CLASS-11

SUBJECT-INFORMATICS PRACTICES

UNIT : 4
Emerging Trends

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Artificial Intelligence is comprised of two words Artificial and
Intelligence, where Artificial means "man-made," and intelligence
means "thinking power", hence AI means "a man-made thinking
power.“
Artificial Intelligence exists there ,where a machine can have
human based skills such as learning, reasoning, and solving
problems
According to the father of Artificial Intelligence, John McCarthy, it is
“The science and engineering of making intelligent machines
Goals of AI
• To Create Expert Systems − The systems which holds intelligent
behavior, learn, demonstrate, explain, and advice its users.
• To Implement Human Intelligence in Machines − Creating
systems that can understand, think, learn, and behave like
humans.
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Applications of AI
AI has been dominant in various fields such as −
• Gaming
• Natural Language Processing
• Expert Systems
• Vision Systems
• Speech Recognition
• Handwriting Recognition
• Intelligent Robots

Artificial intelligence is a science and technology based on

disciplines such as Computer Science, Biology, Psychology,
Linguistics, Mathematics, and Engineering.

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Difference between Normal Programming and AI Programming
NORMAL/REGULAR PROGRAMMING AI PROGRAMMING
INPUT input is a sequence of alphanumeric input may be a sight, sound, touch,
symbols presented and stored as per smell or taste. Sight means one
some given set of previously dimensional symbols such as typed text,
stipulated rules and that uses a two dimensional objects or three
limited set of communication media dimensional scenes.
such as keyboard, mouse, disc, etc.
PROCESSING processing means manipulation of processing includes knowledge
the stored symbols by a set of representation and pattern matching,
previously defined algorithms. search, logic, problem solving and
learning.
OUTPUT output is a sequence of output can be in the form of printed
alphanumeric symbols, may be in a language and synthesized speech,
given set of colors that is placed on manipulation of physical objects or
such a medium as a CRT screen, locomotion i.e., movement in space.
paper, or magnetic disk.

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Advantages of Artificial Intelligence
• High Accuracy with less errors: it takes decisions as per pre-
experience or information.
• High-Speed
• High reliability: can perform the same action multiple times with
high accuracy.
• Useful for risky areas: helpful in situations such as defusing a
bomb, exploring the ocean floor, where to employ a human can
be risky.
• Digital Assistant: Such as used by various E-commerce websites
to show the products as per customer requirement.
• Useful as a public utility: such as a self-driving car which can
make our journey safer and hassle-free, facial recognition for
security purpose, Natural language processing to communicate
with the human in human-language, etc.
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Artificial intelligence can be divided into three

subfields:
• Artificial intelligence
• Machine learning
• Deep learning

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Machine Learning is a system that can learn from

example through self-improvement and without
being explicitly coded by programmer.
As its name, it gives the computer that makes it
more similar to humans: The ability to learn.

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Applications of Machine Learning

1. Image Recognition:
2. Speech Recognition
3. Traffic prediction:
4. Product recommendations:
5. Self-driving cars:
6. Email Spam and Malware Filtering:
7. Virtual Personal Assistant:
8. Online Fraud Detection:
9. Stock Market trading:
10. Medical Diagnosis:
11. Automatic Language Translation:

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How machine learning works

Clustering is the most common unsupervised learning technique. It is used for exploratory
data analysis to find hidden patterns or groupings in data. Applications for cluster analysis
include gene sequence analysis, market research, and object recognition.
Classification techniques predict discrete responses—for example, whethera n email is
genuine or spam, or whether a tumor is cancerous or benign.
Regression techniques predict continuous responses—for example, changes in temperature
or fluctuations in power demand.
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Natural Language Processing

NLP is a way of computers to analyze, understand and derive
meaning from a human languages such as English, Spanish, Hindi,
etc.
It is the technology that is used by machines to understand,
analyse, manipulate, and interpret human's languages.

Components of NLP
There are the following two components of NLP -
1. Natural Language Understanding (NLU)
2. Natural Language Generation (NLG)

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Advantages of NLP
• NLP helps to get a direct response within
seconds.
• NLP offers exact answers to the question
• NLP helps to communicate with humans in their
languages.
• It is very time efficient.
• To improve the efficiency of documentation
processes, accuracy of documentation, and
identify the information from large databases
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Applications of NLP
• Question Answering
• Spam Detection
• Sentiment Analysis
• Machine Translation
• Spelling correction
• Speech Recognition
• Chatbot
• Information extraction

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An “immersive experience” pulls a person into a

new or augmented reality, enhancing everyday life
via technology. It often use one or more
technologies linked together.
The three pillars of immersive experiences are
visual quality, sound quality, and intuitive
interactions. Full immersion can only be achieved
by simultaneously applied all these three.

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How does Augmented Reality work

It involves technologies like S.L.A.M. (simultaneous localization and
mapping), depth tracking (briefly, a sensor data calculating the
distance to the objects), and the following components:
Cameras and sensors. Collecting data about user’s interactions and
sending it for processing.
Processing. AR devices eventually should act like little computersto
be able to measure speed, angle, direction, orientation in space,
and so on.
Projection. This refers to a miniature projector on AR headsets,
which takes data from sensors and projects digital content
Reflection. Some AR devices have mirrors to assist human eyes to
view virtual images.

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Applications of AR
• Most popular applications of AR is gaming. New AR
games provide much better experiences to players,
some even promote a more active outgoing way of life
(PokemonGo, Ingress).
• AR in retail may act to bring better customer
engagement and retention, as well as brand
awareness and more sales. Some features may also
help customers make wiser purchases – providing
product data with 3D models of any size or color.

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Virtual Reality (VR) is use of computer technology

to create a simulated environment. Unlike
traditional user interfaces, VR places the user
inside an experience. Instead of viewing a screen
in front of them, users are immersed and able to
interact with 3D worlds/objects.

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The Basics of How VR Works:

Every headset is used to perfect their approach to creating an
immersive 3D environment. Each VR headset puts up a screen in
front of eyes thus, eliminating any interaction with the real world.
Two autofocus lenses are generally placed between the screen and
the eyes that adjust based on individual eye movement and
positioning. The visuals on the screen are rendered either by using
a mobile phone or HDMI cable connected to a PC.
A frame rate of minimum 60fps, an equally competent refresh rate
and minimum 100-degree field of view (FOV) is required for true VR

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Applications of VR:
• Automotive industry
• Healthcare
• Retail
• Tourism
• Real estate
• Architecture
• Gambling
• Learning and Development

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Big Data
Big Data is also data but with a huge size/volume
and yet growing exponentially with time. In short
such data is so large and complex that none of the
traditional data management tools are able to
store it or process it efficiently.
Benefits of Big Data Processing
• Businesses can utilize outside intelligence while taking
decisions
• Improved customer service
• Early identification of risk to the product/services, if
any
• Better operational efficiency
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Characteristics Of Big Data

Volume – The name Big Data itself is related to a size which is enormous
Variety – Variety refers to heterogeneous sources and the nature of data, both
structured and unstructured. During earlier days, spreadsheets and databases
were the only sources of data considered by most of the applications as
structured big data type. Nowadays, data in the form of emails, photos, videos,
monitoring devices, PDFs, audio, etc. are also being considered in the analysis
applications. This variety of unstructured data poses certain issues for storage,
mining and analyzing data.
Velocity – means speed of generation of data. How fast the data is generated and
processed to meet the demands, determines real potential in the data.
Variability – This refers to the inconsistency which can be shown by the data at
times

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Internet of Things-IOT
The IOT concept was initially proposed by a member of the Radio Frequency
Identification (RFID) development community in 1999, and now it has become more
relevant to the practical world as the use of mobile devices, embedded
devices,communication, cloud computing and data analytics has increased.

Internet connects all people means “Internet of People”

IoT connects all things means “Internet of Things”

Interconnection of Things/Objects/Machines, e.g., sensors, mobilephones,

electronic devices, home appliances, any existing items and interact with each other
via Internet.

Internet of Things technology can include any sensor, electronic devices or software
which are connected to the internet and can be utilized remotely and can exchange
data. Here devices works themselves without human intervention for the welfare of
humans.

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MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF IOT

• Very Large Scale
• Heterogeneity
• Pervasivity - Computing and Communication
technologies embedded in our environments

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How Does the Internet of Things Work?
The Internet of Things is an aggregation of internet enabled sensors, smart
devices and software that can be manipulated by scripts, applications and
user interfaces across long distances.
Applications of IOT
• Smart house - Suppose we are not at home and doubts starts in our mind.
Did I turn the coffee maker off? Did I set the security alarm? etc. With a
smart home,we can quiet all of these worries with a quick glance at
smartphone/tablet. we can connect the devices and appliances in our
home so they can communicate with each other and with us and can work
with the commands given over smartphone remotely.

• Smart car - the driverless car (now a prototype) where taxis work based on
AI and take the passengers safely and accurately to the desired destination.

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Applications of IOT
• Elderly care- Patient surveillance can be life-saving; automatically detecting
when someone falls down or when they begin to experience a heart attack
so that emergency care can be sent immediately.
• Disaster warning- Sensors can collect critical information about the
environment, allowing for early detection of environmental disasters like
earthquakes, tsunamis, etc., thus saving lives.
• Delivery Drones – drones being used to deliver item with the help of smart
grid/geospatial data.
• A smart city is a framework, predominantly composed of Information and
Communication Technologies (ICT), to develop, deploy, and promote
sustainable development practices to address growing urbanization
challenges. A big part of this ICT framework is essentially an intelligent
network of connected objects and machines that transmit data using
wireless technology and the cloud.

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What is an IoT Platform?

It is an integrated service which offers the things to bring physical objects

online. It easily allow to configure devices for machine-to-machine
communication through millions of devices connects simultaneously .

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What is an IoT Platform?

Sensors are useful and very important for the devices in order to
fetch the data. The data can be real-time, which includes the
current temperature, pressure or humidity.
List of Sensors most commonly used in the IoT devices,
• Temperature Sensor
• Pressure Sensor
• Proximity Sensor
• Accelerometer and Gyroscope Sensor
• IR Sensor
• Optical Sensor
• Gas Sensor
• Smoke Sensor
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IoT Platform Types

• End-to-end IoT Platforms - provide the hardware, software, connectivity,

security, and device management tools to handle connection of millions of
concurrent device.

• Connectivity Management Platforms – It offer low power and low cost

connectivity management solutions through Wi-Fi and cellular technologies.

• IoT Cloud Platforms – It’s aim to get rid of the complexity of building our own
complex network

• Data Platform – It deals with data in some way with the tools we need to
route device data and manage / visualize data analytics.

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In Cloud Computing, Cloud refers to a Internet or

Network or present at remote location.
Cloud Computing refers to remoteaccess of
hardware/software resources for access, configuration,
manipulation.Cloud computing offers online data
storage, infrastructure, and application.
Applications such as customer relationship management
(CRM) ,e-mail, web conferencing, execute on cloud. It
can work on public and private networks, i.e., WAN, LAN
or VPN.

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Uses of cloud computing

• Create new apps and services
• Store, back up and recover data
• Host websites and blogs
• Stream audio and video
• Deliver software on demand
• Analyze data for patterns and make
predictions
Cloud computing offers platform independency, because
software is not required to be installed locally on the
PC.Thus applications are being mobile and collaborative.
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WORKING MODELS FOR CLOUD COMPUTING

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WORKING MODELS FOR CLOUD COMPUTING

DEPLOYMENT MODEL
• PUBLIC CLOUD –
For general public.
• PRIVATE CLOUD –
For an organization only
• COMMUNITY CLOUD -
For group of organizations.
• HYBRID CLOUD –
Mixture of public and private cloud

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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE CLOUD
Public Cloud Private Cloud
Hosted at service provider site Hosted at Enterprise or service provider server
Cheaper than private cloud Costlier than public cloud
Utilizes shared infrastructure Utilizes own infrastructure
Supports connectivity over internet Supports connectivity over internet/Private WAN
Require higher level of security Require medium level of security
Supports multiple customers Supports one customer
Shared server Dedicated server
Fixed cost Variable cost
Multitenant architecture Dedicated customer architecture
Example - ESDS's eNlight Cloud, Amazon Hewlett Packard Enterprise (HPE) -- offers the Helion
Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), IBM's Blue Cloud Suite software, Helion CloudSystem hardware,
Cloud, Sun Cloud, Google AppEngine and Helion Managed Private Cloud and Managed Virtual
Windows Azure Services Platform Private Cloud services

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WORKING MODELS FOR CLOUD COMPUTING

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Software as a Service (SaaS)

SaaS is a fully-developed software solution ready for
purchase and use over the internet on a subscription basis.
The SaaS provider manages the infrastructure, operating
systems, middleware, and data necessary to deliver the
program, ensuring that the software is available whenever
and wherever customers need it. Many SaaS applications
run directly through web browsers, eliminating the need for
downloads or installations. This greatly reduces software
management issues for internal IT teams.
Examples of SaaS: Microsoft Office 365, Salesforce, Cisco
WebEx, Google Apps.
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Platform as a Service (PaaS)

PaaS is extremely helpful for any company that develops
software and web-based applications. Many of the tools needed
to develop for multiple platforms (computers, mobile devices,
browsers, etc) can be quite expensive. By using PaaS, customers
can access the development tools they need, when they need
them, without having to purchase them outright. Since the
platform is accessible over the internet, remote development
teams can all access the same assets to speed up product
development.
Examples of PaaS: AWS Elastic Beanstalk, Apache Stratos, Google
App Engine, Microsoft Azure

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Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

it provides a completely virtualized computing
infrastructure that is provisioned and managed
over the internet. An IaaS provider manages the
physical end of the infrastructure (servers, data
storage space, etc) in a data center, but allows
customers to fully customize those virtualized
resources to suit their specific needs. Examples
of IaaS: Microsoft Azure, Amazon Web Services
(AWS), Cisco Metacloud, Google Compute
Engine (GCE)
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Blockchain Technology typically refers to the transparent,

trustless, publicly accessible ledger that allows us to securely
transfer the ownership of units of value using public key
encryption and proof of work methods.
The technology uses decentralized consensus to maintain the
network, means not centrally controlled by a bank, corporation,
or government. In fact, the larger the network grows and
becomes increasingly decentralized, the more secure it becomes.
The potential for blockchain technology is not limited to bitcoin.
As such, it has gained a lot of attention in a variety of industries
including: financial services, charities and nonprofits, the arts,
and e-commerce.

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How Blockchain Technology Works

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Grid computing is a computer network in

which each computer's resources are
shared with every other computer in the
system. Processing power, memory and
data storage are all community resources
that authorized users can tap into and
work/use for specific tasks.

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