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Class 1

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
7 views21 pages

Class 1

Uploaded by

itagustin10
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ORGANIC

CHEMISTRY
About the course

Objectives: Characteristics:

The purpose of this course is to give The course consists of:


the student a general overview of
Theoretical classes with optional
organic chemistry, emphasizing the
assistance (4 hours per week
structure-reactivity relationship of
distributed in two classes).
organic compounds and present the
chemistry of the main functional Practical exercise classes that cover
groups, including their methods of the theoretical classes (2 hours per
preparation. week, also with optional assistance).

Experimental workshops (2 hours per


week, during 4 weeks of the course,
with required assistance).
About the course - Course completion:
The course includes the following evaluation components:

1- Written Evaluation: there will be two midterms. The first one (approximately halfway through the course)
will be graded out of 32 points. The second one (at the end of the course and covering the entire program)
will be graded out of 48 points.

2- Continuous Evaluation: there will be mandatory weekly quizzes through EVA , evaluated out of 13 points.

3- Experimental Workshops: there will be four laboratory classes throughout the semester, each one
evaluated out of 7 points.

The student will pass the course if they accumulate 31 points or more across all evaluation components.
Neither of the midterms is eliminatory (the student can miss them or score zero without losing the course).
The student will exonerate the course if they accumulate 51 points or more across all evaluation components.

Students who pass the course (31 points or more) but do not reach exoneration (less than 51 points) will have
to take the final exam.
Recommended
bibliography

Contents Morrison & Boyd (5th edition, 1990):


pages 1-21.

Wade (2nd edition, 1993):


01 Structure and bonding pages 1-13 and 40-56.
in organic molecules
Wade (5th edition, 2004):
02 Hybridization pages 1-13 and 40-56.

Carey (6th edition, 2006):


pages 9-12, 14-19, 23-27 and 62-70.
01 - Structure and bonding in organic molecules

Organic Chemistry is defined as:


- Chemistry of carbon compounds.
- Chemistry of carbon compounds that present covalent bonds.
Hexane Glucose
(Hydrocarbon) (Aldose)

Acetylsalicylic
acid

Cysteine

Organic compounds differ from inorganic compounds in their physical and chemical properties as a
result of the different types of bonds they possess: the first ones have covalent bonds, while the
others have ionic bonds.
01 - Structure and bonding in organic molecules

Organic compounds will have melting points or boiling points (MP, BP), or solubilities in
water, that are clearly very different from those of inorganic compounds.
Sodium chloride

Butane

Both compounds have similar


molecular mass but very
+ -
Na Cl different physicochemical
Physical properties: properties Physical properties:
Molar mass → 58.40 g/mol Molar mass → 58.08 g/mol
Melting point → 801ºC Melting point → -138ºC
Boiling point → 1465ºC Boiling point → 0ºC
Chemical properties: Chemical properties:
Solubility in water → 35.9 g/100 ml Solubility in water → 6.1 mg/100 ml
01 - Structure and bonding in organic molecules
Carbon

- Nonmetal
- It will bond according
to the octet rule
- It doesn't expand the
octet because is it
located in period 2

Properties:
Atomic mass → 12.0107 u
Electronic configuration
2 2 2
→ [C] 1s 2s 2p
Electronegativity → 2.55
(Pauling)
01 - Structure and bonding in organic molecules

Bonding in organic compounds

- Covalent
- It is explained by the
valence bond theory

- To explain geometries and


certain physical properties
(for example, molecular
dipole moment), one must
rely on the concept of
hybridization.
02 - Hybridization

Hybridizations
Three types of hybridizations must be used to explain geometries and
physicochemical properties of organic molecules:
3
sp Hybridization
02 - Hybridization

Hybridizations
Three types of hybridizations must be used to explain geometries and
physicochemical properties of organic molecules:
3
sp Hybridization
Bond distances and angles in methane
02 - Hybridization
3
sp Hybridization
When there is more than one sp3 hybridized carbon atom joined by a covalent bond, as
in ethane, it forms a pair of tetrahedra overlapping at one of their vertices.

Bond distances and angles in methane


02 - Hybridization
2
sp Hybridization
02 - Hybridization
2
sp Hybridization
2
Side and top view of a carbon atom with sp hybridization
02 - Hybridization

sp Hybridization
02 - Hybridization

sp Hybridization

Orbital configuration
of carbons with sp π electron density in the
hybridization acetylene molecule

Ethyne or Acetylene
02 - Hybridization

In addition to the angles, the bond lengths are defined by the type of hybridization.

The greater contribution of the p orbital (from left to right) leads to longer bonds,
because p orbitals are lobular and s orbitals are spherical.
02 - Hybridization

In summary:

3
When we have simple bonds: sp

2
When we have double bonds: sp

When we have triple bonds: sp


02 - Hybridization

Hybridizations
Heteroatoms, O, N, S, go with the same hybridization of the carbon to which they are
bonded.

Ethanal

Ethanenitrile
Hydrocarbons Halogenated Oxigentaed
functions functions
Alkanes
Alkenes
Alcohols
Alkynes Alkyl halides
Eters
Cycloalkanes
Aromatics

Carbonyl Carboxylic acids Nitrogenous


compounds and derivatives functions
Carboxylic acids
Nitriles Amines
Aldehydes
Amides Nitriles
Ketones
Esters Amides
Anhydrides
Acyl halides
Functional groups:
Functional groups:

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