This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: A194/A194M − 24 Endorsed by

Manufacturers Standardization Society
of the Valve and Fittings Industry
Used in USNRC-RDT Standards

Standard Specification for

Carbon Steel, Alloy Steel, and Stainless Steel Nuts for Bolts
for High Pressure or High Temperature Service, or Both1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A194/A194M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.

1. Scope* 1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-

1.1 This specification2 covers a variety of carbon, alloy, and dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
martensitic stainless steel nuts in the size range 1⁄4 through 4 in. ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
and metric M12 through M100 nominal. It also covers auste- Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
nitic stainless steel nuts in the size range 1⁄4 in. and M12 mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
nominal and above. These nuts are intended for high-pressure Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
or high-temperature service, or both. Grade substitutions with-
out the purchaser’s permission are not allowed. 2. Referenced Documents
1.2 Bars from which the nuts are made shall be hot-wrought. 2.1 ASTM Standards:3
The material may be further processed by centerless grinding A153/A153M Specification for Zinc Coating (Hot-Dip) on
or by cold drawing. Austenitic stainless steel may be solution Iron and Steel Hardware
annealed or annealed and strain-hardened. When annealed and A276/A276M Specification for Stainless Steel Bars and
strain hardened austenitic stainless steel is ordered in accor- Shapes
dance with Supplementary Requirement S1, the purchaser A320/A320M Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless
should take special care to ensure that 8.2.2, Supplementary Steel Bolting for Low-Temperature Service
Requirement S1, and Appendix X1 are thoroughly understood. A370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing
of Steel Products
1.3 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are A962/A962M Specification for Common Requirements for
provided. These shall apply only when specified in the inquiry, Bolting Intended for Use at Any Temperature from Cryo-
contract, and order. genic to the Creep Range
1.4 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units B633 Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Zinc on
and in SI units. However, unless the order specifies the Iron and Steel
applicable “M” specification designation (SI units), the mate- B695 Specification for Coatings of Zinc Mechanically De-
rial shall be furnished to inch-pound units. posited on Iron and Steel
1.5 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units B696 Specification for Coatings of Cadmium Mechanically
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in Deposited
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each B766 Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Cad-
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining mium
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance E112 Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size
with the standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in E566 Practice for Electromagnetic (Eddy Current/Magnetic
brackets. Induction) Sorting of Ferrous Metals
F606/F606M Test Methods for Determining the Mechanical
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel, Properties of Externally and Internally Threaded
Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee Fasteners, Washers, Direct Tension Indicators, and Rivets
A01.22 on Steel Forgings and Wrought Fittings for Piping Applications and Bolting
Materials for Piping and Special Purpose Applications.
Current edition approved May 1, 2024. Published June 2024. Originally
3
approved in 1936. Last previous edition approved in 2023 as A194/A194M – 23. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
DOI: 10.1520/A0194_A0194M-24. contact ASTM Customer Service at www.astm.org/contact. For Annual Book of
2
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Specifi- ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary
cation SA-194 in Section II of that code. page on the ASTM website.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

1
 A194/A194M − 24
F1940 Test Method for Process Control Verification to 4. Ordering Information
Prevent Hydrogen Embrittlement in Plated or Coated 4.1 The inquiry and order for bolting material and bolting
Fasteners components under this specification shall include the following
F1941/F1941M Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings as required to describe the items adequately:
on Mechanical Fasteners, Inch and Metric 4.1.1 Specification designation, year date, and grade, issue
F2329/F2329M Specification for Zinc Coating, Hot-Dip, date and revision letter,
Requirements for Application to Carbon and Alloy Steel 4.1.2 Quantity, number of pieces,
Bolts, Screws, Washers, Nuts, and Special Threaded 4.1.3 Dimensions (see Section 9),
Fasteners 4.1.4 Options in accordance with 8.2.2.1, 9.1, 9.2, 10.3, and
2.2 ASME Standards:4 12, and
B 1.1 Unified Screw Threads 4.1.5 Supplementary Requirements, if any.
B 1.2 Gages and Gaging for Unified Inch Screw Threads 4.2 Coatings—Coatings are prohibited unless specified by
B 1.13M Metric Screw Threads the purchaser (see Supplementary Requirements S7 and S8).
B 18.2.2 Square and Hex Nuts When coated nuts are ordered, the purchaser should take
B 18.2.4.6M Metric Heavy Hex Nuts special care to ensure that Appendix X2 is thoroughly under-
B18.2.6M Metric Fasteners for Use in Structural Applica- stood.
tions
4.3 See Supplementary Requirement S3 for nuts to be used
3. Terminology in low temperature applications (Specification A320/A320M).
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: 4.4 Proof Load Testing—See Supplementary Requirement
S9 for proof load testing of nuts manufactured to dimensions
3.1.1 Austenitic Grades—All grades with a prefix of “8” or
and configurations other than those covered in Tables 3 and 4.
“9.”
3.1.2 Ferritic Grades—Grades 1, 2, 2H, 2HM, 3, 6, 6F, 7, 5. Common Requirements
7M, 43, and 16.
5.1 Bolting material and bolting components supplied to
3.1.3 Lot—Unless otherwise specified (see Discussion this specification shall conform to the requirements of Speci-
below), a lot is the quantity of nuts of a single nominal size and fication A962/A962M, of which nuts are considered bolting
grade produced by the same manufacturing process. components, as are bolts, studs, screws, and washers intended
3.1.3.1 Discussion—When Supplementary Requirement S5 for use in special service applications. These requirements
is invoked on the purchase order, the following definitions of a include test methods, finish, thread dimensions, marking,
lot shall apply: certification, optional supplementary requirements, and others.
Failure to comply with the requirements of Specification
3.1.3.2 For Grade 8 Nuts—The quantity of all the nuts of a
A962/A962M constitutes nonconformance with this specifica-
single nominal diameter and grade made from the same heat of
tion. In case of conflict between the requirements of this
steel and made by the same manufacturing process.
specification and Specification A962/A962M, this specification
3.1.3.3 For All Other Grade Nuts—(see 8.2 and shall prevail.
8.1.2.1)—All the nuts of a single nominal diameter and grade
made from the same heat number and heat treated in the same 6. Manufacture (Process)
batch if batch-type heat treating equipment is used or heat
6.1 Stainless steels for all types of Grade 6 and 8 nuts shall
treated in the same continuous run of not more than 8 h under
be made by one of the following processes:
the same conditions if continuous-type heat treating equipment
6.1.1 Electric-furnace (with separate degassing and refining
is used.
optional),
3.1.4 Type: 6.1.2 Vacuum induction furnace, or
3.1.4.1 For Grade 8 Nuts—Variations within the grade 6.1.3 Either of the above followed by electroslag remelting,
designated by a letter and differentiated by chemistry and by or consumable-arc remelting.
manufacturing process. 6.2 The steel producer shall exercise adequate control to
3.1.4.2 For Grade 6 Nuts—Variations within the grade eliminate excessive unhomogeneity, nonmetallics, pipe,
designated by the letter F as differentiated by chemical addi- porosity, and other defects.
tions made for machineability. 6.3 Grades 1 and 2 nuts shall be hot or cold forged, or shall
3.1.5 Series—The dimensional relationship and geometry of be machined from hot-forged, hot-rolled, or cold-drawn bars.
the nuts as described in ASME B 18.2.2 for inch nuts, ASME 6.3.1 All Grade 1 and 2 nuts shall be stress-relieved at a
B 18.2.6M or ASME B 18.2.4.6M for metric nuts. temperature of at least 1000 °F [538 °C] after forming or
machining from bar with the following exceptions:
6.3.1.1 Nuts made by hot forging.
4
6.3.1.2 Nuts machined from hot-forged or hot-rolled bar.
Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME
International Headquarters, Two Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http:// 6.3.1.3 Nuts machined from hot-forged/hot-rolled and cold-
www.asme.org. finished (max 10 % reduction in area) bar.

2
 TABLE 1 Chemical Requirements (Composition, percent)A,B,C,D,I

Description
Manga- Phospho- Molyb- Tita-
Grade and UNS Carbon SulfurE Silicon Chromium Nickel NiobiumH Nitrogen Copper Selenium Vanadium Aluminum
nese rus denum nium
Designation

1 carbon 0.15 min 1.00 0.040 0.050 0.40 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
2, 2HM, and carbon 0.40 min 1.00 0.040 0.050 0.40 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
2H

3 (501) 0.10 min 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 4.0–6.0 ... 0.40–0.65 . . . ... ... ... ... ... ...
S50100
6 (410) 0.08–0.15 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 11.5–13.5 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
S41000
6F (416) 0.15 1.25 0.060 0.15 min 1.00 12.0–14.0 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
S41600
6F (416Se) 0.15 1.25 0.060 0.060 1.00 12.0–14.0 ... ... ... ... ... ... 0.15 min ... ...
S41623

7G , 7MG Chromium- 0.38–0.48 0.75–1.0 0.035 0.04 0.15–0.35 0.80–1.10 ... 0.15–0.25 . . . ... ... ... ... ... ...
MolybdenumG
43 Nickel- 0.38–0.43 0.60–0.85 0.035 0.04 0.15–0.35 0.70–0.90 1.65–2.0 0.20–0.30 . . . ... ... ... ... ... ...
Chromium
Molybdenum
8, 8A (304) 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 18.0–20.0 8.0–11.0 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
S30400
8C, 8CA (347) 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 17.0–19.0 9.0–12.0 ... ... 10 x ... ... ... ... ...
S34700 carbon
content,

3
min 1.10
8CLN, (347LN) 0.005- 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 17.0–19.0 9.0–13.0 ... ... 0.20–0.50, 0.06–0.10 ... ... ... ...
8CLNA S34751 0.020 15 x
carbon
content,
min
8CLNCuB, S34752J 0.005- 2.00 0.035 0.010 0.60 17.0–19.0 10.0–13.0 0.20–1.20 . . . 0.20–0.50, 0.06–0.12 2.50–3.50 ... ... ...
A194/A194M − 24

8CLNCuBA 0.020 15 x
carbon
content,
min
8M, 8MA (316) 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 16.0–18.0 10.0–14.0 2.00–3.00 . . . ... ... ... ... ... ...
S31600
8T, 8TA (321) 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 17.0–19.0 9.0–12.0 ... 5x ... 0.10 ... ... ... ...
S32100 (C+N)
min -
0.70
max
8F, 8FA (303) 0.15 2.00 0.20 0.15 min 1.00 17.0–19.0 8.0–10.0 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
S30300
8F, 8FA (303Se) 0.15 2.00 0.20 0.06 1.00 17.0–19.0 8.0–10.0 ... ... ... ... 0.15 min ... ...
S30323
8P, 8PA (305) 0.12 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 17.0–19.0 11.0–13.0 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
S30500
8N, 8NA (304N) 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 18.0–20.0 8.0–11.0 ... ... ... 0.10–0.16 ... ... ... ...
S30451
8LN, 8LNA (304LN) 0.030 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 18.0–20.0 8.0–11.0 ... ... ... 0.10–0.16 ... ... ... ...
S30453
8MN, 8MNA (316N) 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 16.0–18.0 10.0–13.0 2.00–3.00 . . . ... 0.10–0.16 ... ... ... ...
S31651
 TABLE 1 Continued
Description
Manga- Phospho- Molyb- Tita-
Grade and UNS Carbon SulfurE Silicon Chromium Nickel NiobiumH Nitrogen Copper Selenium Vanadium Aluminum
nese rus denum nium
Designation
8MLN, (316LN) 0.030 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 16.0–18.0 10.0–13.0 2.00–3.00 . . . ... 0.10–0.16 ... ... ... ...
8MLNA S31653
8R, 8RAF (XM19) 0.06 4.0–6.0 0.045 0.030 1.00 20.5–23.5 11.5–13.5 1.50–3.00 . . . 0.10–0.30 0.20–0.40 0.10–0.30
S20910
8S, 8SA (Nitronic 60) 0.10 7.0–9.0 0.060 0.030 3.5–4.5 16.0–18.0 8.0–9.0 ... ... ... 0.08–0.18 ... ... ... ...
S21800
8MLCuN, (254) 0.020 1.00 0.030 0.010 0.80 19.5–20.5 17.5–18.5 6.0–6.5 ... ... 0.18–0.25 0.50–1.00 ... ... ...
8MLCuNA S31254
B8ML4CuN (317) 0.030 2.00 0.040 0.010 1.00 17.0–19.0 15.0–16.5 3.0–4.0 ... ... 0.045 4.0–5.0 ... ... ...
S31730

9C, 9CA (AL-6XN) 0.030 2.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 20.0-22.0 23.5- 25.5 6.0-7.0 ... ... 0.18-0.25 0.75 ... ... ...
N08367

4
16 Chromium 0.36–0.47 0.45–0.70 0.035 0.040 0.15–0.35 0.80–1.15 ... 0.50–0.65 . . . ... ... ... ... 0.25–0.35 0.15B
Molyb-
denum
Vanadium
A
The intentional addition of Bi, Se, Te, and Pb is not permitted except for Grades 6F, 8F, and 8FA, in which Se is specified and required.
A194/A194M − 24

B
Total aluminum, soluble and insoluble.
C
Maximum, unless minimum or range is indicated.
D
Where ellipses ({) appear in this table there is no requirement and the element need not be determined or reported.
E
Because of the degree to which sulfur segregates, product analysis for sulfur over 0.060 % max is not technologically appropriate.
F
As described in Specification A276/A276M.
G
Typical steel compositions used for this grade include 4140, 4142, 4145, 4140H, 4142H, and 4145H.
H
Niobium (Nb) and Columbium (Cb) are alternate names for element 41 in the Periodic Table of the Elements.
I
Product Analysis–Individual determinations sometimes vary from the specified limits as shown in the tables. The several determinations of any individual element in a heat may not vary both above and below the specified
range. Product variation limits are over for maximums, over or under for ranges, and under for minimums, unless otherwise indicated.
J
Boron content shall be in the range 0.001–0.005.
 A194/A194M − 24
TABLE 2 Hardness RequirementsA
Completed Nuts Sample Nut after Treatment as in 8.1.5

Grade and Type Brinell Rockwell Hardness Brinell Rockwell

Hardness Hardness, Hardness B
C Scale B Scale min Scale, min
1 121 min ... 70 min 121 70
2 159 to 352 ... 84 min 159 84
2H to 11⁄2 in. or M36, incl 248 to 327 24 to 35 ... 179 89
2H over 11⁄2 in. or M36 212 to 327 35 max 95 min 147 79
2HM and 7M 159 to 235 ... 84 to 99 159 84
3, 7, 16, 43 248 to 327 24 to 35 ... 201 94
6 and 6F 228 to 271 20 to 28 ... ... ...
8, 8C, 8CLN, 8CLNCuB, 8M, 126 to 300 32 max 60 min ... ...
8T, 8F, 8P, 8N,
8MN, 8LN, 8MLN,
8MLCuN, 8ML4CuN,
and 9C
8A, 8CA, 8CLNA, 126 to 192 ... 60 to 90 ... ...
8CLNCuBA, 8MA, 8TA,
8FA, 8PA, 8NA, 8MNA,
8LNA, 8MLNA,
8MLCuNA,
8ML4CuNA,
and 9CA
8R, 8RA, 8S, and 8SA 183 to 271 25 max 88 min ... ...
A
Where ellipses ({) appear in this table there is no requirement.

6.3.1.4 Nuts machined from cold-drawn and annealed (min 6.5.1 In the case where the original temper was performed
1000 °F [538 °C]) bar. via induction heat treatment at a temperature above 1300°F
6.3.2 Grade 1 and 2 nuts made by hot forging or by (705°C) but the post-machining/cutting/forming stress relief
machining from hot-forged or hot-rolled bars need not be stress will be performed in a standard furnace, the minimum stress
relieved. relief temperature shall be 1200°F (650°C).
6.4 Grades 2H, 2HM, 3, 6, 6F, 7, 7M, 43, and 16 nuts shall NOTE 1—A specific minimum stress relief temperature is given in 6.5.1
be hot- or cold-forged or shall be machined from hot-forged, because no correlation can be drawn between the original tempering
hot-rolled, or cold-drawn bars and shall be heat treated to meet temperature utilizing induction and the stress relieving temperature in a
standard furnace.
the required mechanical properties. These grades shall be
uniformly reheated to the proper austenitizing temperature (a 6.6 Grades 8, 8C, 8CLN, 8CLNCuB, 8M, 8T, 8F, 8P, 8N,
group thus reheated being known as a quenching charge) and 8MN, 8R, 8S, 8LN, 8MLN, 8MLCuN, 8ML4CuN, and 9C nuts
quenched under substantially uniform conditions for each shall be hot or cold forged, or shall be machined from
quenching charge and tempered as shown below. Grades 2H, hot-forged, hot-rolled or cold-drawn bars.
2HM, 3, 7, and 7M shall be liquid quenched. Grades 6 and 6F 6.7 Grades 8A, 8CA, 8CLNA, 8CLNCuBA, 8MA, 8TA,
shall be quenched in liquid or inert gas. Grade 16 shall be 8FA, 8PA, 8NA, 8MNA, 8RA, 8SA, 8LNA, 8MLNA,
heated to a temperature range from 1700 to 1750 °F (925 to 8MLCuNA, 8ML4CuNA, and 9CA nuts shall be hot- or
955 °C) and oil quenched. cold-forged or shall be machined from hot-forged, hot-rolled,
Minimum Tempering Temperature, °F or cold-drawn bars and the nuts shall subsequently be carbide-
Grade [°C] solution treated by heating them for a sufficient time at a
2H 850 [455]
2HM 1150 [620] temperature to dissolve chromium carbides followed by cool-
3 1050 [565] ing at a rate sufficient to prevent reprecipitation of the carbides.
6 and 6F 1100 [595]
7 1100 [595] 7. Chemical Composition
7M 1150 [620]
43 1100 [595] 7.1 Each alloy shall conform to the chemical composition
16 1200 [650]
requirements prescribed in Table 1.
6.4.1 Grade 6 and 6F nuts shall be tempered for a minimum
of 1 h at the temperature. 8. Mechanical Requirements
6.5 For Grade 2HM and 7M nuts, a final stress relief shall be 8.1 Hardness Test:
performed, after all machining, cutting, and forming 8.1.1 Requirements:
operations, at a minimum temperature of 50°F (28°C) below 8.1.1.1 All nuts shall meet the hardness requirements speci-
the original tempering temperature. A tempering operation may fied in Table 2.
be substituted for this post-machining/cutting/forming stress 8.1.1.2 Sample nuts of Grades 1, 2, 2H, 2HM, 3, 7, 7M, 43,
relief. Surface preparation for hardness testing or nondestruc- and 16 which have been given the treatment described in 8.1.5
tive evaluation is permitted. shall meet the minimum hardness specified in Table 2.

5
 A194/A194M − 24
TABLE 3 Proof Load Using Threaded Mandrel — Inch Series

NOTE 1—Proof loads are not design loads.

Proof Load, lbfA
Nominal Threads Stress Area
Grade 1 Grades 2, 2HM, 6, 6F, 7M Grades 2H, 3, 7, 16, 43
Size, in. per Inch in.2
Heavy HexB HexC Heavy HexD HexE Heavy HexF HexG
⁄
14 20 0.0316 4 130 3 820 4 770 4 300 5 570 4 770
⁄
5 16 18 0.0524 6 810 6 290 7 860 7 070 9 170 7 860
3⁄8 16 0.0774 10 080 9 300 11 620 10 460 13 560 11 620
7⁄16 14 0.1063 13 820 12 760 15 940 14 350 18 600 15 940
1⁄2 13 0.1419 18 450 17 030 21 280 19 160 24 830 21 280

⁄
9 16 12 0.182 23 660 21 840 27 300 24 570 31 850 27 300
⁄
58 11 0.226 29 380 27 120 33 900 30 510 39 550 33 900
3⁄4 10 0.334 43 420 40 080 50 100 45 090 58 450 50 100
7⁄8 9 0.462 60 060 55 440 69 300 62 370 80 850 69 300
1 8 0.606 78 780 72 720 90 900 81 810 106 000 90 900

11⁄8 8 0.790 102 700 94 800 118 500 106 700 138 200 118 500
11⁄4 8 1.000 130 000 120 000 150 000 135 000 175 000 150 000
13⁄8 8 1.233 160 200 148 000 185 000 166 500 215 800 185 000
11⁄2 8 1.492 194 000 170 040 223 800 201 400 261 100 223 800

All Types of Grade 8, Grades 9C and 9CA

Heavy HexH HexI
14 ⁄ 20 0.0316 2 540 2 380
⁄
5 16 18 0.0524 4 190 3 930
38 ⁄ 16 0.0774 6 200 5 810
⁄
7 16 14 0.1063 8 500 7 970
12 ⁄ 13 0.1419 11 350 10 640

⁄
9 16 12 0.182 14 560 13 650
⁄
58 11 0.226 18 080 16 950
3⁄4 10 0.334 26 720 25 050
7⁄8 9 0.462 36 960 34 650
1 8 0.606 48 480 45 450

11⁄8 8 0.790 63 200 59 250

11⁄4 8 1.000 80 000 75 000
13⁄8 8 1.233 98 640 92 450
11⁄2 8 1.492 119 360 111 900
A
See limit for proof load test in 8.2.2.1. The proof load for jam nuts shall be 46 % of the tabulated load.
B
Based on proof stress of 130 000 psi.
C
Based on proof stress of 120 000 psi.
D
Based on proof stress of 150 000 psi.
E
Based on proof stress of 135 000 psi.
F
Based on proof stress of 175 000 psi.
G
Based on proof stress of 150 000 psi.
H
Based on proof stress of 80 000 psi.
I
Based on proof stress of 75 000 psi.

8.1.2 Number of Tests—(Grades 1, 2, 2H, 3, 7, 43, and 16 netic testing for hardness as an alternative to 100 % indentation
and all types of Grade 6): hardness testing is permissible when qualified by sampling
8.1.2.1 Tests on the number of sample nuts in accordance using indentation hardness testing. Each lot tested for hardness
with the following table shall be performed by the manufac- electromagnetically shall be 100 % examined in accordance
turer following all production heat treatments: with Practice E566. Following electromagnetic testing for
Lot Size Samples hardness, a random sample of a minimum of 100 pieces in each
Up to 800 1 purchase lot (as defined in 3.1.3) shall be tested by indentation
801 to 8000 2
8001 to 22 000 3
hardness methods. All samples must meet hardness require-
Over 22 000 5 ments to permit acceptance of the lot. If any one sample is
8.1.2.2 In addition, a hardness test shall be performed by the outside of the specified maximum or minimum hardness, the
manufacturer in accordance with 8.1.5 on one sample nut lot shall be rejected and either reprocessed and resampled, or
selected from each nominal diameter and series from each tested 100 % by indentation hardness methods.
grade and heat number following completion of all production 8.1.3.2 In addition, 8.1.2.2 shall be met.
heat treatments. 8.1.4 Number of Tests, All Types of Grade 8—Tests on the
8.1.3 Number of Tests, Grades 2HM and 7M: number of sample nuts in accordance with 8.1.2.1 shall be
8.1.3.1 Each nut shall be tested in accordance with either performed by the manufacturer.
Specification A962/A962M or with Test Methods F606/F606M 8.1.5 Test 2—In addition to the testing required by 8.1.2.1
to ensure product conformance. The use of 100 % electromag- the manufacturer shall also perform hardness tests on sample

6
 A194/A194M − 24
TABLE 4 Proof Load Using Threaded Mandrel — Metric

NOTE 1—Proof loads are not design loads.

Nominal Proof Load, kNA
Threads Stress Area
Size, Grade 1 Grades 2, 2HM, 6, 6F, 7M Grades 2H, 3, 7, 16, 43
Pitch mm2
mm Heavy HexB HexC Heavy HexD HexE Heavy HexF HexG
M12 1.75 84.3 75.5 69.5 87.3 78.4 101.6 87.3
M14 2.0 115.0 102.9 94.9 119.0 107.0 138.6 119.0
M16 2.0 157.0 140.5 129.5 162.5 146.0 189.2 162.5
M20 2.5 245.0 219.3 202.1 253.6 227.8 295.2 253.6
M22 2.5 303.0 271.2 249.9 313.6 281.8 365.1 313.6
M24 3.0 353.0 315.9 291.2 365.4 328.3 425.4 365.4
M27 3.0 459.0 411.0 378.7 475.1 426.9 553.4 475.1
M30 3.5 561.0 502.1 462.8 580.6 521.7 676.0 580.6
M36 4.0 817.0 731.2 674.0 845.6 759.8 984.5 845.6

All Types of Grade 8, and

Grades 9C and 9CA
Nominal Size, mm Thread Pitch Stress Heavy HexH HexI
Area,
mm2
M12 1.75 84.3 46.4 43.4
M14 2.0 115.0 63.3 59.2
M16 2.0 157.0 86.4 80.9
M20 2.5 245.0 134.8 126.2
M22 2.5 303.0 166.7 156.0
M24 3.0 353.0 194.2 181.8
M27 3.0 459.0 252.5 236.4
M30 3.5 561.0 308.6 288.9
M36 4.0 817.0 449.4 420.8
A
See limit for proof load test in 8.2.2.1. The proof load for jam nuts shall be 46 % of the tabulated load.
B
Based on proof stress of 895 MPa.
C
Based on proof stress of 825 MPa.
D
Based on proof stress of 1035 MPa.
E
Based on proof stress of 930 MPa.
F
Based on proof stress of 1205 MPa.
G
Based on proof stress of 1035 MPa.
H
Based on proof stress of 550 MPa.
I
Based on proof stress of 515 MPa.

nuts after the following test heat treatment. After completion of requirements of Table 3, Table 4, S1, S4, or S9 shall be cross
all production heat treatments heat the specimen nuts to the sectional hardness tested per Annex A3 of Test Methods and
temperatures indicated below for 24 h, then slow cool. Test at Definitions A370.
room temperature. 8.2.2 Number of Tests:
Temperature, 8.2.2.1 The manufacturer shall test the number of nuts
GradeA °F [°C]
1 850 [455] specified in 8.1.2.1 following all production heat treatments.
2, 2H, 2HM 1000 [540] Proof Load tests prevail over hardness tests in the event a
3, 7, 7M, 43 1100 [590]
16 1200 [650]
conflict exists relative to minimum strength.
8.2.3 Test Method—The test shall be run using a threaded
A
mandrel or a test bolt in accordance with Specification A962/
Nuts intended to be coated with zinc or cadmium (marked in accordance with the
requirements of Supplementary Requirement S8) are not subjected to the require-
A962M.
ments of 8.1.5 (See Appendix X2).
8.3 Cone Proof Load Test:
8.1.5.1 Special Requirement, Grades 2HM and 7M— 8.3.1 Requirements—This test shall be performed only
Preparation of Grades 2HM and 7M nuts for hardness test and when visible surface discontinuities become a matter of issue
the hardness test itself shall be performed with consideration to between the manufacturer and the purchaser. Nuts in the size
(1) protect legibility of markings; (2) minimize exterior dimen- range 1⁄4 to 11⁄2 in. inclusive and M12 to M36 inclusive shall be
sional changes; and (3) maintain thread fit. proof load tested. Nuts not in this size range and all types of
8.2 Proof Load Test: Grade 8 nuts are not subject to this test. Nuts manufactured to
8.2.1 Requirements—The nuts listed in Table 3 and Table 4 dimensions and configurations other than those covered by
shall be capable of withstanding the proof loads specified Specification A962/A962M, ASME B 1.1, ASME B 1.13M,
therein. Grades and geometries listed in S1 and S4 are required ASME B 18.2.2, ASME B 18.2.6M, or ASME B 18.2.4.6M are
when specified in the purchase order or contract. Custom proof not subject to the cone proof load test. The cone proof load
load test values may be specified by the purchase order or applied shall be determined in accordance with the Cone Proof
contract per S9. Parts which are not proof load tested to the Load requirements in Specification A962/A962M (tables or

7
 A194/A194M − 24
formulae or both) based upon the proof stresses shown in Table 10.2 If visible surface imperfections in size 1⁄4 through
5 and Table 6 of Specification A194/A194M. 1 ⁄ in. and M12 through M36 and in any grade other than
12

8.3.2 Number of Tests—The manufacturer shall sample and Grade 8 become a matter of issue between the manufacturer
test the number of nuts specified in 8.1.2.1. The lot shall be and the purchaser, the cone proof load test described in 8.3
considered acceptable if the sample nut(s) withstand(s) appli- shall be employed.
cation of the cone proof load without failure.
10.3 If a scale-free bright finish is required, this shall be
9. Dimensions specified on the purchase order.
9.1 Unless otherwise specified, nuts shall be hexagonal in
shape, and in accordance with the dimensions for the hex or 11. Retests
heavy hex series, as required, in ASME B 18.2.2 (for inch 11.1 Provisions for retests by the purchaser and his repre-
nuts), ASME B 18.2.6M or ASME B 18.2.4.6M (for metric sentative are specified in Supplementary Requirement S2.
nuts).
9.2 Unless otherwise specified, threads shall be in accor- 12. Certification
dance with ASME B 1.1 or ASME B 1.13M, and shall be
gauged in accordance with ASME B 1.2 and ASME B 1.13M 12.1 In addition to the requirements of Specification A962/
as described in 9.2.1 and 9.2.2. A962M, the certification shall include the results of the
9.2.1 Inch nuts up to and including 1 in. nominal size shall chemical analysis, macroetch examination (Carbon and Alloy
be UNC Series Class 2B fit. All metric nuts shall be coarse Steels Only), mechanical tests, and the minimum tempering
thread series tolerance 6H. temperature for nuts of Grades 2H, 2HM, 3, 6, 6F, 7, 7M, and
9.2.2 Inch nuts over 1 in. nominal size shall be either UNC 43.
Series Class 2B fit or 8 UN Series Class 2B fit. Unless
otherwise specified, the 8 UN series shall be furnished. 13. Product Marking
NOTE 2—Modification of thread dimensions may result in loss of load 13.1 In addition to the requirements of Specification A962/
carrying ability. A962M, nuts shall be legibly marked on one face with marking
NOTE 3—In an effort to support international standardization, a number
of metric ASME dimensional standards have been withdrawn. ASME B representing the grade, type, and applicable manufacturing
18.2.4.6M was withdrawn because the content had been incorporated into process shown in Table 7. Marking of wrench flats or bearing
ASME B 18.2.6M. However, B18.2.6M applies to heavy hex configura- surfaces is not permitted unless agreed upon between manu-
tions for sizes M12 through M36 only. Larger sizes are still often produced facturer and purchaser.
to the requirements of ASME B 18.2.4.6M.

10. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance 14. Keywords

10.1 Nuts shall be free of defects and shall be good 14.1 bolting; chemical analysis; coated; marking on bolting
commercial finish. components; nuts; plated

TABLE 5 Proof Stress Using 120° Hardened Steel Cone — Inch

Proof Stress – psi, Minimum
Type Grade 1 Grades 2, Grades 2H
2HM, 6, 3, 7, 43, & 16
6F & 7M
Hex 120 000 135 000 150 000
Heavy Hex 130 000 150 000 175 000

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 A194/A194M − 24
TABLE 6 Proof Stress Using 120° Hardened Steel Cone — Metric
Proof Stress – MPa, Minimum
Type Grade 1 Grades 2, Grades 2H
2HM, 6, 3, 7, 43, & 16
6F & 7M
Hex 825 930 1035
Heavy Hex 895 1035 1205

TABLE 7 Marking of NutsA

Nuts Hot- Nuts Machined Nuts Manu-
Grade and Forged or from Bar factured in
Type Cold- Stock Accordance
Punched with 6.7
1 1 1B ...
2 2 2B ...
2HB 2H 2HB ...
2HMB,C 2HM 2HMB ...
3 3 3B ...
6 6 6B ...
6F 6F 6FB ...
7 7 7B ...
7LD 7L 7BL ...
7MB,C 7M 7MB ...
7MLB,D 7ML 7MLB
43 43 43B ...
43LD 43L 43LB ...
8 8 8B 8A
8C 8C 8CB 8CA
8CLNCuB 8CLNCuB 8CLNCuBB 8CLNCuBA
8CLN 8CLN 8CLNB 8CLNA
8M 8M 8MB 8MA
8T 8T 8TB 8TA
8F 8F 8FB 8FA
8P 8P 8PB 8PA
8N 8N 8NB 8NA
8MN 8MN 8MNB 8MNA
8R 8R 8RB 8RA
8S 8S 8SB 8SA
8LN 8LN 8LNB 8LNA
8MLN 8MLN 8MLNB 8MLNA
8MLCuN 8MLCuN 8MLCuNB 8MLCuNA
8ML4CuN 8ML4CuN 8ML4CuNB 8ML4CuNA
9C 9C 9CB 9CA
16 16 16B
A
Where ellipses ({) appear in this table there is no requirement.
B
The letters H and M indicate heat-treated nuts (see Section 6).
C
An underline as a marking requirement for grades 2HM and 7M has been
removed but is permitted.
D
See Supplementary Requirement S3.

SUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTS

One or more of the following supplementary requirements shall be applied only when specified by
the purchaser in the inquiry, contract, or order. Details of these supplementary requirements shall be
agreed upon in writing by the manufacturer and purchaser. Supplementary requirements shall in no
way negate any requirement of the specification itself.

S1. Strain-Hardened Austenitic Steel Nuts quent heat treatment shall be performed on the nuts. Nuts made
S1.1 Strain hardened Grades 8, 8C, 8T, 8M, 8F, 8P, 8N, or in accordance with this requirement shall be proof load tested
8MN nuts may be specified. When Supplementary Require- in accordance with 8.2.2.1 and shall withstand the proof load
ment S1 is invoked in the order, nuts shall be machined from specified in Table S1.1 and Table S1.2. The hardness limits of
cold drawn bars or shall be cold forged to shape. No subse- Table 2 do not apply to strain hardened nuts. Nuts made in

9
 A194/A194M − 24
TABLE S1.1 Proof Load Testing of Strain Hardened Nuts Using Threaded Mandrel — Inch Series

NOTE 1—Proof loads are not design loads.

Proof Load, lbfA
All Types All Types
Nominal Threads Stress Area,
of Grade 8 of Grade 8
Size, in. per in. in.2
(strain hardened) (strain hardened)
Heavy HexC HexB
14 ⁄ 20 0.0316 3 950 3 480
⁄
5 16 18 0.0523 6 550 5 760
38 ⁄ 16 0.0774 9 675 8 510
⁄
7 16 14 0.1063 13 290 11 690
12 ⁄ 13 0.1419 17 740 15 610

⁄
9 16 12 0.182 22 750 20 020
⁄
58 11 0.226 28 250 24 860
3⁄4 10 0.334 41 750 36 740
7⁄8 9 0.462 53 130 46 200
1 8 0.606 69 690 60 600

11⁄8 8 0.790 82 950 75 050

11⁄4 8 1.000 105 000 95 000
13⁄8 8 1.233 123 300 110 970
11⁄2 8 1.492 149 200 134 280
A
The proof load for jam nuts shall be 46 % of the tabulated value.
B
Based on proof stress of 110 000 psi up to 3⁄4 in.; 100 000 psi 7⁄8 to 1 in.; 95 000 psi 11⁄8 to 11⁄4 in.; 90 000 psi 13⁄8 to 11⁄2 in.
C
Based on proof stress of 125 000 psi up to 3⁄4 in.; 115 000 psi 7⁄8 to 1 in.; 105 000 psi 11⁄8 to 11⁄4 in.; 100 000 psi 13⁄8 to 11⁄2 in.

TABLE S1.2 Proof Load Testing of Strain Hardened Nuts Using Threaded Mandrel—Metric

NOTE 1—Proof loads are not design loads.

Proof Load, kNA
All Types All Types
Nominal Thread Stress Area,
of Grade 8 of Grade 8
Size, mm Pitch mm2
(strain hardened) (strain hardened)
Heavy HexC HexB
M12 1.75 84.3 72.5 64.1
M14 2.0 115.0 98.9 87.4
M16 2.0 157.0 135.0 119.3
M20 2.5 245.0 210.9 186.2
M22 2.5 303.0 240.9 209.0
M24 3.0 353.0 280.6 243.5
M27 3.0 459.0 332.7 300.6
M30 3.5 561.0 406.7 367.5
M36 4.0 817.0 563.7 506.5
A
The proof load for jam nuts shall be 46 % of the tabulated value.
B
Based on proof stress of 760 MPa up to M20 mm; 690 MPa M22 to M24 mm; 655 MPa M27 to M30; and 620 MPa for M36.
C
Based on proof stress of 860 MPa up to M20 mm; 795 MPa M22 to M24 mm; 725 MPa M27 to M30 mm; and 690 MPa for M36.

accordance with this requirement shall be marked with the defined in Specification A320/A320M for Grade L7M shall
Grade symbol underlined. apply. When low-temperature requirements are specified for
Grade 43 nuts, the Charpy test procedures and requirements as
S2. Retests by Purchaser’s Representative defined in Specification A320/A320M for Grade L43 shall
S2.1 The purchaser’s representative may select two nuts per apply. Charpy specimens may be taken from a sample nut, nut
keg (200-lb unit [90-kg]) for sizes 5⁄8 in. and M16 and smaller, blank, or may be taken from separate test samples of the same
one nut per keg for sizes over 5⁄8 in. and M16 up to and heat processed through heat treatment with the nuts for which
including 11⁄2 in. and M36, and one nut per every two kegs for the test is to apply. Impact testing is not required when the bar
sizes larger than 11⁄2 in. and M36, which shall be subjected to stock or nut is smaller than 5⁄8 in. [16 mm] in diameter.
the tests specified in Section 8. S3.2 An “L” shall be added to the marking, as shown in
Table 7, for nuts so tested.
S3. Low-Temperature Requirements for Grade 7, Grade
7M, and Grade 43 Nuts S4. Proof Load Tests of Large Nuts
S3.1 When low-temperature requirements are specified for S4.1 Proof load testing of nuts requiring proof loads of over
Grade 7 nuts, the Charpy test procedures and requirements as 160 000 lbf or 705 kN is required. Testing shall be performed
defined in Specification A320/A320M for Grade L7 shall in accordance with 8.2 to the loads required in Table S4.1 and
apply. When low-temperature requirements are specified for Table S4.2. The maximum load will be based entirely on the
Grade 7M nuts, the Charpy test procedures and requirements as equipment available.

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 A194/A194M − 24
TABLE S4.1 Proof Load for Large Heavy Hex Nuts — InchA
Proof Load, lbfB
Nominal Threads Stress Area,
Grades 2, 2HM, 6, 6F, 7M Grades 2H, 3, 7, 43, 16
Size, in. per in. in. 2 Grade 1 Heavy Hex
Heavy Hex Heavy Hex
15⁄8 8 1.78 231 400 267 000 311 500
13⁄4 8 2.08 270 400 312 000 364 000
17⁄8 8 2.41 313 300 361 500 421 800
2 8 2.77 360 100 415 500 484 800
21⁄4 8 3.56 462 800 534 000 623 000
21⁄2 8 4.44 577 200 666 000 777 000
23⁄4 8 5.43 705 900 814 500 950 250
A
ASME B18.2.2 in the size range over 11⁄2 in. provides dimensions only for heavy hex nuts. Refer to 8.3.1.
B
Proof loads for nuts of larger dimensions or other thread series may be calculated by multiplying the thread stress area times the proof stress in the notes to Table 3
or Table S1.1. The proof load for jam nuts shall be 46 % of the tabulated load.

TABLE S4.2 Proof Load for Large Heavy Hex Nuts — MetricA
Nominal Proof Load, kNB
Thread Stress Area,
Size, Grades 2, 2HM, 6, 6F, 7M Grades 2H, 3, 7, 43, 16
Pitch mm 2 Grade 1 Heavy Hex
mm Heavy Hex Heavy Hex
M42 4.5 1120 1002.4 1159.2 1349.6
M48 5 1470 1315.7 1521.4 1771.4
M56 5.5 2030 1816.9 2101.0 2446.2
M64 6 2680 2398.6 2773.8 3229.4
M72 6 3460 3096.7 3581.1 4169.3
A
ASME B 18.2.4.6M in the size range over M36 provides dimensions only for heavy hex nuts. Refer to 8.3.1.
B
Proof loads for nuts of larger dimensions or other thread series may be calculated by multiplying the thread stress area times the proof stress in the notes to Table 4
or Table S1.2. The proof load for jam nuts shall be 46 % of the tabulated load.

S5. Control of Product by Heat Number NOTE S7.1—Modification of thread dimensions may result in loss of
load carrying ability.
S5.1 When control of nuts by actual heat analysis is
required and this supplementary requirement is specified, the S7.1.2 Reference to Specifications A153/A153M, B633,
manufacturer shall identify the completed nuts in each ship- B695, B696, B766, F1941/F1941M, F2329/F2329M, or Test
ment by the actual heat number. When this supplementary Method F1940, or other standards.
requirement is specified, a certificate including the results of
the actual production tests of each test lot together with the heat S8. Marking Coated Nuts
chemical analysis shall be furnished by the manufacturer.
S8.1 Nuts coated with zinc shall have ZN marked after the
S6. Grain Size Requirements for Non H Grade Austenitic grade symbol. Nuts coated with cadmium shall have CD
Steels Used Above 1000 °F marked after the grade symbol.
S6.1 For design metal temperatures above 1000 °F [540 NOTE S8.1—As an example, the marking for zinc-coated 2H bolting
°C], the material shall have a grain size of No. 7 or coarser as components will now be 2HZN rather than 2H*.
determined in accordance with Test Methods E112. The grain
size so determined shall be reported on the Certificate of Test. S9. Proof Load Testing
S9.1 Proof load tests of nuts made to dimensions, thread
S7. Coating on Nuts
pitch, and configurations other than those covered in Table 3 or
S7.1 It is the purchaser’s responsibility to specify in the Table 4 shall be made using loads agreed upon between the
purchase order all information required by the coating facility. manufacturer and the purchaser.
Examples of such information may include but are not limited
to the following: S10. 100 % Hardness Testing of Grade 2HM and 7M
S7.1.1 Reference to the appropriate coating specification
and type, thickness, location, modification to dimensions, and S10.1 Each nut shall be tested for hardness by indentation
hydrogen embrittlement relief. method and shall meet the requirements specified in Table 2.

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 A194/A194M − 24
APPENDIXES

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. STRAIN HARDENING OF AUSTENITIC STEELS

X1.1 Strain hardening is the increase in strength and hard- section reduction, die angle and bar size. In large diameter bars,
ness that results from plastic deformation below the recrystal- for example, plastic deformation will occur principally in the
lization temperature (cold work). This effect is produced in outer regions of the bar, so that the increased strength and
austenitic stainless steels by reducing oversized bars to the hardness due to strain hardening is achieved predominantly
desired final size by cold drawing or other process. The degree near the surface of the bar. That is, the smaller the bar, the
of strain hardening achievable in any alloy is limited by its greater the penetration of strain hardening. Thus, the mechani-
strain hardening characteristics. In addition, the amount of cal properties of a given strain hardened bolting component are
strain hardening that can be produced is further limited by the dependent not just on the alloy, but also on the size of bar from
variables of the process, such as the total amount of cross- which it is machined.

X2. COATINGS AND APPLICATION LIMITS

X2.1 Use of coated bolting components at temperatures coated bolting components should be limited to temperatures
above approximately one-half the melting point (Fahrenheit or less than 390 °F [210 °C]. The melting point of cadmium is
Celsius) of the coating is not recommended unless consider- approximately 600 °F [320 °C]. Therefore, application of
ation is given to the potential for liquid and solid metal cadmium coated bolting components should be limited to
embrittlement, or both. The melting point of elemental zinc is temperatures less than 300 °F [160 °C].
approximately 780 °F [415 °C]. Therefore, application of zinc

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee A01 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(A194/A194M – 23) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved May 1, 2024.)

(1) Changed nitrogen range for Grade 8MLCuN/8MLCuNA in (3) Added Note 3 for further guidance regarding metric dimen-
Table 1. sional specifications.
(2) Modified Section 9 to allow for other nut configurations. (4) Included references to ASME B 18.2.6M where applicable.

Committee A01 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(A194/A194M – 22a) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved May 1, 2023.)

(1) Reworded 8.2.1 to clarify cross sectional hardness testing

requirements.

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12