Q1: SCIENTIFIC MODELS

Key Vocabulary:
• Model- models help scientists represent concepts that are difficult to see easily.
• Particle - a small piece of anything, a minute quantity or fragment.
• Matter - any substance that has mass and takes up space by having volume.
• Diagram - is a symbolic representation of information using visualization techniques.
• Physical model - a constructed copy of an object that is designed to represent that
object.
• Computer simulation- uses a mathematical description, or model, of a real system in
the form of a computer program.
• Property -quality, or characteristic of something.
• State of matter- one of the distinct forms in which matter can exist.
A. Solid- have a definite shape, mass and volume, have a high density,
B. Liquid - the particles are more loosely packed than in a solid and are able to flow
around each other, giving the liquid an indefinite shape.
C. Gas- no definite shape or volume, the particles have a great deal of space between
them and have high kinetic energy
PROCESSES INVOLVED IN CHANGES OF STATE:
A. Melting -change of a solid into a liquid when heat is applied
B. Freezing - a liquid turns into a solid when its temperature is lowered below its
freezing point
C. Evaporation - liquid turns into a gas
D. Condensation- gas turns to a liquid, removal of heat from a system where vapour is
converted into liquid
E. Sublimation - conversion of a substance from solid to gas (naphthalene ball, dry ice)
D. Deposition - gas transforms into solid. The settling of particles or sediment onto a
surface originating from a vapor, solution, a suspension, or a mixture. (frost)
• Energy – (physics) the ability to do work. (chemistry) the quantitative property that is
transferred to a body or to a physical system
• Temperature -measure of hotness or coldness. Describes the average kinetic energy of
molecules within a material or system and is measured in Celsius (°C), Kelvin (K) and
Fahrenheit (°F).
• Fahrenheit: Water freezes at 32 degrees Fahrenheit, and boils at 212 degrees F.
• Celsius: water freezes at 0 degrees Celsius and boils at 100 degrees C.
• Kelvin: Water freezes at 273.15 K, and boils at 373.15 K.
• Rankine: water freezes at 491.67 degrees R, and boils at 671.67 degrees R.
• There are different types of models: physical models, conceptual models, and
mathematical models.
• Physical models are smaller and simpler representations of a thing being
studied. A globe or a map is a physical model of a portion or all of Earth.
• Conceptual models tie together many ideas to explain a phenomenon or
event.
• Mathematical models are sets of equations that consider many factors to
represent a phenomenon. Mathematical models are usually done on
computers.
• Simulation models use a digital prototype of a physical model to predict its
performance in the real world.
• Many models are created on computers because they can handle enormous amounts of
data.
• Models can be used to test ideas by simulating specific parts of a system, making it
easier for scientists to understand how certain factors affect each other.
• Models can also be used to make predictions about the future, with the best ones
considering multiple factors.
• To assess the accuracy of a model, scientists often use past data to see if the model can
accurately predict the present.
• Despite their usefulness, models have limitations because they are simpler than real
systems and may not predict real-world behavior with absolute accuracy. However,
careful construction and sufficient computing power can improve a model's accuracy.
• Atom:
• “ The word ‘atom’ has been derived from the Greek
word ‘a-tomio’ which means ‘uncuttable’ or ‘non-divisible’”
• The ATOMIC MODELS are:
• John Dalton's atomic model: Dalton's Billiard Ball (Solid Sphere) Model
• J.J. Thomson's model: Plum Pudding model
• Ernest Rutherford's model: Nuclear model
• Niels Bohr's model: Planetary model
• Erwin Schrodinger's model: Electron Cloud Model/Quantum Model
• Modern mechanical model.
• SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLES:
A. Electron
B. Proton
C. Neutron
Key Concepts:
• All matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms or molecules.
• Atoms are the fundamental building blocks of elements, while molecules consist of two
or more atoms chemically bonded together.
• Particles are constantly in motion: ▪ In solids, particles vibrate in place.
• In liquids and gases, particles move from one location to another.
• In solids, particles are closely packed with minimal space between them.
• In liquids and gases, particles have more space between them.
• As temperature increases, particle motion speeds up.
• Higher kinetic energy leads to faster vibrations and movement of particles.
Prepared by:
Joana Marie M. Inciong
Science Teacher