Class 1
Class 1
CHEMISTRY
About the course
Objectives: Characteristics:
1- Written Evaluation: there will be two midterms. The first one (approximately halfway through the course)
will be graded out of 32 points. The second one (at the end of the course and covering the entire program)
will be graded out of 48 points.
2- Continuous Evaluation: there will be mandatory weekly quizzes through EVA , evaluated out of 13 points.
3- Experimental Workshops: there will be four laboratory classes throughout the semester, each one
evaluated out of 7 points.
The student will pass the course if they accumulate 31 points or more across all evaluation components.
Neither of the midterms is eliminatory (the student can miss them or score zero without losing the course).
The student will exonerate the course if they accumulate 51 points or more across all evaluation components.
Students who pass the course (31 points or more) but do not reach exoneration (less than 51 points) will have
to take the final exam.
Recommended
bibliography
Acetylsalicylic
acid
Cysteine
Organic compounds differ from inorganic compounds in their physical and chemical properties as a
result of the different types of bonds they possess: the first ones have covalent bonds, while the
others have ionic bonds.
01 - Structure and bonding in organic molecules
Organic compounds will have melting points or boiling points (MP, BP), or solubilities in
water, that are clearly very different from those of inorganic compounds.
Sodium chloride
Butane
- Nonmetal
- It will bond according
to the octet rule
- It doesn't expand the
octet because is it
located in period 2
Properties:
Atomic mass → 12.0107 u
Electronic configuration
2 2 2
→ [C] 1s 2s 2p
Electronegativity → 2.55
(Pauling)
01 - Structure and bonding in organic molecules
- Covalent
- It is explained by the
valence bond theory
Hybridizations
Three types of hybridizations must be used to explain geometries and
physicochemical properties of organic molecules:
3
sp Hybridization
02 - Hybridization
Hybridizations
Three types of hybridizations must be used to explain geometries and
physicochemical properties of organic molecules:
3
sp Hybridization
Bond distances and angles in methane
02 - Hybridization
3
sp Hybridization
When there is more than one sp3 hybridized carbon atom joined by a covalent bond, as
in ethane, it forms a pair of tetrahedra overlapping at one of their vertices.
sp Hybridization
02 - Hybridization
sp Hybridization
Orbital configuration
of carbons with sp π electron density in the
hybridization acetylene molecule
Ethyne or Acetylene
02 - Hybridization
In addition to the angles, the bond lengths are defined by the type of hybridization.
The greater contribution of the p orbital (from left to right) leads to longer bonds,
because p orbitals are lobular and s orbitals are spherical.
02 - Hybridization
In summary:
3
When we have simple bonds: sp
2
When we have double bonds: sp
Hybridizations
Heteroatoms, O, N, S, go with the same hybridization of the carbon to which they are
bonded.
Ethanal
Ethanenitrile
Hydrocarbons Halogenated Oxigentaed
functions functions
Alkanes
Alkenes
Alcohols
Alkynes Alkyl halides
Eters
Cycloalkanes
Aromatics