Bruguiera eriopetala . . _.
\j^Q^¡^ Pacific Islands Pulp
Carallia brachiata , . _ .
Merr. Carallia wood Malaysia Pulp

Rosaceae

Angelesia splendens
,, ,. ... Indonesia, Pulp
Korth. ...
Malaysia

199
Chapter 6

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used

Rubus copelandii
Merr. Finit Philippine Islands Pulp
Rubus ellipticus Sm. Yellow Himalayan Asian subtropics Pulp
raspberry
Rubus elmeri Focke Bunut Philippines Pulp
Rubus elongatus
Smith Indonesia Pulp
Rubus fraxinifolius
Poir. Palanau Indonesia, Pulp
Philippines
Rubus macgregorii
F. V. Muell. New Guinea Pulp
Rubus moluccanus L. Ceylon blackberry Tropical Asia Pulp
Rubus niveus Thunb. Pilai Philippines Pulp
Rubus pectinellus
Maxim. Atkbulnak Philippines Pulp
Rubus rolfei Vidal Dutung Philippines Pulp
Rubus sorbifolium
Maxim. Tropical Asia Pulp

Rubiaceae

Anthocephalus
cadamba Benth. Meo Tropical Asia Pulp
Anthocephalus
morindaefolius Korth. Tropical Asia Pulp
Canthium horridum
Blume Tropical Asia Pulp
Canthium micrantha
DC. Tropical Asia Pulp
Ixora arguta R. Br. Mata pelandok Malaysia, Pulp
Thailand
Morinda citrifolia L. Indian mulberry Pantropics Young fruit
Morinda urn bel lata L. Tropical Asia Young fruit
Nauclea maingayi
Hook. f. Malaysia Pulp
Nauclea subdita
Merr. Malaysia Pulp
Pa vet ta indica L. Tropical Asia Pulp
Randia anisophylla
Hook. f. Malaysia Pulp
Randia dumetorum
Lam. Maindal Malaysia Pulp
Randia esculenta
Merr. Indochina Pulp
Randia uliginosa Poir. Pindalu Malaysia Pulp

200
 Minor Fruits of Australia, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used

Rutaceae

Acronychia
pedunculata Miq. Bai bai Tropical Asia Pulp, leaves
Aegle marmelos Corr. Bengal quince Tropical Asia Pulp
Glycosmis citrifolia
Lindl. Malaysia, Pulp
Thailand
Glycosmis
pentaphylla Corr. Ban nimbu Tropical Asia Pulp
Hesperethusa
crenulata Swingle Indochina Pulp
Murray a pan icu lata
(L) Jacq. Jasmin orange Tropical Asia Pulp
Toddalia asiática
Lann. Daung Philippines Pulp

Sabiaceae

Meliosma nitida
Blume Indonesia, Pulp
Malaysia
Santalaceae

Ctiampereia
griffithiana Planch. Burma, Malaysia Pulp
Eucarya acuminata
Sprague et
Summerhayes Quandong nut Australia Seeds
San tal urn
lanceolatum R. Br. Plum bush Australia Pulp

Sapindaceae

AllophyUus
cochinchinensis
H. Lee. Schmidelia Malaysia Pulp
Cubilla blancoi
Kubili nut Indonesia, Pulp
Blume
Philippines
Erioglossum
Mertajam Tropical Asia Pulp
rubiginosum Blume
Euphoria didyma
Alupag Philippines Pulp
Blanco
Euphoria nephelioides
Philippines Pulp
Radlk.
Hedyachras
Mala-chico Philippines Pulp
philippinensis Radlk.
Litchi philippinensis
earning! Philippines Pulp, seed
Radlk.

201
Chapter 6

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Mishocarpus
sumatranus Blume Indonesia, Pulp
Malaysia
Nephelium
bassacense Pierre Malaysia, Pulp
Vietnam
Nephelium chryseum
Blume Philippines Pulp
Nephelium
hypoleucum Kurz. Thailand Pulp
Nephelium
philippense Búlala Philippines Pulp
Nephelium
obovatum L. Thailand Pulp
Nephelium
xerospermoides
R. D. K. Aluao Philippines Pulp
Otophora a lata
Blume Chinese averrhoa Tropical Asia Pulp
Otophora
cambodiana Pierre Malaysia, Thailand
Vietnam
Otophora fruticosa
Blume Lunan nut Tropical Asia Nut
Otophora furcata
Pierre Chon chom Vietnam Pulp
Otophora
spectabilis Blume Indonesia, Pulp
Malaysia
Palaqium burkii Lam. Siak ilipe nut Indonesia, Pulp
Malaysia
Palaqium hexandrum
Engl. Malaysia Pulp, nut
Palaqium javense
Burck. Java nato tree Indonesia Nut
Palaqium
macrocarpum Burck. Indonesia, Pulp
Malaysia
Palaqium oleiferum
Blanco Malaysia Nut
Palaqium philippense
C. B. Rob. Philippines Pulp
Palaqium rostratum
Burck. Indonesia, Pulp
Malaysia
Palaqium semaran
Lam. Samaran Indonesia Nut
Palaqium
walsurifolium Pierre Butam Indonesia, Pulp
Malaysia

202
 Minor Fruits of Australia, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Xerospermum
intermedium Radlk. Burma Malaysia Pulp
Xerospermum
laevigatum Radlk. Malaysia Pulp
Xerospermum
macrophyllum Pierre Truong Vietnam Pulp
Xerospermum
wall ich i i King Malaysia Pulp

Sapotaceae

Imbricarla malabarica
Poir. Indonesia Pulp
Madhuca esculenta
Fletch. Thailand Pulp
Madhuca grandifolia
Fletch. Thailand Pulp
Madhuca lancifolia
Lam. Kelaki Indonesia Seeds
Madhuca I at i folia
Macbr. Butter tree Tropical Asia Seeds
Madhuca leerii Merr. Edoloyan Tropical Asia Pulp
Madhuca obovatifolia
Merr. Manik Malaysia, Pulp
Philippines
Manilkara hexandra
Dubard Tropical Asia Pulp
Mimusops manilkara
G. Don. Philippines Pulp
Mimusops parviflora
R. Br. Wild dilly Philippines, Pulp
Pantropics
Saxifragaceae

Davidsonia pruriens
Muell.-Arg. Davidson's plum Australia Pulp

Sonneratiaceae

Sonneratia caseolaris
Engler Perepat Indonesia, Pulp
Malaysia,
Vietnam
Sonneratia grifithii
Kurz. Malaysia Pulp
Sonneratia ovata
Back. Bogan Indonesia Pulp

203
Chapter 6

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Sterculiaceae

Sterculia apétala
Karst. Pantropics Seed
Sterculia cermica
R. Br. Philippines Seed
Sterculia foetida L. Java olive Pantropics Seed
Sterculia ob Ion gat a
R. Br. Philippines Seed

Strychnaceae

Strychnos
nux-vomica L. Strychinin Indonesia Pulp
Strychnos pungens
Solered. Botter Klapper Australia Pulp

Tetrameristaceae

Tetramerista glabra
Miq. Poonah Indonesia, Pulp
Malaysia

Thymeliaceae

Phaleria capitata
Jack. Indonesia, Pulp
Malaysia

Tiliaceae

Diplodiscus edules
Merr. Philippines Seeds
Diplodiscus eriocarpa
Juss. Philippines Pulp
Diplodiscus
paniculatus Turcz. Balobo Philippines Seeds
Diplodiscus
stylocarpa Warb. Philippines Seeds
Grewia eriocarpa
Juss. Bariu-an Tropical Asia Pulp
Grewia fibrocarpa
Mast. Indonesia, Pulp
Malaysia
Grewia latifolia Mast. Malaysia Pulp
Grewia philippinensis
Perk. Balukok Philippines Pulp
Grewia stylocarpa
Juss. Muling Philippines Seeds
Grewia subinaequalis
DC. Phalsa Tropical Asia Pulp

204
 Mi nor Fruits of Australia, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Microcos
paniculate L. Tropical Asia Pulp
Microcos stylocarpa
Burrett. Philippines Pulp

Urticaceae

Hullettia dumosa
King et Hook. f. Malaysia Pulp
Lapourtea Stimulans
Miq. Jelatang Indonesia, Fruit stalk
Malaysia
Procris laevigata
Blume Tropical Asia Pulp
Steblus asper Lour. Tropical Asia Pulp
Taxotrophis
macrophylla Boerl. Indonesia, Pulp
Malaysia

Verbenaceae

Gmelina arbórea L. Malay bush beech Malaysia Pulp

Vitex glabrata R. Br. Burnna, Malaysia, Pulp
Thailand

Violaceae

Rhionera pachycarpa
Craib. Malaysia, Pulp
Philippines,
Thailand

Vitidaceae

Ampellocissus
martina Planch. Bika Southeast Asia Pulp
Cissus
quadrangularis L. Pantropics Pulp
Cissus triloba Merr. Indochina Pulp
Tetrastigma
harmandii Planch. Ayo Malaysia, Pulp
Philippines
Tetrastigma
Ojod Tropical Asia Pulp
lanceolarium Planch.
Tetrastigma loheri
Philippines Pulp
Gagnep.
Malaysia Pulp
Vitis lawsoni King
Vitis pallida Wight et
Tropical Asia Pulp
Am.

205
Chapter 6

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Zingiberaceae

Phaenomeria
atropurpúrea K.
Schum. Ondje Indonesia, Pulp
Malaysia
Phaenomeria speciosa
Koord. O'.dji Tropical Asia Pulp
Vanoverbergia
sepulchrei Merr. Philippines Pulp

206
7. Minor Fruits of the Indian Subcontinent
and Adjacent Places

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Alangianciae

Alangium lamarckii
Thw. Akola India, Indochina Pulp
Alangium salviifolium
Wang. Akola India, Indochina Pulp

Anacardianceae

Bouea burmanica
Griff. Marian fruit India, Indochina, Pulp
Burnna
Buchanania
angustifolia Roxb. Pedda sara India Pulp
Buchanania lancifolia
Roxb. India Pulp
Buchanania lanzan
Spreng. Piyal India, Burnna Seeds
Buchanania 1 at i folia
Roxb. India, Burnna Seeds
Mangifera sylvatica
Roxb. India, Indochina Pulp
Mangifera zeylanica
Hook. f. Ceylon nnango Sri Lanka Pulp
Nothopegia
colebrookiana Blunne India, Sri Lanka Pulp
Sorindeia
madagascariensis
DC. Grape nnango India Pulp
Spondias acuminata
Roxb. India Pulp
Spondias boronica Mauritius Pulp

Annonaceae

Alphonsea ventricosa
Hook. f. et Thonns. Noga-cola India Pulp
Cyathocalyx
marfabaninijs^ Hook f India, Burnna, Pulp
Assam
Fissistigma
polyanthum Merr. India Pulp
Fissistigma
vprrijcn^ium Mprr India Pulp
Miliusa velutina
Hnnk f Pt Thnm«^ Indochina, Burma, Pulp
Bangladesh
Polyalthia cerasoides
Benth. et Hook. f. India Pulp

207
Chapter 7

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Polyalthia longiflora
Benth. et Hook. f. India Pulp
Polyalthia suberosa
jhw. India, Burma Pulp
Saccopetalum
tomentosum Hook. f.
et Thorns. 'ndia Pulp
Uvaria macrophylla
Roxb. India, Sri Lanka Pulp

Apocynaceae

Carissa lanceoiata
Dalz. India Pulp
Carissa macrophylla
Wall. India Pulp
Carissa opaca Stapf. Karaunda India Pulp
Carissa paucinowia
DC. India Pulp
Carissa spinarum L Karaunda India Pulp
Melodinus
monogynus Roxb. India Pulp, seed
Ochrosia
oppositifolia K.
Schum. India Pulp
Urceola esculenta
Benth. India, Burma, Pulp
Sri Lanka

Burseraceae

Boswellia serrata
Roxb. Olinanum India Nuts
Canarium bengalense
Roxb. India, Burma, Nut
Sri Lanka
Canarium strictum
Roxb. Black dammer India, Indochina Nut
Canarium zeylanicum
Blume Kekuna India, Sri Lanka Nut
Garuga pinnata Roxb. Khapat India Pulp

Capparidaceae

Capparis micrantha
DC. India, Indochina, Pods
Burma
Maerua arenaris
Hook. f. et Thoms. India Pulp

208
 Minor Fruits of the Indian Subcontinent and Adjacent Places

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Combretaceae

Terminalia bellerica
Roxb. India, Sri Lanka Nut
Terminalia chebula
Retz. India, Sri Lanka, Seed (oil)
Pakistan
Connaraceae

Rourea commutata
Planch. India, Burma Aril

Dilleniaceae

Dilíenla áurea Sm. Sempoor India Pulp (spice)

Dillenla indica L. Elephant apple India Pulp
Dillen I a pentagyna
Roxb. Aggai India Pulp
Dillenla scabrella
Roxb. Banj-ou India Pulp
Pentagyna
coromandeliana DC. India Pulp

Dipterocarpaceae

yatería acuminata
Hayne. India, Sri Lanka Pulp

Ebenaceae

Diospyros
chloroxylon Roxb. Ninei India Pulp
Diospyros ebenum
Koenig Ceylon ebony India, Sri Lanka, Pulp
Pakistan
Diospyros exculpa
Ham. India Pulp
Diospyros
íanceaefoíía Roxb. Burma, India, Pulp
Nepal
Diospyros marítima
Blunne India Pulp
Diospyros
melanoxylon Roxb. Coromandel ebony India, Sri Lanka Pulp
Diospyros montana
Roxb. India, Sri Lanka Pulp
Diospyros peregrina
Guerke Gab India Pulp
Diospyros
pyrrhocarpa Miq. India Pulp
Diospyros ramifiera
Roxb. India Pulp

209
Chapter 7

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Diospyros tomentosa
Roxb. Tendu India Pulp
Diospyros toposia
Ham. Toposi India, Sri Lanka Pulp

Maba major Forst, f. India Pulp

Maba nigrescens
Daiz. Ruktoora India Pulp

Ehretiaceae

Cord i a dich oto m a

Forst, f. Clammy cherry India Pulp
Cordia myxa L. Sapistan India Pulp
Cordia rothii Roem.
et Schlecht India, Pakistan Pulp
Cordia vest i ta
Hook. f. et Thorns. Kúm-paiman India Pulp
Ehretia laevis Roxb. Chamror India Pulp

Eiaeocarpaceae

Elaeocarpus
serrât US L. Veralu Sri Lanka Pulp

Eleagnaceae

Eleagnus kologa
Schlecht. India Pulp
Eleagnus I at i folia L. Mirica-tenga India Pulp

Ericaceae

Vaccinium
leschenaultii Wight India, Sri Lanka Pulp

Euphorbiaceae

Aleurites moluccana
Willd. Indian walnut India Seeds
Antidesma
acuminatum Wall. Paniheloch India Pulp
Antidesma menasu
Muell.-Arg. Kumbyung India, Burma Pulp
Andamam Island
Aporosa lindleyana
Baill. Vittil India Pulp
Baccaurea
courtallensis
Muell.-Arg. India Pulp
Baccaurea dulcís
Muell.-Arg. India Pulp

210
 Minor Fruits of the Indian Subcontinent and Adjacent Places

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Baccaurea parviflora
Muell.-Arg. India Pulp
Bridelia retusa
Sprang. Kuhir, khaja India Pulp
Bridelia stipularis
Blume India Pulp
Caragana ambigua
Stocks India Pods
Fluggea leucopyrus
Willd. India Pulp
Gelonium multiflorum
A. Juss. Ban-naringa India Pulp
Macaranga roxburghii
Wight Chanda India Pulp
Phyllanthus
reticulatus Poir. India Pulp
Trewia nudifolia L Bhillaura India, Sri Lanka Pulp

Fagaceae

Castanopsis argéntea
DC. India Nut
Castanopsis
diversifolia King India, Burma Nut
Castanopsis indica
DC. Hinguri India, Indochina, Nut
Burma
Castanopsis
tribuloides DC. Phul-hingori India Nut
Lithocarpus
xylocarpus Markgraf. Ir>dia Nut

Flacourtiaceae

Flacourtia
Attak India Pulp
montana J.
Flacourtia sepiaria
Indian plunn India Pulp
Roxb.

Gnetaceae
India Seeds
Gnetum uia Brongn.

Guttiferae

Calophyllum
Poonstar India Pulp
apetalum Willd.
Calophyllum
Maria India Pulp
inophyllum L.

211
Chapter 7

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Garcinia atroviridis
Griff. Guru-guru India Pulp
Garcinia cambogia
Desrouss. Goraka India, Sri Lanka Pulp
Garcinia
campanulata Roxb. Bitmara India Pulp
Garcinia cornea L. India Pulp
Garcinia cowa Roxb. Cowa India Pulp
Garcinia indica
Choisy Kokambutter tree India Pulp, seed
Garcinia lanceaefolia
Roxb. India Pulp
Garcinia morella
Desr. Tamal India Pulp
Garcinia paniculata
Roxb. Bubi-kowa India Pulp
Garcinia pedunculata
Roxb. Tikul India, Indochina Pulp
Mesua férrea L. Nag Champa India, Indochina Pulp
Ochrocarpus
longifolius Benth. Nag kesar India Pulp

Hippocastanaceae

Aesculus indica
Colebr. Indian chestnut India, Nepal Seeds

Lauraceae

Litsea glutinosa C. B.
Robins. India PulD

Leeaceae

Leea áspera Edgew. Kawá okhár India Pulp

Leea crispa L. India, Burma Pulp
Leea indica M err. India Pulp

Leguminosae

Bauhinia vahlii Wight.

et Arn. Maljhan India Seeds
Cassia fistula L. Purging cassia India Seeds
Dialium ovoideum
Thw. Velvet tamarind Sri Lanka Pulp
Entada phaseoloides
Merr. Modama India Seeds
F leming i a
macrophylla 0. Kze. India Pods
F leming i a semi al ata
Roxb. India, Pakistan Pods

212
 Minor Fruits of the Indian Subcontinent and Adjacent Places

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Humboldtia
bourdilloni Plain. India Pulp
Parkia biglandulosa
Wight et Arn. India, Indochina Pulp
Pithecellobium dulce
Benth. Madras thorn India Pulp
Pithecellobium
lobatum Benth. Djering India Pulp

Malvaceae

Abutilón asiaticum G.
Don Kanghi, mudra India, Sri Lanka Seeds

Melastomataceae

Melastoma
malabathricum L. Singapore India Pulp
rhodendron
Memecylon
caeruleum Jack. Kulis India Pulp

Meliaceae

Aglaia edulis A. Gray Late maheva Burma, Assam Pulp

Aglaia roxburgiana
Miq. Yerra aduga India, Sri Lanka Pulp

Moraceae

Artocarpus lakoocha
Roxb. Monkey jack India Pulp
Artocarpus nobilis
Thw. Wild bear fruit Sri Lanka Pulp, seed
Chlorophora excelsa
Benth. et Hook. f. Iroko fustic tree India Pulp
Ficus au ri cu lata Lour Timla India Pulp
Ficus benghalensis L. Banyan India, Pakistan Pulp
Ficus cunia
Khewnaw India, Burma Pulp
Buch.-Ham.
Ficus glomerata
Guiar India, Pakistan Pulp
Roxb.
India Pulp
Ficus heterophylla L.
India Pulp
Ficus hirta Vahl
Goblá India Pulp
Ficus hispida L.
Ficus lacor
Kahimal India Pulp
Buch.-Ham.
Ficus lanceo lata
India Pulp
Buch.-Ham.

213
Chapter 7

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Ficus mysorensis
Heine India Pulp
Ficus nemoral is Wall. Dudhia India Pulp
Ficus palmate Forsk. Fagwara India Pulp
Ficus pomífera Wall. India Pulp
Ficus religiosa L. Peepul India, Sri Lanka Pulp
Ficus rumphii Blume Pilkhan India, Burma Pulp
Ficus virgata Roxb. Anjir India Pulp

Myricaceae

M y rica in teg ri fol la

Roxb. Sophee India, Indochina Pulp
Myrica sápida Wall. Box myrtle India Pulp

Myrsinaceae

Ardisia humilis Vahl India, Sri Lanka Pulp

Ardisia neriifolia
Wall. India Pulp
Ardisia polycephala
Wall. India, Burma, Pulp
Sri Lanka
Ardisia willisii Mez. Sri Lanka Pulp
f^aesa argéntea Wall. India Pulp
f^aesa indica Wall. India Pulp
ti/lyrsine semiserrata
Wall. India, Burma Pulp

Myrtaceae

Careya arbórea Roxb. Tummy wood India Pulp

Cleistocalyx
obovatum Merr. Kiamoni Burma, Pulp
Bangladesh
Syzigium arnottianum
Walp. India, Sri Lanka Pulp
Syzygium
calophyllifolium
Walp. India, Sri Lanka Pulp
Syzygium claviflorum
Wall. Borsrem India Pulp
Syzygium cordifolium
Klotz. India, Sri Lanka Pulp
Syzygium
mabaeoides Wight India, Sri Lanka Pulp

Nyssaceae

Nyssa javanica
Wang. India Pulp

214
 Mi nor Fruits of the Indian Subcontinent and Adjacent Places

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used

Olacaceae

Olax scandens Roxb. Dheniana India Pulp

Oleaceae

Olea cuspid ata Wall. Kahu India Pulp

Olea dioica Roxb. Parrjamb India Pulp

Palmae

Areca concinna Thw. Sri Lanka Nut

Calamus erectus
Roxb. India Nut
Calamus extensus
Roxb. India Nut
Calamus rotang L. Rottan India Pulp
Calamus tenius Roxb. Bet India Pulp
Nannorhops
ritchieana H. Wendl. Manzani India, Pakistan Pulp
Phoenix acaulis
Roxb. India, Burnna Pulp
Phoenix hanceana
Haud. Khajur India Pulp
Phoenix lourliri
Kunth. Wild date India, Burma, Pulp
Indochina
Phoenix paludosa
Roxb. India Pulp, seed
Phoenix pusilla
Gaertn. Inchu India Pulp
Phoenix robusta
Hook. f. India Pulp
Phoenix sylvestris
Roxb. Wild date India Pulp
Phoenix zeylanica
Trin. Ceylon date India, Sri Lanka Pulp
Raphia vinifera
Beauv. Wine raffia India Pulp

Pandanaceae

Pandanus
andamanensium
Kurz. Andaman Island Pulp
Pandanus lerana
Nicobar Pulp
Jones

215
Chapter 7

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Rhamnaceae

Ziziphus nummularia
Wight et Am. India Pulp
Ziziphus oenoplia
Mill. Anor India Pulp
Ziziphus rugosa Lam. Bhand India, Burma Pulp
Ziziphus xyiopyrus
Willd. Kat-ber India Pulp
Rosaceae

Rosa odorata Sweet. Manipur wild India Pulp

tea rose
Rubus ellipticus Sm. Yellow Himalayan India Pulp
raspberry
Rubus moluccanus L. Ceylon Sri Lanka, India Pulp
blackberry
Rubus niveus Thunb. Mysore raspberry Sri Lanka, India Pulp

Rubiaceae

Anthocephalus
cadamba Benth. et
Hook. f. Meo India Pulp
Gardenia
campanulata Roxb. Burma Pulp
Gardenia
gummifera L. India Pulp
Gardenia latifolia Ait. Boxwood India Pulp
gardenia
Gardenia lucida
Roxb. India, Burma Pulp
Ixora arguta R. Br. Burma Pulp
Ixora parviflora Vahl India Pulp
Morinda citrifolia L. Indian mulberry India Pulp
Morinda tinctoria
Roxb. Indian mulberry India Pulp
Morinda tomentosa
Heyne India Pulp
Morinda um bel lata L. India Pulp
Pavetta indica L. India Pulp
Rand i a dumetorum
Lam. Mamdal India Pulp
Randia macrantha
DC. India Pulp
Randia uleginosa
Poir. Pindálu India, Burma Pulp

216
 Mi nor Fruits of the Indian Subcontinent and Adjacent Places

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used

Rutaceae

Acronychia
pedunculata Miq. Bai bai India, Indochina Pulp
Glycosmis
pentaphylla Corr. Orangeberry India Pulp
Hesperethusa
crenulata Swingle Naíbel India, Burma, Pulp
Indochina
Toddalia aculeata
Pers. Wild orange tree India, Sri Lanka Pulp
Salvadoraceae

Azima tetracantha
Lam. Kantagur-kamai India Pulp
Salvadora decides
Decne. Kabbar India Pulp

Santalacaceae

Champeria
griffithiana Planch. Sansi India, Burma Pulp
Pyrularia edulis DC. India Pulp

Sapindaceae

AHophylus cob be
Blume India Pulp
Chrysophyllum
roxburgii G. Don India Pulp
Lepisanthes
India Pulp
tetraphylla Radik
Mishocarpus
India Pulp
sumatranus Blume
Mishocarpus
India Pulp
sundanicus Blume
Schleichera oleosa
India, Sri Lanka Pulp
Merr.

Sapotaceae

Madhuca latifolia Seed (oil)

Mauwa India
Roxb.
Madhuca longifolia Seed (oil)
Mowa India
Macbr.
Manilkara hexandra Pulp
India
Dubard
Mimusops bojiri Pulp
Sri Lanka,
A. DC. Mauritius

217
Chapter 7

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used

Sideroxylon
elengioides Be nth. et
Hook. f. Pala India Pulp
Sonneratiaceae

Sonnerat i a alba
Smith India, Burma Pulp
Sonneratia caseolaris
Engler India, Sri Lanka, Pulp
Indochina
Sonneratia grifithii
Kurz. Burma Pulp

Sterculiaceae

Pterospermum
canescens Roxb. India Pulp
Sterculia apétala
Karst Panama nut India Seed
Sterculia coccínea
Roxb. India Seed

Strychnaceae

Strychnos
nux-vomica L. Strychinin India, Sri Lanka Pulp
Strychnos
potatorum L. Clearing nut India Pulp

Tiliaceae

Grewia damlne
Gaertn. Bather India Pulp
Grewia flavescens
Juss. Areicha India Pulp
Grewia hainesiana
Hole. Phalsa India Pulp
Grewia hirsuta Vahl Kakarundah India, Indochina Pulp
Grewia oppositifolia
Buch.-Ham. Biul India Pulp
Grewia rhothii DC. India Pulp
■ \^tf^

Grewia subinaequalis
DC. Phalsa India, Sri Lanka Pulp
Grewia tenax Asch.
et Schwf. India Pulp
Grewia tiliaefolia
Vahl Phalsa India Pulp
Grewia villosa Willd. Padekhado India Pulp

218
 Minor Fruits of Australia, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands

Scientific Common Where Part

name name found used
Ulmaceae

Holoptelea
integrifolia Planch. Kanji India Unripe fruit

Urtlcaceae

Pseudostreblus
indica Bureau. India Pulp
Taxotrophis
macrophylla Boer!. India Pulp

Verbenaceae

Faradaya spendida
F. V. Muell. India Pulp
Gmelina arbórea L. Gamhár India Pulp
Gmelina asiática L. Badhara India Pulp
Lantana salvifolia
Jacq. India Pulp
Wfex glabrata Br. India, Burnna Pulp
Vitex leucoxylon L. f. Goda India, Burma Pulp

Vltldaceae

Ampelocissus rugosa
Planch. Bhinana India, Burma Pulp
Cissus edulis Dalz. India Pulp
Cissus repens Lam. India Pulp
Commiphora caudata
Engler Hill mango India Pulp
Diploknema
butylacea Lam. Indian butter tree India Nut (oil)

219
 ■^>iî
8. Fruits Meriting Wider Distribution

Of the many thousands of fruits in the Tropics, most of sapote, the morang, and the okari nut. These fruits are
the best have been fairly well distributed, although discussed in the final parts of the following sections
even these are frequently underutilized. Nevertheless, concerning tropical American and Southeast Asian
there are good fruits still to be distributed, still to fruits.
become part of every backyard scene in the Tropics,
and still to be commercialized in the Tropics and the Fruits of the American Tropics
Temperate Zone. Of these, most are from the American
Tropics, and the rest are from the Asian Tropics. From The mamey sapote, Calocarpum sapota Merr. (family
the African Tropics have come many thousands of Sapotaceae), is one of the most notable and talked-
minor but very few major fruits. about fruits of the Tropics (fig. 41). While not appealing
at first to all palates, its flavor Is rich and distinctive,
The discussions concerning care of tropical fruits with and very much appreciated by its fans. Little known
potential have not been complete with respect to fer- outside the American Tropics, the mamey sapote is
tilization because in most cases good information is found chiefly in Mexico, Central America, northern
not available for minor tropical fruits and because South America, Cuba, Haiti, and the Dominican
tropical soils vary so much in fertility. Nevertheless, it Republic. It is also found in Florida, where its popular-
can be assumed that all trees need added nutrients to ity is increasing. It is not well known in Puerto Rico or
obtain maximum growth and production. Tropical soils the Lesser Antilles. Occasional trees are found
with sufficient nitrogen are rare. elsewhere throughout the Tropics, but nevertheless the
species can be considered poorly extended.
As a general rule, a 10-10-10 fertilizer (nitrogen,
phosphorus, potassium) can be used when trees are The mamey sapote is an attractive medium-sized tree
small. This is applied several times a year at the rate seldom reaching 20 meters in height and 45 cen-
of 100 to 200 grams per centimeter of the trunk timeters in trunk diameter in very old age. It tends to be
diameter at each application. The area under the tree uniform and hemispherical.
is cleaned of vegetation; and the mineral fertilizer is
placed on the soil well under the outside edge of the The leaves are entire, obovate or oblanceolate, and 20
crown. It is sometimes buried in shallow holes or is to 45 centimeters long. They are dark green and shiny
broadcast after very light disking. Fertilizer applied on the upper surface, with yellowish veins, and light
to the surface should be carried into the soil by a
penetrating irrigation.

The same fertilizer mixture can be applied to mature or-

chards at the maximum rate of 2,000 kilograms per hec-
tare per year.

Organic materials such as compost and manure, when

well rotted, can be applied on the soil, under the
ground, or carefully disked into the soil. They should
not be applied near the trunk.

Careful observations should always be made so that

the appropriate amounts of fertilizer to stimulate
growth without damaging the foliage are learned with
experience.

No single judge is capable of selecting the fruits that

will be great in tomorrow's world. Some of the com-
monest, most extended fruits in the Tropics—the
tamarind, for example—are not great. It is tempting to
believe that some really great fruits just wait to be
discovered. There is no sharp line between fruits of
great potential and just ordinary fruits, part of the dif-
ference depends on human actions. Three such
borderline fruits worthy of mention are the black Figure 41.—Mamey sapote, terminal leaves
and subterminal flowers and fruits.

220
green on the underside. The leaves are grouped in The mamey sapote is best adapted to tropical low-
whorls of 8 or 10 near the ends of young branches. lands, but its adaptation is wide, and the tree is also
found in the subtropics and in tropical highlands. It
The flowers, small and almost sessile, develop in large does not tolerate frost. It seems to be well adapted to
numbers along bare branches below young leaves. The various soils and has been found growing in sands,
calyx consists of 8 to 10 imbricated sepals; the corolla calcareous soils, and heavy clays. The optimum soil
is 5 white petals united in a tube. Within are five fertile seems to be fairly deep and acid, with moderate
stamens, five staminodes, and a conical, pilose pistil permeability, good drainage, and at least average
terminating in a simple stigma. The ovary consists of fertility.
five carpels with a single ovule in each cell.
Trees should be transplanted about 6 to 8 meters apart
The fruit is ovoid or ellipsoid. The calyx persists at the in prepared fields at the beginning of the rainy season.
base, and sometimes the remnants of the pistil are Seedlings are generally larger than grafted trees and
seen at the apex. The fruit is 10 to 25 centimeters long need more space.
and 8 to 12 centimeters wide and has a thin but strong
exocarp with a rough, rusty-brown surface. The pulp is Young trees need regular fertilization. Liquid 20-20-20
from salmon to reddish brown in color, thick, and very should be applied during the first year at the rate of 25
sweet and aromatic. Usually, a fruit contains only one grams per tree each 3 months. The fertilization rate
seed, ellipsoidal or spindle shaped, 5 to 6 centimeters should gradually be increased to about 5 kilograms per
or more long with a hard, shiny testa and a large cream year, with half applied at the beginning of spring rains
colored or opaque hilum, but fruits of some varieties and half at the beginning of flowering. Although the
commonly contain 2 or 3 seeds. mamey sapote is somewhat resistant to drought, young
trees should be watered regularly, and weeds should be
Varieties of mamey sapote are being developed. In the removed. Very little pruning is necessary.
past the species has been propagated almost ex-
clusively by seedlings, which are quite variable, Because the mamey sapote has not been grown in
especially with respect to form and size of the fruit, large plantings, little is known of its diseases and
and the color and quality of the pulp. In El Salvador, pests. Termites make their nests in the trees. Anthrac-
'Magana' is known for its very large fruit (up to 1.5 nose (Colletotrichum spp.) is a rare but severe disease.
kilograms). This variety was introduced in Florida in The sugarcane root borer, Diaprepes abbreviatus L.,
1962 and is now cultivated commercially. Another vari- sometimes damages roots. No treatments are
ety in Florida is 'Cubana No. V, with fruits up to 23 registered for these conditions in the United States.
centimeters long and 1 kilogram in weight. Several
other selections are,being evaluated at Homestead, Healthy seedling trees begin to produce after about 7
Fla. years, while grafted trees produce earlier. The fruits
mature after 10 to 15 months on the tree. Maturity must
Very good trees can be obtained through sexual prop- be judged carefully by the size of the fruit and a slight
agation, although this technique is not recommended internal color change, which can be revealed by scrap-
as explained above. If attempted, the seeds should be ing the fruit with a fingernail. An immature fruit is
planted free of flesh but fresh from the fruit because green inside, while a mature fruit is yellow or reddish.
viability decreases rapidly as the seeds dry. Increased The fruits should be picked when mature but still hard.
and more uniform germination has been achieved by They will then ripen in a few days. The pulp is normally
removing the testae carefully and planting the seeds in consumed fresh, but it is also used in drinks or
a sterile medium. milkshakes and in jellies and preserves.

Asexual propagation, though difficult, is preferred. The The canistel, Pouteria campechiana Baehni (family
most successful technique is approach grafting. The Sapotaceae), is a widely adapted yet little known fruit
seedling that is to be the stock is suspended in its con- that, while delicious, requires some development of ap-
tainer near the branch that is to be grafted. Similarly preciation (fig. 42). It has several relatives somewhat
sized and shaped portions of the stems are cut from similar in appearance and usage.
the stock and the branch, and the two are carefully
pressed together, wrapped with tape, and sealed with The canistel is best known in Mexico, Central America,
vinyl tape. After months the grafted branch is pro- the Greater Antilles except Puerto Rico, southern
gressively cut from the mother tree until it is entirely Florida, and northern South America. It has been in-
supported by the stock. troduced in various other tropical countries, where it is
usually no more than a curiosity in the botanical garden.

221
Chapter 8

stamens and five staminodes. The ovary of six carpels

is topped with an erect style. Fruits are often produced
over a long period of the year.

Outside, the mature fruit is yellow, orange, or pinkish.

The exocarp is thin and easily damaged, and may be
slightly rough. The fruit is spherical to slightly
elongated, often prominently pointed at the stylar end.
The pulp is yellow or orange and mealy or very smooth.
Some compare the pulp's appearance with an egg
yolk's. The seed (there may be one or several in a fruit)
is large, with a thick, smooth, shiny, dark-brown testa.
The hilum is lighter brown.

Very little has been done to develop better varieties of

canistel. There are great differences among trees, and
outstanding trees with high yields of large, flavorful
fruit containing seeds can be propagated easily by
grafting branches onto seedlings. The cleft graft has
proved very useful in Puerto Rico; veneer grafting has
given good results in Florida. Propagating from cut-
tings or air layers is difficult. Propagation by seeds is
still the chief technique and gives rise to some ex-
cellent trees. Seeds should be cleaned and planted
while quite fresh, for the dried seed loses its viability
rapidly.

Little is known about the nutritional requirements of

Figure 42.—Canistel, several good varieties shown. the canistel. In deep soils of normal fertility, a balanc-
ed mineral fertilizer such as 10-10-10 should be used
each 3 months at the rate of 50 grams per application
The climatic requirements of the canistel are flexible.
per tree, and this should be increased as the tree
The tree prefers rather dry tropical lowlands but never-
grows. Mature trees need nitrogen (up to about 0.5
theless is found up to 1,800 meters of altitude and in kilogram of pure nitrogen) two or three times each year,
humid climates with frequent heavy rainfall. In Florida potassium once a year, and phosphorus about every 3
it adapts very well to the superficial soils on limestone years. In poor sandy or calcareous soils or in shallow
roci<. It can also be grown on very sandy soils and
soils, these quantities should be doubled.
heavy clays. Its best development occurs where soils
are not too heavy and rainfall is moderate.
The trees should be planted 7 to 12 meters apart, 7
meters being more appropriate for grafted trees
The tree is small to medium; in deep soils it is rarely
because they will fruit while still quite small. Newly
very large. The crown is usually somewhat open and
planted trees should be watered frequently until well
thin. The branches tend to hang downward with age,
established. Mature trees need no pruning except to
especially when fruiting heavily.
shape them as desired and remove dead branches.
The leaves are alternate, oblanceolate on a short
Because large orchards have not yet been developed,
petiole, smooth, and 10 to 25 centimeters long. They
there has been little opportunity to study pests and
occur in rather loose clusters near the tips of young
diseases. White scales may reach serious proportions
branches.
and may encourage the growth of fungus that dis-
figures the fruit. Rust is occasionally seen and may
The flowers are small and inconspicuous. They occur
cause the loss of mature leaves. The fruits are rela-
among the leaves of young branches and are usually
tively resistant to fruit flies.
produced at the beginning of the rainy season or a little
later. The calyx consists of four to six sepals, and the
The canistel should be harvested just before it is fully
corolla, of five to six petals. There are five fertile
ripe. It is eaten out of hand when soft, sometimes with
a little lime juice. The pulp is used to flavor milkshakes,

222
 Fruits Meriting Wider Distribution

ice cream, and baked goods. Cooking intensifies the

flavor. The fruit is a good souce of vitamin A and car-
bohydrates.

The peach palm, Guilielma gasipaes (H.B.K.) Bailey

(family Palmae), is poorly named, for neither the tree
nor fruit bears any resemblance to the peach (fig. 43).
The fruit is delicately flavored, making it perhaps the
best of the palm fruits after the coconut and the date.
The plant is economically important for its heart of
palm as well as its fruit. It is almost unknown in the
Eastern Hemisphere, and it is not as widely distributed
in the Western Hemisphere as its value merits.

The peach palm is distributed chiefly through the

tropical lowlands of Central America and northern
South America, especially in Costa Rica, Panama,
Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador. It is also found in
tropical South America, where it is believed to have
been introduced, although its origin is uncertain. A few
trees in Puerto Rico have grown and fruited very well.
We believe that the peach palm could be grown suc-
cessfully in many areas of the Tropics, even at eleva-
tions up to 1,500 meters.

The trees are tall, reaching 20 meters in exceptional

cases. They tend to be straight and slender (diameters
of 15 to 20 centimeters. Most trees are protected by
wide circular rings of long, sharp, black spines, but
some are spineless. Spines make harvest more difficult.
The trunk is unbranched but tends to sucker at the Figure 43. — Peach palm, crown and spiny trunk.
base, so that several mature trees will often be found
in a clump. These suckers can be used as new plants.
to mature and may change color slightly on maturing.
Many trees do not form suckers readily, and these are
The fruits are conical or ovoid and from 2.5 to 5 centi-
difficult to propagate asexually.
meters long. The leathery calyx is persistent. The outer
skin is thin but tough and may be green, yellow, or red.
The leaf is pinnately compound, 3 to 4 meters long, and
The flesh around the seed is dry, firm, and mealy, or
graceful in appearance. Its large rachis often is slightly
may be slightly to very oily, and varies from yellow to
spiny. The flowering clusters are produced among or
dark orange. The large angular seed is black, with a
just below the leaves. A spathe opens and falls when
kernel resembling a coconut.
the flowers are ready to open.
Peach palm is adapted to areas of medium to strong
Both male and female flowers, small and yellowish
tropical rains. It is generally found on fairly heavy clay
white, are produced in large racemes. There are many soils typical of many areas of the Tropics. Although the
more male than female flowers. The male flower con-
method is not recommended, many trees are prop-
sists of a small lobed corolla and three pairs of agated from seed. Seeds should be cleaned of pulp and
stamens. The female flower Is characterized by a planted while fresh. The offspring will vary in size and
leathery calyx, a three-lobed corolla, and a three-
fruit quality as well as in yield and tendency to sucker.
chambered ovary with three short stigmas. Seedless varieties, which are the most highly valued,
cannot, of course, be propagated this way.
The fruits occur in clusters of 10 kilograms or more.
Several clusters are produced each season. Since The best propagation method is planting suckers taken
several stems are often in a clump, the total production
from the base of top-quality trees. On separating the
per tree can be very high. Fruits need about 6 months
suckers from the mother plant, care should be taken to
avoid damage to either. Suckers should be grown in

223
Chapter 8

containers or nursery beds to pernnit the establishnnent segments. The tree is elegant in appearance, a choice
of a good root system before transplanting. The palm for gardens. It flowers and fruits the year around,
transplanting should be done at the beginning of the but during the dry season the fruit is most abundant.
rainy season, and the trees should be placed 5 to 6
nneters apart. Newly planted trees need considerable The fruit, in large clusters, is small and round, 12 to 15
care, especially watering. millimeters in diameter. Its collection from large trees
is a difficult and dangerous task.
As the tree begins to grow, sonne of the suckers that
develop at the base are left to fornn a clunnp. Others are The fruit pulp has an unusual flavor described as
rennoved for propagation or to keep the clunnp fronn similar to raspberries or blackberries but with a nutty
becoming too large and therefore unproductive. A tree taste also. It can be eaten fresh, out of hand. It is very
will begin to fruit in about 6 years and will produce for popular crushed in drinks, and it is made into a sirup or
50 to 75 years. However, as individual trunks grow in sauce to be used with other food. In Brazil it is
height, the harvest of the fruit becomes progressively especially appreciated cooked with cassava meal. The
more difficult. Therefore, old trunks are removed and fruit is also used in many baked products.
new suckers are allowed to grow.
In addition, the asai is one of the best sources of palm
The mature fruits are marketed in bunches or are cabbage. Because the tree occurs in clusters, old
cooked and sold in small amounts, often as a snack trunks can be removed for cabbage without destroying
food. The uncooked fruits last for about 2 weeks. The the tree itself.
fruits need a long boiling time, about 3 hours, in salt
water. They are then used in many ways. The mealy The fruit pulp is high in calories because of its starch
flesh is eaten. The boiled fruits may be retained for and sugar contents. It is also a good source of vitamin
several days before eating, or they may be dried and A. Its calcium, phosphorus, and iron contents are
stored for months and then reconstituted by boiling significant.
again. The dried fruits may also be ground into a meal.
The kernels of the seeds are also eaten. The buriti and miriti palms, Mauritia vinifera Mart, and
M. flexuosa L. (family Palmae), are closely related trees
The food value of the pulp is high (roughly 3 percent of great potential value. They are found almost ex-
protein, 7 percent fat, 41 percent carbohydrate), and in- clusively in equatorial Brazil, the former at low eleva-
deed the fruit is a staple food In some parts of Latin tions in acid soils. They occur in groves, characteristi-
America; at times little else may be eaten. There is cally along rivers and around lakes, as if planted by
much interest in this palm as a source of hearts of design. They are said to be the most magestic trees of
palm. Selections which sucker freely are particularly the Amazon basin.
desirable for this purpose.
The trees are tall (25 meters) and have thick trunks (30
The asai, or Para palm, Euterpe olerácea Mart, (family to 60 centimeters). The crown consists of 15 to 20
Palmae), is neglected outside of Brazil, but it is a tree feathery fan-shaped leaves arranged openly. These fall
of much promise for other parts of the Tropics. While it to the ground as they age. The inflorescences of the
has been introduced into India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, two species differ in detail, but in both they are large
and to a lesser degree elsewhere, it remains unknown and pendent, with up to 100 fruits each. Five to eight of
to most people in the Tropics. It is a tree of many uses, these fruit bunches, in various stages of maturity, can
considerable economic value, and much potential. be found in a tree at any one time.

The asai is at its best in tropical lowlands. In the The fruit of both species are globose or oblate, covered
Amazon basin, it occurs in frequently flooded lowlands with rhomboidal shiny-brown scales. The mesocarp is a
as well as on firm land. In many parts of Para, Brazil, it rather thin cap of spongelike pulp around the large,
is the principal and dominating tree of the landscape. It hard seed. The fruits fall from the tree mature but still
occurs in large clusters of up to 25 trunks or more unripe.
because it suckers at the base. A cluster generally con-
sists of trunks of all ages, and as older trunks die, The fruits are used chiefly to prepare a drink. They are
younger trunks grow to fill their places. Thus, a clump immersed several days in water to make it easier to
of trees has an indefinitely long lifetime. remove the skin. During this period, they soften. The
pulp is crushed to remove the juice, which is then used
The individual trunk is slim and tall (reaching 20 in drinks and in desserts and baked products. The pulp
meters). The long pinnate leaves have pendulous is also used to make a thick jellied candy.

224
 Fruits Meriting Wider Distribution

In addition to these uses for the fruit, the trunk is

a source of starch similar to sago. The sap is used as
a drink or is fermented to yield a wine. The leaves are
used as a source of fiber for cords aipd ropes.

The mamey or mammee apple, Mammea americana L.

(family Guttiferae), is widely adapted throughout the
American tropics (fig. 44). It probably originated in the
West Indies, where wild trees are still common. It must
have been introduced very early into South America, for
it has spread throughout the Amazon basin. It is usu-
ally grown as a dooryard fruit and is often harvested
from the wild.

The attractive tree is medium to large, occasionally

reaching 25 meters. The dark trunk is straight and
upright, with large lateral branches having dense
foliage. The leaves are paired, elliptical in shape, with
short, thick petioles. The blade is coriaceous and shiny,
with the margin entire. Trees bear either hermaphroditic
or male flowers. The hermaphroditic flowers are several
centimeters in diameter, with calyx and corolla
spreading. They consist of many stamens around a
simple pistil.

The fruit is large, weighing up to several kilograms. It is

covered with a thick, brownish, leathery exocarp that
can be cut open easily and peeled away. This exocarp
protects the fruit well during transport. Within, the
flesh is yellow to dark orange, firm and meaty, slightly
aromatic. It is appreciated by most people, even on first
contact. Imbedded in the fruit are one to four very large Figure 44. —Mammee apple, thick, firm,
seeds (each 100 grams or more in weight). These have edible flesh.
rough woody testae.
Little information is available on postplanting care of
The mamey is found in many tropical climates, but not the trees. Protection from weeds and regular fertiliza-
at high altitudes. It appears to do best where the rainy tion would of course be necessary. Pruning should
season is long and strong followed by a pronounced rarely be necessary. Young trees begin to bear at 7 or 8
dry season. Its soil requirements seem to be flexible, years of age.
for trees are often found in sand, sterile latérites, and
heavy clays. When ripe, the fruits fall to the ground and are often
damaged. Damage can easily be avoided by harvesting
Mamey trees are most easily grown from seed. Seeds the fruit when it is mature but not ripe. It is not possi-
germinate on the forest floor under conditions of heavy ble to determine the degree of maturity by color, but
rainfall. Seeds should be selected from trees that pro- fortunately the time of harvest is quite flexible. Mature
duce large quantities of high-quality fruit. They are best fruits ripen satisfactorily after harvest.
planted in a permanent site, 10 meters apart, in a rich
soil mixture that includes perhaps moss or organic The fruits are normally eaten fresh, out of hand, or
material to help maintain humidity. The seeds ger- sliced for serving. The best are sometimes compared to
minate in 2 to 3 weeks and produce vigorous seedlings apricots. The pulp is also stewed as a preserve, incor-
rapidly. These need lots of water until well established; porated into pies, or made into a liqueur.
then they are relatively drought resistant. Mamey is
also propagated by bud and terminal grafting of good All parts of the mamey have insecticidal properties.
trees, but formally propagated varieties are almost Although the fruit is widely eaten, it may be detrimental
unknown. to health in large, regular amounts. Even so, it appears

225
Chapter 8

to have many good qualities and must be considered a The plant is a small tree. Mature specimens can reach
neglected potentially great fruit. a height and spread of 10 meters, but for successful
commercial production the tree is kept smaller by
The giant granadilla, Passiflora quadrangularis L (fam- periodic pruning. The leaves are alternate, 10 to 20 cen-
ily Passifloraceae), is a relative of the common yellow timeters long and 4 to 8 centimeters wide. They may be
passion fruit, Passiflora edulis flavicarpa Deg. While it lanceolate, elliptic, or ovate. The tree loses its leaves
is extensively distributed throughout the Tropics, it is for a time each year, the length of time depending upon
not well known anywhere. But it has may attractive climatic conditions. The trees make one main bloom
qualities that should serve commercial purposes, if per year and usually an additional minor bloom. The
carefully handled. period from bloom to fruit maturity is 5 to 6 months.

The giant granadilla is a vigorous woody vine having a The fruit is spherical, conical, or ovate, with a weight of
fairly short lifetime (5 to 10 years). The stem is 250 to 600 grams. The shape and surface texture of the
quadrangular and with its large ovate leaves, serves to fruit are quite variable, even among fruit from the same
distinguish it from other Passiflora species. The vine tree. The fruit surface may be relatively smooth, or the
climbs with tendrils, and so it is best maintained on a distal ends of the individual carpels may project as
trellis that limits its height. Flowering is seasonal. The rounded protuberances. The fruit has a thin green rind
flowers are large (10 to 12 centimeters in diameter) and that becomes yellowish green at ripeness. The flesh of
attractive, in shades of purple and maroon. good varieties makes up a large proportion of the fruit
weight. It is very sweet, with a pleasant flavor, and is
The fruit of the giant granadilla is up to 10 centimeters soft when ripe. The hard black seeds are 10 to 15
in diameter and 15 to 30 centimeters long. It is light millimeters long, and there are 15 to 40 of them per
green, with a thin, easily damaged epidermis over a fruit.
soft pulp. The cavity of the fruit is filled with seeds sur-
rounded by juicy arils. The atemoya is a relatively new crop, and little work
has been done on selection and propagation of
The giant granadilla is summer flowering, and to assure superior varieties. Some named varieties are 'Mam-
good fruit set, hand pollination, easily accomplished moth', or 'Pink's Prolific', and 'Island Gem' (Australia);
with a small brush, is recommended. The species ap- 'Bernitski', 'Gefner', 'Hette', 'Kabri', 'Kaller', and
pears to be self-compatible. On the other hand, some 'Malamud' (Israel); and 'Bradley', and 'Page' Florida,
plants set fruits well without hand pollination. These U.S.A. Seedling progeny of atemoya are extremely
can be propagated by rooting stem cuttings. variable, and possibilities for further variety improve-
ment are excellent. It is advisable to grow seedling
Many forms of the species are quite similar. Variation populations in all areas where this crop is adapted and
could be introduced by crossing with the related P. to make selections that are adapted to local condi-
a fata L. tions. Plants can be grown from seed easily and will
bear fruit at 3 to 5 years of age.
The young fruits of the giant granadilla are cooked as a
vegetable. A drink is made from the juice of the arils. A The best method of vegetative propagation is grafting.
common technique for eating the fruit is to prepare the The best time appears to be near the end of the dor-
juice and sprinkle it over cubes of the pulp. The flavor mant period, but it can be done at other times if
is pleasant, aromatic, and subacid. necessary. Successful rootstocks include pond apple,
Annona glabra L.; custard apple, A. reticulata L.; and
The atemoya (family Annonaceae) is an excellent fruit atemoya seedlings.
that is widely adapted in the Tropics and subtropics
and has promise for widespead cultivation in the The atemoya tree is adapted to a variety of soils. Trees
future. It originated as manmade hybrid between the on atemoya or custard apple rootstocks should be
sugar apple, Annona squamosa L., and the cherimoya, planted in well-drained sites, but trees on pond apple
A. cherimola Mill. The best varieties of atemoya com- rootstocks can tolerate poor drainage to some extent.
bine the best qualities of both parent species and are Where the soil is infertile or fruit production is heavy,
adapted to a wider range of environmental conditions the trees respond well to fertilizer, particularly nitrogen.
than either of them. The atemoya is well known now in The tree is best adapted to areas of moderate rainfall
Australia, Central America, Florida, India, Israel, New but can be grown in dry areas with irrigation.
Zealand, into the Philippines, South Africa, and South
America, and has been introduced into many other The fruit can be harvested when mature but still firm
places. and will ripen to excellent eating quality. This allows it

226
 Fruits Meriting Wider Distribution

to be shipped to distant marl<ets successfully. The fruit The pulp of the fruit is white, cream, or yellowish and
finds a ready market wherever people are acquainted very soft, without fiber. It is sweet but has a
with it. Most people like the flavor at first trial. The characteristic bitter taste that some people do not like.
atemoya is a superb fruit for fresh consumption. The Varieties vary in bitterness and acceptability; the most
pulp can be used in sherbets and ice creams. The fruit bitter, distasteful fruits to some, are the most delicious
is a good source of phosphorus and a fair to good to others. Within the fruit there are usually one to five
source of thiamine and ascorbic acid. large seeds, but some trees consistently produce small
seedless fruits.
The white sapote, Casimiroa edulis La Llave et Lex.
(family Rutaceae), surely ranks among the really good The white sapote prefers a subtropical climate. It is
but neglected fruits of the world (fig. 45). A native of adapted to many soils, however, and to poor fertility,
the highlands of Central America and Mexico, the white and will tolerate a heavy rainy season. It is normally
sapote appears to be well adapted and can be found planted from seed, although improved varieties
from the warm Temperate Zone to the hot lowland developed in California and Florida can be propagated
Tropics. Although the literature often reports that it is by budding and grafting. These include 'Blumenthol',
of limited value in the Tropics below 900 meters of 'Coleman', 'Dade', 'Harvey', 'Pike', 'Suebell', and
elevation, we have seen the tree grown successfully at 'Wilson'. Trees from seed fruit in 7 or 8 years; grafted
low elevations in Florida, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. A trees fruit in 4 or 5 years.
relative, the wooly-leafed white sapote, C. tetrameria
Millsp. is found in the highlands of South America. It The jaboticaba, Myrciaria cauliflora Berg, (family Myr-
also grows and produces very well in Florida. We taceae), is a common everyday fruit in some parts of
believe that the white sapotes have not yet been widely Brazil, including Rio de Janeiro, but one that has hardly
enough introduced and tested. been introduced elsewhere (fig. 46). As far as can be
seen at the present time, the jaboticaba is subtropical;
The white sapote is a medium-sized spreading tree with although introductions made so far in humid tropical
a much-branched trunk. The alternate leaves are lowlands grow very well, they do not flower. The fruit is
palmately compound, normally with five leaflets. They attractive, readily accepted, and marketable, and it
are light green and have undulated but usually entire would probably be of much use in other tropical coun-
margins. The very small flowers are produced on ter- tries. Collection of a wide range of germplasm, in-
minal or axillary inflorescences, and the fruits follow, cluding related species, appears desirable so that
sometimes in clusters of 10, 12, or more. adaptable forms can be obtained for all parts of the
Tropics.
The fruits vary from 4 to 9 centimeters long at maturity,
usually according to the number of seeds they contain. Although the jaboticaba reaches a height of 12 meters,
The fruit is green at first but ripens to a pale yellow. most trees in cultivation are much smaller and indeed
The epidermis is thin and easily damaged. begin to fruit when only 2 or 3 meters tall. The tree has
an irregular, ill-defined, very much branched trunk with
a very smooth bark. The leaves are simple and op-
posite. The leaflets are 2.5 to 8 centimeters long,
sessile or almost so, ovate and entire, very dark green,
and leatherlike.

Small white flowers are borne on the trunk and main

branches in small clusters. The fruits grow rapidly and
mature in 1 month. They are almost spherical, dark pur-
ple to black, and 1.3 to 5 centimeters in diameter. The
skin is tough; the pulp is very soft, juicy, and subacid.
One or a few seeds are found in each fruit. The flavor is
attractive and said by some to resemble that of grapes.
The fruit is eaten fresh or made into jellies. It makes a
good red wine. Several fruit crops can be produced
each year.

Jaboticabas are grown perhaps exclusively from seeds.

These germinate readily to produce small, slow-growing
Figure 45.—White sapote, leaves and fruits trees similar to the mother tree. Nucellar embryony is

227
Chapters

distinctive flavor, it is not readily appreciated by adults

who try it the first time, but introduced gradually, it
becomes a favorite.

The lucmo is from the low Andes and the foothills and
even coastal plains of Chile, Peru, Ecuador, and Colom-
bia. It is most highly developed in areas of moderate
rainfall, but it is not as widely adapted as the related
canistel. The temperatures where it occurs are cool to
warm. It is very important for the lucmo to have good
drainage; the tree will not stand flooding.

The lucmo is a large tree of the forest, but it begins to

produce when quite small and can be maintained small.
The tree has a straight strong trunk and numerous
lateral branches. The crown is hemispherical and at-
tractive. The alternate leaves are elliptic, lanceolate, or
oblanceolate, tapering at the base to a short petiole;
they reach 25 centimeters in length and 10 centimeters
in width. The margins are entire, and the surface is
dark shiny green. The petioles and young twigs are
pubescent.

The hermaphroditic flowers are 1 centimeter wide and 2

centimeters long. They are borne in moderate numbers
among the lowermost leaves near the tips of branches.

The fruits are more or less spherical or somewhat flat-

tened, often with a prominent point on the styiar end,
and 4 to 17 centimeters in diameter. They are green col-
ored but often change to a pale yellow or orange as
they ripen. The epidermis is smooth to wrinkled and
'. ». *s--, "-.-i* , ■ .V ¡r**.,. 5- *--<'V,-."■; may be slightly scaly; it is thin and easily broken. In-
side, the pulp is yellow, smooth, mealy, soft or hard ac-
Figure 46.—Jaboticaba tree loaded with fruits.
cording to the variety, and dry. Several large seeds are
embedded in the pulp. The odor of the fruit is strong
believed to be the cause of the similarity. Trees can be and penetrating, and Intensifies with cooking.
maintained for up to 2 years in plastic bags or other
containers, until they are ready for transplanting to the The lucmo is propagated from seeds. In common with
field. Plants may require 10 years or more to flower and many tropical fruit seeds, they should be planted while
fruit, a principal obstacle to their popularization. Young fresh and before drying. In Peru they are stored and
trees in Florida grow better in peat with complete stratified before planting, but this may not be
mineral nutrients added. Approach grafting of mature necessary. Seeds can be started in seedbeds, and the
trees on younger seedlings is sometimes done to seedlings can be transplanted to containers until large
stimulate earlier fruiting. enough for planting in fields.

Jaboticaba seems to be well adapted to sands, acid Seedlings about 1 centimeter In diameter are used for
soils, and even heavy clays. It appears to tolerate very grafting. Although the scion can be obtained from any
wet climates, but it sets fruit poorly in dry regions. tree with high yields and good fruit quality, selected
varieties (stocks) are now available In Peru. Trees to
The lucmo, Pourteria obovata H.B.K. (family graft are kept rather dry for about 3 weeks before graft-
Sapotaceae), is one of the excellent fruits of South ing, and then they are well watered the last few days to
America that has hardly been distributed from its area initiate new growth. The terminal cleft graft is suitable
of origin. It is quite similar to the canistel, but judged for the lucmo.
by many to be superior. A fruit of many uses and with a

228
 Fruits Meriting Wider Distribution

Newly grafted trees need special care until the graft The trunk is strong and straight, supporting an inverted-
union is well formed. Four to six meters should be left cone-shaped crown. The leaves are opposite, elliptical,
between transplanted trees. Newly planted trees need thick, and shiny green, with slightly undulate margins.
regular irrigation but within a short time can stand
short periods of drought. The attractive, pink flowers are large (7-centimeter
diameter) and have five petals and numerous stamens
Fertilization has hardly been studied, and general partially united in five groups. The flowers are produced
recommendations are difficult to make. Mineral fer- during the dry season and mature as the rainy season
tilizers at the rate of 50 grams four times a year may be begins.
applied to each tree the first year. Thereafter, fertiliza-
tion should be twice yearly. Weeds must be controlled The fruit is large and ovoid or almost globose and
to give the young trees the opportunity to grow rapidly. weights about 900 grams. The fruit contains one to
Pruning is done chiefly to form the tree and in later several segments (like those of an orange) of white
years to restrict the growth of the tree. Diseases and pulp with an agreeable flavor. Each segment may con-
insects will vary from one place to another, so general tain one large seed, but some fruits are seedless; these
procedures cannot be given. are preferred. The pulp may be eaten fresh, out of hand,
or it may be made into a drink or stewed.
The fruits should be harvested before they are com-
pletely mature. They can then be handled and The tree is considered very easy to grow and may
transported easily. Mature fruits ripen 6 to 10 days sprout from the roots. Because of its weedy tendency
after harvest. and persistence, it should be tried in new regions with
extreme caution.
The fruit is often eaten fresh, and it has great poten-
tial for cooking in pies, cakes, preserves, breads, pud- The caimito, Chrysophyllum cainita L. (family
dings, etc. The fruit is rich in carotene, niacin, and Sapotaceae), is a widely distributed tree, but the fruit is
carbohydrates. not used extensively in any region (fig. 47), including its
native West Indies and Central America. Individual
The cupuazu, Theobroma grandiflorum Schum. (family seedlings are sometimes of excellent quality, and the
Sterculiaceae), is a very important fruit of the Amazon preservation and distribution of these as clonal
basin of Brazil. Related to the cocoa, T. cacao L., the varieties would probably make the species successful.
cupuazu is generally used for its pulp, although the This can be done by marcottage, inarching, or cleft
seeds are sometimes used to make chocolate. They grafting.
contain good quantities of the stimulant alkaloids caf-
feine and theobromine. The cupuazu is almost unknown The tree prefers coastal forests where monsoon
outside Brazil, where, in some regions, it is found in climates prevail, but it can probably be found, at least
almost every dooryard. occasionally, throughout the Tropics. It has been in-
troduced into Brazil and Guiana, where it is both
The tree fruits when quite small (6 to 10 meters) but cultivated and wild.
has the potential of reaching 20 meters in height. The
leaves are 25 to 35 centimeters long, coriaceous, and
short petioled. The flowers occur singly or in small
groups in the axils of the leaves or along the bare
branches. The fruit is ellipsoidal or oblong, 12 to 25
centimeters long, 10 to 12 centimeters in diameter, and
up to 1.5 kilograms in weight. The woody pericarp is
easily broken open to expose the edible aril around the
individual seeds. The mature fruit can last for about 10
days. The pulp is used fresh or in wines, is made into
fresh drinks, or is stewed.

The bacury, Platonia insignis Mart, (family Gutifferae),

is almost unknown outside its native Brazil and
Paraguay, where it is well distributed and widely used.
It is a large (25 meters) tree that tends to become
weedy, to spread, and to dominate adjacent vegetation. Figure 47.—Caimito, typical fruits and velvety leaves.

229
Chapters

The tree, medium to large, with open spreading crown, Fruits of Southeast Asia
is attractive. The alternate elliptic leaves of medium
length (10 to 12 centimeters) are usually dark green or The mangosteen, Garcinia mangostana L. (family Gut-
bright on the upper surface and orangish or rusty tiferae), is surely one of the world's best fruits (fig. 49).
brown below. The brownish color is caused by a fine It is so aromatic and delicious that everyone who tries
silky pubescence. The inflorescence consists of 10 to it enjoys it. The tree itself is attractive and would make
30 small flowers in axillary umbels. Flowering and a fine ornamental in any garden. Nevertheless, the
fruiting may occur several times a year. mangosteen is almost unknown in the Western
Hemisphere. It merits extensive trial throughout the
The fruit is a spherical berry 6 to 9 centimeters in humid tropics.
diameter, light or dark green, often tinged or colored
deeply purple by anthocyanin. The pulp of the The mangosteen is a fruit of the hot, humid regions of
mesocarp is somewhat jellylike , greenish or purplish, tropical Asia, especially the Malay peninsula, In-
and amply supplied with white latex, which becomes donesia, Cambodia, Vietnam, Thailand, and the Philip-
less as the fruit ripens. The pulp is sweet and free of pines. It has been introduced on a small scale into Cen-
acidity, and has a weak distinctive taste. Within the tral America and the Caribbean, where it has adapted
pulp are 1 to 10 flat seeds 1 to 2 centimeters long. Ripe very well in hot, humid areas.
fruits do not fall from the tree but must be handpicked
when mature but beginning to soften. The tree is small, with a columnar or slightly pyramidal
form. It reaches a height of 12 meters and a trunk
The black sapote, Diospyros ebenaster Retz (family diameter of 0.6 meter only in advanced age. The
Ebenaceae), is a popular fruit in subtropical and straight, very dark trunk produces numerous upright or
tropical reaches of Mexico, and it has been introduced horizontal branches.
into Florida and, to a small extent, the West Indies (fig.
48). The tree is small, with dark glossy leaves, and The evergreen opposite leaves are large (7 to 13 cen-
grows rapidly when well taken care of. The fruits are up timeters wide and 15 to 25 centimeters long), and ellip-
to 8 centimeters in diameter, with a green exterior, a tical and oblong. They are coriaceous and smooth, with
thin skin, and a soft blackish-brown pulp. The ap- entire margins.
pearance discourages some people, but the taste is at-
tractive. This fruit, while eaten fresh, could well be
used in puddings and ice creams, where its contribu-
tion would be appreciated. It is rich in vitamin C.

iii^mmt
Figure 48. —Black sapote, a handsome tree Figure 49.—Mangosteen fruits, w/ith juicy
with fruits that are dark green sections, and leaves.
until ripe.

230
 Fruits Meriting Wider Distribution

The attractive flowers, solitary or in pairs, are 3.8 to 5.0 Mangosteen trees should be kept free of weeds. They
centimeters in diameter and female; male flowers are are so small and slow growing that a few weeks of
not produced. The flowers have four thick petals and weed growth can completely hide them. The trees re-
four sepals. quire little pruning except to remove deadwood and
repair injuries.
The fruit is almost spherical or slightly flat and 5 to 8
centimeters in diameter. The cortex rapidly changes Few pests have been found attacking mangosteen. A
color from a rusty green to a dark purple as the fruit tree exposed to light and air movement seldom is at-
matures. Inside, the fruit is divided into white, juicy, tacked. After diseases and insects have been identified,
translucent segments, the largest of which contain treatments used for other species can be tried.
seeds. The seeds vary in size.
Under very good conditions a mangosteen tree may
The mangosteen does not grow in a wide variety of begin to produce fruit in 7 years, but most trees require
soils. It definitely fails in sandy soils, calcareous soils, 10 to 15 years. The trees are still small when they begin
soils with poor water-holding capacity, and soils that to produce; with time and care, a tree will produce from
are subject to frequent drying out. On the other hand, it 500 to 1,500 fruits a year.
tolerates relatively heavy soils and high water tables,
but it should not be flooded frequently. A high content The fruit's purplish color increases with maturity. When
of organic material is desirable. Trees are frequently the pericarp softens slightly, the fruit may be picked. It
found growing by lakes and streams. can be opened with a cut around the "equator" or can
be pried open with the thumbs. Mangosteens are eaten
The mangosteen is propagated from seeds; grafting out of hand.
and vegetative techniques have not been successful.
Since the seeds are asexually produced, all trees are The durian, Durio zibethinus Murr, (family Bomb-
exactly like the mother tree. The only disadvantage of bacaceae), is perhaps the most controversial fruit of
propagation from seeds is that the trees grow very the Tropics (fig. 50). To those that love it, there is no
slowly. During the first 3 years, seedlings may produce better fruit. To those who can't eat it, even the odor is
no more than four or five pairs of leaves. offensive. In areas where the fruit is used, restrictive
laws have been passed to protect those who wish to
Seeds for planting should be cleaned as free of pulp as avoid it. From Southeast Asia to the Philippines,
possible and should soon after be placed in loamy soil. everyone knows the durian, and whether it is loved or
The best technique is to plant several seeds in the site not, it is always talked about.
a tree will occupy when mature. (This site can be im-
proved with better soil, and so on.) Only the most The durian is distributed through the hot, humid
vigorous seedling should be permitted to live. Since the Tropics of Asia, especially in Indonesia, the Philippine
mangosteen is such a small tree for many years, the Islands, Malaysia, and Thailand. It is scarcely known in
distance between trees need only be 5.5 to 7 meters. Africa or the American Tropics. It should be a
Mangosteens grown in containers are difficult to remarkable fruit wherever it is introduced, if given a
transplant. First of all, the containers should be deep, reasonable chance to establish itself and become
and transplanting should be done on a cool or cloudy known.
day, with much care. The trees should then be watered
regularly, probably the most important cultural require- The durian is strictly tropical in its growth re-
ment, for they will die back during the dry season quirements. It is found from sea level to about 300
otherwise. Light shade should be provided during meters of altitude. It prefers a humid climate and
establishment and should not be removed—then only especially a very long rainy season. Little is known
gradually—until the tree is 3 or 4 years old. about optimum soils, but durian does occur where soils
are acidic and heavy and where organic material has
During the first few years of growth fertilizer re- accumulated.
quirements will be light but important. Twenty-five
grams of 20-20-20 should be applied three or four times The tree ranges from medium to very tall (20 to 40
a year to each tree. Later, fertilize twice a year, when meters). At times it is pruned to maintain a single
growth begins at the start of the rainy season and straight trunk with a few lateral branches, but at other
when flowering begins. About 6 to 8 kilograms of times large principal branches are allowed to develop.
mineral fertilizer per year is needed for a mature tree. The crown is irregular and dense. The dark-gray bark
has conspicuous fissures and a tendency to flake away

231
Chapter 8

in large pieces. The small branches are covered with pulp is soft, smooth, and attractive, but it has a strong
fine scales colored from copper to gray. odor. The seed, too, is attractive, with a brown or cream
seedcoat and a broad area where the pulp is attached.
The leaves are alternate with short petioles. They are
more or less eliptical to obovate and measure 6 to 25 Most durian trees in Asia are grown from seed, and in
centimeters in length by 2.4 to 9 centimeters in width. general, the exact parentage is unknown. Almost all of
The thick leaves are smooth, dark green, and shiny on the fruits are edible, although some have an odor that
top and finely pubescent and gray to yellowish on the is just too strong for comfort. In Thailand and t^/lalaysia
underside. excellent varieties are known, and these are conserved
by asexual propagation. A good variety of durian is
The flowers are produced on the lateral leafless characterized by high yields, large fruits with small or
branches, close to the trunk. They fall the day after rare seeds, and abundant pulp. The best varieties have
blooming unless fruit set occurs. They have a bad odor, only a touch of the strong odor that characterizes this
which attracts insects and bats that pollinate them. fruit, and have a light, agreeable appearance. Improved
Self-pollination may occur within the bud. varieties have been introduced into the Western
Hemisphere only as isolated instances, and they are
The fruits vary in size from that of a grapefruit to an not now available.
unhusked coconut. They are covered with short, thick,
pyramidal spines. As the fruits mature, the color Until improved varieties are available, the best way to
changes from green to clear yellow, and with over- establish durian is by seed. These should be obtained
maturity, to copper brown or cream-and-coffee. When from fresh, mature fruits. The pulp is removed and the
the fruit is sufficiently ripe, a slight pressure will break seed is washed well. The seed can be superficially
it into five valves, or segments. These consist of a dried but should not be completely dried before plant-
white cortex and a chamber for the seeds. Each ing. The seeds retain their viability only 3 or 4 days
chamber contains one to three seeds, each surrounded under normal circumstances, but their lifetime can be
by an aril colored from white to yellow (fig. 51). This prolonged for 2 to 3 weeks at cool temperatures. A
seed should be planted under 3 to 5 centimeters of
humid soil. Germination begins within days. The first
sign of germination is the emergence of the crooked
neck of the hypocotyl, and this may need several weeks
to emerge completely. (It is useful to establish
seedlings in containers of 4 to 5 liters of soil until they
are ready for field planting.) Seedlings can be grafted
at 1 year of age by bud or wedge techniques.

Planting is best made at the beginning of the rainy

season, with normal precautions. Very little experience
with fertilization is available, but the soil used for

Figure 50. —Durian fruit with its thick, prickly spines. Figure 51. —Durian fruit Interior showing pulp around seeds.

232
 Fruits Meriting Wider Distribution

transplanting should be fertile, and mineral fertilizers singly or in small groups in the axis of the leaves, or as
as well as organic nnaterials can be used as the tree subterminal inflorescences. They are white or cream
becomes established. Newly planted trees should be and have 5 sepals and 5 petals, 20 to 25 stamens with
watered regularly and copiously. Light shade is useful large anthers, and a globose ovary of 12 to 18
during the first year or two of growth. Diseases and segments.
pests are almost unknown in the Western Hemisphere,
but they will probably occur as soon as orchards are The pummelo is probably the largest citrus fruit, for it
established. reaches 60 centimeters in diameter and 10 kilograms in
weight, although most fruits are 20 to 25 centimeters in
The trees grow rapidly and begin to produce in 7 or 8 diameter. The fruit is globose, oblate, or pyriform. The
years. The fruits mature during the rainy season, and if peel is very thick; green, yellow green, or yellow; and
not harvested from the tree, fall to the soil 1 to 4 days easy to remove. The segments of the fruit are easily
before opening and can be injured. Therefore, almost- separated, and the membrane, while tough, is easily
ripe fruits should be harvested. The ripe fruit is delicate separated from the juice sacs without spilling liquid.
and cannot be easily transported long distances. The pulp is white, pale green, pink, or red. The seeds
are large, thick, and rough.
The pulp is eaten fresh or, in Indonesia, in a fermented
dish made from rice, sugar, salt, onion, and vinegar, Although there are many varieties of pummelo, few are
and'cooked. The seed is eaten also roasted or sliced known outside of their area of origin. They can be di-
and fried. vided into three groups, the Chinese, the Thailandese,
and the Indonesian, distinguished by form, quality, and
The pummelo, Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck (family minor details. The principal varieties in the Western
Rutaceae), is an extremely appealing citrus fruit more Hemisphere are 'Nakon', 'Kao', 'Panne', 'Kao Phunag',
characteristic of the Tropics than are most related
cultivated species (fig. 52). It originated in subtropical
China and evolved in Thailand, Burma, Malaysia, and
Indonesia. It is easy to produce, easy to use, and easy
to enjoy.

The pummelo is widely distributed and well known in

the Asian Tropics; it is known but not widly distributed
in tropical Africa and in the Americas. In Asia it is best
known in China and Thailand, where the best varieties
have developed, but it is also well known in Malaysia
and Indonesia.

The pummelo is one of the most versatile of the citrus

species. It is more frost tolerant than lime, more or less
like grapefruit, and can be grown in both wet and dry
regions of the Tropics. It grows in the warmest parts of
the United States. Nevertheless, the pummelo grows
best in the hot, humid Tropics.

The tree is large for a citrus, ranging from 5 to 19

meters in height. The central trunk is very much divided
into principal branches with brown bark. New branches
are angled and pubescent, and often have long spines.

The leaves are thick, coriacious, shiny, alternate, large,

ovate or ovate-elliptic, with the tip blunt, the base
rounded broadly or subcordate, the principal vein fre-
quently pubescent. The wings of the petiole are broadly
extended, sometimes continuous with the leaf blade.

The flowers, also, are very large for a citrus, measur-

Figure 52. —Pummelo tree with several fruits.
ing from 3 to 7 centimeters in diameter. They develop

233
Chapter 8

Thong Dee', 'Chandler', 'Reinking', 'Mato Butan', the hottest parts of the Tropics. Sporadic introductions
'Amoy', 'Banpeiyu', 'Herado Butan Pandan Bener', 'Pan- have shown that while seedlings are hard to establish,
dan Wangi', 'Red Shaddock', 'Webber', 'Tannbun', and mature trees can be produced and are fruitful in the
'African'. American Tropics.

Although the punnnnelo is frequently propagated from Rambutan is apparently native to Malaysia, and its
seeds, the quality of the seedlings is quite variable and chief variations appear from Thailand to Indonesia. It is
is usually inferior to that of grafted, nanned varieties. less common in India, and it has apparently been in-
Both bud and terminal grafts are satisfactory, and troduced into Madagascar. About 20 fruiting trees are
seedlings of any variety can be used for the stock. A found in Puerto Rico.
few varieties, such as 'Tresca' in Puerto Rico and
Florida, can be propagated easily by cuttings. Air layer- The tree is of medium stature, reaching about 10
ing is also used. Trees are normally established in meters at maturity, but trees as small as 5 meters can
plastic bags before field planting. be found. The trunk, which reaches 30 centimeters in
diameter, is upright, with rather large branches. The
The pummelos of Thailand are grovt/n in heavy soils bark is very dark and rugose. The crown is somewhat
with a high water table and are exposed to and tolerate open.
high levels of salt. Most varieties tolerate a wide variety
of soils and even grow well in soils not usually used for The leaves are pinnately compound and consist of 2 to
agricultural purposes (tin tailings in Malaysia, for 4 pairs of leaflets and sometimes a terminal leaflet.
example). The leaflets are oblong or elliptical, shiny dark green

Young trees are normally planted 7 to 10 meters apart

at the beginning of the rainy season. A good mixture of
soil should be used to fill the holes so as to stimulate
growth. Trees should be watered at planting and
regularly thereafter. Once trees are established, about
100 grams of a balanced mineral fertilizer should be ap-
plied each 4 months. For minor-element fertilization
and pest and disease control, local recommendations
for other citrus species should be followed.

Young trees should be pruned to a few principal bran-

ches, and a mature, spreading form will gradually
emerge. Little other pruning is required.

Normally, the peel color will change slightly as the

fruits ripen, and in a cool climate, the color change will
be more pronounced. Since the ripe fruit does not fall,
it is necessary to know the proper time and stage for
harvest. The fruit of some cultivars will dry out if left on
the tree too long. The fruit lasts well and can be
transported with minimum risk.

The tree is almost always eaten fresh as a dessert or

snack. First, it must be peeled carefully, the segments
separated, and the membrane removed. The pulp is
sweet and aromatic, and appeals to everyone. The rind
is often made into a citronlike candy.

The rambutan, Nephelium lappaceum L. (family Sapin-

daceae), is another well-known fruit of Southeast Asia
that is still almost unknown in the Western Hemisphere
(fig. 53). A relative of the more familiar litchi and the
lesser known pulasan, the rambutan is the most Figure 53.—Rambutan tree with heavily
tropical of the group and probably adaptable to even fruiting branch.

234
 Fruits Meriting Wider Distribution

above and lighter below. The leaf measures 5 to 10 cen- transplanting, establishment, and prolonged droughts.
timeters in length and 2 to 10 centimeters in width. Weed control is also necessary. Pruning to shape the
tree and remove deadwood should be done as
The flower cluster consists of terminal or axillary necessary.
panicles. Trees are male, female, or mixed. The male
flowers have five to eight stamens 3 to 4 millimeters Rambutan trees may begin to bear as early as the third
long with pubescent anthers. The female flowers con- year of growth, but they normally begin after 5 or 6
sist of a pistil formed by two carpels. Normally a fruit years. The fruits can be collected when they begin to
develops from only one carpel, although bicarpellate turn from green to reddish. The greater part of the
fruits are sometimes seen. harvest is eaten out of hand. In Southeast Asia some
rambutan is canned, alone or with other fruits. While it
The fruit is an ovate or ellipsoidal drupe 3 to 8 cen- is not great, the rambutan is a pleasant fruit that
timeters long and 2 to 4 centimeters wide, with a short, eveyone likes.
thick pedicel. The pericarp is red or yellow and is
covered with smooth appendages that look like curved The longan, Dimocarpus longan Lour. = Euphoria
thorns but that are soft and flexible. The interior aril is longana Lam. (family Sapindaceae), is well known and
smooth, white, translucent, juicy, and sweet. The seeds, esteemed in Asia, where it is cultivated from southern
usually one to a fruit, are ellipsoidal and 2 to 3 cen- China to India (fig. 54). It has been introduced widely in-
timeters long. to the tropical and warm subtropical areas of the world,
but it has not yet become an important crop outside
The rambutan is strictly tropical and prefers a long Asia. It has good potential as a commercial crop
rainy season. It does not do well in subtropical areas elsewhere.
such as Florida, even where other tropical trees thrive.
Its soil requirements are generally not demanding ex- The tree, a handsome evergreen with a dense, rounded
cept that a chlorosis apparently stemming from poor canopy, grows to a height of about 12 meters and a
mineral nutrition is common in small seedlings. A cure spread of about 14 meters. The dark-green leaves are
for this condition, which can be fatal, is not known. pinnately compound, with 6 to 12 leaflets up to 30
centimeters long. The small greenish-yellow flowers are
Named varieties of rambutan are well known in their borne in large terminal panicles. Bloom occurs once a
native regions. As in the case of many fruits, the year, and the fruit takes about 4 months to mature. The
grafted varieties are far superior to the average fruit, borne in large clusters, is spherical to ovoid and 2
seedling. to 4 centimeters in diameter, and has a thin, leathery,
brown pericarp. The edible pulp is a translucent, clear
But when propagating from seed, clean and plant the to whitish aril surrounding a single dark-brown shiny
seed promptly after its removal from the fruit. Seed- seed. The pulp is juicy and sweet, and has low acidity.
lings can be started in seedbeds and transplanted to
plastic bags for establishment. They need 8 to 12 Superior varieties have been propagated vegetatively in
months before they are transplanted to the field or are Asia for a long time, particularly in China and Thailand.
used for grafting. The patch bud technique, cleft graft,
approach graft, and aerial layering (marcot) are all suc-
cessful propagation techniques. Young trees should be
planted 7 meters apart.

Little information on fertilization is available, and many

trees in Southeast Asia are not fertilized or are treated
only with mulch and manure. Nevertheless, regular fer-
tilization of young trees is recommended to avoid the
chlorotic condition previously described. Applications
of mineral fertilizer should gradually increase to a max-
imum of 8 kilograms per tree per year.
,2.^^f^:'
Because the rambutan is a tree of the hot, humid
Tropics, it needs regular irrigation, especially during 5?iaw.'? •" .-i,*;:> ..

T(¥
Figure 54.—Longan trees, young but fruiting.

235
Chapter 8

Some of them are 'Blackball' (China); 'E Bure,' 'E Dol', greenish brown to brown, with long fissures. When cut
and 'E Haw' (Thailand); and 'Shek Kip' (Hong Kong). In the trunk exudes a white latex.
the United States, 'Kohala' was developed in Hawaii. In
Florida, no varieties have been selected yet because of The leaves are large and pinnately compound, with five
the erratic bearing of all the plantings made so far. to nine leaflets. The entire leaf reaches 30 to 50 cen-
timeters in length; the petiole is an additional 5 cen-
Trees can be grown from seed easily, but since they re- timeters. The leaflets are 15 to 30 centimeters long by 7
quire 6 to 9 years before bearing and since their fruit to 13 centimeters wide. The upper side is shiny dark
quality is not predictable, seedlings are not recom- green, whereas the lower is pubescent and light green.
mended for the home garden or commercial planting. The inflorescence is a spike up to 30 centimeters long
Air layering is widely used in Asia for vegetative prop- that is produced on the trunk or the large branches.
agation. It is also used in Florida, but grafting has The yellow flowers are perfect, 1 to 1.5 centimeters in
proved to be more dependable there. Longan seedlings diameter, and have 5 petals, 5 sepals, and 10 united
are used as rootstocks. stamens. A panicle usually produces 10 to 30 fruits.

The longan tree grows best in a well-drained soil of The fruit is ellipsoidal and up to 5 centimeters long. It
good fertijity, but its requirements are not exacting, is first green but changes to a light yellow or a grayish
and it can be grown in a variety of soils. Like the lit- yellow as it matures. The peel is rather parchmentlike
chee, mature longans can tolerate brief exposure to and, while tough, is easily peeled away. Inside the peel
temperatures a few degrees below freezing without are five segments of usually different but sometimes
severe injury. For successful flowering, the tree needs equal size. They are whitish, translucent, juicy, and
prior exposure to cool weather, so it does not flower subacid. The larger segments contain soft seeds that
dependably in lowland areas where the temperature is may reach 2 centimeters in length.
uniformly high the year round.
Lanson does not tolerate cold or long dry seasons, and
The longan blooms and fruits erratically even where en- is not recommended for altitudes over 650 meters; it is
vironmental conditions are favorable. Bearing in alter- at its best in a monsoon climate with a short dry
nate years can be partly corrected by removing some of season. Judging from its growth in different countries,
the flower clusters in years of heavy bloom. The conse- it seems to tolerate a variety of soils, but it prefers a
quent reduction in crop size evidently reduces the slightly acid soil rich in organic material.
depletion of the tree's reserves and increases the
chance of an adequate bloom the following year. Thin- The varieties we have seen in the Western Hemisphere
ning of flower clusters has the additional advantage of do not vary much. A special type, duku, which is prefer-
increasing the size of the fruit; fruit size is greatly in- red in Indonesia and Malaysia, differs from the usual
fluenced by the total production of the tree. types by being a more spreading tree with less latex
and having larger, rounder fruit, with a thicker peel.
The fruit can be eaten fresh, frozen, canned, or dried. It Both the regular and duku types are grown from seed.
is a fair source of vitamin C. The seeds are short lived and should be well cleaned of

The lanson or langsat, Lansium domesticum Correa

(family Meliaceae), is a tree of the wet forest and
seems to resist cultivation away from other trees (fig.
55). The fruit's unique appearance and flavor are widely
appreciated.

The lanson is best known in Malaysia, Indonesia, and

the Philippines; it is less frequently seen in India and
other parts of the Asian Tropics. It has been introduced
into a few isolated spots in the Western Hemisphere,
where it appears to have adapted. It has great promise
as a new fruit for the American Tropics.

The tree is erect and symmetrical, reaching about 15

meters of height. The branches are horizontal or
slightly inclined toward the ground. The bark is
Figure 55.—Lanson, a cluster of fruits.

236
 Fruits Meriting Wider Distribution

pulp and planted immediately without a chance to dry. the skin of a reptile. These are dark brown, shiny, and
Reproduction has not been studied much, but it may be attractive. The scales can be easily peeled away to
by apomixis. The seed germinates readily and needs no reveal a translucent whitish or yellowish flesh.
special care. Trees are also propagated by grafting,
from cuttings, and from air layers. The salak palm can be propagated from seeds, but
asexual propagation of trees known to produce high
The trees should be planted about 8 meters apart in quality fruit is recommended. Seeds should be obtained
their permanent site when they are about 1 meter high. from a tree that produces good fruit and from a fruit
Experience in Puerto Rico suggests that light shade is with two or more seeds because single-seeded fruits
desirable at first. This can be gradually reduced as the produce mostly males. The seeds should be cleaned
tree grows, but some shade may always be desirable. free of pulp and planted while fresh and undried. Unlike
Newly planted trees need careful and frequent watering many palm seeds, salak seeds germinate readily.
until well established.
The easiest vegetative propagation technique is layer-
Insect pests that have been seen in Puerto Rico are the ing: the trunk is placed horizontally on the ground and
sugarcane root borer, Diaprepes abbreviatus L.; various new plants grow from the nodes. Basal shoots can also
scales; and spider mites (Tetranychus species). An- be used for propagation, but they are difficult to
thracnose caused by Colletotrichum species is the only remove from a palm without damaging it.
important fungus disease that has been seen.
Salak palms prefer the wet, heavy soils of the rain
The lanson fruit is most often eaten out of hand, but it forest. They can best be seeded or planted from off-
may also be candied. shoots directly in their permanent site, perhaps below
the shade of larger fruit trees. Sunny locations should
The salak, Zaiacca edulis Reinw. (family Palmae), grows
wild in the dense shade of lowland Asian rain forests,
and it is also cultivated widely for its fruits (fig. 56).
Although geographical range would be restricted by its
particular climatic requirements, there are many areas
of the Tropics where it could be grown. At the present
time salak is almost entirely confined to the Asian
Tropics, from Malaysia through Indonesia to the Philip-
pine Islands. It is particularly popular in Java. The fruit
is attractive in appearance and taste, and while it is not
great, it would normally be appreciated on first taste
and should find a ready market.

The salak is a small compact palm. It seldom reaches 5

meters in height, and it produces its fruit only a few
feet above the ground. The palmate fronds are long,
with long petioles. All parts of the plant except the
flowers and fruit are covered with long, sharp spines
that make fruit harvest hazardous.

Male and female inflorescences are borne on separate

plants. These develop at the base of the fronds and
consist of large numbers of flowers, in panicles, on
short rachises. Pollination is probably by wind, and to
insure good pollination, one male palm is needed for
each five or six females.

The fruit is produced in large clusters very close to the

trunk among the bases of the fronds. The fruits vary
from 2.5 to 10 centimeters in length and from 5 to 8
centimeters in width and are globular or top shaped.
The fruit surface is covered with overlapping scales like
Figure 56.—Salak palm, a young tree.

237
Chapter 8

be avoided. Extra shade can be provided by temporary lose their leaves for a time during the year. The wood
plantings of banana around tlie new trees. The palms of the trees is weak, and the limbs are easily broken by
should be protected from weed competition, watered windstorms, but the trees recover from such damage
frequently, and fertilized regularly. rapidly.

The fruits can be shipped and handled easily. In Asia The small flowers are borne in panicles, either termi-
they are readily sold. They are eaten when fully ripe nally on new growth or laterally on small or large bran-
and softening, and by then they are delicate and easily ches. The fruit occurs singly or in clusters of a few to
split. Most fruits are eaten out of hand, but they are many. The fruit of the ambarella and the yellow mom-
also stewed or pickled. bin is yellow. The red mombin has both red and yellow
forms. The fruits are ellipsoid to obovoid in shape and
The gandaria, Bouea macrophylla Griff, (family Anacar- range in length from 2.5 to 4 centimeters for the red
diaceae), is well known in Southeast Asia for its many and yellow mombin to 5 to 7.5 centimeters for the am-
forms of sweet or sour mangolike fruits. A careful at- barella. The yellow pulp adheres to a single seed,
tempt should be made to obtain representative which in some varieties is smooth and in others is
materials for transfer to the Western Hemisphere, rough, with strong woody fibers projecting into the
where the species is almost unknown. flesh.

The gandaria is a medium-sized tree about 10 meters in All of these species may be grown from seed, but
height. The trunk is thick, dark, and often branched vegetative propagation is preferable because some of
near the base. The young branches are horizontal or the superior trees have few viable seeds and, in any
drooping. The leaves are opposite, 10 to 35 centimeters case, the species do not breed true. The most widely
long, thick, and glabrous; they resemble a mango's used method is the rooting of mature cuttings. Large
leaves. The small flowers are male or hermaphroditic limbs cut from the tree and set directly in the ground
and occur in large clusters. will form roots and grow if conditions are favorable.
The Spondias species can be propagated by grafting
The fruits are ovoid or ellipsoid, smooth surfaced, and budding also.
yellow or orange when ripe, and 3 to 5 centimeters long
by 3 to 4 centimeters wide. The epidermis is thin; the There is much variation in fruit quality in the Spondias
pulp is thick and juicy, orange or yellow, and resinous species. Superior selections have been made and prop-
in flavor like that of many mangoes. agated in some areas, but they have not been described
in the literature or disseminated to other areas. There
The gandaria is planted from seeds. Selected clones are great possibilities for improvement of these crops
are known, however, and any special tree can be prop- through collection and dissemination of existing selec-
agated by the techniques used for mangoes. Orchards tions. The various forms of the red mombin probably
are unknown; so far, the gandaria is strictly a dooryard have the greatest possibility for future development.
tree.

The sweet forms of gandaria are eaten out of hand.

Sour forms are pickled or used in chutneys.

Some Spondias species (family Anacardiaceae) are

valued for their fruit (fig. 57). The most important of
these are the ambarella, or golden apple, Spondias
dulcís Parkins; the yellow mombin, S. mombin L.; and
the red or purple mombin, S. purpurea L. The ambarella
is native to the islands of the South Pacific, while the
yellow mombin and red mombin are native to tropical
America. All of them have been distributed widely in
the Tropics and are potentially important because of
their wide adaptation and abundant production of
nutritious fruit.

The ambarella and yellow mombin are large trees; the

red mombin is relatively small. All have open, spreading Figure 57.—Yellow mombin tree loaded with fruits.
canopies and pinnately compound leaves. The trees

238
 Fruits Meriting Wider Distribution

The Spondias species are primarily plants of hot

lowlands, although the red monnbin can be found up
elevations of 1,500 to 1,800 nneters. They are not well
adapted to cool clinnates. Small trees are killed by ex-
posure to freezing temperatures. Larger trees are in-
jured severely by frost, but they will recover quickly if
conditions are favorable.

The Spondias species are well adapted to a variety of

soils. Usually they are grown without application of fer-
tilizer, although they will respond well to fertilizer ap-
plication in infertile soils. The trees tolerate dry condi-
tions very well.

The fruit of better varieties is sweet and has a pleasant

flavor. Most is consumed fresh. Where the trees are
widely planted, the fruit is sold in local markets and un-
doubtedly is an important part of the diet when in
season. The fruit can be dried or made into jellies,
sauces, or preserves. The fruit is a good source of
minerals and vitamin C.

The mabolo (also known as velvet apple and butter

fruit), Diospyros discolor W\\\d. (family Ebenaceae), is
perhaps the best of the tropical persimmons (fig. 58)
(The kaki must be regarded as temperate to sub-
tropical.) It is native to the Philippine Islands and is
cultivated to a smaller extent in Malaysia and In-
donesia. The mabolo has been introduced widely, but
always on a small scale, and so remains almost
unknown.

The mabolo tree is medium to large, reaching 25 meters Figure 58.—Velvet apple, cut open to reveal
in height. It begins to flower when small to medium. seedless flesh.
Unless pruned, the tree is upright, with a heavy dark
trunk and numerous drooping branches. top shaped. The rind is thin and easily broken open to
reveal a dry, cream-colored, mealy pulp. Up to eight
The attractive leaves are simple, alternate, long (25 cen- brown seeds are embedded in the pulp.
timeters by 8 centimeters wide), with short petioles,
shiny, and usually elongate or elliptical. They are The mabolo is most often propagated from seeds,
evergreen, somewhat coriaceous, and slightly pubes- which germinate readily and give rise to rapidly grow-
cent below. ing, healthy trees. Beyond its being a strictly tropical
species, little is known about its growth requirements.
The trees are male, female, or hermaphroditic. Isolated It does appear to be more drought resistant than many
female trees usually bear seedless fruits, but at times, tropical fruits, yet it also grows in very wet areas, so it
a few fertile seeds are produced, probably because the appears to be broadly adaptable. It shows iron defi-
trees have occasional male flowers. The flowers are ciency symptoms in the calcareous soils of Florida,
small (male, 0.60 centimeter in diameter; female, 1.2 easily corrected with iron chelates.
centimeter) white, waxy, and aromatic. They are borne
on the axils of the leaves or the undersides of young The fruits are generally eaten when ripe and soft. The
woody branches. mealy flesh has a strong odor and unusual but plea-
sant taste.
The fruit, about the size and often the shape of a
peach, is covered with a thick soft pubescence (which The champedak, Artocarpus ctiampeden Spreng, (family
can sting the skin) colored from orange to black, or in Moraceae), the breadfruit, and the jackfruit are the
some cases, from pink to red. Seedless fruits are flat or three best fruits of this large genus (fig. 59). But

239
Chapter 8

whereas the breadfruit has been introduced throughout The champedak can be easily propagated from fresh
the Tropics and the jackfruit is sporadically distributed, seeds chosen from good trees. It is also possible to
the champedak is almost unknown outside tropical propagate good trees by bud grafting. Because of the
Asia. The fruit has many uses, and is liked by almost latex of the tree, the modified Forkert method is used.
everyone.
Even trees grown from seed bear fruits in 5 years. They
The tree is medium sized (up to 18 meters), somewhat need very little attention and are successful in many
smaller than the jackfruit. The trunk is straight, with soils. They are, however, limited to the hot, humid
smooth grayish bark. New shoots, including petiole and Tropics.
pedicels, are covered with thin, brown, wiry hairs. Like
its relative, the sap is milky in appearance and sticky. The fruits of the champedak must be watched very
The tree is widely branched with a full crown. carefully and harvested when they begin to soften. The
fruit is sliced near the stem end and the core is pulled
The leaves are evergreen, alternate, with short petioles, out. The seeds with their fleshy arils can then be easily
sometimes three lobed, but on older trees obovate or removed. The fleshy aril is eaten as a dessert. It is soft
elliptical and entire. The upper side is green and shiny and pleasantly aromatic. The seeds are eaten after boil-
and almost glabrous, and the lower side is covered with ing or roasting.
long brownish hairs and short white ones. The leaves
are about 5 to 25 centimeters long and 5 to 10 cen- With its simple growth habits, the champedak should
timeters wide. be easy to introduce. What is needed is a modern Cap-
tain Bligh.
The small flowers are borne in dense spikes that later
become the fruit. Male and female flowers are borne in The carambola, Averrhoa carambola L. (family Ox-
different inflorescences, the females on large branches alidaceae), has been cultivated since ancient times, but
or the trunk itself. only recently has it been considered to have commer-
cial potential in the Western Hemisphere (fig. 60). It is
The large multiple fruit is quite similar in appearance to grown extensively from southern China to India, and
jackfruit but much more cylindrical. The fruits reach 35 although it is known throughout the Tropics, it is
centimeters in length and up to 15 centimeters in relatively rare outside Asia. Small commercial plantings
diameter. Thus, the fruit is much smaller than most have been made in Florida in recent years.
jackfruits and much more convenient to utilize. The rind
is covered with hundreds of polygonal raised projec- The tree is relatively small, reaching a maximum height
tions similar to those of the jackfruit. Beneath the rind of 7.5 to 9 meters and a spread of 6 to 7.5 meters. The
is a very attractive yellow pulp in which 30 or more canopy is dense and attractive. The leaves are alter-
large seeds are embedded. nate, pinnately compound, and dark green. The leaves
are retained on the tree throughout the year. The small
pink flowers are borne in clusters on young branches.

Figure 59.—Champedak, a young tree. Figure 60.—Carambola, fruits and leaves.

240
 Fruits Meriting Wider Distribution

Older branches, or the trunk of the tree. There are

several flushes of bloom during the year and hence
several successive crops of fruit. Mature healthy trees
can produce 130 to 180 kilograms or more of fruit per
year if they receive good care.

The fruit is ovoid to ellipsoid, with four to six prominent

longitudinal ribs; in cross section it has a star shape.
The fruit is 7 to 15 centimeters long and 5 to 10 cen-
timeters wide, and when ripe, it may be white, yellow,
or orange. The flavor varies from sweet and acidless to
very sour. The rind is thin and tender and is generally
consumed with the pulp. The surface of the fruit is
smooth and waxy. The fruit attains best eating quality
if ripened fully on the tree, but it is easily injured at
this stage by handling during harvest. Fruit harvested
when it is not quite fully colored is easier to handle
without injury and will ripen to good eating quality.

Seedling trees require 6 to 10 years to come into bear-

ing, and their fruit quality is likely to be poor. Therefore,
it is best to grow vegetatively propagated trees of
superior varieties such as 'Dah Pon', 'Mih Tao', and
Tean Ma' (Taiwan); 'Maha'; 'Fwangtung' (Thailand);
'Golden Star' and 'Newcomb' (Florida, U.S.A.). The most
reliable method of vegetative propagation is grafting on
carambola seedling rootstocks. Air layering is used ex-
tensively in many areas, but under some conditions it
is less dependable than grafting.

The carambola tree grows best in warm tropical

lowlands with medium to high rainfall and a well- Figure 61.—OI<ari nut tree, young but vigorous.
drained, moderately acid soil. In soils of high PH, defi-
preserved in both the immature and mature stages. It is
ciencies of zinc, manganese, and iron are likely to oc-
a good source of vitamin C and a fair source of vitamin
cur. The tree will tolerate a seasonal dry period well,
A.
but if dry conditions are severe and prolonged, some ir-
rigation is needed to prevent defoliation and maintain The morang, Artocarpus odoratisima Blanco (family
fruit production. Mature trees can survive a brief ex- Moraceae), is native to and best known in northern
posure to temperatures a few degrees below freezing, Borneo; it is somewhat known from Thailand to the
so the carambola can be grown in areas where frost oc- Philippine Islands. The fruit resembles in many ways a
curs occasionally, provided that the climate is other- jackfruit. The fruits are smaller, however, and the pulp
wise favorable. is white. The pulp is sweet, aromatic, and much more
delicate than that of jackfruit. The seeds are roasted,
Research in Florida indicates a probable self- as in the case of related species.
incompatibility and cross-incompatibility associated
with a condition of distyly in the flowers. So to assure The okari nut, Terminalia kaernbachii V^arb. (family
good yields of fruit, it is advisable to plant trees of Combretaceae), is a large tree of Papua New Guinea,
more than one variety together, although some varieties the Solomon Islands, and scattered locations in
are known to bear a satisfactory crop in isolation. Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands (fig. 61). It is a
handsome tree with large leaves covered below with a
The carambola tree is a beautiful ornamental, and the rusty-colored pubescence. The large, somewhat flat
fruit has good prospects for expanded commercial pro- fruit, 10 centimetes long, contains a single seed with a
duction. The green immature fruit can be cooked and large (5 to 6 centimeters in diameter) edible kernel.
eaten as a vegetable. The ripe fruit is eaten fresh or Unlike the common T. catappa L., the fruit can be eas-
squeezed to make a refreshing juice. The fruit can be ily split open to release the kernel. It is considered a
prize nut wherever grown.

241
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