Sreniora J Systems + \-Blarssiptcation op Signals The Mord Banal” 13 Bor? ved from me Jatin werd. Signum Mi athich means Sign. Signal => \t carries Game information ated a Starel. ‘ op 4 “phiyston) Variation is one well dime Lanations , he Variable, of % physical process deserbed by Qome mathematical hose - functions , called digqnads. Signal cheer, 98 * Baseally 1. Modelling -— abstract—desespilon SO: Aradysis O enncitad destptionnadteral' j ee Fe ferrediony Ss are & comporent . 3+, tesign: ur ahs! “Modelling « “p 7 abstract description , © ynathemoticn| Aesors pin , Mothemates) Panctions , Probabilizy Bap cess2, Random PeeNS aad one ee ef gir ie pinalysie oy Mapendent ov wwdaperdent va > extraction of thformation . eP Eat, phigsteal process Prom the Signo! : yr Ay poalytioal expression , ignal grep > og eth O computer file, 84 | pai. ppesiahay ; y ‘gs Be! reverse. Procester - Bigral vesign ep Signal modelling anc Sigral prelysis, qnal » deginiton. ok Payline Vayng physieg a wold ch is intended to _ Convey an — Anformadion 3s called 4 Stgact | oewe Pp Signal PMMTER. Vdezined or Givotion of one OF more ndepondtend Informat?on about Yariable which — tenvey nature of Yome dhe behaviour or Plugstcod phenemenon independent Variecbles ma be dime, Space. or more independent one xh farotion a Madelle, ohich, Stoctaln 18 Called Gyro. heart yore [2d Speeot: sianal Expy le of > Signa] ° Blood Presture Uuman Voice , Musie , Sounds of aneale Ree a deg bark , Singing ar birals , Quote Gignals ,, Sign language tappic, Signaterete. Gome IWPo rmaton 2& Modem high ; Speed Giqnols are the Votaget oF telephone wives, the eleatric field Starting from = Radin = ae TV trangmicter @e Variation of Light inductees optoal fbr. ena ‘telephone OF cemputer nedeoork , nlote gees Signals Mee sieobserred — aiing instrument Nike ¢RO »Nolemeters + Qiip aharge ‘wurdlers vf: ~. D> Sgrad lich is doping confines time Signal. 4 values of Sime ¥!Ms 4 hitch ts fh continuous Bre Ltanal er eeritaren "Stank Of Bide Fonte x ; ‘Come mtowal, drat js a CF Bignal mal bo which is dagfred as madhematical function , desired tontiouousl y Ww dime dlemand> A em gignal Vs Aegined by eC). % 24Races a STNG NEO) PREG CEN beck Diserede ime Signal orm sdamuptio Yet Pee ma. Signal Fs Punation desineal onty at particulary ime tniytant 80 chat, +5 diserete in Hee, But ConUnuous Ven Shhitude . Ikatg a Pa&netion whose . eae a. get of integers x dignal ’ Example of Digerete , tre atehe| eS Bignals are classided antec ype! pete, Fare gue ce ae g- High tal Signa? i 1. Prolog Qi gro! is. ‘ An analog bal aplitude Warging continously for anolog Signal , Both dependent ond ig a function having an for all Values of Hme, inde pe ndent adestor Variables are Continously nature, Hence . is lad Both Hire ans ~ \ Dia" ke pile a nigral igrals, shay oc disc sey 5 er pigital Signale = are ihe s'gnall de dependend ond \ndlependerd Vadabler 92 pee i hey TPES nies diserefe '% which tdéserete |” beodh et DT gignal- ee and ampli trade. Bp agi « I, “hese Signal used Computea. a for Signal piqital Signa] A discrete dime is ee piqued Gignal is Aigcrete Im dime but | discrete ja BotK Hone Continuous in ampli tud tl wad amplitude D pr Signal 8 Porined by} * pigual signal ee aking Qampler af & oe} Special foren or DT Cigna! at epsivaly | Signal nhac a Qyaced points: fw fl. a anc VL Aelia | quontatation. an | singing Bray Dds, Signal representation. % Craphioa) representa Hon method | 1) Ftwctiona) vepresertation method , 2) Tetutar representation meshed . wv) Geoprence EP sentation method . Ny. we Now aa)= —! Free ws Bors ! % OVS BS) C2) = \ f a® Fanetona) representation method... pr - pranal %!9), oe eee, 8 ot Signat xte) and } he € *t 20 x Ce) = a e 20 Ca) = 5, Por cree * | 3, or n=! g, tor NO ‘0, er ines Pty ctabulbr represerintion_vethod ness! » XC) ext >? snes | ato), teat x(s)= 0:5 mec o> is. Roky |. | Le Jeocti o 1 2 5 ® eer ert Ww) Geqyrence representation method. Dh fite are an tnfinite duration Sequonce can 40 repenten the, follows . a(n) = Boge ft Ce Elementary (ane) basic Signals Kgnats . gignalo Cov) +€st ee Ov ghandard 2 uel’: .,'meetse gust Sep amp funetion. ntfa) — funetion. function. funetion Panetion é Peenotion : Or Pelta’ Lunction nth | I pulce as a farnctlon Anat as and zero duration, inglastea)utide plus Csmatl amplitude) ; js me CT impulse furation [denoted by Se be degined as! ©:t40 Sib, yes i Al i i ee a or trae tmplus Penetion 2. Unt Shep Dunction. pe Se function’ Bieeesiop Qunenn ay. o egal to Unity then ‘ttc , Step funotion. The Step Lenotion need ef nth amplittide But can . accume any desired amplitude . “the untt Step Pana ton only for Pos’ tue BRA side and %6 Zen fos Megatie. Side, “Me Cr unit Step Seeprence fun denoted by u(t) and depined as? ult) = c Nat > 0) o> t20ult) 0 rt A. Ct ut impulge faneton. DTI unit Step Seqmence . PSR wri cnt ep Seaprence —*9 denoted by wln) and dlegined as. \ynzo oF nzo uly) uln) = a ue sc i boos be bre ant giep Seqtrence. tre vamp function 18 A Waveform hat ynereacing propor Honaly with 0 wetion ig denctad by wai Pctylt) a A cae | - SS 6 2 9 Q. CT untt AMP Laneton DT unit ramp Functor. Se qyrence Biden, Re pT wr ramp a, tn) or 1Cr) degined a8 | as Aan ZO [n= b Oyne a. ec he 4 | | =a fa | a4 Tie Pe ite a ee) ST eee sues-2 1 Ft 2 8 y DT- unre Yamp Geoprence 4. Exponentia) Fumetion, fr) Exponentia) Signal | 1' Real exponential < 3+ complex exponential ae ts Real exponential | Signal. xt) = Ae Here both P and a ave real Parameters he Parameter called as ampli tude eg ine exporeh Hal Signal , measure at t=0, Dor real exponential ignal ts given as; x(n) = dea a 4. ot Reat_ exponential. bs eouiag Stponen tal “aro 4 Beet) pecarying ye. : ce eo De® Pe | | eee yt: et tal ied ee racy eG ° A+ Growing e nenticl, e. Gengéant » = O- on aed jk Be} = OT Real ext eatin! 9 exponential. Grow inv be pecayl 9 exponential all r aps = ' Sets 6g ol. 2 Fat ©. Dignal assuming A. signal assuming alternate Sigh. faliecpate = sen - Cn) g A xen) —(2ace. | Per | eomplex—erepo a the exponent ts pare ly tmagtnany Bigral \s Bald to be Sg ne), complexb. decaying exponential, “Manuplation of Basico Operation _of signal ined measana! |3 procested tn In may anderqgo many operations Deeee strat, (In APe independent vanable ,) = Signal and system we a Syotem , tavolving she analysts og need the Ayansformaton OF eh: Teese Cor) ee “aC pT), for amplitude modipieation - she basic operation the 3g no) one 5 J). hme Shipting » dranglation , weveroa} © Pbdifng or wegtecdion pr og a Stgnal. independent done 49” 2. Tee changporce z. time Scating - G. Amplitude sealing » 5. signed cou ttt pl! eo Hon, 6. Signal additonal | cr 4. “Time Shipting » for ee xX (4)2,08) > 5ule-2) pee owe Py at 5 upt t=O, tthe Vale Hence Xalt) Temeains tot £209 both xy tt) ard malt) 43 5. adding Peeceemoe ger SIO mn the me iwtercval O74. Apter this Xi Cb) remains tn tthe Game amplitude 5. Pre wate) Mee odding Fondo mplitude as 5 after tt. op Volue 5. amplitude % te) = Gufu-&)-oude-2) e met = aCe ett), wt), : ul-t4}) eo. “a b A -2ut-1) oO r ><=u a fr dint y. \ower Bound neon + ty = +3= -\ ame een oo” 7 i ea Gy Gnd eta 3) tor the given Signal pec) | 2 it ; — x ea pS E ' 2. 3 a tk-3) x (ht-3) * 1 2 ie 34 ail | A. — | +34 , ae 1 ard bi — lS Bound | Bound 1 Jower, Bpper teal Ear L-3-2 fe -s=9 ~ 2Ee2= St=5 Bab ae Bt -St)i 5 2¥-3=), Pee sii, 2 F=yoy 2t>> eee GS aii ¢. Vetere a 6Bourd | Lewer upper eee ou Oey eH te = t = =f ¢ + 3 t - 3 3 2 es ay =5 26 t26 a6 wt arte >) i al | a cel | | ae | wm toh: —— Sgr C 5 Oo Classigication of Signal . A dhiserete te continous ime Signal Cet) an He Signals (pT) are classigted ind periodic signals. romdom Slgral : and non periodic sDetermnisife and @ eres and power Signals, @ Ever and edd Signals, 1. Periodic and __nen~ peviodic Signals, A _penredic Signa) 49 one which ar 4 eves with . repetition period of Fie nCEAD = xX CO) Los et 29 2 CON PS ROMEEeebe all Ni + period of Signals’ measured in whit’ ™ dime which ts ShHefie the above oquatie’ fs called cre = fatrnclamenta) fedod Te,” » depinite — pathern this Gignals Yepent ever” w® \ NeVignal ns f i b) pt penodie Non = periodic signal or Biperadic Cigna! Satisfy the above signal , 82 dloes not ond <0 . go *%t '9 galted nor - peviodic re theese not repeats pany Hime e()se mt) XT) 4d, det mote ee oe enn” |. Q. Peterministes acd Random Signals. peterministic Signals ; : e completely Geecipied at 2 ppeAe ar an,.b ah s : Se pentererne: “O ap time. tS en ai be prescibed predicted _ Speciioying ~ : wm te) = A cos we: Pormata . oc tus Acoswrt kL \ orses SPT sgnal Jxxen)] 3 ne Power Signals Siqnad att) Vs Said +0 bbe power “the Signals tp and onty “lf the normalised average power pu i wpinite and non Zero, doy dhe power Pover ‘pl is fre. (02 p42 *) Q\anal normalised average wm pinike ard non -7erd. ae) ‘ex et gignat the. power ‘p’ is dagined a8 a [me coy de (er) P= eae er (x a. condi to 9 a oy a fPrvte Va Wwe 2 ig ia 4S i ‘ae cy. oS Le pt Signal ign), The power ts grren as, o> aN le . Medscncct ren] (ov Fe =.,,1%°| ov) ‘ oe ) 8 \ \x tn)] Fy SQNtI asin eco) Gx xfr) dees not saticping te is mo cendtetons , hen power Bignal Bee Signe nor O