Design and Development: Mobile Phone Powered by Solar Energy

Introduction:
This research mainly focused on developing solar energy to power up and as a source of power to
mobile phones. By directly connecting the cables of the solar to the mobile phones power slot then the
outcome will be progressive. This paper is mainly aimed to develop a solar powered hand-held
monitoring system for real-time crop-growth multiple environment parameter sensing and ZigBee-based
wireless data transmission for Internet of Thing (IoT) applications.

Objectives:
1. To save money from the consumption of power

2. For the users to continue use mobile phones even if there is no electricity present

3. Provide a convenient way to use the solar energy

4. Innovative use of energy for power

Review of Related Literature

1. This paper reviews various power device components of solar-powered aircraft such as photovoltaic
(PV) cells, maximum power point tracker (MPPT) and rechargeable batteries. The various power device
components were highlighted, and the ones applicable to aircraft were analyzed, based on criteria as
efficiency for photovoltaic cells; energy densities about rechargeable batteries; and maximum power
point tracker on quick response to achieve maximum power point on I-V curve. Emerging technologies
like photovoltaic cells, thin film cell, organic photovoltaic cell, multi-junction cell and silicon quantum
dot cell, with the future potential of high efficiencies that can be used in solar-powered aircraft, were all
examined. Regarding battery technology, Lithium-air battery (Li-air) was reported as having great
opportunities for high energy densities capable of improving the efficiency of the solar-powered aircraft,
for the greater prospect of the aviation industry. The design of efficient power device for solar-powered
aircraft application is proposed. Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) solar cells were used because of its high energy
conversion efficiency of 30 to 40%. A smart and intelligent MPPT Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is
chosen because of its efficiency in partial shading and fast response and speed. The Li-air rechargeable
battery is proposed because of its theoretical energy density of 11680 Wh/Kg( Journal of Aerospace
Technology and Management, 2019).

2. Nasim Sahraei, Erin E Looney, Sterling M Watson, Ian Marius Peters, Tonio Buonassisi, 2018 states
that Photovoltaics (PV) can provide power autonomy to sensors and communication devices comprising
the Internet of Things (IoT). An outstanding challenge is to create design rules that transform
intermittent and non-dispatchable solar energy into persistent, stable, and low-cost power for sensors.
These design rules govern optimal system architecture design and optimal power consumption patterns.
In previous work, we considered (i) the variability of solar insolation across different time scales (hourly,
daily, and seasonal); (ii) the solar cell device characteristics; and (iii) the power consumption of the
sensing and communication modules. From these constraints, we described a methodology to calculate
the necessary energy storage capacity to reliably power the device over several years. The system size
can then be optimized to minimize cost or volume. In this paper, we describe a methodology to improve
the reliability of solar-powered IoT devices in the event of outlier conditions (i.e., periods of
anomalously low insolation that reduce battery state-of-charge). This theoretical study, based on actual
sensor and insolation data, describes how an adaptive power consumption scheme decreases the
dimensions of solar cell and battery as well as system cost, assuming flexible operating scheme is
allowed. The adaptive power consumption scheme means the data acquisition and transmission rate —
which governs the power consumption profile — changes based on availability of stored energy in the
battery and recent solar insolation. The results show for 3% reduction in average data transmission, the
cost of the power components (i.e. battery and solar panel) can be reduced by 10% and the volume of
the battery by 30%. The design is constrained by the available power as well as the minimum expected
system performance, using the rate of acquired data from the sensor. We find that implementing an
adaptive power consumption scheme based on available battery capacity for solar powered sensor can
reduce battery capacity by 90%, while ensuring that data transmission rate occasionally varies but never
extinguishes completely.

3. One of the best ways to monitor the health of the heart is to regularly record its electrical activity by
using an electrocardiogram (ECG). Abnormal ECG signals may indicate conditions such as heart attack,
arrhythmia, or heart defects. There are many ECG devices available which can detect and amplify this
differential biological signal from the heart, allowing a lot of information to be collected quickly. The ECG
is often small and easy to use, but its power is supplied from regular batteries, which need to be
replaced after a certain period of use. This causes discomfort for elderly users. To overcome this
limitation, in this paper, we aim to develop a solar-powered, portable Bluetooth device for ECG
measurements. The device can be interfaced with smartphones or other wireless devices via Bluetooth
by a distance up to 100 m. The ECG device was designed to use solar energy, which is also the main
power source. Following the solar energy harvesting circuit is a solar panel with an output voltage of 2.4
V and a power out of 0.25 W. We optimized the design to have a very low power consumption and in
sleep mode the current consumption is only around 40 µA. The device was designed with 24-bit
resolution and a sampling frequency of up to 2133 Hz, which can allow high accuracy ECG
measurements. The device is not only used for heart rate monitoring, but it can also assist doctors in
analyzing ECG signals with a high accuracy via embedded operating software (Ngoc Thang Bui,2019).

4. According to Bernardo Calebrese, 2020, a novel low-cost solar-powered wearable assistive technology
(AT) device, whose aim is to provide continuous, real-time object recognition to ease the finding of the
objects for visually impaired (VI) people in daily life. The system consists of three major components: a
miniature low-cost camera, a system on module (SoM) computing unit, and an ultrasonic sensor. The
first is worn on the user’s eyeglasses and acquires real-time video of the nearby space. The second is
worn as a belt and runs deep learning-based methods and spatial algorithms which process the video
coming from the camera performing objects’ detection and recognition. The third assists on positioning
the objects found in the surrounding space. The developed device provides audible descriptive
sentences as feedback to the user involving the objects recognized and their position referenced to the
user gaze. After a proper power consumption analysis, a wearable solar harvesting system, integrated
with the developed AT device, has been designed and tested to extend the energy autonomy in the
different operating modes and scenarios. Experimental results obtained with the developed low-cost AT
device have demonstrated an accurate and reliable real-time object identification with an 86% correct
recognition rate and 215 ms average time interval (in case of high-speed SoM operating mode) for the
image processing. The proposed system is capable of recognizing the 91 objects offered by the Microsoft
Common Objects in Context (COCO) dataset plus several custom objects and human faces. In addition, a
simple and scalable methodology for using image datasets and training of Convolutional Neural
Networks (CNNs) is introduced to add objects to the system and increase its repertory. It is also
demonstrated that comprehensive trainings involving 100 images per targeted object achieve 89%
recognition rates, while fast trainings with only 12 images achieve acceptable recognition rates of 55%.

5. According to Muhammad Badar Hayat, Danish Ali, Keitumetse Cathrine Monyake, Lana Alagha, Niaz
Ahmed, International Journal of Energy Research 43 (3), 1049-1067, 2019 . Sun is an inexhaustible
source of energy capable of fulfilling all the energy needs of humankind. The energy from the sun can be
converted into electricity or used directly. Electricity can be generated from solar energy either directly
using photovoltaic (PV) cells or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP) technology. Progress has
been made to raise the efficiency of the PV solar cells that can now reach up to approximately 34.1% in
multi‐junction PV cells. Electricity generation from concentrated solar technologies has a promising
future as well, especially the CSP, because of its high capacity, efficiency, and energy storage capability.
Solar energy also has direct application in agriculture primarily for water treatment and irrigation. Solar
energy is being used to power the vehicles and for domestic purposes such as space heating and
cooking. The most exciting possibility for solar energy is satellite power station that will be transmitting
electrical energy from the solar panels in space to Earth via microwave beams. Solar energy has a bright
future because of the technological advancement in this field and its environment ‐friendly nature. The
biggest challenge however facing the solar energy future is its unavailability all ‐round the year, coupled
with its high capital cost and scarcity of the materials for PV cells. These challenges can be met by
developing an efficient energy storage system and developing cheap, efficient, and abundant PV solar
cells.